wind atmosphere sirocco

Local winds are winds that differ in some way from the main character of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but, like constant winds, regularly repeating and having a noticeable effect on the weather regime in a limited part of the landscape or water area.

Local winds include a breeze that changes its direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, foehn, dry winds, simum and many others.

The occurrence of local winds is mainly due to the difference in temperature conditions over large reservoirs (breezes) or mountains, their spread relative to the general circulation flows and the location of mountain valleys (foehn, bora, mountain-valley), as well as a change in the general circulation of the atmosphere by local conditions (summum , sirocco, khamsin). Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are referred to as local winds and given their own names.

For example, only on Baikal, due to the difference in warming water and land and the complex location of steep ridges with deep valleys, at least 5 local winds are distinguished: barguzin is a warm northeast wind, mountain wind is a northwest wind that causes powerful storms, sarma is a sudden western wind reaching hurricane force up to 80 m/s, valley winds - southwestern kultuk and southeastern shelonik.

Bora

Bora (Italian bora, from Greek vpsEbt - north wind; "borei" - cold north wind) - a strong cold gusty local wind that occurs when a stream of cold air meets a hill on its way; having overcome the obstacle, the bora with great force falls on the coast. The vertical dimensions of the bur are several hundred meters. Affects, as a rule, small areas where low mountains directly border the sea.

In Russia, the pine forests of the Novorossiysk Bay and the Gelendzhik Bay (where they have a northeasterly direction and blow more than 40 days a year), Novaya Zemlya, the shores of Lake Baikal (sarma near the Olkhon Gates Strait), the Chukotka city of Pevek (the so-called "Yuzhak" ). In Europe, the most famous are the forests of the Adriatic Sea (near the cities of Trieste, Rijeka, Zadar, Senj, etc.). In Croatia, the wind is called bumra. The “north” wind in the Baku region, the mistral on the Mediterranean coast of France from Montpellier to Toulon, and the “northser” wind in the Gulf of Mexico are similar to the bora. The duration of the bora is from a day to a week. The daily temperature difference during bora can reach 40 °C.

Scheme of the origin of boron

Bora occurs in Novorossiysk and the Adriatic coast when a cold front approaches the coastal ridge from the northeast. cold front immediately crosses over a low ridge. Under the influence of gravity cold air falls down the mountain range, while acquiring great speed.

Before the appearance of the bora near the tops of the mountains, one can observe thick clouds, which the inhabitants of Novorossiysk call "beard". Initially, the wind is extremely unstable, changing direction and strength, but gradually acquires a certain direction and tremendous speed - up to 60 m/s at the Markothsky Pass near Novorossiysk. In 1928, a wind gust of 80 m/s was recorded. On average, the wind speed during bora reaches more than 20 m/s in the Novorossiysk region in winter. Falling on the surface of the water, this downward current causes a gale that causes severe seas. At the same time, the air temperature drops sharply, which was above warm sea high enough.

Sometimes bora causes significant damage in the coastal strip (for example, in Novorossiysk in 2002, bora caused the death of several dozen people); at sea, the wind contributes to strong excitement; the intensified waves flood the shores and also bring destruction; at severe frosts(in Novorossiysk about? 20 ...? 24 ° C), they freeze, and an ice crust forms (on the Adriatic, the only place where an ice crust forms is the city of Sen). Sometimes bora is felt far from the coast (in the Black Sea 10-15 kilometers inland, in the Adriatic, at some synoptic positions, it covers a significant part of the sea).

1. Breeze.

2. Mountain-valley winds.

3. Glacial winds.

4. Föhn.

5. Bora.

6. Flurries.

7. Atmospheric vortices of small sizes.

Local wind - wind in a certain limited area, which has characteristic features explained by the geography of this area.

He can be:

the result of the influence of (usually reinforcing) local topography or orography on currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere (foehn, bora, mistral, pass wind, canyon wind);

the manifestation of local circulation, independent of the general circulation of the atmosphere (breeze, mountain-valley wind);

manifestation of convection, sometimes vortex character ( dust storm, habub, etc.);

the course of the general circulation of the atmosphere with special properties for a given region: dryness, dustiness, low temperature at considerable speed (Afghan, sirocco, snowstorm, khamsin, simum). Winds of this category are numerous titles in different regions of the earth.

