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Year of formation -1948.
Number of members-35*.
Accommodation of governing bodies- Washington (USA).
Working languages- English, French, Portuguese, Spanish.
The Organization of American States (OAS) was formed on April 30, 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota (Colombia) on the basis of the Pan American Union, which existed since 1889. The OAS includes 35 countries of the New World: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas , Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Haiti, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, USA, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Chile , Ecuador, Jamaica. In 1962, under US pressure, Cuba's membership in the organization was suspended, but some Latin American countries maintained diplomatic relations with Havana. At the moment, the economic and political boycott of Cuba from the OAS countries is consistently supported only by the United States.
supreme body OAS - General Assembly. Its 38th session was held in Colombian Medellin at the beginning of June 2008. The permanent body is a council consisting of representatives of the participating countries in the rank of ambassadors. The structure of the council includes commissions (on continental security, political and legal, administrative and budgetary issues, etc.) and working groups. The administrative body of the OAS is the General Secretariat. In 2005, José Miguel Insulsa (Chile) was elected Secretary General.
In the main declared direction of the OAS activity - strengthening democracy and ensuring human rights in the Americas - one can see the active participation of US diplomacy. The main "democratizer" here, of course, is the United States. Washington's desire to resolve internal political conflicts in its part of the world is no longer seen as a zeal for better life Latin Americans, and concern for the fate of the pro-American Pax Americana, justified by the Monroe Doctrine of a century and a half ago. Main lever political influence to "non-democratic regimes" - Resolution of the OAS General Assembly No. 1080, which establishes the procedure for responding to violations of the constitutional order in the countries of the continent, and the Washington Protocol, which put into effect the "democratic article" providing for the suspension of states' participation in the OAS in the event of unconstitutional changes in the democratic order ( Most often, these are military coups). AT last years Special attention"democratic public" is given to Haiti and Venezuela.
Among other main topics on the agenda of the OAS are the problems of combating drug trafficking, terrorism, illegal arms trafficking, corruption, and the consequences of natural disasters. After the terrorist attacks in the United States in September 2001, the activities of the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism intensified.
The attention of the OAS to the problems of continental security is growing. The Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance, also known as the Rio Pact, signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, became the basis for military cooperation. security. Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela and other US opponents are not interested in revising the leading role of the OAS in the system of inter-American security and replacing it power block. In 2004, Mexico withdrew from the Rio Pact.
prospects : In the future, it is possible for Cuba to return to the OAS as a full member. This can happen both as a result of pressure on the United States by Latin American countries, and as a result of the transformation of the Cuban regime itself into a more right-wing one. Under the condition of gaining full sovereignty, the overseas possessions of France (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Guiana, etc.), Great Britain (Bermuda, Montserrat, etc.), the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao, etc.), the USA (Puerto Rico and others) can enter the OAS. Virgin Islands).
The Organization of American States (OAS) is an international regional organization that unites more than 30 states of the Western Hemisphere of the United States, countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. In its current form, the inter-American system took shape in the first post-war years. In 1947, in Rio de Janeiro, the states of the Western Hemisphere signed the Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance (“Rio Pact”), and a year later, in 1948, in Bogotá, the Charter of the OAS. The American Declaration of Human Rights was also adopted there. In Bogota, the Pact for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes was signed, which, although not ratified by any of the parties, has retained political weight to this day. Abdulfattah Amb. OAS and its role in coordinating the foreign policy of Latin American states. M.: International Relations, 1999, p. 12.
By creating the organization, the Latin American states sought to fix legal equality, based on the principle of "one country - one vote." Initially, relationships within the Organization were built on the principle of “USA + 20 other countries”. To date, the situation has changed: all subjects of the OAS have equal rights and obligations.
Another motive for creating the organization was the expectation that allied relations with the United States would make it easier for Latin American states to enter big-time politics and create favorable conditions for economic growth. This was evidenced by the persistent efforts of the Latin American states to fix in the UN Charter a special status for the inter-American system. The OAS should be represented in the Security Council as permanent member and its Secretary General to attend UN sessions as a representative of the inter-American system. The OAS was supposed to perform at the regional level the tasks that the UN performs at the global level. Abdulfattah Amb. OAS and its role in coordinating the foreign policy of Latin American states. M.: International relations, 1999, p. 16.
