From March 31 current year an agreement on the mutual protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity obtained and used in the course of military-economic cooperation within the framework of the CSTO came into force. In accordance with the Agreement, cooperation in this area will be carried out by agreeing on issues related to the protection of rights to used and obtained results of intellectual activity, carrying out measures to prevent offenses in the field of intellectual property, exchanging experience on the protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity, and other forms.

At the same time, the participants in military-economic cooperation in the CSTO format in all agreements (contracts) should provide that the use of the used and obtained results of intellectual activity will be carried out only after ensuring their legal protection.

The agreement imposes on its participants an obligation not to manufacture or export military products (MP) from the territory of their state to third countries, manufactured using the results of intellectual activity, the rights to which belong to another party or participants in military-economic cooperation from this party, without a written the consent of the said party.

It is planned to intensify the interaction of the special services of the CSTO member states, problem solving combating crime in the field information technologies to ensure the defense capability of the CSTO member states in general and critical infrastructure facilities in particular. Besides, great attention will be given to countering the use of information technology for the preparation of terrorist attacks and criminal acts, information support state policy.

According to the CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha, the prevention and disclosure of crimes in the field of information technology is closely related to countering terrorism and preventing emergencies.

One of the first practical steps will be training and retraining within the organization of employees law enforcement, specializing in the prevention and detection of crimes in the field of information technology .

An agreement on peacekeeping activities of the United Nations Treaty Organization entered into force. collective security(CSTO) - the document provides for the creation of the Organization's Peacekeeping Forces, based on the peacekeeping contingents of member states.

The agreement on the peacekeeping activities of the CSTO was signed by the heads of the member states of the Organization on October 6, 2007 at a summit in Dushanbe. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia ratified the document on July 14, November 18 and December 29, 2008. The fourth state that completed the domestic procedures necessary for the entry into force of the Agreement was Russian Federation.

"The agreement provides for the creation on a permanent basis of the CSTO Peacekeeping Forces from the peacekeeping contingents allocated by the member states on a permanent basis. The latter will be trained according to uniform programs, equipped with uniform or compatible models of weapons and communications, and take part in regular joint exercises."

According to the document, Peacekeeping CSTO forces will be able to take part in peacekeeping operations both on the territory of the member states of the Organization and, by decision of the UN Security Council, in other regions. The CSTO includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

At present, the CSTO is pursuing a very active policy, developing the directions of its activities. President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev said that the rapid reaction forces in terms of combat potential would be no worse than similar NATO structures.

2. The concept of collective security and its concept

2.1 The concept and essence of security

Security- 1. A state in which there is no danger, there is protection from danger.

State security, protection of state security - a set of measures to protect the existing state and social order, territorial integrity and independence of the state from subversive activities of intelligence and other special services hostile states, as well as from opponents of the existing system within the country.

The protection of State Security includes a set of measures of a political, economic, military and legal nature aimed at identifying, preventing and suppressing the activities of forces, intelligence agencies seeking to undermine and weaken the state and social system, violate the territorial integrity of the country concerned. The elements of the State Security protection system are also measures of general prevention of subversive activities, fencing of special-purpose facilities, etc.

The essence of security is that military security is the most important activity of the state. The main goals of ensuring military security are the prevention, localization and neutralization of military threats.

Russia considers ensuring its military security in the context of building a democratic rule of law, implementation of socio-economic reforms, mutually beneficial cooperation and good-neighborliness in international relations, the consistent formation of a common and comprehensive system international security, preservation and strengthening of world peace.

Russia retains status nuclear power to deter (prevent) aggression against it and (or) its allies, attaches priority importance to strengthening the collective security system within the CIS on the basis of developing and strengthening the Collective Security Treaty.

Other countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization do not have nuclear capability like the Russian Federation, but, in turn, are also building a security system based on good neighborliness in international relations, while strengthening their military power and the army, but, exclusively, in order to protect against the aggressor.

2.2 The security concept of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty

The concept of collective security of the states - parties to the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 (hereinafter - the Concept) is a set of views of the states - parties to the Collective Security Treaty (hereinafter - the participating states) on the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, joint defense against aggression and ensuring their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The concept is based on the principles of the UN, the OSCE, the Collective Security Treaty, as well as the provisions of other documents adopted by the participating states in its development.