1. Breeze

Breeze(from the French brise- light wind) is a wind with a daily frequency along the shores of the seas and large lakes, as well as on some big rivers Oh.

Breezes are formed due to the difference in temperature associated with the unequal specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and what about the different albedo of land and water.

They are related to the daily course of air temperature.

The daytime breeze blows from the sea (water surface) to the heated coast (Figure 78). It is also called marine. During the day, land, the specific heat of which is less than water, heats up more. The air above it also heats up more. Therefore, the isobaric surfaces above the land rise somewhat. Above the surface of the earth (at a certain height), the outflow of air begins towards the sea, and in the surface part - in the opposite direction. Because If the motion develops within a short time, then the Coriolis force cannot balance the baric gradient. The wind deviates from the geostrophic, i.e. blows not along coastline, but intersects it. The sea breeze is stronger than the night coastal breeze, because. the difference between the temperature of the land and the water surface during the day is greater than at night.

The night breeze blows in the opposite direction to the day breeze. At night, land in coastal areas cools faster than water. At the same time, the air over land cools rapidly due to thermal conductivity and becomes denser. Isobaric surfaces over land descend. At altitudes, air transfer occurs, directed from the reservoir to the land. An area is created above the water surface reduced pressure. Then the air in the surface part begins to move from land to the reservoir.

The wind speed with breezes is 3–5 m/s, and more in the tropics. During the passage of cyclones, the breezes are masked by the general transport of air. In height, the breezes capture a layer of air up to 1–2 km (daytime more than nighttime). Deep into the sea or land, the breezes spread for tens of kilometers.

The sea breeze brings cooling and an increase in the relative humidity of the air (the temperature drops by 2–3°C (in West Africa by 10°C), humidity increases by an average of 10–20% (up to 40%).

Local winds are winds that are characteristic of certain geographical areas and are associated by their origin with local conditions. The reason for the occurrence of local winds may be uneven heating of air from the underlying surface (breezes, mountain-valley winds).

Breezes arise on the shores of the seas, large lakes and some major rivers and are characterized by a sharp change of direction during the day.

During the day, when the land is warmer than the water, the air above it rises and flows upward towards the reservoir. In the surface layers, the wind begins to blow from the sea to the land - the sea breeze. The air leaving towards the land is compensated by lowering it over the sea. A coastal breeze occurs at night, when the land cools more than the water, and when the air circulation is opposite to that of the day. With ascending currents (during the day over land, at night over water), clouds form. With descending currents, the sky is cloudless.

Since during the day the contrasts in temperatures between land and water are greater than at night, sea breezes are more pronounced than coastal breezes: their speed is greater (up to 7 m/s), the power is greater (up to 1000 m), the poosa captured by them is wider (up to 100 km).

The breezes are especially pronounced where the diurnal temperature fluctuations are large, for example, in the tropical zone.

Mountain-valley winds can be divided into two types: slope winds and mountain-valley winds proper. Slope winds arise as a result of different heating and cooling of air at the same level near the slope surface and in the free atmosphere. During the day, the air near the slopes is heated more than the air at the same level at a distance from the slope, resulting in an upslope wind. At night, the reverse is observed.

Actually mountain-valley winds are caused by the fact that the air in the mountain valley heats up and cools more than at the same height above the neighboring plain. During the day it rises along the bottom of the valley (valley wind), at night it flows down (mountain wind).

Local winds (foehn, bora), arising from the effect of relief on air currents, are called orographic at a certain pressure distribution.

