The highest body of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. OECD: deciphering points to world domination

A number of developed countries with the aim of reconstructing a common European policy under the auspices of the introduction of the so-called Marshall Plan. Let us consider in general terms its main composition and activities.

Marshall Plan

So, the beginning was laid back in 1948 as part of the plan outlined a year earlier by the US Secretary of State. As you know, the result of the Second World War was a serious economic decline throughout Europe. And if the Soviet Union coped on your own, having rallied the ranks with the iron hand of its dictator, then Europe lay in ruins, and at the same time was a rather fragmented structure.

By and large, the history of the Iron Curtain begins here. cooperation and development was conceived in the United States as a panacea for the post-war troubles that had befallen Europe. In 1948, a meeting of representatives of 16 Western European states was held in Paris. An interesting fact is that the leaders of the countries were invited to it of Eastern Europe. However, the Soviet government saw this as a threat to its own interests and did not allow them to attend this meeting.

Iron curtain

The first members of the organization economic cooperation and development - this, of course, is the United States and several Western European states, which received financial assistance from the American side in accordance with the Marshall Plan. These included the UK, France, Italy, West Germany and the Netherlands. It was these countries that received the maximum cash injections, and in decreasing order of the amount of finance invested by the United States in them. However, the main condition for the direction of cash flows, the Americans put the elimination of any communist currents in the party systems of these countries. Thus, the US began to take over the politics of Western Europe. Another important fact is the intensification of the political confrontation of the countries of this bloc in relation to Soviet Union and countries that fell under the influence of the latter as a result of the post-war partition.

US Benefit

Naturally, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was a direct vested interest of the United States, because in this way they were not only able to wisely invest a huge amount of money - more than ten billion dollars, but also profitably sell agricultural products that were vital to countries that were in ruins, especially in terms of food production. Consumables were sent to the demands of the countries participating in the alliance for the means of production, since during the war years the United States was able to create large volumes of surpluses of such products. As a result, this assistance was expressed in an even larger organization for economic cooperation and development from the United States.

Development and composition of the OECD

In the 1960s, the number of participants expanded significantly and continues to increase to this day. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has this moment 34 members. The headquarters is located in Paris, and the governing body is a council of representatives of the participating countries. All actions of its members are coordinated, and the development of any decisions is carried out on the basis of consensus. Let's list the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In addition to the previously mentioned participants for 2015, the following are listed: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Israel, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey , Finland, Czech Republic, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, South Korea and Japan.

Activity

The main activity of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development is to coordinate and analyze the following issues: money laundering, or rather, the fight against this phenomenon, in addition, the suppression of tax evasion, bribery, corruption and other problems of monetary relations of various social structures.

In fact, this is a platform for multilateral negotiations between the participating countries on the above issues. It makes recommendations to members of the organization in solving a variety of economic problems that they face within the framework of economic activity on its territory.

Modern history

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is constantly considering membership proposals from various countries around the world. For example, in 1996, such applications were submitted by the Baltic countries and Russia, but they were all rejected. It was only in 2010 that Estonia was allowed to join the coalition.

In 2005, the issue of accepting China into the alliance was considered. It all started with the proposal of the Secretary General of the OECD, who said that at one time such countries as Portugal and Spain, in which their own dictatorships flourished, were accepted as members of the organization. In addition, political prerequisites should not interfere with economic issues. In his opinion, China is the most promising economy on a global scale. It supplies the largest volumes of steel to the world market. And many more advantages were brought by the Secretary General of the OECD in support of his idea. However, the issue has not yet been resolved. However, there is some progress regarding the DPRK, since the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development was given the opportunity to check the state of the country. Which is usually a harbinger of the entry of the state into the ranks of the OECD.

Russia and the OECD

Difficult relations bind our country and the OECD. The issue was raised by Russia back in 1996, as already mentioned. However, at first there was a firm refusal due to the reasons for the country's huge discrepancy with the standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It doesn't interfere with management. Russian Federation continue to lobby on this issue.

These actions led to the fact that in 2007 it was decided to start negotiations on membership by the leadership of the OECD. Russia's accession to the World trade organization in 2012. The next milestone was the announcement of the head of the OECD that in 2015 Russia will accept membership of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, provided that all the necessary conditions for this are met. However, this did not happen. Moreover, it was recently announced that the decision on this issue is postponed indefinitely. So what are we waiting for, representatives of culture, thirty years ago denying any influence of the West on us.