The concept includes: basics military policy participating states, the basics of ensuring collective security, the main directions and stages of creating a collective security system.

The problem of ensuring the peaceful coexistence of various states before today remains the most global. The first attempts to create organizations to protect against external aggression appeared after the end of the First World War. Each military invasion led to the onset of deplorable consequences for the life and health of various nationalities, as well as for the economy of states. The collective security system was created to eliminate the threat to peace on a planetary scale. For the first time, the issue of creating such a system was brought up for discussion during the negotiations between the USSR and France.

The creation of a collective security complex provides for the adoption of comprehensive measures that are being implemented by various states at the universal or regional levels. The purpose of creating such a protective complex is to eliminate the threat to peaceful coexistence, suppress acts of external aggression, and also create the necessary level of global security. Today, in practice, the collective security complex is understood as a set of forms and methods of struggle of the countries of the world against the aggression shown.

How did the security system develop at the interstate level?

As already mentioned, the first attempts to create a system of collective security in Europe were made in 1933. An agreement on mutual assistance was concluded between the Soviet Union and France. Subsequently, this document was called the Eastern Pact. Further, multilateral negotiations were held, in which, in addition to the indicated countries, the USA, China, Japan and a number of other states participated. As a result, an agreement was reached on the conclusion of the Pacific Pact.

The Pacific Pact was never concluded due to the influence of Germany and its demands for equal rights in the field of armaments. Due to the manifestation of aggression from the German side, the Soviet Union concluded a number of agreements on mutual military assistance with European countries. These were the first steps towards becoming a connected security scheme.

Historical facts indicate that the USSR carried out actions aimed at signing peace agreements and non-aggression pacts.

After 1935, the issues of ensuring international protection became the subject of repeated discussions in the Council of the League of Nations. It was supposed to expand the composition of the countries participating in such negotiations. However, the UK refrained from signing any agreements. Numerous attempts by the Soviet Union to create public system international security in the interwar period were in vain. After the Second World War, the United Nations was created, which documented the agreement on collective security.

Elemental composition and classification of public security systems

The united protection of the rights and interests of the entire population at the interstate level includes a number of components:

• Compliance with the principles international law;
• Respect for sovereignty and inviolability of borders;
• Non-interference in the internal political affairs of the country;
• Adoption of common measures aimed at combating aggression and eliminating the threat to the world community;
• Limitation and reduction of armaments.

The basis for the creation of such a large-scale complex was the principle of the indivisibility of the world. It is generally accepted to distinguish two main types of public safety systems:

• Universal;
• Regional.

On the video - about the system of collective security in Europe:

Today, the United Nations is the guarantor of compliance with international law and the principles of peaceful coexistence. Collective activities that are carried out to maintain peace are enshrined in the UN Charter. The statutory document provides for the following provisions:

• List of prohibited measures (threat or use of force in interstate relations);
• Measures for a peaceful settlement contentious issues;
• List of measures for the disarmament of the powers;
• Creation and functioning of regional defense organizations;
• Coercive response measures without the use of weapons.

The maintenance of peace on a planetary scale is carried out by the UN Security Council and the General Assembly. The tasks assigned to an international organization within the framework of the universal system include:

• Investigation of cases and incidents threatening peace;
• Conducting diplomatic negotiations;
• Verification of the implementation of ceasefire or military intervention agreements;
• Maintaining the rule of law and the legal order of the member states of the organization;
• Humanitarian assistance to needy subjects;
• Control over the current situation.

Regional security systems are presented in the form of organizations or agreements that regulate peaceful coexistence in a particular region or continent. Regional complexes may include several participants. The competence of such an organization extends exclusively to the countries that have signed the relevant agreement.

On the video - the speech of V.V. Putin at the plenary meeting of the Collective Security Council:

Conditions for the operation of an international organization in the field of peacekeeping

Since the creation of the UN until today, in the event of military situations or an external invasion, the organization can carry out peacekeeping operations. The conditions for such transactions are:

• Obligatory consent of both parties to the conflict to perform any regulatory actions;
• Cessation of fire and guarantee of protection and security for peacekeeping units;
• The adoption by the Security Council of an appropriate decision on the conduct of operations over which the Secretary General exercises personal control;
• The coordinated activity of all formed military units that are aimed at resolving the conflict;
• Impartiality and non-interference in the internal political affairs of peacekeeping organizations and units;
• Financing the activities of regulators international bodies through financial assistance and special contributions.