Föhn is a warm, dry and gusty wind from the mountains, often covered with snow and glaciers. It occurs when there is a large difference in atmospheric pressure on one and the other side of the mountain range. Passing through the ridge in the direction of low pressure, the air on the windward slope cools (by 1° per 100 m to the condensation limit and 0.5-0.6° per 100 m above the condensation limit) and loses moisture (clouds form, precipitation falls) . At the pass height, the air has a correspondingly lower temperature than at the beginning of the rise, and absolute humidity, coinciding with the maximum moisture content at a given temperature. On the leeward slope, the air, descending, heats up adiabatically (by 1° per 100 m) and moves away from the saturation point, acquiring features characteristic of a foehn (comparatively high temperature and low relative humidity).

Foehn often blows in winter and spring. With a large deficit of air humidity, it causes rapid melting and evaporation of snow (foehn is called "snow eater"), and in spring it has a drying effect on plants. The duration of the hair dryer is from several hours to several days, the speed is from calm to 20% m / s. Fan is very common. In Russia and neighboring countries, it can be observed in the Caucasus, in the mountains Central Asia, in Yakutia.

Bora - cold strong wind blowing from low (up to 1000 m) coastal mountains towards the sea, mainly in the cold season. Bora occurs when cold air over land is separated from warm air over water by a low ridge. Cold air gradually accumulates in front of the ridge and rolls down to the sea at high speed. As it descends, it heats up adiabatically, but the temperature difference between cold and warm air still remains large. As a result, the temperature on the coast drops sharply.

The Novorossiysk bora has been well studied. A mass of cold air rushes through the Marhotsky Pass (450 m) on the Varada Ridge to the Black Sea from the land side. The wind speed reaches 40 m/s, in some cases - 60 m/s. The temperature on the seashore sometimes drops to -20,-25°. The splashes of water caused by the wind freeze, and a layer of ice up to 4 m thick quickly covers the embankment, various items on the shore and ships at sea. Since the bora appears in the sea at a distance of no more than 3-5 km, the ships are in a hurry to leave the bay.

Basic definitions

Bora

- a strong and gusty wind directed down the mountain slope and creating in winter time significant cooling. It is caused by the transshipment of a cold air mass over a low mountain range towards the warm sea. Rolling down the ridge at a high speed (>40 m/s), the air does not have time to heat up adiabatically and sharply lowers the temperature over the coastal part of the sea (sometimes down to -20ºС). Splashes of water from a stormy sea freeze and cover the shore and ships in a thick layer. In the open sea, bora quickly fades. Winds of the Novorossiysk bora type are also observed in other places under other local names: sarma (Lake Baikal), mountain bora ( New Earth), mistral (Provence, France), norzer (Texas), etc.

Breeze

- winds near the coastline of the seas, lakes with a sharp daily change of direction. During the day, the sea breeze blows several hundred meters towards the coast, and at night - from the coast to the sea at a speed of 3-5 m/sec. The breezes are associated with the diurnal variation of air temperature on land and over the adjacent sea basin. As a result of uneven heating or cooling of land and water, a convection heat engine arises. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea, the air above it expands and rises. The isobaric surfaces rise and the air flows over the top towards the sea. Over the sea, on the contrary, the air is denser near the surface, and therefore has more pressure. And below the air flows towards the baric gradient, onto land. This is the sea breeze. At night, reverse picture.

Wind

- the movement of air in a horizontal direction in the lower layers of the troposphere, characterized by speed, force and direction.

Mountain valley winds

- associated with temperature contrasts on the slopes of mountains and in mountain valleys. At night, when the mountain tops cool most rapidly, a breeze-like circulation system is established. Colder and denser air flows down the slopes, though at a higher speed than in the breezes, about 10 m/sec. These mountain winds can be even stronger if the mountains are covered with snow or ice, and also if the wind blows in narrow glacial valleys or fjords, such as in Greenland. In the daytime, when warming up, a different picture is observed, the wind blows up the valley, since the air in the valley heats up more than in neighboring flat areas.

Gradient wind -

uniform movement of air without friction along curvilinear trajectories along isobars; in the baric minimum - counterclockwise, in the baric maximum - clockwise.

Monsoon winds

- winds associated with monsoon circulation, air currents that change direction twice a year: in winter, the wind blows from land to sea, in summer - vice versa. Due to differences in the heating of land and ocean.

