Formation and development of the modern Olympic Games. Olympic Games in the history of travel and tourism

Today the organization of modern Olympic Games only economically developed countries can do it. For this event, only those cities are selected that have the necessary sports facilities, and can also properly host required amount guests. Making a decision on the next games of 1900-1904. in Paris and St. Louis, the IOC proceeded from the fact that in these cities at the same time world exhibitions were held. The calculation was simple - selected cities to France and the United States already had the minimum necessary sports facilities, and preparations for world exhibitions provided conditions for servicing tourists and participants in the Games.

At the competitions of the games of the II Olympiad in Paris, quite good results were shown. However, calculations on the use of existing facilities and the combination of the Games with the world exhibition did not justify themselves. Competitions were held in arenas that were far from each other and were not designed for a large number of spectators. Athletes were assigned to the dirt tracks of the Resing Club in the Bois de Boulogne, swimming competitions were held in Asnières, gymnastics - in the Bois de Vincennes, fencing - on the Tuileries, tennis - on the island of Puteaux. The Paris Games became part of the program of the third World Exhibition. They attracted few viewers, were poorly reflected in the press

Even less effective were the games of the III Olympiad, held for the first time on the American continent in St. Louis. They were also timed to coincide with the World Exhibition of 1904. The overwhelming majority of the participants were the Americans themselves. Competitions were held mainly at the sports grounds of the University of Washington, designed for 40 thousand seats. The stadium's running track had a straight line of 200 m. The swimmers started in an artificial riverbed in the exhibition area from a hastily put together raft. These games left an inconspicuous mark on the history of the Olympic movement.

The organizers of the IV Olympiad in London took into account the mistakes of their predecessors. The WHITE-CITY stadium with a grandstand for 100,000 seats was built in the capital of Great Britain in a short time. A hundred-meter swimming pool, an arena for wrestling competitions and an artificial ice rink were built on its territory.

The Olympic Games in London marked the beginning of the construction of sports complexes. The correctness of the decision was immediately confirmed by the high results shown by the athletes - participants in the IV Olympic Games.

V Olympiad was held in Stockholm. The precise work of the Organizing Committee, and most importantly, the purpose-built royal stadium, brought the games a well-deserved success. The small size of the stadium, a wooden canopy over the stands created good visibility and acoustics. The stadium was equipped with circular walkways and tunnels. In the future, sports complexes, specially built for the Olympic Games, were distinguished by their unique forms and high technical equipment.

The Games of the VII Olympiad of 1920 were held in the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Olympic Stadium was designed as an urban building. Here, for the first time, sports fans watched hockey matches held on artificial ice. A large velodrome GARDEN-CITY was equipped for the competition of cyclists. A section of the Vidbrek canal has been transformed into a water stadium for rowing competitions. The football tournament was held at the Beerschot Stadium. At the stadium, during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, a white flag with five interlaced rings was raised, symbolizing the unity of athletes from all continents, and the Olympic oath was recited.

The VIII Olympic Games were again held in France. This time, careful preparation for the competition was carried out in Paris. The organizers of the games announced a competition for the best design of the Olympic stadium. M. Fort-Duzharik became the winner of the competition. He developed a stadium project for 100 thousand seats, with a complex of sports facilities for competitions in various sports and an Olympic village for 2 thousand athletes. The project was not realized, but it served as an incentive for the creation of similar complexes in the future. In the suburbs of Paris, for some of the athletes, wooden one-story houses with toilets and showers were built.

The Games of the IX Olympiad (1928) were held in Amsterdam, a major economic and cultural center of the Netherlands. For the Games, a stadium was built within the city, which adjoined the city park. The Olympic complex included a swimming pool, a tennis court, halls for boxing, wrestling, fencing, and training grounds. Near the stadium there was a canal with a harbor for yachts, a hotel was built.

The Games of the X Olympiad in the American city of Los Angeles (1932) marked the beginning of the formation of the city's Olympic complex, which included a stadium, a swimming pool, and the Olympic Village. The Coliseum Stadium (1923), built in the antique style, was reconstructed for the Olympics. The Olympic torch burned above the central arch of the stadium.

For the first time, the Olympic Village was built for the resettlement of athletes, consisting of 700 prefabricated houses. Accommodation for athletes different countries in one village favored the establishment of close contacts and mutual understanding.

However, the remoteness of the venue from European countries and underdevelopment of transport links had a negative impact on the number of participants.

In 1932, it was decided to hold the Games of the XI Olympiad in Berlin. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, who began to use the preparations for the Olympics J for their own propaganda purposes. For the Games in Berlin, a complex was erected, which was distinguished by excessive splendor. The project of the architect Werner March on the game was awarded a gold medal.

The XIV Olympic Games, held in 1948 in London, showed with their own eyes how great the desire of people for peace and mutual cooperation. Organized under the conditions of a brutal post-war austerity regime, they nevertheless attracted a record number of participating countries for that time (59) and many tourists.

No new sports facilities were built. But for the first time, swimming competitions were held in an indoor pool.

In the XV Olympiad in 1952 in Helsinki, among 69 national teams, athletes entered the Olympic arena for the first time Soviet Union. Debutants, contrary to forecasts, have achieved amazing success. In the unofficial standings, they shared first and second places on points with the generally recognized favorites - US athletes.

The Games of the XVI Olympiad were first held on the Australian continent in Melbourne. The remoteness of the Olympic capital from the vast majority of developed countries, peculiar climatic conditions created certain difficulties for the participants and guests of the Games who arrived on the "green continent". But the organizers have made a lot of effort to overcome these obstacles. The high sports achievements shown by the envoys from different countries became the best assessment of the Organizing Committee's activity.

The Games of the XVII Olympiad in 1960 in Rome can be considered the beginning of a new direction in the organization of preparations for the next Olympiads. For the first time, an attempt was made to cover the entire range of issues to be decided by the Organizing Committee. Along with the preparation and construction of sports complexes, great attention devoted to improving the infrastructure of the Olympic capital - Rome. By ancient city modern highways were laid, a number of old buildings and structures were demolished, some of the oldest architectural monuments of Rome were converted to host competitions in certain sports. The games of the Roman Olympics are also notable for the fact that television broadcasts were made from them to some European countries.

In preparation for the XVIII Games in Tokyo (1964), 2,668 million dollars were spent.

The organizers of the Olympic Games on the Asian continent have prepared more than 110 different facilities for competitions and training of athletes. Characteristic of the Tokyo Games was the first use of electronics in sports judging. New stage in the development of the media opened television programs broadcast via satellites.

In 1968, the Olympic Games were held on the territory Latin America, The City of Mexico honorably fulfilled the honorary duty of the host of the XIX Games.

The organizers of the Games of the XX Olympiad in Munich took into account the experience of Rome, Tokyo and Mexico City and did everything possible to surpass the achievements of their predecessors. The Olympic complex included a stadium of original design, a universal sports palace, an indoor cycle track and a swimming pool. In addition, it was built shooting complex, rowing canal, hippodrome and a number of other sports facilities. The organizers of the Games declared Munich the Olympic center of short distances and green landscapes.

The main arena for the XXII Olympiad was the Moscow stadium in Luzhniki. The organizers of the Games comprehensively studied the experience of their predecessors, the traditions of the Olympic movement. For the participating athletes, huge buildings of the Olympic Village were erected, which accommodated up to 15 thousand people. In Moscow, new access roads were built, metro lines were built, and the hotel stock was increased several times. tourism sports olympic game

The XXVI1 Olympic Games were again held in Australia - in Sydney. Preparation for the competition was carried out at the highest level, the equipment corresponded to last word technology. The only thing that no technical innovation could cope with was the climatic conditions. It seems that it is not subject to anyone.

Since ancient times, the Olympic Games have been the main sporting event of all times and peoples. For the period of the Games, all countries stopped wars, harmony reigned on earth. The struggle for the title of the best was conducted by worthy people and only in a fair fight.

The centuries-old Olympic movement overcame many obstacles in its path, and was also subject to oblivion. But in spite of everything, the Olympic Games are alive to this day. Of course, this is not the same competition, not the honoring of the winners. It is hard to imagine today, for example, the entry of a champion into his hometown through a breach in the wall.