Principles of construction and functioning of the public protection complex

Among the principles of building a collective security system and its functioning, the following are distinguished:

• Development of certain approaches, documents, concepts, views on emerging problems of peaceful coexistence;
• Ensuring national (domestic) and global security;
• Military construction, formation of headquarters and training of qualified military personnel;
• Development of regulatory documents in the state that comply with the norms of international law in the field of defense and peace;
• Bilateral or multilateral cooperation of states in commonwealths;
• Joint peaceful use of the constituent elements of the militarized infrastructure, water and air spaces.

Creation of a peaceful space in the CIS

In 1991, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed an agreement to form the Commonwealth Independent States. Later, other countries of the post-Soviet space joined this Union (for example, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). The defining activity of the CIS is the maintenance of peace and the creation of safe living conditions for the population.

Within the framework of the CIS, there are two main regulatory mechanisms.

On the video - about the cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan:

The first mechanism is provided by the Charter. In the event of a threat to the constitutional order or external interference, the participating countries must consult with each other and take measures to peacefully resolve disputes. If necessary, a peacekeeping mission can be carried out using armed units. At the same time, the action of the armed forces must be clearly coordinated between all participants.

The second mechanism was enshrined in the security agreement general security. This documentary act was adopted in 1992. The treaty provides for the refusal of countries to take part in the manifestation of aggression on the part of any state. A feature of the agreement is that if one of the states shows aggressive actions, this will be regarded as a manifestation of aggression against the entire Commonwealth. Any necessary assistance, including military assistance, will be provided to a state that is subjected to aggression. In these documents, the mechanism for managing and regulating the provision of peace is not clearly fixed and may be contained in other international documents. The above Charter and the Agreement have a reference character to other regulatory acts of the CIS.