Direction of the wind

- the direction of wind movement, determined by the position of the horizon point from where the wind blows. There are 8 main points (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) and 8 intermediate ones.

trade winds

- steady winds of moderate speed blowing from subtropical latitudes (30°) to the equator. The trade winds are also called movements air masses, in general, in the same direction.

wind force

- pressure exerted by moving air on objects (kg / m 2). The strength of the wind is proportional to the square of its speed (P = 0.25 V 2).

Wind speed

- numerical expression of the speed of air movement. Measured in m / s, km / h, in knots (nautical mile per hour). Distinguish instantaneous (in this moment), smoothed (for some short period of time), average (for a relatively long period of time: day, month, year).

Föhn- a non-periodic wind that occurs under the influence of mountains on air currents. It is a warm and dry and gusty wind from the mountains. Occurs when air flows over the crest of the ridge. As air descends downwind, its temperature rises and humidity decreases. Causes intense snowmelt, drying of the soil. Foehn-related winds: chinook - Rocky Mountains, puelche – Chilean Andes, probe in the Argentine Cordillera, bukhara - in Sumatra, perished - in Libya Chile - in Tunisia, Sarat

in Morocco, etc.

local winds

Adriatic bora

- cold winter wind passing through the Dinaric mountains. One of the most characteristic representatives of this type of winds, along with the Novorossiysk and Novaya Zemlya bora.

Ae

- dry burning trade wind in the Hawaiian Islands.

Antillean hurricanes

- tropical cyclones observed in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Afghan (avgon shamoli)

- a local southwest wind, very dusty, blowing in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya.

Bad-and-garden-o-bystroz, wind 120 days

– strong wind runoff from the Parapamiz pass, usually from May to September.

Baku Nord

- a local north wind of the bora type on the Absheron Peninsula, associated with cold air intrusions.

Biza

- north or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland, similar to the mistral, cold and dry. It is observed during the invasion of cold air masses.

Blizzard

– a blizzard with a strong northwest wind and low temperature, in the rear of the cyclone (in North America, England and polar countries incl. Antarctica).

Buran

- a blizzard with strong wind and low temperature.

Storm

- a very strong wind with a speed of 20 m/s and higher, accompanied by significant waves at sea and destruction on land. B. is usually associated with the passage of intense cyclones.

Garmsil

- dry hot wind in the foothills of the Kopetdag and the western Tien Shan, blowing in summer from the south and east. Has the character of a hair dryer.

Doctor

- a pleasant refreshing daytime breeze with this name is observed on the coasts of Jamaica, Western India, South Africa. In the southwest of Australia it is called: Albany Doctor, Perth Doctor, Esperance Doctor, Eucla Doctor, Fremantle Doctor.

glacial wind

(katabatic wind) - the wind blowing over the glacier downstream of the latter, from the cooler upper part to warmer areas (in mountain valleys, over the sea). Caused by air cooling by the ice surface. Most characteristic of Greenland and Antarctica. In Antarctica, glacial (katabatic) winds reach speeds of 40-60 m/s and more. Max Speed such wind is 300-305 km/h.

Mistral

- a strong and cold northwest wind on the Mediterranean coast of France in the Rhone Valley. Similar to boron.

Novaya Zemlya Bora

– cold wind, passing through the mountains of Novaya Zemlya from the Kara Sea to the Barents Sea.

Pampero

- cold storm wind southerly in Argentina and Uruguay, sometimes with rain and thunderstorms. Associated with the passage of cold fronts and intrusions of Antarctic air.

Saikan

- a hurricane westerly wind in the Alakol basin and on the Alakol lake in the east of Kazakhstan, blowing from the Saikan gorge in the Dzhungar Alatau.

Himself ate

- dry wind of the opposite direction in the Kura valley, in summer.

Simoom

– local name dry hot wind in the deserts of Arabia and North Africa. S. is a squall with a sandstorm, often with a thunderstorm.

Sarma

- a strong bora-type wind blowing from the Primorsky ridge to the surface of the lake. Baikal near the mouth of the river. Sarms with speed up to 40 m/sec. The maximum frequency is in October-December.