Today the Olympics are one of the biggest events in the world. Games are technically equipped - computers and television cameras monitor the results, the time is determined to the nearest thousandth of a second. Sports fans anywhere in the world can join world holiday, satellite dishes are directed to all cardinal directions. With the improvement of sports equipment, sports are also improving. New sports games are being introduced into the category of the Olympic Games.

Per last years The Olympic movement has acquired grandiose proportions, and the capitals of the Games become the capitals of the world for the duration of the Games.

The development of the Olympic Games in the entire sports history of competitions was carried out in several stages.

The first stage of development of the Olympic Games

The first stage is the period and development, in fact, of the ancient Greek Olympic Games. The first documentary, or rather "column-stone" fixation of the Games in Olympia dates back to 776 BC. During those competitions, a tradition was introduced to beat out the name of the winner (Koreba, a cook from Elis, became the first champion) on stone columns, which began to be installed along the banks of the river. Alpheus. Some indirect historical facts indicate that the Games existed as early as the thirteenth century BC. Legends and myths attribute the honor of creating the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece to Hercules, the king of Elis, Ifitos. But, no matter how legends, poems or myths tell us the story of origin Olympic traditions, it remains obvious that their purpose was more of a religious and peacemaking significance.

The second stage of the development of the Olympic Games

The second stage is the period of the emergence of the modern Olympic Games. The history of the revival of the traditions of the Ancient Greek Olympic Games is associated with the name of a French baron. Studying the traditions of the physical development of young people in European countries, he came to the conclusion that in order to increase the level physical culture society and the harmonious development of the individual, it is necessary to popularize sports competitions. In 1894, de Coubertin initiated the founding of the International Olympic Committee to organize and host the modern Olympic Games.

The first modern Olympic Games were held in the Greek city of Athens from April 6-15, 1896. More than two hundred and forty male athletes took part in them. Forty-three sets of Olympic medals were played in such sports: wrestling, athletics, cycling, swimming, shooting, artistic gymnastics, tennis, fencing, weightlifting. Representatives of fourteen countries participated in the First Modern Olympiad: athletes came from Australia, Bulgaria, Austria, France, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, Izmir, Italy, Chile, Denmark, USA, Sweden and Switzerland.

There were also problems in the development of the modern Olympic movement. For example, in 1936 the Olympics were held in the capital at the height of Jewish oppression; in 1972, Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed by terrorists during Olympic competitions; in 1980 - a boycott by some countries of the Olympics in Moscow, and in 1984 the situation is exactly the opposite: Moscow boycotts the Olympics in the USA.