the state of international relations, excluding the violation of world peace or the creation of a threat to the security of peoples in any form and realized by the efforts of states on a global or regional scale. Ensuring collective security is based on the principles of peaceful coexistence, equality and equal security, respect for the sovereignty and borders of states, mutually beneficial cooperation and military detente. The question of creating a collective security system was first raised in 1933-1934. at the negotiations of the USSR and France on the conclusion of a multilateral regional European treaty of mutual assistance (later called the Eastern Pact) and the negotiations of the USSR with the US government on the conclusion of a regional Pacific pact with the participation of the USSR, the USA, China, Japan and other states. However, in Europe, the persistent opposition of Great Britain, the maneuvers of the French government, which was trying to negotiate with Germany, and the tricks of A. Hitler, who demanded equal rights for Germany in the field of armaments - all this thwarted the conclusion of a regional pact and the discussion of the issue of collective security resulted in a fruitless discussion. The growing threat of aggression from Nazi Germany forced the USSR and France to start creating a collective security system with the conclusion of the Soviet-French Mutual Assistance Treaty (May 2, 1935). Although it did not provide for the automaticity of mutual assistance obligations in the event of an unprovoked attack by any European state and was not accompanied by a military convention on specific forms, conditions and amounts of military assistance, nevertheless it was the first step in organizing a collective security system on May 16, 1935 was signed by the Soviet-Czechoslovak agreement on mutual assistance. However, it contains the possibility of assistance to Czechoslovakia from the USSR, as well as Czechoslovak assistance Soviet Union, was limited by the indispensable condition for the extension of a similar obligation to France. On the Far East The USSR proposed to conclude a Pacific regional pact between the USSR, the USA, China and Japan in order to prevent the aggressive designs of Japanese militarism. It was supposed to sign a non-aggression pact and non-assistance to the aggressor. Initially, the United States positively welcomed this project, but, in turn, proposed expanding the list of participants in the pact, including Great Britain, France and Holland. However, the British government evaded a clear answer on the creation of a Pacific regional security pact, as it connived at the Japanese aggression. The Kuomintang government of China did not show sufficient activity in supporting the Soviet proposal, as it hoped for an agreement with Japan. Given the growth of Japanese armaments, the United States embarked on the path of a race naval armaments, declaring that "the pacts will be given back" and that only a strong fleet is an effective guarantor of security. As a result, by 1937 negotiations on concluding a regional pact to collectively secure peace in the Far East had stalled. In the second half of the 1930s. the question of a collective security system was discussed more than once at the Council of the League of Nations in connection with the Italian attack on Ethiopia (1935), the introduction German troops to the demilitarized Rhineland (1936), a discussion about changing the regime of the Black Sea straits (1936) and the safety of navigation in the Mediterranean Sea (1937). Pursuance by the Western powers of the policy of "appeasement" of Germany and inciting it against the USSR on the eve of the Second World War of 1939-1945. led to the delay by the British and French governments of negotiations on concluding an agreement with the USSR on mutual assistance and on a military convention in the event of an attack on one of the three countries. Poland and Romania also showed an unwillingness to help organize a collective rebuff to fascist aggression. The fruitless negotiations of the military missions of the USSR, Great Britain and France (Moscow, August 13-17, 1939) became the last attempt in the interwar period to create a system of collective security in Europe. In the post-war period, the United Nations was created to maintain peace and international security. However, the achievement of a collective security system was hampered by the deployment of " cold war"and the creation of two opposing military-political groups - NATO and the Department of Internal Affairs. At the Geneva meeting in 1955, the USSR introduced a draft pan-European treaty on collective security, which stipulated that states participating in military-political blocs would undertake obligations not to use armed force against each other. However, the Western powers rejected this proposal. The relaxation of international tension, achieved in the second half of the 1960s - the first half of the 1970s, contributed to the creation of political guarantees of international security. An important result in this process was in August 1975 the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, since 1990 - OSCE). " final act...” The CSCE included a Declaration of Principles on Relations between States: sovereign equality; non-use of force or threat of force; territorial integrity of states; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in the internal affairs of other states; development of mutually beneficial cooperation in the political, economic, cultural and humanitarian spheres. The implementation of these principles in practice opens up ample opportunities for solving the most important task of the people - the strengthening of peace and the security of peoples.

DECISION OF THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY COUNCIL

On the Concept of Collective Security of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty

The Collective Security Council decided:

1. Approve the Collective Security Concept of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty (attached).

2. Consider at the session of the Collective Security Council the draft Plan for the implementation of the Collective Security Concept.

For the purpose of developing a draft Plan, create a temporary working group under the Secretary General of the Collective Security Council from representatives of the participating states.

Done in the city of Almaty on February 10, 1995 in one original copy in Russian. The original copy is stored in the Archives of the Government of the Republic of Belarus, which will send to each state that signed this Decision, its certified copy.

Application

The concept of collective security of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty

The Collective Security Concept of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as the Concept) is a set of views of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty (hereinafter the State Parties) on the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, joint defense against aggression, ensuring their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The concept is based on the principles of the UN, the OSCE, the Collective Security Treaty, as well as the provisions of other documents adopted by the participating states in its development.

The concept includes: the basics of the military policy of the participating states, the basics of ensuring collective security, the main directions and stages of creating a collective security system.

The implementation of the provisions of the Concept provides for the implementation of agreed political, economic, military and other measures.

In political and military relations, the participating states do not consider any state or coalition of states to be their adversary, they see all states of the world community as equal partners.

I. Fundamentals of the military policy of the participating states

The participating states are united by military-political and economic interests, the existing military-technical base and infrastructure, and the desire to pursue a coordinated policy to ensure collective security.

The participating States will hold consultations in order to coordinate positions and pursue an agreed security policy:

in relation to other CIS member states - on issues of military cooperation and mutual assistance in solving problems of military organizational development;

in relation to NATO and other military-political organizations - on issues of cooperation and partnership, participation in existing and new structures of regional security that are being created.

The participating States ensure collective security with all the possibilities at their disposal, with priority given to peaceful means. When developing measures to ensure collective security, they take into account the following.

The end of the global confrontation between East and West has significantly reduced the risk of a world war.