Sirocco

- strong warm wind south and southeast in front of the cyclone in the Mediterranean basin. On the Apennine and in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. The air in S. is usually humid, while in the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia it is dry and contains sandy dust.

Tornado

- strong atmospheric vortex with a vertical axis several tens of meters long. Occurs under a cumulonimbus cloud and moves with it; exists from several minutes to several tens of minutes. Wind speeds in the north can reach 50–100 m/sec with a strong ascending component. They usually cause significant damage.

Sukhovey

- wind at high temperature and low relative humidity in the steppes and semi-deserts of Eurasia, harmful or destructive to field crops. With S., evaporation increases, which, with a lack of moisture in the soil, leads to wilting and death of plants.

Typhoon

- the name of tropical cyclones of storm and hurricane strength on Far East. T. occur mainly in summer and autumn in the ocean east and west of Philippine Islands and in their further development can reach the shores of China, Japan, Korea, Russia.

tehuantepequero

- strong winter (usually from November to March) bora-type wind on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It blows across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec towards the bay of the same name during the invasion of continental air temperate latitudes to the Gulf of Mexico.

Tornado

- the name of the thrombi. They are especially common in the southeastern United States, where several hundred T.

Tramontane

- a strong and dry wind, similar in type to the foehn in the Mediterranean, accompanied by good weather. Three more types of winds have a similar name.

Tramontana (1)

- wind like bora (from the Alps to the Padana lowland), sometimes acquires the features of a foehn.

Tramontana (2)

- a cold wind of the bora type in Northern and Central Italy, the direction is mainly northeast. Accompanied by clear weather, typical in winter.

Tramontana (3)

- a cold and stormy gusty wind from the Pyrenees to the Balearic Sea, accompanied by clear and dry weather.

Thrombus

- a strong whirlwind (tornado) over land with a diameter of several tens of meters, arising under thunder cloud. Wind speeds in it reach 50-100 m / s, and the destruction zone is hundreds of meters wide. Occurs in hot weather with a sharply unstable stratification of the atmosphere. In the US, it's called a tornado.

Hurricane

– wind of destructive force and considerable duration, with a speed of 30 m/s and more.

Khabub

- a severe sand or dust storm in Sudan. H. most often occurs from May to October.

Khamsin

- dry, hot, dusty south wind in northeast Africa, especially frequent in spring, when cyclones pass over mediterranean sea or northern Sahara. In Arabic, H. is 50, since the wind blows for about 50 days.

Harmattan, harmatan

- dry, hot, dusty northeast wind blowing in winter in West Africa, in the region of the Cape Verde Islands and the Gulf of Guinea. In essence, H. is the winter monsoon.

Chinook

("snow eater") is the local name for the southwestern föhn on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the United States. The damp wind from the ocean in the Cordillera West has the same name, bringing cloudy rainy weather, warm in winter and cool in summer

Flurries

- sharp gusty increases in wind. There are intramass, in the forward part of cumulonimbus clouds, and frontal, formed during the passage of a cold front.

Etesia- moderate or strong northerly or northwesterly winds over northern part Mediterranean towards Africa. Observed from mid-May to mid-October. They can blow continuously up to 40 days. They arise when a spur of the Azores anticyclone appears over Southern Europe, and a zone of low pressure forms over heated Asia Minor. E. bring haze and fog to northern shores Africa. Sometimes it covers territories from the Pyrenees to Syria and the Bosphorus. During the period of night weakening is called "sleeping wind".
Articles on the topic "

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Afghan
• 2 Barguzin
• 3 Bizet
• 4 Bora
• 5 Breeze
• 6 Garmattan
• 7 Garmsil
• 8 Mountain valley winds
• 9 Zephyr
• 10 Mistral
• 11 Pampero
• 12 Shoulder strap
• 13 Samum
• 14 Sarma
• 15 Sirocco
• 16 Dry
• 17 Tornado
• 18 Föhn
• 19 Khamsin
• 20 Chinook