PLAN INTRODUCTION 2 THE ORIGIN OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES 5 REVIVAL OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES 11 CONCLUSION 23 List of used literature 25 INTRODUCTION Physical culture - part common culture society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at improving health, developing the physical abilities of a person and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of Physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, the structure of free time; the nature of the system of physical education, the development of mass sports, the highest sports achievements, etc. The main elements of physical culture: physical exercises, their complexes and competitions in them, hardening of the body, hygiene at work and life, active-motor types of tourism, physical work as a form of active recreation for mental workers. In society, physical culture, being the property of the people, is an important means of "educating a new person who harmoniously combines spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection." It helps to increase the social and labor activity of people, the economic efficiency of production, the physical culture movement is based on the multilateral activities of state and public organizations in the field of physical culture and sports. Sports - component physical culture, as well as the means and method of physical education, the system of organizing and conducting competitions in various complexes of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. It has historically developed as a special area for identifying and unified comparison of people's achievements in certain types physical exercises, the level of their physical development. Sport in a broad sense covers the actual competitive activity, special preparation for it (sports training), specific social relations arising in the field of this activity, its socially significant results. The social value of sport lies in the fact that it is a factor that most effectively stimulates physical culture, contributes to moral, aesthetic education, and the satisfaction of spiritual needs. Various elements of human activity have historically entered the sphere of sports. Sports that have a centuries-old history developed from original physical exercises, forms of labor and military activity used by a person for the purpose of physical education in ancient times - running, jumping, throwing, lifting weights, rowing, swimming, etc .; part of modern sports was formed in the 19-20 centuries. on the basis of the sport itself and related areas of culture - games, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, modern pentathlon, figure skating, orienteering, sports tourism and etc.; technical sports - based on the development of technology: auto, motorcycle, cycling, aviation sports, scuba diving, etc. Physical education is an integral part of human life. It occupies a rather important place in the study and work of people. Physical exercise plays a significant role in the working capacity of members of society, which is why knowledge and skills in physical culture should be incorporated into educational institutions different levels step by step. A significant role in the upbringing and teaching of physical culture is also invested by higher educational institutions, where teaching should be based on clear methods, methods that together line up in a well-organized and well-established methodology for teaching and educating students. The physical culture of the people is part of its history. Its formation, subsequent development is closely connected with the same historical factors that influence the formation and development of the country's economy, its statehood, political and spiritual life of society. Naturally, the concept of physical culture includes everything that is created by the mind, talent, needlework of the people, everything that expresses its spiritual essence, a view of the world, nature, human existence, human relations. The words of the ancient Greek poet Pindar, written two thousand years ago, are not forgotten to this day. Not forgotten because the Olympic competitions, held at the dawn of civilization, continue to live in the memory of mankind. Each Olympic Games turned into a holiday for the people, a kind of congress for rulers and philosophers, a competition for sculptors and poets. The days of the Olympic celebrations are the days of universal peace. For the ancient Hellenes, games were an instrument of peace, facilitating negotiations between cities, promoting mutual understanding and communication between states. The Olympics glorified man, for the Olympics reflected a worldview, the cornerstone of which was the cult of the perfection of the spirit and body, the idealization of a harmoniously developed person - a thinker and an athlete. Olympionics - the winner of the games - were paid honors by their compatriots, which were awarded to the gods, monuments were created in their honor during their lifetime, laudatory odes were composed, feasts were arranged. The Olympic hero entered his native city in a chariot, dressed in purple, crowned with a wreath, he entered not through an ordinary gate, but through a hole in the wall, which was sealed up on the same day so that the Olympic victory would enter the city and never leave it. THE ORIGIN OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES There are no number of myths - one is more beautiful than the other! about the origin of the Olympic Games. Gods, kings, rulers and heroes are considered their most honorable ancestors. One thing has been established with obvious indisputability: the first Olympiad known to us from antiquity took place in 776 BC. The center of the Olympic world of antiquity was the sacred district of Zeus in Olympia - a grove along the Alpheus River at the confluence of the Kladei stream into it. In this beautiful town of Hellas, traditional all-Greek competitions in honor of the god of thunder were held almost three hundred times. Olympia owes its surviving glory entirely to the Olympic Games, although they were held there only once every four years and lasted a few days. During the summer solstice, competitors and organizers, pilgrims and fans paid homage to the gods by lighting a fire on the altars of Olympia. The winner of the running competition was honored to light the fire for the sacrifice. In the reflections of this fire, the rivalry of athletes took place, the competition of artists, an agreement on peace was concluded by messengers from cities and peoples. That is why the tradition of lighting a fire, and later delivering it to the venue of the competition, was renewed. Among the Olympic rituals, the ceremony of lighting a fire in Olympia and delivering it to the main arena of the games is especially emotional. This is one of the traditions of the modern Olympic movement. Millions of people can watch the exciting journey of fire through countries, and sometimes even continents, with the help of television. The Olympic flame first flared up at the Amsterdam Stadium on the first day of the 1928 games. This is an indisputable fact. However, until recently, most researchers in the field of Olympic history have not found confirmation that this fire was delivered, as tradition dictates, by relay from Olympia. The beginning of the torch relay races that brought fire from Olympia to the city Summer Olympics, was laid in 1936. Since then, the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games have been enriched by the exciting spectacle of lighting a fire in the main Olympic stadium from a torch carried by a relay. The Torchbearer Run has been the solemn prologue of the Games for more than four decades. On June 20, 1936, a fire was lit in Olympia, which then made a 3075 km journey along the road of Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. And in 1948, the torch made its first sea voyage. GREEK GAMES Distinctive feature the ancient Greeks had an agon, i.e. competitive start. Noble aristocrats in Homer's poems compete in strength, dexterity and perseverance, victory brings glory and honor, not material wealth. Gradually, the idea of ​​victory in the competition as the highest value, glorifying the winner and bringing him honor and respect in society, is being affirmed in society. The formation of ideas about the agon gave rise to various games that were of an aristocratic nature (slaves, semi-free and foreigners could not participate in the games). The oldest and most important games were first held in 776 BC. in honor of Olympian Zeus and since then repeated every four years (the venue was Olympia in the Peloponnese). They lasted five days and during this time the sacred peace was proclaimed throughout Greece. The only reward for the winner was an olive branch. An athlete who won the games three times (“olympionist”) received the right to install his statue in the sacred grove of the temple of Olympian Zeus. Athletes competed in running, fisticuffs, chariot races. Later, the Pythian Games in Delphi (in honor of Apollo) were added to the Olympic Games - the award was a laurel wreath, Isthmian (in honor of the god Poseidon) on the Isthmus of Corinth, where the award was a wreath of pine branches, and finally the Nemean Games (in honor of Zeus). The participants of all the games performed naked, so women, under pain of death, were forbidden to attend the games. (both boys and girls performed naked in Sparta). The beautiful naked body of an athlete became one of the most common motifs in ancient Greek art. The program of the games was: Running for a short distance in one stage (192.27 m), From 724 BC. added a run for a distance of 2 stages (384.54 m). In 720 B.C. a long distance was introduced - a stadia-long circle (stadium) had to be run 24 times (4614 m). From 708 BC - pentathlon (pentathlon): jumping, running, discus throwing, javelin (javelin) throwing, wrestling; From 688 BC - fist fight; From 680 BC - competitions in chariots harnessed by four horses; in the middle of the 7th century BC pancraty was added - a fight in which any tricks were allowed. In 632 B.C. allowed young people to compete in running, wrestling, fisticuffs. Subsequently - races of warriors in full armor in chariots with a pair of horses, horse racing. ROMAN GAMES From an early time, various festivities and performances played an important role in the public life of Rome. At first, public performances were also religious ceremonies; they were an indispensable part of religious holidays. In the VI century. BC e. they began to arrange performances of a secular (not religious) nature, and not priests, but officials began to be responsible for their conduct. The venue for such performances was no longer the altar of one or another god, but a circus located in a lowland between the Palatine and Aventine hills. The earliest Roman civil holiday It was the feast of the Roman Games. For several centuries it was the only civil holiday of the Romans. From the 3rd century BC. new representations are established. The Plebeian Games are of great importance. At the end of III - beginning of II century. BC e. The Apollo Games, games in honor of the Great Mother of the Gods - the Megalen Games, as well as florals - in honor of the goddess Flora were also established. These games were annual and regular, but in addition to them, extraordinary games could also be arranged depending on a successful war, deliverance from an invasion, a given vow, or simply the desire of a magistrate. Games lasted from 14 - 15 days (Roman and Plebeian Games) to 6 - 7 days (Floralia). The total duration of all the holidays of these games (ordinary) reached 76 days a year. Each festival consisted of several sections: 1) a solemn procession led by a magistrate who organized the games, called a pomp, 2) direct competitions in the circus, chariots, horse races, etc., 3) stage performances in the theater of Greek and Roman plays authors. The performances usually ended with a feast, a mass meal, sometimes for several thousand tables. The game device required big money . For example, the Roman Games were allocated in the middle of the 1st century. BC e. 760 thousand sesterces, Plebeian Games - 600 thousand, Apollo - 380 thousand. As a rule, the money issued from the treasury was not enough and the magistrates responsible for organizing the games contributed their own money, sometimes exceeding the allocated amount. GLADIATOR FIGHTS Gladiator fights are developing in Rome. Gladiator fights have been held in Etruscan cities since the 6th century BC. BC e. From the Etruscans they entered Rome. For the first time in 264, a battle of three pairs of gladiators was arranged in Rome. Over the next century and a half, gladiatorial games were held at the wake of noble persons, were called funeral games and were of the nature of a private performance. Gradually, the popularity of gladiator fights is growing. In 105 BC. e. gladiatorial fights were declared part of the public spectacles and magistrates began to take care of their organization. Along with the magistrates, private individuals also had the right to fight. To give a performance of a gladiator fight meant to gain popularity among the Roman citizens and be elected to public office. And since there were many who wanted to get a magistrate's position, the number of gladiator fights is growing. Several tens and even hundreds of pairs of gladiators worth several hundred thousand sesterces are already being brought into the arena. Gladiator fights become a favorite spectacle not only in the city of Rome, but also in all Italian, and later in provincial cities. They were so popular that Roman architects created a special, previously unknown type of building - an amphitheater, where gladiator fights and baiting of animals were held. The amphitheaters were designed for several tens of thousands of spectators and exceeded the capacity of theater buildings by several times. The number of performances, both private and public, in Rome and other cities and their duration constantly increased, and their importance grew more and more. At the end of the Republic, magistrates and statesmen considered holding