Since then, the main declared principles of the OAS have been adherence to international law, respect for sovereignty and independence, democracy, social justice, and respect for human rights regardless of race or political beliefs. In turn, the proclaimed goals of the organization are the strengthening of peace and security, the prevention of complications and the peaceful resolution of disputes, joint actions in the event of aggression, joint efforts for economic, social and cultural development.
One of the main factors of cooperation within a single organization remains the question collective security. At present, despite the decrease in the share of military spending, the total defense budget of Latin American countries is increasing.
The supreme body of the OAS is the General Assembly (the 36th session was held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, in June 2006). main organ- Permanent Council, consisting of representatives (ambassadors) of the participating countries. Its structure includes permanent commissions(on continental security, political-legal, administrative-budgetary issues) and working groups. The administrative body is the General Secretariat. In 2005, José Miguel Insulsa, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of the Interior of Chile, was elected Secretary General of the OAS.
Since 1971, the institution of permanent observers under the OAS has been operating. Currently, the EU and 51 states have this status, incl. Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. Maslov A.L. Organization of American States. http://www.mid.ru/organizations/oas April 14, 2007
In modern conditions, the member countries of the OAS are striving to find new directions and forms of activity of this organization, optimally adapted to domestic political and international realities. Progress towards these goals was facilitated, in particular, by holding inter-American summits in Miami (USA, 1994), Santiago (Chile, 1998), Quebec (Canada, 2001), in Mar del Plata (Argentina). , November 2005), the Extraordinary Monterrey Summit (Mexico, 2004), and the Inter-American Summit on sustainable development(Bolivia, 1996).
Established in 1996, the Inter-American Council on integrated development(SIDI).
An important area of activity of the OAS is the strengthening of democracy and ensuring human rights. The main mechanisms in this area are the OAS GA resolution 1080, which establishes the procedure for responding to violations of the constitutional order in the countries of the continent, and the Washington Protocol, which put into effect the “democratic article” providing for the suspension of states' participation in the OAS in case of unconstitutional changes in the democratic order. At the 28th extraordinary session of the General Assembly of the OAS (Lima, 2001), the Inter-American Democratic Charter was adopted, fixing the mechanisms for applying the “democratic article”. The OAS provides practical assistance to the countries of the continent by sending observer missions to monitor the implementation of peace agreements and the holding of elections. AT recent times special attention is paid to Haiti and Venezuela.
The attention of the OAS to the problems of continental security is growing. The motives for this were, on the one hand, the understanding that the Pact of Rio de Janeiro (1947) as legal basis ensuring security in the region does not meet modern realities, and on the other hand, the desire of the United States to form under its leadership new model military-political cooperation between the countries of the continent. The process of rethinking the concept of continental security, its reorientation from the task of protecting against external threats to countering new challenges is gaining momentum. The Special Inter-American Conference on Security (Mexico, 2003) became an important step towards the formation of a new regional security architecture that takes into account modern world realities.
Changing approaches to understanding security should entail the development of new mechanisms for ensuring it. The Mexicans have taken the lead in accelerating progress in this direction.
In 2004, Mexico withdrew from the Rio Pact. Latin American countries (Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, etc.) are not interested in revising the leading role of the OAS in the inter-American security system, in creating alternative decision-making forums on issues of military cooperation. Under the auspices of the OAS, two regional conferences on confidence- and security-building measures in the Western Hemisphere were held (Chile, 1995, El Salvador, 1998).
Among the main topics on the agenda of the OAS are the problems of combating drug trafficking, terrorism, illegal arms trafficking, corruption and other new challenges. Inter-American conventions were adopted: on the fight against corruption, on the prohibition of illicit production and trafficking firearms, ammunition, explosives on transparency in the acquisition of conventional weapons. It is planned to conclude a convention on the prevention and elimination of consequences of natural disasters.
After the terrorist attacks in the United States, the activities of the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism (CICTE) became more active. At the 32nd session of the OAS GA (2002), an inter-American convention on combating terrorism was adopted. The Inter-American Commission on Drug Abuse Control (CICAD) is active.
At the 31st extraordinary session of the OAS General Assembly, held in January 2006, it was decided to increase the budget of the Organization in 2007-2008. and the temporary reallocation of the scale of assessments to this transition period. The Permanent Council was instructed to develop by the 37th ordinary session of the General Assembly (June 2007) new system quotas and principles of budget indexation. The compromise reached to increase the budget from $76.3 million to $81.5 million is important as a first step towards a full-scale financial reform of the OAS.