Introduction

local winds- winds that differ in some features from the main character of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but, like constant winds, regularly repeat and have a noticeable effect on the weather regime in a limited part of the landscape or water area. Local winds include a breeze that changes its direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, foehn, dry winds, simum and many others. The occurrence of local winds is mainly due to the difference in temperature conditions over large reservoirs (breezes) or mountains, their spread relative to the general circulation flows and the location of mountain valleys (foehn, bora, mountain-valley), as well as a change in the general circulation of the atmosphere by local conditions (summum , sirocco, khamsin). Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are referred to as local winds and given their own names. For example, only in Lake Baikal, due to the difference in warming of water and land and the complex location of steep ridges with deep valleys, at least 5 local winds are distinguished: barguzin - a warm northeast wind, mountain - a northwest wind that causes powerful storms, sarma - a sudden western wind, reaching a hurricane force of up to 80 m / s, the valleys are the South-West kultuk and the South-East shelonik.

1. Afghan

Afghan is a dry, baking local wind, with dust that blows in Central Asia. It has a southwestern character and blows in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya. It blows from several days to several weeks. Early spring with showers. Very aggressive. In Afghanistan, it is called kara-buran, which means a black storm or bodi shuravi - the Soviet wind.

2. Barguzin

Barguzin - a mighty Baikal wind, mentioned in the song "Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal", blows mainly in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin Valley across and along Baikal. This wind blows evenly, with gradually increasing power, but its duration is noticeably inferior to Verkhovik. Usually precedes stable sunny weather.

3. Bizet

Bizet (fr.Bise) is a cold and dry north or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland. Bizet is similar to the mistral.

4. Bora

Bora (Italian bora from Greek boreas - north wind) is a strong gusty cold wind blowing on the coast of the seas or large lakes from mountain ranges that separate the strongly chilled and warmer (especially seaside) surface at their foot. It is formed when low mountain ranges separate cold air over land from warm air over water. This wind is most dangerous in frosty weather, when at high speed (up to 40-60 m/s) it rolls down from the mountain ranges to the still unfrozen sea or lake. Over a warm water surface, the temperature contrast between the cold air flow and the warm sea increases significantly, and the speed of the bora increases. A squally wind brings a severe cold snap, raises high waves, and splashes of water freeze on the hulls of ships. Sometimes a layer of ice up to 4 meters thick grows on the windward side of the ship, under the weight of which the ship can capsize and sink. Bora lasts from several days to a week. The bora is especially typical on the Yugoslav coast of the Adriatic Sea, near Novorossiysk (northeast wind), on the western slope of the Urals - the eastern Kizelovskaya bora and others. A special type of bora is a katabatic wind in Antarctica and on the northern island of Novaya Zemlya.

5. Breeze

Breeze (French brise - light wind) - a local wind of low speed, changing direction twice a day. Occurs on the shores of the seas, lakes, sometimes large rivers. During the day, land heats up faster than water, and a lower temperature is set above it. Atmosphere pressure. Therefore, the daytime breeze blows from the water area to the heated coast. Night (coastal) - from the chilled coast to warm water. The breezes are well pronounced in summer during stable anticyclonic weather, when the difference in land and water temperatures is the most significant. The breeze covers an air layer of several hundred meters and acts on the seas within a few tens of kilometers. In the era of sailing, breezes were used to start sailing.

6. Garmattan

Garmattan is a dry and sultry wind that blows on the Guinean coast of Africa and brings red dust from the Sahara.

7. Garmsil

Garmsil (tadzh. Garmsel) - dry and hot wind of the type of hair dryer blowing mainly in summer from the south and southeast in the foothills of the Kopetdag and the Western Tien Shan.

8. Mountain-valley winds

Mountain-valley winds are formed in mountainous regions and change their direction twice a day. The air is heated differently over the crests of mountain ranges, slopes and the bottom of the valley. During the day, the wind blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, from the mountains to the valley and down towards the plain. The speed of mountain-valley winds is low - about 10 m/s.

9. Zephyr

Zephyr (Greek Ζέφυρος, "Western") - the wind that prevails in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, starting in spring, and reaching its greatest intensity by the summer solstice. Here, although warm, it often brings rain and even storms, while in the western Mediterranean Zephyr is almost always a light, pleasant wind.