public performances an important part of their state activities. Under the conditions of an aristocratic republic, where all power was concentrated in the hands of a narrow elite of the slave-owning class, the ruling group considered the organization of public performances one of the means to divert the broad masses of Roman citizenship from active state activity. Not surprisingly, the growth of public performances was accompanied by a decline in the importance of popular assemblies and their political role. In 394 n. e. The Roman emperor Theodosius 1 issued a decree prohibiting the further holding of the Olympic Games. The emperor converted to Christianity and decided to eradicate anti-Christian games glorifying pagan gods. And one and a half thousand years the games were not played. In the following centuries, sport lost the democratic significance that was attached to it in ancient Greece. For a long time it became the privilege of the "chosen" fraud, ceased to play the role of the most accessible means of communication between peoples. THE REVIVAL OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES With the onset of the Renaissance, which restored interest in the art of Ancient Greece, the Olympic Games were remembered. In the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the creation of the first international federations (gymnasts, 1881, rowers, 1892, speed skaters, 1892) and the holding of world championships and international meetings, sport became one of the most important elements of interstate communication, contributing to the rapprochement of peoples. Coubertin's initiative at the founding congress in Paris (1894) was supported by representatives of 12 countries. The governing body of the Olympic movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was created and the set of rules and regulations of the IOC developed by the Baron's Olympic Charter was approved. Subsequently, the Olympic Charter became the basis of the statutory documents of the International Olympic Committee. In its first section, a description and statute of the Olympic flag (approved by the IOC in 1913 at the suggestion of P. de Coubertin) is given - a white cloth with the Olympic symbol, which is five colored interlaced rings (according to the number of continents). The Olympic symbol was also proposed by Coubertin and approved by the IOC in 1913. Since 1920, along with the symbol, integral part The Olympic emblem is the Olympic motto Citius, altius, fortius ("Faster, higher, stronger"). In 1928, the idea of ​​Coubertin, expressed by him back in 1912, was embodied, lighting the Olympic flame from the sun's rays (with the help of a lens) at the temple of Zeus in Olympia and delivering it by torch relay to the Olympic stadium for the opening ceremony of the Games along a special route developed by the organizing committee of the next games jointly with the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the countries through which it passes. According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to the city, not to the country. The decision to choose the capital of the Olympic Games is made by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of the Games. Since the 1970s for advertising and commercial purposes, the so-called Olympic mascot is used - the image of an animal recognized by the public of the host country as the most popular, for example, at the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980, the mascot was the bear cub Misha. The IOC Charter states that “the Olympics may not be held, but in no case should its serial number, dates and venue be changed.” For 100 years (1896-1996), 23 Olympics were held and three times (1916, 1940, 1944) the games were not held due to the First and Second World Wars. At the beginning of the 19th century Sport has received universal recognition in Europe and there was a desire to organize something similar to the Olympic Games. Local games organized in Greece in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1879 left some trace in history. Although they did not give tangible practical results in the development of the international Olympic movement, they served as an impetus for the formation of the Olympic Games of our time, which owe their revival to the French public figure, teacher, historian Pierre de Coubertin. The growth of economic and cultural communication between states, which arose at the end of the 18th century, the appearance modern species transport, paved the way for the revival of the Olympic Games on an international scale. That is why the call of Pierre de Coubertin: "We need to make sport international, we need to revive the Olympic Games!", found a proper response in many countries. June 23, 1894 in Paris in Great Hall The Sorbonne met a commission to revive the Olympic Games. Pierre de Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took shape, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries. By decision of the IOC, the games of the first Olympiad were held in April 1896 in the Greek capital at the Panathini Stadium. The energy of Coubertin and the enthusiasm of the Greeks overcame many obstacles and made it possible to carry out the planned program of the first games of our time. Spectators enthusiastically accepted the colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the revived sports festival, awarding the winners of the competitions. The interest in the competition was so great that 80 thousand spectators could fit in the marble stands of the Panathini Stadium, designed for 70,000 seats. The success of the revival of the Olympic Games was confirmed by the public and the press of many countries, who welcomed the initiative. However, even at the beginning of the preparations for the Games in Athens, difficulties related to the economic weakness of Greece were revealed. The Prime Minister of the country, Trikonis, immediately told Coubertin that Athens was not in a position to implement such a large international event associated with large expenditures of funds and volumes of work for the reconstruction of the city and sports facilities. Only the support of the population helped to overcome this obstacle. Prominent Greek public figures formed an Organizing Committee and raised funds. The fund for the preparation of the games received private contributions, which formed large sums. Postage stamps were issued in honor of the Olympic Games. The proceeds from their sale went to the training fund. The energetic measures of the organizing committee and the participation of the entire population of Greece brought the desired results. And yet, the obvious unpreparedness of Greece for serious events of this magnitude affected, first of all, the sports results of the competition, which were not high even according to the estimates of that time. There was only one reason for this - the lack of properly equipped facilities. The famous Panathenaic stadium was dressed in white marble, but its capacity was clearly insufficient. The sports arena did not withstand any criticism. Too narrow, having a slope at one edge, it turned out to be ill-suited for athletics competitions. The soft cinder track to the finish line had an increase, and the turns were too steep. Swimmers competed on the high seas, where the start and finish lines were marked with ropes stretched between the floats. In such conditions, one could not even dream of high achievements. It became clear that athletes cannot achieve high results in the primitive arena of the stadium. In addition, the unprecedented influx of tourists who rushed to Athens revealed the need to adapt the city economy to receive and serve them. Currently, the Marble Stadium in Athens is not used for competitions, remaining a monument to the first games. Naturally, the organization of the modern Olympic Games is only possible for economically developed countries, whose cities have the necessary sports facilities and are well-equipped enough to properly receive the required number of guests. When deciding on the next games of 1900-1904 in Paris in St. Louis, the IOC proceeded from the fact that world exhibitions were held in these cities at the same time. The calculation was simple - selected cities in France and the United States already had the minimum necessary sports facilities, and preparations for world exhibitions provided conditions for servicing tourists and participants in the games. The preparation for the games of the 2nd Olympiad did not add anything essentially new to the famous Parisian ensembles. Quite good results were shown at the competitions of the Games of the 2nd Olympiad in Paris. However, calculations on the use of existing facilities and the combination of the Games with the World Exhibition did not justify themselves. Competitions were held in arenas that were far from each other and were not designed for a large number of spectators. Athletics was held in the Bois de Boulogne on the dirt paths of the Resing Club, swimming in Asnieres, gymnastics in the Bois de Vincennes, fencing in the Tuileries, tennis on the Puteaux Island. The Paris Games became part of the program of the third World Exhibition. They attracted few spectators and were poorly reflected in the press. Even less effective were the games of the 3rd Olympiad, held for the first time on the American continent in St. Louis. They were also timed to coincide with the 1904 World's Fair. The vast majority of participants were Americans themselves. Competitions were held mainly on the sports grounds of the University of Washington, designed for 40 thousand seats. The stadium's running track had a straight line - 200 m. The swimmers started in an artificial riverbed in the exhibition area from a hastily put together raft. These games left an inconspicuous mark in the history of the Olympic movement. The organizers of the IV Olympiad in London took into account the mistakes of their predecessors. The White-city stadium with a grandstand for 100,000 seats was erected in the capital of Great Britain in a short time. A hundred-meter swimming pool, an arena for wrestling competitions and an artificial ice rink were also placed on its territory. The Olympic Games in London marked the beginning of the construction of special sports complexes for their holding. The correctness of this decision was confirmed by the high results shown by the competing athletes at the White-city stadium, and the great interest in the games shown by sports fans and the press in many countries. When building "White-city", the architects for the first time raised the problem of creating a complex of sports facilities in one area. The popularity of the modern Olympic movement was reinforced by the games of the V Olympiad in Stockholm. Their clear organization, and most importantly, a specially built royal stadium brought the games a well-deserved success. The small size of the stadium, a wooden canopy over the stands created good visibility and acoustics. The stadium was equipped with circular walkways and tunnels. All subsequent games left an indelible mark on the history of the Olympic movement not only in the form of high sports achievements, but also in the form of unique works of architecture, equipped with progressive technical devices that contribute to the high achievements of athletes, improving the structure of cities - the capitals of the Olympic Games. The Games of the VII Olympiad of 1920 were held in the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Olympic Stadium was designed as an urban building. Here, for the first time, sports fans watched hockey matches played on artificial ice. For the competition of cyclists, a large velodrome "Garden-city" was equipped. A section of the Vilbreck canal was transformed into a water stadium for rowing competitions. The football tournament was held at the Beerschot Stadium. At the Olympic Stadium, during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, a white flag with five interlaced rings was raised, symbolizing the unity of athletes from all continents, and the Olympic oath was recited. In 1924, the thirtieth anniversary of the Olympic movement was celebrated. The honor of organizing the games of the VIII Olympiad was given to Paris. This time, Paris was carefully preparing for the Olympic Games. To this end, an architectural competition was announced for the best design of the Olympic Stadium. The winner of the competition, M. Fort-Dujaric, developed a project for a modern stadium with stands for 100,000 seats, a complex of sports facilities for competitions in various sports and an Olympic village for 2,000 athletes. Although it was not possible to implement the project, it served as an incentive for the creation of similar complexes in the future. On the outskirts of Paris, the Colombe Stadium was built with stands for 40,000 seats, meeting the requirements of that time, but not distinguished by its particular beauty and convenience for spectators. Swimmers competed in the "Turret" pool. The games were a great success. High sports results were shown. More than 600 thousand spectators attended the competitions. For this Olympiad, a dwelling was built for some of the athletes. These were wooden one-story houses with bathrooms and showers. The Games of the IX Olympiad (1928) were held in Amsterdam, a major economic and cultural center of the Netherlands. Within the city limits, a stadium was built for the games, which adjoined the city park. Auxiliary rooms are equipped in the under-tribune space. The stadium for 40 thousand seats was distinguished by a tower above the stands, imitating a windmill. The Games of the X Olympiad in the American city of Los Angeles (1932) marked the beginning of the formation of the city's Olympic complex, which included a stadium, a swimming pool, and the Olympic Village. The Coliseum Stadium (1923), built in the antique style, was reconstructed for the Olympics, its stands began to accommodate over 100,000 spectators. For that time, the stadium was the highest achievement of sports architecture. The Olympic torch burned above the central arch of the stadium. Having outlined a large program of the Games, the organizers were faced with the need to disperse the venues for competitions in various sports. So, rowers competed on a specially built canal in Long Beach, cyclists competed in the city of Passadena, where a temporary cycle track was built, which was dismantled after the Games. Equestrian competitions were held outside the city. For the first time, an Olympic village was built for the resettlement of athletes. It consisted of 700 prefabricated residential houses located in its community center. The organization of the village provided favorable conditions for close contacts and mutual understanding between athletes from different countries. However, the remoteness of the venue for the Games of European countries and the insufficient development of transport links had a negative impact on the number of participants. In 1932, it was decided to hold the Games of the 11th Olympiad in Berlin. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. they began to use the preparations for the Olympics for their propaganda purposes. For the Games in Berlin, a complex was erected, which was distinguished by excessive splendor. The project of the architect Werner March was awarded a gold medal at the Games. The main arena of the stadium accommodated 100,000 spectators. Another 150,000 watched the competitions held in the swimming pool, gym and stadium designed for hockey. The Games of the 14th Olympiad, held in 1948 in London, showed with their own eyes how great is the desire of people for peace and mutual cooperation. Organized under the conditions of a brutal post-war austerity regime, they nevertheless attracted a record number of participating countries for that time (59) and many tourists. No new sports facilities were built for the games. The old Olympic stadium, built for the 1908 games, was unusable due to a poor running track. The main sports facility of the Olympiad was the Imperial Stadium in Wembley with 60,000 seats. For the first time in London, swimming competitions were held in an indoor pool. At Wembley Stadium, the solemn opening ceremony of the post-war games was greeted with enthusiasm. At that time, of course, they did not have to expect either high sports results, or splendor of design, or special worries about increased comfort for sports fans who came to England. But the very fact of holding a world holiday of physical culture shortly after the end of World War II became a confirmation of the life of the Olympic movement. The Games of the XV Olympiad in 1952 in Helsinki turned out to be even more representative. It was there that athletes from the Soviet Union entered the Olympic arena among 69 national teams for the first time. Debutants, contrary to forecasts, have achieved amazing success. In the unofficial standings, they shared first and second places on points with the generally recognized favorites - US athletes. The high sports results achieved by athletes at the Olympiad-52 were largely the result of optimal competition conditions created on facilities specially built for the games. The stadium includes a running track (400 m), a football field, athletics sectors. The main tribune is covered with a canopy. Ancillary facilities are located below it. 1956 marked a new stage in the development of the Olympic movement. The Games of the XVI Olympiad were first held on the Australian continent in Melbourne. The remoteness of the new Olympic capital from the vast majority of developed countries, the peculiar climatic conditions created certain difficulties for the participants and guests of the games who arrived on the "green continent". But the organizers have made a lot of effort to overcome these obstacles. High sports achievements shown by the envoys from different countries became the best assessment of the organizing committee's activities. Preparations for the games of the XVI Olympiad became an outstanding event for the architects of Australia and largely determined the nature of the further development of architecture on the continent. The Games of the XVII Olympiad in 1960 in Rome can rightly be considered the beginning of a new direction in organizing the preparation of subsequent Olympiads. For the first time, an attempt was made to cover in general the entire range of issues to be resolved organizing committee. Along with the preparation and construction of sports complexes and individual facilities, much attention was paid to improving the infrastructure of the Olympic capital - Rome. New modern highways were laid through the ancient city, a number of old buildings and structures were demolished. Symbolizing the connection of the current games with the Ancient Greek, some of the oldest architectural monuments of Rome were converted to host competitions in individual sports. A simple enumeration of the Olympic facilities that were used to host competitions and accommodate participants in the Games gives some idea of ​​the scale of preparation. Topped the list of the main Olympic stadium "Stadium Olimpico" with a capacity of 100,000 spectators. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the games, as well as athletics and equestrian competitions. One of the most notable objects was recognized as the "Velodromo Olimpico", on the track of which cyclists competed. This facility is still considered one of the best velodromes in the world today. After the Olympics in Rome, experts began to attach great importance to the possibility of using facilities in the post-Olympic period. The Games of the Roman Olympiad are also notable for the fact that television programs were broadcast from them to some European countries. Although the transmissions went on radio relay and cable lines, but this was already a sign of the scientific and technological revolution entering the sports arenas. During the preparation of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad in Tokyo (1964), $ 2,668 million was spent, including $ 460 million to provide the material and technical base of the games, the rest of the funds went to organizational purposes and to the development of the city's infrastructure. The organizers of the first Olympic Games on the Asian continent have prepared more than 110 different facilities for competitions and training of athletes. The huge capital of Japan has changed. There are new metro lines and a monorail city Railway. Dilapidated buildings were demolished and streets widened. To solve the transport problem of the city, high-speed highways were laid through it. Street junctions were built by building overpasses and bridges. The hotel industry of the Japanese capital has significantly replenished. The indoor facilities, the sports halls in Yoyogi Park, became the true center of the Tokyo Olympics. Their architectural appearance was borrowed from nature. Olympic construction largely predetermined the future direction of urban development in Japan. characteristic feature Tokyo Games was the sovereign entry of electronics into the Olympic arena. Its use in sports refereeing has greatly increased its accuracy and efficiency. A new stage in the development of the mass media was opened by television broadcasts through space, which crossed the borders of the continents and attached an unthinkable number of viewers to what was happening in the Olympic arenas. The opportunity to see the Olympic Games to any person on earth immeasurably increased the popularity of the Olympic movement. In 1968, the Olympic Games were held for the first time in Latin America. The city of Mexico honorably fulfilled the honorary duty of the host of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. This was largely facilitated by the growing flow of tourists from different countries, which has a beneficial effect on the Mexican economy, on the expansion of international contacts, contributing to the expansion of national culture. The organizers of the Games of the XX Olympiad in Munich took into account the experience of Rome, Tokyo and Mexico City and did everything possible to surpass the achievements of their predecessors. First of all, the infrastructure of the capital of the Olympiad - 72 was improved. The grandiose Olympic complex of sports facilities "Oberwiesenfeld" was built anew. It included: a stadium of original design, a universal sports palace, an indoor cycle track and a swimming pool. In addition, a shooting complex, a rowing canal, a hippodrome and a number of other sports facilities were built. The organizers of the Games declared Munich the Olympic center of short distances and green landscapes. Taking into account the unusual influx of tourists, the organizers reconstructed the city center, built metro lines, laid new access roads to the city, and increased the hotel stock 10 times. To accommodate the athletes, huge buildings of the Olympic village were erected, in which 10-15 thousand temporary residents could settle. During the twenty-second Olympiad in Moscow, which took place from July 19 to August 3 in 1980, 5.5 thousand athletes from 81 countries participated. In connection with the entry Soviet troops to Afghanistan, a group of states, at the initiative of the United States, declared a boycott of the games in Moscow and did not send their teams. For the first time in the history of the Olympics, six large sports centers were built specifically for the Games: the Olimpiysky sports complex on Prospekt Mira, the cycle track in Krylatskoye, the equestrian center in Bitsa, the Universal Sports Hall in Izmailovo, the Druzhba gym in Luzhniki, the football and athletics arena in CSKA on Leningradsky Prospekt, as well as a comfortable residential area in the south-west of the city "Olympic Village". A total of 203 sets of medals in 21 sports were played. 74 Olympic and 36 world records were set. 24 athletes won two or three gold medals each. The last twenty-sixth Olympiad was held in Atlanta (USA), from July 19 to August 4, 1996. About 10 thousand athletes from 197 countries of the world participated in it. For the first time, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and other former Soviet republics acted as independent teams. For the first time, beach volleyball competitions were included in the program. For the third time in a row, the Russian wrestler Alexander Karelin became the champion of the games. The heroes of the games are runner Svetlana Masterkova, swimmers Alexander Popov and Denis Pankratov, fencer Stanislav Pozdnyakov. The outstanding American track and field athlete Carl Lewis (long jump) won his ninth gold medal. The US team confidently took first place in the team standings (44 gold, 32 silver, 25 bronze). CONCLUSION present stage the task of turning the mass physical culture movement into a nationwide one, based on a scientifically based system of physical education, which covers all social strata of society, is being solved. There are state systems of program evaluation standards and requirements for physical development and readiness of different age groups of the population. Compulsory physical education classes according to state programs are held in preschool institutions, in all types educational institutions, in the army. Since ancient times, the Olympic Games have been the main sporting event of all times and peoples. In the days of the Olympiads, harmony and reconciliation reigned throughout the earth. The wars stopped and all the strong and worthy people competed in a fair fight for the title of the best. Over the centuries, the Olympic movement has overcome many obstacles, oblivion and alienation. But despite everything, the Olympic Games are alive to this day. Of course, this is no longer the competition in which naked young men took part and the winner of which entered the city through a breach in the wall. Today, the Olympic Games are one of the biggest events in the world. Games are equipped with the latest technology - computers and television cameras monitor the results, the time is determined to the nearest thousandth of a second, athletes and their results largely depend on technical equipment. Thanks to the media, there is not a single person left in the civilized world. Which I didn’t know - I wouldn’t have seen the Olympics or I wouldn’t have seen the competition on TV. In recent years, the Olympic movement has acquired a huge scale and the capitals of the Games for the duration of the Games become the capitals of the world. Sport plays an increasingly important role in people's lives. Getting to know the rich cultural heritage ancient rome, which was the result of the synthesis and further development of the physical cultural achievements of the peoples of antiquity (the ancient East and ancient greece), makes it possible to better understand the foundations of European civilization, to show new aspects in the development of the ancient heritage, to establish living links between antiquity and modernity, to better understand modernity. We see that hand-to-hand combat is one of the oldest types of physical culture. Over the many millennia of its development and existence, it has become not only a method of self-defense, but also a way of spiritual and physical self-improvement of people. Unable to list the number of views and styles hand-to-hand combat, each of which has its own historical and philosophical base. Unfortunately in recent times the spiritual foundations of martial arts are forgotten, mainly physical training and practical use, while it is impossible to achieve perfect mastery of one kind or another martial art without knowledge of the techniques of concentration and self-knowledge. References 1. Khavin B. Everything about the Olympic Games. M., 1979. 2. Steinbakh V. From Athens to Moscow. M., 1979. 3. Olympic Encyclopedia. M., 1980. 4. Kuhn L. General history of physical culture and sports. M., 1982. 5. Your Olympic textbook. M., 1996. 6. History of physical culture in the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 18th century: Reader. - M. FiS, 1940. 7. Kun L. General history of physical culture and sports: Per. Svenger. Moscow: Rainbow, 1982. 8. Olivova V. People and games. At the origins of modern sports. - M.: FiS, 1985. 9. V. Barvinsky, S. Vilinsky “Born by the Olympics”; Moscow 1985. 10. B. Bazunov "Relay Olympic flame»; Moscow 1990.