During the 32nd extraordinary session of the OAS General Assembly (March 2006), a resolution was adopted on the status of the Inter-American Defense Council (IDC), as well as its legal and institutional relationship with the OAS. It clearly states that the MSO is one of the organs of the OAS. It enjoys technical autonomy, but is obliged to carry out, within its competence, the decisions of the General Assembly and the Permanent Council of the OAS, as well as consultative meetings of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. ICO member (for this moment there are 26 of them) any country participating in the OAS can become. Observer states under the OAS automatically receive the same status under the MSO.
Year of formation -1948.
Number of members-35*.
Accommodation of governing bodies- Washington (USA).
Working languages- English, French, Portuguese, Spanish.
The Organization of American States (OAS) was formed on April 30, 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota (Colombia) on the basis of the Pan American Union, which existed since 1889. The OAS includes 35 countries of the New World: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas , Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Haiti, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, USA, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador, Jamaica. In 1962, under US pressure, Cuba's membership in the organization was suspended, but some Latin American countries maintained diplomatic relations with Havana. At the moment, the economic and political boycott of Cuba from the OAS countries is consistently supported only by the United States.
The supreme body of the OAS is the General Assembly. Its 38th session was held in Colombian Medellin at the beginning of June 2008. The permanent body is a council consisting of representatives of the participating countries in the rank of ambassadors. The structure of the council includes commissions (on continental security, political and legal, administrative and budgetary issues, etc.) and working groups. The administrative body of the OAS is the General Secretariat. In 2005, José Miguel Insulsa (Chile) was elected Secretary General.
In the main declared direction of the OAS activity - strengthening democracy and ensuring human rights in the Americas - one can see the active participation of US diplomacy. The main "democratizer" here, of course, is the United States. In Washington's desire to resolve internal political conflicts in its part of the world, one can no longer see joy for a better life for Latin Americans, but concern for the fate of the pro-American Pax Americana, justified by the Monroe Doctrine of a century and a half ago. The main lever of political influence on "non-democratic regimes" is the resolution of the OAS General Assembly No. 1080, which establishes the procedure for responding to violations of the constitutional order in the countries of the continent, and the Washington Protocol, which put into effect a "democratic article" providing for the suspension of states' participation in the OAS in the event of unconstitutional changes in the democratic order (most often these are military coups). In recent years, special attention of the “democratic public” has been paid to Haiti and Venezuela.
Among other main topics on the agenda of the OAS are the problems of combating drug trafficking, terrorism, illegal arms trafficking, corruption, and the consequences of natural disasters. After the terrorist attacks in the United States in September 2001, the activities of the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism intensified.
The attention of the OAS to the problems of continental security is growing. The Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance, also known as the Rio Pact, signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, became the basis for military cooperation. security. Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela and other US opponents are not interested in revising the leading role of the OAS in the system of inter-American security and replacing it with a power bloc. In 2004, Mexico withdrew from the Rio Pact.
prospects : In the future, it is possible for Cuba to return to the OAS as a full member. This can happen both as a result of pressure on the United States by Latin American countries, and as a result of the transformation of the Cuban regime itself into a more right-wing one. Under the condition of gaining full sovereignty, the overseas possessions of France (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Guiana, etc.), Great Britain (Bermuda, Montserrat, etc.), the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao, etc.), the USA (Puerto Rico and others) can enter the OAS. Virgin Islands).
Organization of American States (OAS) - international organization states of the West. hemisphere. Combines (on 1.II 1990):
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, USA, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador and Jamaica. Until 1962, Cuba was a member of the OAS. In 1971, the institute of permanent observers was established at the OAS, who were accredited by 24 states of Europe, America and Asia.
Created in 1948 at the IX Interchamber. conference in Bogota (Colombia) on the basis of the Panamer that existed since 1890. union.
The statutory goals of the OAS are: maintaining peace and security on the continent; peaceful settlement of disputes between Member States; organization of joint actions against aggression; solution by joint efforts of the member states of the political, economic, legal problems facing them; assistance to social, economic, cultural development of the countries - participants of the organization.
Initially, the principles of activity and the structure of the OAS were determined by the charter of 1948, which was based on the Inter-American Treaty on Mutual Assistance of 1947. However, the dissatisfaction of the Lat.-Amer. countries hypertrophy of the military-political side of the activities of the OAS led to the middle. 60s to revise its bylaws. On the III emergency Interchamber. conference (Buenos Aires, 1967), the “Protocol of Buenos Aires” was signed (entered into force on November 27, 1970), which significantly supplemented the old version of the charter with provisions on strengthening the socio-economic activities of the organization, equal cooperation, integration, etc. , made changes to the structure of the OAS.