10. Mistral

On the Mediterranean coast of France, a cold northwest wind, which forms like the Novorossiysk bora, is called the mistral, and a similar wind on the Caspian Sea coast in the Baku region is called north.

11. Pampero

Pampero (Spanish Pampero) is a cold, stormy (sometimes with rain) south or southwest wind in Argentina and Uruguay. Pampero is associated with Antarctic air intrusions.

12. Shoulder strap

Shoulder strap - a fair wind on the Volga.

13. Samoom

Samum is a sultry dry wind in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Usually, before the oncoming squall of the simum, the sands begin to “sing” - the sound of grains of sand rubbing against each other is heard. Raised "clouds" of sand outshine the Sun. There is a sumum with strong heating of the earth and air in cyclones and mainly with western and southwestern winds. The wind carries hot sand and dust and is sometimes accompanied by a thunderstorm. In this case, the air temperature can rise up to +50 °C, and relative humidity approaches 0%. The squall lasts from 20 minutes to 2-3 hours, sometimes with a thunderstorm. When samum should lie down and close tightly with clothes. In the Algerian Sahara it happens up to 40 times a year.

14. Sarma

On Lake Baikal, bora has a local name - sarma. This wind is formed when the cold arctic air passes over the coastal mountain ranges. It is named after the Sarma River, through the valley of which the cold wind from Yakutia breaks through to Baikal. In 1912, this icy wind tore a huge barge from the tugboat and threw it onto a rocky shore. More than 200 people died as a result.

15. Sirocco

Sirocco (Italian Scirocco - strong) is a hot, dry, dusty south and southeast wind from the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula that occurs in front of the cyclone. Over the Mediterranean Sea, sirocco is slightly enriched with moisture, but still dries up the landscapes of the coastal regions of France, the Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas. Most often it blows in the spring for 2-3 days in a row, raising the temperature to 35 ° C. Crossing the mountains, on their leeward slopes it acquires the character of a foehn.

16. Sukhovey

Dry wind - wind from high temperature and low relative humidity in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, is formed along the edges of anticyclones and lasts for several days, increasing evaporation, drying up the soil and plants. The speed of the dry wind is usually moderate, the relative humidity is low (less than 30%). Dry winds are typical for the steppe regions of Russia and Ukraine, in Kazakhstan and the Caspian region.

17. Tornado

Tornado (Spanish Tornado) - in North America, a strong atmospheric vortex over land, characterized by exceptionally high frequency, is formed as a result of the collision of cold masses from the Arctic and warm masses from the Caribbean. There are several hundred tornadoes in the eastern United States every year.

18. Föhn

Föhn (German Fohn, from Latin Favonius - warm west wind) - dry, warm strong wind, gustyly blowing from high mountains into the valleys. It is observed in all mountainous countries. The air flows over the crest of the ridge, rushes along the leeward slope into the valley, and when it descends, its temperature rises, and the humidity decreases as a result of adiabatic heating - by one degree for every 100 m of descent. The higher the height from which the hair dryer descends, the higher the temperature of the air brought by it rises. The speed of the hair dryer can reach 20-25 m/s. In winter and spring, it causes rapid snowmelt, valleys disappear, evaporation from the soil and vegetation cover increases, the level mountain rivers. In summer, its withering breath is detrimental to plants; sometimes in the Transcaucasus, a summer hair dryer causes the leaves on the trees to dry out and fall off. Usually lasts less than a day, occasionally up to 5 or more. Foehn is well expressed in the Alps, in the Caucasus, in the mountains of Central America.

19. Khamsin

Khamsin (Arabic literally fifty) is a dry, exhaustingly hot wind of southern directions in northeast Africa and the Middle East. The air temperature is often above 40 ° C, with stormy winds, the khamsin sometimes blows 50 days a year, usually in March-May. Occurs in the front parts of cyclones moving from the deserts of North Africa, so the khamsin is saturated with sand and dust, which reduces visibility.