History of the Olympic Games

olympic physical culture game

Physical Culture- part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at improving health, developing the physical abilities of a person and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of Physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, the structure of free time; the nature of the system of physical education, the development of mass sports, the highest sports achievements, etc.

Basic elements of physical culture: physical exercises, their complexes and competitions in them, hardening of the body, occupational and household hygiene, active-motor types of tourism, physical labor as a form of active recreation for mental workers.

In society, physical culture, being the property of the people, is an important means of "educating a new person who harmoniously combines spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection." It helps to increase the social and labor activity of people, the economic efficiency of production, the physical culture movement is based on the multilateral activities of state and public organizations in the field of physical culture and sports.

Sport- an integral part of physical culture, as well as a means and method of physical education, a system for organizing and conducting competitions in various complexes of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. It has historically developed as a special area for identifying and unified comparison of people's achievements in certain types of physical exercises, their level of physical development. Sport in a broad sense covers the actual competitive activity, special preparation for it (sports training), specific social relations arising in the field of this activity, its socially significant results. The social value of sport lies in the fact that it is a factor that most effectively stimulates physical culture, contributes to moral, aesthetic education, and the satisfaction of spiritual needs.

Various elements of human activity have historically entered the sphere of sports. Sports that have a centuries-old history have developed from original physical exercises, forms of labor and military activity used by a person for the purpose of physical education in ancient times - running, jumping, throwing, lifting weights, rowing, swimming, etc .; part of modern sports was formed in the 19-20 centuries. on the basis of the sport itself and related areas of culture - games, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, modern pentathlon, figure skating, orienteering, sports tourism, etc.; technical sports - based on the development of technology: auto, motorcycle, cycling, aviation sports, scuba diving, etc.

Physical Cultureis an integral part of human life. It occupies a rather important place in the study and work of people. Physical exercise plays a significant role in the working capacity of members of society, which is why knowledge and skills in physical culture should be laid down in educational institutions at various levels in stages. A significant role in the upbringing and teaching of physical culture is also invested by higher educational institutions, where teaching should be based on clear methods, methods that together line up in a well-organized and well-established methodology for teaching and educating students.

The physical culture of the people is part of its history. Its formation, subsequent development is closely connected with the same historical factors that influence the formation and development of the country's economy, its statehood, political and spiritual life of society. Naturally, the concept of physical culture includes everything that is created by the mind, talent, needlework of the people, everything that expresses its spiritual essence, a view of the world, nature, human existence, human relations.

"There is nothing nobler than the sun,

giving so much light and warmth. So

and people glorify those contests

There is nothing more majestic than the Olympic Games.

These words of the ancient Greek poet Pindar, written two thousand years ago, have not been forgotten to this day. Not forgotten because the Olympic competitions, held at the dawn of civilization, continue to live in the memory of mankind.

There are no number of myths - one is more beautiful than the other! about the origin of the Olympic Games. Gods, kings, rulers and heroes are considered their most honorable ancestors. One thing has been established with obvious indisputability: the first Olympiad known to us from antiquity took place in 776 BC.

Each Olympic Games turned into a holiday for the people, a kind of congress for rulers and philosophers, a competition for sculptors and poets.

The days of the Olympic celebrations are the days of universal peace. For the ancient Hellenes, games were an instrument of peace, facilitating negotiations between cities, promoting mutual understanding and communication between states.

The Olympics glorified man, for the Olympics reflected a worldview, the cornerstone of which was the cult of the perfection of the spirit and body, the idealization of a harmoniously developed person - a thinker and an athlete. Olympionics - the winner of the games - were paid honors by their compatriots, which were awarded to the gods, monuments were created in their honor during their lifetime, laudatory odes were composed, feasts were arranged. The Olympic hero entered his native city in a chariot, dressed in purple, crowned with a wreath, he entered not through an ordinary gate, but through a hole in the wall, which was sealed up on the same day so that the Olympic victory would enter the city and never leave it.

The center of the Olympic world of antiquity was the sacred district of Zeus in Olympia - a grove along the Alpheus River at the confluence of the Kladei stream. In this beautiful town of Hellas, traditional all-Greek competitions in honor of the God of Thunder were held almost three hundred times. Winds ionian sea mighty pines and oaks on the top of Kronos hill disturbed. At its foot there is a protected area, the silence of which was broken every four years by the Olympic celebration.

Near the sacred Olympia, the town of the same name subsequently grew up, surrounded by orange and olive groves.

Now Olympia is a typical provincial town, living with tourists who flock to the Olympic ruins from all over the world. Everything is absolutely Olympic in it: from the names of streets and hotels to dishes in taverns and souvenirs in countless shops. It is noteworthy for its museums - archaeological and Olympic.

Olympia owes its surviving glory entirely to the Olympic Games, although they were held there only once every four years and lasted a few days. In the intervals between games, a huge stadium was empty, located nearby, in a hollow near the hill of Kronos. The running track of the stadium and the slopes of the hill and embankments that bordered the arena, which served as a platform for spectators, were overgrown with grass. There was no clatter of hooves or the rumble of horse-drawn chariots at the nearby hippodrome. There were no athletes training in the spacious gymnasium surrounded by space and in the monumental building of the palestra. Voices were not heard in the leonidaion - a hotel for honored guests.

But during the Olympic Games, life was seething here. Tens of thousands of arriving athletes and guests filled the grandiose sports facilities for those times to capacity. In terms of their composition, their ensemble basically differed little from modern sports complexes. In those distant times, only the winner in certain types of competitions, the Olympionik, was revealed at the Olympics. talking modern language, no one recorded the absolute achievements of athletes. Therefore, few people were interested in the perfection of the competition sites. Everyone was more interested in the ritual side of the holiday dedicated to Zeus.

As you know, ancient Greek history with a certain degree of reliability reflects mythology. One of the poetic myths of ancient Greece tells how the Olympic Stadium came into being. If you listen to this legend, then Hercules from Crete was its founder. Approximately in the 17th century. BC. He and his four brothers landed on the Peloponnesian peninsula. There, at the hill with the tomb of the titan Kronos, according to legend, defeated in the fight by the son of Zeus, Hercules, in honor of the victory of his father over his grandfather, organized a competition with his brothers on the run. To do this, on the site at the foot of the hill, he measured the distance of 11 stages, which corresponded to 600 of his feet. An impromptu running track 192 m 27 cm long served as the basis for the future Olympic Stadium. For three centuries, it was in this primitive arena that the games, later called the Olympic Games, were far from regularly held.