The supreme body of the OAS is the General Assembly (GA), which is charged with determining the general policy of the organization. Sessions of the GA are held annually in the member countries of the OAS in turn. Decisions of the GA are made by a majority vote, except in cases where, in accordance with the charter, 2/3 votes are required. A Consultative Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs is convened for special consideration important issues. At the meeting, there is an advisory defense committee, consisting of the highest military representatives of the member states of the OAS. The main bodies of the OAS, enjoying the same rights: the Permanent Council (PS), Mezhamere. Economic and Social Council (MESS) and Mezhamere. Council for Education, Science and Culture (UNESC). Interchamber. the legal committee coordinates the development and codification of norms international law, the study of legal. problems of integration in the countries of Latin America, possibilities of unification of legislation. The General Secretariat - a permanent center, an organ of the OAS - exercises control over the implementation of the decisions of the GA, the Consultative Meeting and the councils of the OAS. It is headed by the Secretary General, elected by the GA for a period of 5 years (since March 1984, he has been the Brazilian J.C. Baeia Soaris, Deputy Secretary General - V. McComey, Barbados). Within the framework of the OAS, Mezhamere functions. human rights commission.
Under the OAS, specialized institutions have been created that carry out their activities on the basis of multilateral intergovernmental agreements. Among them: Mezhamere. Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture, Panamer. health organization, Mezhamere. Women's Commission, Mechamere. Child Welfare Institute, Panamer. Institute of Geography and History, Mezhamere. Indian Institute. Specialized Agencies, commissions; Interchamber. Defense Council (DCO), Mechamer. Institute of Statistics, Mechamer. Nuclear Energy Commission, Special Inter-Amer. commission to combat drug smuggling. The OAS budget is made up of annual contributions from member states (over 60% of the budget is covered by the United States).
The history of the OAS can be chronologically divided into three stages. The first - from 1948 to ser. 60s - when the United States succeeded, taking advantage of the disunity of the Latin-Amer. states and resorting to the methods of political and economic pressure, to impose on them any solution that is beneficial for themselves in this organization. It was during these years in mezhamer. In the system, the anti-communist doctrines of "incompatibility" (which promoted the incompatibility of Marxism-Leninism with the principles of the inter-American system) and "priority" (which removed the UN Security Council from consideration of controversial issues that arose between the member states of the OAS) became widespread. On the basis of these doctrines, the United States, with the help of the OAS, carried out an intervention in Guatemala (1954), achieved the expulsion from the OAS of Cuba (1962) and subsequently declared illegal from the point of view of international law the "sanctions" of the OAS against this state (1964) . Finally, the US armed intervention in the Dominican Republic (1965), carried out by Washington under the flag of the OAS, clearly showed the groundlessness of the hopes of the ruling classes of the countries of the region in the principles of "non-intervention" and "self-determination" enshrined in the charter of the OAS.
The second stage in the development of the OAS is associated with the first reform of this organization (1964-70). The reform of the charter of the OAS carried out during these years reflected the new qualitative state of the inter-Americas. system, fixing the approximate equality of forces of the United States and the majority of Lat.-Amer. states within it. The United States failed to achieve the creation in the OAS of the so-called. "intermeasurement. armed forces" on a permanent basis, but at the same time, the Latin Americans failed to provide any guarantees of the provisions on the need for the implementation of equitable economic cooperation formally enshrined in the charter.
The beginning of a new, third stage in the development of inter-chambers. system, which took place under the sign of the revitalization of the Lat.-Amer. countries, put the III session of the OAS GA, held in April 1973 in Washington. The session adopted a resolution calling for a revision not only of the structure but also of the doctrines of the interamers. system, while emphasizing the need to strengthen the socio-economic activity of the organization, the United States, which went to a new reform only under the influence of the joint position of Lat.-Amer. States, from the very beginning, resorted to obstruction and playing on contradictions, trying to prevent the adoption of the developed documents. The legal side of the reform was limited only to the adoption of amendments to Mezhamere. mutual assistance treaty (“San Jose Protocol”), however, in practical terms, the period 1973-79. contributed greatly to the democratization of the OAS. During this period, the doctrines of "incompatibility" and "priority" were put an end to, and the principles of non-intervention and self-determination in inter-Amers were reaffirmed with renewed vigor. relationships. In July 1975, the OAS abolished the obligatory observance by its members of the sanctions adopted against Cuba, and in December of the same year, the infamous Special Advisory Commission on Security Issues at the OAS, which for a number of years had been engaged in identifying the "intrigues of international communism" in Zap. hemisphere. In June 1979, at the Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers. In the late 1990s, the United States attempted to intervene against Nicaragua through the hands of the OAS, which objectively contributed to the strengthening of the foreign policy positions of this country.