Decision of the Collective Security Council of February 10, 1995
"On the Concept of Collective Security of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty"

About document

Publishing a Document

Bulletin international treaties, 1995, N 10, p. 3,

collection "Current international law" vol. 2

Principles of international security law.

Sources of international security law.

The main sources of modern international security law include: the UN Charter, as well as the 1970 Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security adopted within the UN, the Declaration on the Prevention and Elimination of Disputes and Situations that May Threaten International Peace and Security, and on Enhancing the Role of the United Nations Nations in this area 1988; General Assembly Resolution 14/21 of November 15, 1989 on strengthening international peace and security and international cooperation in all its aspects in accordance with the UN Charter; UN Fact-Finding Declaration in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security of December 9, 1991.

The basic principles of international security law are enshrined in the 1945 UN Charter and the 1970 Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security:

The principle of refraining in international relations from the threat or use of force as against territorial integrity or political independence any state, or in any other way inconsistent with the purposes of the UN;

The principle of sovereign equality of states;

The principle of non-use of force and threat of force;

The principle of inviolability of state borders;

The principle of territorial integrity of states;

The principle of peaceful resolution of international disputes;

The principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states;

The principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations; as well as

The principle of the centralized use of armed forces in accordance with the UN Charter;

The principle of the inescapable responsibility of states for violation of the law of international security.

In a legal sense, the concept of international security implies the creation and functioning of such a system of international legal order, which would be based on the primacy of international law and a unified approach on the part of the world community to the assessment of actions that violate the peace and security of peoples.

The concept of international security includes 2 aspects: international legal norms in this area and the organizational and legal mechanism for maintaining peace by the world community.

The UN Charter is the main source of international security norms, and the United Nations itself is the most important and the only instrument for maintaining international peace and security based on the universally recognized principles and norms of international law and the actions of the General Assembly and the Security Council.

The competence of these bodies in matters of ensuring international peace and security of the UN is clearly demarcated.

General Assembly have the right to discuss any questions or matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security, namely:

Consider general principles cooperation;

The Security Council is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security.

The Security Council has the right to take both preventive and enforcement actions on behalf of the UN, including by the joint armed forces.

Preventive actions include: comprehensive sanctions, both economic and political; imposition of an embargo on the supply of weapons and military materials; air embargo; naval and air blockades; interruption of telegraph and postal communications.

Coercive actions include the use of unified UN forces under the direct authority of the Security Council to restore international peace and security.

The UN Charter establishes that joint armed forces may be used in case of threats to the peace, violations of the peace and acts of aggression, in exceptional cases, when other measures may prove or have already proved insufficient.

The combined armed forces cannot be used for purposes contrary to the Charter.

The actions of the Security Council in the field of peacekeeping begin with the qualification of the situation. Under Article 39 of the UN Charter, he must determine whether he is dealing with a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression. These qualifications are the legal basis for its further peacekeeping activities.

Depending on the qualification of the situation, the Security Council, in accordance with Article 40, may resort to temporary measures: the demand for a ceasefire, the withdrawal of troops to previously occupied positions, the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territory, the drawing of a temporary demarcation line. Creation of a demilitarized zone, etc.

If the situation continues to worsen, the Council has the right to take both measures not related to the use of armed forces, and measures with their use.

Measures not related to the use of armed forces are provided for in Article 41 and include: complete or partial interruption of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio or other means of communication, as well as the severance of diplomatic relations.

The application of measures using armed force is defined by Article 42, under which the Security Council is empowered to take action by air, sea or ground forces if he considers that the measures provided for by Art. 41 may not be sufficient or have already proved to be insufficient. Thus, the Security Council can take action on the use of armed forces both after the implementation of the measures under Art. 41, simultaneously with them, and as a primary measure.

Article 43 of the UN Charter defines the following procedure for the provision by UN members to the Security Council of the necessary armed forces, assistance, facilities:

1. The Security Council decides to put at its disposal armed forces from UN members.

2. Based on this requirement, the Security Council concludes a special agreement or agreements with the UN member states, with their subsequent ratification.

3. In accordance with Article 47, the Security Council must decide all questions related to the creation and use of the armed forces, relying on the assistance and advice of the Military Staff Committee, consisting of the Chiefs of Staff permanent members Council or their representatives.