Gradually, the Olympics won the recognition of all the states located on the Peloponnesian Peninsula, and by 776 BC. acquired a general character. It was from this date that the tradition began to perpetuate the names of the winners.

On the eve of the grand opening of the Games, an ancient tent city was spread out near the stadium on the banks of the Alfei River. In addition to many sports fans, merchants of various goods and owners of entertainment establishments rushed here. So even in ancient times, the care of preparing for the games involved the most diverse social strata of the Greek population in organizational matters. The Greek festival dedicated to the glorification of physical strength and the unity of a nation that worships the deified beauty of man. The Olympic Games, as their popularity grew, influenced the center of Olympia - Altis. For more than 11 centuries, pan-Greek games have been held in Olympia. Similar games were held in other centers of the country, but none of them could be compared with the Olympic ones.

One of the most beautiful legends of the past tells of the God-fighter and protector of people Prometheus, who stole fire from Olympus and brought it in a reed and taught mortals how to use it. As the myths say, Zeus ordered Hephaestus to chain Prometheus to the Caucasian rock, pierced his chest with a spear, and a huge eagle flew every morning to peck the liver of a titan. He was saved by Hercules. And not a legend, but history testifies that in other cities of Hellas there was a cult of Prometheus, and in his honor Prometheus was held - competitions of runners with burning torches.

The figure of this titan remains today one of the most vivid images in Greek mythology. The expression "Promethean fire" means striving for high goals in the fight against evil. Didn't the ancients put the same meaning when they lit the Olympic flame in the Altis grove about three thousand years ago?

During the summer solstice, competitors and organizers, pilgrims and fans paid homage to the gods by lighting a fire on the altars of Olympia. The winner of the running competition was honored to light the fire for the sacrifice. In the reflections of this fire, the rivalry of athletes took place, the competition of artists, an agreement on peace was concluded by messengers from cities and peoples.

That is why the tradition of lighting a fire, and later delivering it to the venue of the competition, was renewed.

Among the Olympic rituals, the ceremony of lighting a fire in Olympia and delivering it to the main arena of the games is especially emotional. This is one of the traditions of the modern Olympic movement. The exciting journey of fire through countries, and even - sometimes - continents, can be watched by millions of people with the help of television.

The Olympic flame first flared up at the Amsterdam Stadium on the first day of the 1928 games. This is an indisputable fact. However, until recently, most researchers in the field of Olympic history have not found confirmation that this fire was delivered, as tradition dictates, by relay from Olympia.

The beginning of the torch relay races, which brought fire from Olympia to the city of the Summer Olympics, was laid in 1936, since the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games were enriched by the exciting spectacle of lighting the fire from the torch carried by the relay in the main Olympic stadium. The Torchbearer Run has been the solemn prologue of the Games for more than four decades. On June 20, 1936, a fire was lit in Olympia, which then made a 3075 km journey along the road of Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. And in 1948, the torch made its first sea voyage.

In 394 AD The Roman emperor Theodosius 1 issued a decree prohibiting the further holding of the Olympic Games. The emperor converted to Christianity and decided to eradicate anti-Christian games glorifying pagan gods. And one and a half thousand years the games were not played. In the following centuries, sport lost the democratic significance that was attached to it in ancient Greece. For a long time it became the privilege of the "chosen" fraud, ceased to play the role of the most accessible means of communication between peoples.

Ancient Greek athletes competed naked. From the word "naked" ("gymnos") comes the word "gymnastics". The naked body was not considered something shameful - on the contrary, it showed how hard the athlete trained. It was shameful to have an unsportsmanlike, untrained body. Women were forbidden not only to participate, but also to observe the course of the Games. If a woman was found in the stadium, she was legally to be thrown into the abyss. Only once this rule was violated - when a woman, whose father, brother and husband were Olympic champions, trained her son herself and, driven by the desire to see him as a champion, went with him to the Games. Coaches stood separately on the field, watching their wards. Our heroine changed into men's clothing and stood next to them, looking at her son with excitement. And now ... he is declared the champion! Mother could not stand it and ran across the whole field to be the first to congratulate him. On the way, her clothes fell off her, and everyone saw that there was a woman in the stadium. The judges were in a difficult position. By law, the violator must be killed, but she is a daughter, sister and wife, and now also the mother of Olympic champions! She was spared, but from that day on a new rule was introduced - now not only athletes, but also coaches must stand completely naked on the field to prevent such situations.

One of the types of competitions was chariot racing - unusually dangerous view sports, horses were often frightened, chariots collided, jockeys fell under the wheels ... Sometimes only two out of ten chariots reached the start. But all the same, no matter what strength and dexterity the jockey showed, it was not he who received the wreath of the winner, but the owner of the horses!

Women had their own Games - they were dedicated to the goddess Hera. They took place a month before the men's or, conversely, a month after them, at the same stadium where women competed in running. With the advent of the Renaissance, which restored interest in the art of Ancient Greece, they remembered the Olympic Games. At the beginning of the 19th century Sport has received universal recognition in Europe and there was a desire to organize something similar to the Olympic Games. Local games organized in Greece in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1879 left some trace in history. Although they did not give tangible practical results in the development of the international Olympic movement, they served as an impetus for the formation of the Olympic Games of our time, which owe their revival to the French public figure, teacher, historian Pierre De Coubertin. The growth of economic and cultural communication between states that arose at the end of the 18th century, the emergence of modern modes of transport, paved the way for the revival of the Olympic Games on an international scale. That is why the call of Pierre de Coubertin: "We need to make sport international, we need to revive the Olympic Games!", found a proper response in many countries.

June 1894 in Paris, in the Great Hall of the Sorbonne, a commission gathered to revive the Olympic Games. Pierre de Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took shape, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries.

By decision of the IOC, the games of the first Olympiad were held in April 1896 in the Greek capital at the Panathini Stadium. The energy of Coubertin and the enthusiasm of the Greeks overcame many obstacles and made it possible to carry out the planned program of the first games of our time. Spectators enthusiastically accepted the colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the revived sports festival, awarding the winners of the competitions. The interest in the competition was so great that 80 thousand spectators could fit in the marble stands of the Panathini Stadium, designed for 70,000 seats. The success of the revival of the Olympic Games was confirmed by the public and the press of many countries, who welcomed the initiative.

One of the oldest is the legend of Pelops, which is mentioned by the ancient Roman poet Ovid in his Metamorphoses and the ancient Greek poet Pindar. Pelops, the son of Tantalus, is told in this legend, after the king of Troy, Il, conquered his hometown of Sipil, left his homeland, and went to the shores of Greece. In the very south of Greece, he found a peninsula and settled on it. Since then, this peninsula has been called the Peloponnese. Once Pelops saw the beautiful Hypodamia, the daughter of Enomai. Oenomaus was the king of Pisa, a city located in the northwest of the Peloponnese, in the valley of the river Alpheus. Pelops fell in love with the beautiful daughter of Enomai and decided to ask the king for her hand.

But it turned out to be not so easy. The fact is that the oracle predicted Enomai's death at the hands of his daughter's husband. To prevent such a fate, Enomai decided not to marry his daughter at all. But how to do that? How to refuse all applicants for the hand of Hypodamia? Many worthy suitors wooed the beautiful princess. Enomai could not refuse everyone for no reason and came up with a cruel condition: he would give Hypodamia as a wife only to the one who defeated him in a chariot contest, but if he turned out to be the winner, then the bewitched must pay with his life. Enomai had no equal in the whole of Greece in the art of driving a chariot, and his horses were faster than the wind.

One after another, young people came to the palace of Enomai, who were not afraid to lose their lives, if only to get the beautiful Hypodamia as a wife. And Enomai killed all of them, and so that it would be discourteous for others to come to woo, he nailed the heads of the dead to the doors of the palace. But this did not stop Pelops. He decided to outsmart the cruel ruler of Pisa. Pelops secretly agreed with the charioteer of Oenomaus Myrtilus that he would not insert a pin holding the wheel on the axle.