In the beginning. 80s The Reagan administration again adopted the methods of "traditional pan-Americanism", while actively seeking new allies in the OAS. The new alignment of forces in the OAS was first sharply outlined at the XX Consultative Meeting in July 1982, when the Caribbean. the states refused to join the absolute majority of the Lat.-Amer. countries and condemn the British aggression against Argentina during the so-called. Malvinsky crisis. Having committed aggression against Grenada in October 1983, Washington thereby tried to tie the Caribbean islands to itself even more politically. states that supported this invasion.
At the XIV special session of the OAS GA, held in December 1985 in Cartagena (Colombia), Lat.-Amer. countries adopted a number of changes in the charter of the OAS, indicating their desire to strengthen the political aspect of its activities and increase the role of the organization in resolving international disputes. Thus, the political powers of the Secretary General of the OAS were expanded, who received rights close to those enjoyed by the UN Secretary General, and the functions of the Permanent Council were strengthened, which was empowered to offer its mediation at the request of one party - a participant in an international dispute.
At present, a peculiar situation has developed in the OAS, when neither Lat.-Amer. countries are still unable to fill with real content many of the new provisions of its charter, nor the United States is no longer able to use this organization as an instrument of its policy in the region, as before. At the 18th session of the OAS GA (November 1988), the countries of the region expressed their concern about the budget deficit of the organization, formed due to the debt of the United States on contributions (as of January 1, 1989, about 30 million dollars).
Location of the main bodies of the OAS - Washington.
Name:
Organization of American States, OAS, OIS
Flag/Coat of Arms:
Status:
continental political organization
Structural units:
General Assembly,
permanent council,
Consultative Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs,
General Secretariat
Activity:
The goals of the organization are spelled out in the Charter in Article 1: “To maintain peace and justice, promote solidarity, strengthen cooperation and defend its sovereignty, its territorial integrity, and independence”
Official languages:
Spanish, English, French, Portuguese
Participating countries:
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Haiti, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, USA, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador, Jamaica
Story:
The Organization of American States is the oldest regional organization in the world since the First international conference American States, held in Washington. This meeting approved the creation of the International Union of American Republics and set the stage for the establishment of a network of provisions and institutions that became known as the All-American System. The OAS was born in 1948 with the signing in Bogota, Colombia, of the OAS Charter, which came into force in December 1951.
Countries that gained independence after 1948 were generally admitted to the OAS as they gained independence, with the exceptions of Canada, which only joined the OAS in 1990, and Guyana, which was admitted in 1991 (25 years after independence; like Canada, Guyana is a member British Commonwealth). Guyana is today the last country admitted to the OAS.
Until 1962, Cuba, as a member of the OAS, took part in its work, but after Cuba switched to the socialist path of development, the leadership of the OAS considered this incompatible with America's collective security system and suspended the membership of the Cuban government in the organization; Cuba and the countries of the Soviet bloc considered this decision illegal. In the 2000s, the Cuban leadership repeatedly made proposals to restore membership in the OAS. The decision to suspend Cuba's participation was canceled on June 3, 2009, but Cuba itself refused to return to the OAS.
On the General Assembly The OAS established the institution of permanent observers of the OAS in April 1971; at the end of 2009, the EU and 62 states, including Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia, have this status.
On July 4, 2009, the government of Honduras, which came as a result of a military coup, announced the denunciation of the OAS charter and the immediate withdrawal of their country from this organization. Earlier, on July 2, the leadership of the OAS demanded to return power in the country to President Manuel Zelaya within 72 hours, threatening otherwise to expel Honduras from the organization. On June 1, 2011, after Zelaya and the incumbent President of Honduras, Porfirio Lobo, entered into an agreement on national reconciliation, Honduras' membership in the OAS was restored.