Before the start of the competition, Enomai, confident, as always, in success, suggested that Pelops start the race alone. The groom's chariot takes off, and Enomai slowly sacrifices to the great Thunderer Zeus, and only after that he rushes after him.

The chariot of Oenomaus has already reached Pelops, the son of Tantalus already feels the hot breath of the horses of King Pisa, he turns around and sees how the king swings his spear with a triumphant laugh. But at that moment, the wheels from the axles of the chariot of Oenomaus jump off, the chariot overturns, and the cruel king falls dead to the ground.

Pelops returned in triumph to Pisa, took the beautiful Hippodamia as his wife, took possession of the whole kingdom of Oenomai, and in honor of his victory arranged a sports festival in Olympia, which he decided to repeat every four years.

Other legends claim that in Olympia, near the tomb of Cronus, the father of Zeus, a running competition took place. And as if they were organized by Zeus himself, who thus celebrated the victory over his father, which made him the ruler of the world.

But perhaps the most popular in antiquity was the legend that Pindar mentions in his songs in honor of the winners of the Olympic Games. According to this legend, the Games were founded by Hercules after completing his sixth feat - cleansing the barnyard of Avgius, king of Elis. Augeas possessed incalculable riches. His herds were especially numerous. Heracles suggested that Augeas cleanse his entire vast courtyard in one day if he agreed to give him a tenth of his herds. Augeas agreed, believing that it was simply impossible to complete such work in one day. Hercules broke the wall that surrounded the barnyard from two opposite sides, and diverted the water of the Alpheus River into it. Water in one day carried away all the manure from the barnyard, and Hercules again laid down the walls. When Hercules came to Avgiy to demand a reward, the king did not give him anything, and even kicked him out.

Hercules took terrible revenge on the king of Elis. With a large army, he invaded Elis, defeated Augeas in a bloody battle and killed him with a deadly arrow. After the victory, Hercules gathered troops and all the booty near the city of Pisa, made sacrifices to the Olympic gods and established the Olympic Games, which have been held since then every four years on the sacred plain planted by Hercules himself with olives dedicated to the goddess Pallas Athena.

There are many other versions of the appearance and creation of the Olympic Games, but all these versions, most often of mythological origin, remain versions.

According to undeniable signs, the appearance of the Olympic Games dates back to the 9th century BC. In those times heavy wars destroyed the Greek states. Ifit - the king of Elis, a small Greek state, on whose territory Olympia is located - goes to Delphi to consult with the oracle, how he, the king of a small country, can save his people from war and robbery. The Delphic oracle, whose predictions and advice were considered infallible, advised Ifit: "It is necessary that you found the Games pleasing to the gods!"

Ifit immediately goes to meet his powerful neighbor - the king of Sparta, Lycurgus. Obviously, Ifit was a good diplomat, since Lycurgus decides that from now on Elis should be recognized as a neutral state. And all the small fragmented states, endlessly at war with each other, agree with this decision. Immediately Ifit, in order to prove his peace-loving aspirations and thank the gods, establishes "the athletic Games, which will be held in Olympia every four years." Hence their name - the Olympic Games. This happened in 884 BC.

Thus a custom was established in Greece, according to which, every four years, in the midst of internecine wars, everyone put their weapons aside and went to Olympia to admire the harmoniously developed athletes and praise the gods.

The Olympic Games became a national event that united the whole of Greece, while before and after them, Greece was a multitude of disparate, warring states.

After some time, the Greeks came up with the idea to establish a single calendar of the Olympic Games. It was decided to hold the Games regularly every four goals "between the harvest and the grape harvest". The Olympic holiday, which consisted of numerous religious ceremonies and sports competitions, was held first for one day, then for five days, and later the duration of the holiday reached a whole month.

When the festival lasted only one day, it was usually held on the eighteenth day of the "holy month", beginning with the first full moon after the summer solstice. The holiday was repeated every four years, which constituted the "Olympiad" - the Greek Olympic year.

Conclusion

At the present stage, the task of turning the mass physical culture movement into a nationwide one based on a scientifically based system of physical education, which covers all social strata of society, is being solved. There are state systems of program-assessment standards and requirements for physical development and preparedness of various age groups of the population.

Compulsory physical education classes under state programs are held in preschool institutions, in all types of educational institutions, in the army.

Since ancient times, the Olympic Games have been the main sporting event of all times and peoples. In the days of the Olympiads, harmony and reconciliation reigned throughout the earth. The wars stopped. All strong and worthy people competed in a fair fight for the title of the best.

Thanks to the media, there is not a single person left in the civilized world. Which I didn’t know - I wouldn’t know what the Olympics are or I wouldn’t see the competition on TV.

In recent years, the Olympic movement has gained enormous proportions. The capitals of the Games become the capitals of the world for the duration of the Games. Sport plays an increasingly important role in people's lives.

Familiarization with the rich cultural heritage of ancient Rome, which was the result of the synthesis and further development of the physical cultural achievements of the peoples of antiquity (the ancient East and ancient Greece), makes it possible to better understand the foundations of European civilization, show new aspects in the development of ancient heritage, establish living links between antiquity and modernity, a deeper understanding of modernity.

We see that hand-to-hand combat is one of the oldest types of physical culture. Over the many millennia of its development and existence, it has become not only a method of self-defense, but also a way of spiritual and physical self-improvement of people. It is impossible to list the number of types and styles of hand-to-hand combat, each of which has its own historical and philosophical base. Unfortunately, in recent times the spiritual foundations of martial arts have been forgotten, mainly physical training and practical application are taken into account, while it is impossible to achieve perfect mastery of one or another type of martial art without knowledge of the techniques of concentration and self-knowledge.

Bibliography

1.Khavin B. All about the Olympic Games. M., 1979.

2.Steinbach V. From Athens to Moscow. M., 1979.

.Olympic Encyclopedia. M., 1980.

.Kun L. General history of physical culture and sports. M., 1982.

.Your Olympic textbook. M., 1996.

.History of physical culture in the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 18th century: Anthology. - M. FiS, 1940.

.Kun L. General history of physical culture and sports: Per. Svenger. M.: Raduga, 1982.

.Olivova V. People and games. At the origins of modern sports. - M.: FiS, 1985.

.V. Barvinsky, S. Vilinsky "Born by the Olympics"; Moscow 1985.

.B. Bazunov "Olympic torch relay"; Moscow 1990.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Good work to site">

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar Documents

History of Olympic Games. Rules, conditions, traditions of the Olympic Games in antiquity. Olympic Games Program. Olympionics. The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame. The impact of the Olympic Games on religion, politics. Importance of the Olympic Games. Exploring Ancient Olympia.

abstract, added 12/19/2008


Echoes of millennia. Olympia is the cradle of games. The emergence of the Olympic Games. Olympia is the center of the Olympic world. The history of the Olympic flame. Revival of the Olympic Games. development in the 19th century. Development of the Games in the 20th century.

abstract, added 03/10/2002


Funeral games in honor of the hero Pelops - the forerunner of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games are the unifying center of the entire Hellenic world. History of the modern Olympic Games. The international Olympic movement, which arose due to the development of the Olympic Games.

abstract, added 12/13/2010


General information about the Olympic Games, the reasons and historical background for their appearance. Rules of the Olympic Games and types of competitions. Milo of Croton is the most famous and the only athlete in the history of the ancient Olympic Games who won 6 Olympiads.

presentation, added 12/14/2013


Acquaintance with the tradition of the Olympic Games. Consideration of the emblem, mascot, anthem, medal of the 2012 competition. Olympic torch relay. Study of the results of athletes' performances Russian Federation at the XXX Summer Olympic Games.

abstract, added 12/22/2014


The history of the origin, duration, participants and features of the first Olympic Games in Olympia (Southern Greece), as well as their significance in the life of the ancient Greeks. general characteristics, description and basic rules of the first Olympic competitions.

report, added 06/18/2010


Ancient Greek Olympic Games. The revival of the modern Olympic Games. Olympism, Olympic movement, Olympics. International Olympic Committee (IOC). Olympic Games Program. Winter Olympics. Short review some Olympics.

thesis, added 10/24/2007