Conclusion

The organization, created as a mechanism to help devastated Europe after World War II, built on the self-confidence of the political leaders of the United States of America, eventually acquired the features of a self-developing and self-regulating union of the world's largest economies, acting for the good of the world. Indeed, the issues of eliminating tax evasion, bribery and corruption need to be addressed. And although these phenomena of human relationships themselves are rooted in the depths of people's consciousness, nevertheless, even such an attempt commands respect. In general, the position of the organization inspires hope that humanity will cope with economic problems by joining the efforts of all countries on this planet towards their solution.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation(in English Organization for European Economic Cooperation, abbreviation OEEC) is an international economic association of the developed countries of the world, recognizing the principles of a free market economy. The headquarters of the above organization is located in Paris.

A few words from the history of OEEC

This organization was established in 1948 to coordinate projects for the reconstruction of the European economy under the US Secretary Marshall Plan. This year, OEEC members became such states as Austria, Denmark, Belgium, Greece, France, Iceland, Switzerland, Portugal, Turkey, Sweden, Norway, Luxembourg, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Great Britain, French and Anglo-American occupation zones of German lands.

On April 16, 1948, the charter of the OEEC in Paris was adopted, according to which its structure was determined. So, the Council of Members, headed by the chairman and consisting of representatives of 18 European states, was considered central authority OEEC. This body appointed the general secretary and his deputies. Also, the OEEC structure included an Executive Committee, consisting of 7 members, who were appointed annually by the Council.

In 1949, the FRN joined the union of the above states, and a year later, the United States and Canada (associate members).

The activities of the above organization to restore the convertibility of money led to the formation of the European Payments Union in 1950.

In 1953, the European Production Agency was established by order of the OEEC. The main purpose of its formation: to promote the growth of productivity in the industry of European countries.

In 1957, the so-called General between the member states of the OEEC, that is, the European Economic Community, was formed.

In 1958, the European Monetary Agreement was signed, according to which the European was established. The purpose of this fund was to provide OEEC member countries with special short-term loans to cover the balance of payments deficit.

OEEC and modernity

Today, the above organization operates under a different name, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (abbreviation OECD). Currently, 40 states are its participants. The Council of Representatives of Member States is the governing body of this organization. Since 2006, Mexican Jose Angel Gurría has served as Secretary General.

Russia is not a member of the above association. Since May 2007, active negotiations have been underway between the government of the Russian Federation and the leadership of the Organization on Russia's membership in the OECD.

The goals of the above organization today

This organization today, in the prerogative of its activities, sets the following tasks:

• implementation of scientific research of world economic processes both in general and at the level of certain individual states and regions;
• organization international projects, holding consultations and discussions on key global issues in terms of the economy;
• cooperation with the World Bank, WTO and IMF;
• assistance to developing states (for example, reduced interest rates on loans, various forms of food aid).

To achieve its goals, the above association is actively engaged in the collection of statistical data in, their analysis and processing. This data is used by the Organization's specialists to make economic forecasts, as well as to create a detailed analysis of the current economic situation of the Member States. The results of the active work of this association are published in the Organization's collection "OECD Economic Perspectives", which is issued twice a year.

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(OECD) (Organization for Economic Co‑operation and Development - OECD) - international economic organization developed countries that recognize the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy.

The OECD was formed in 1961 at the initiative of the United States on the basis of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, which coordinated American and Canadian assistance to European countries affected by World War II under the Marshall Plan.

The objectives of the organization are to pursue a coherent policy aimed at:

- Achieving high and sustainable economic growth and raising the living standards of member countries while maintaining financial stability;

- promotion of sound economic views and practices in member countries, as well as in non-OECD countries on the path of economic development;

- development of international trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

However, in a simpler form, the main function of the organization can be defined as follows: the OECD is intended to be a place where sufficiently high-ranking representatives of government bodies (the so-called policy-makers) can, in an informal setting, without binding resolutions, and even as individuals, discuss with colleagues from other countries common economic problems.

The peculiarity of the OECD lies in the fact that it is, as it were, a kind of club for the exchange of experience in economic and social policy. This is its fundamental difference from other international organizations. The OECD is called upon to promote the implementation of cutting-edge ideas mainly through informal means, rather than issuing rigid instructions and resolutions. The difference also lies in the fact that the Organization does not allocate funds in one form or another to either its members or countries cooperating with it.

Russia started cooperating with the OECD back in the Soviet years, when OECD specialists advised the USSR State Statistics Committee on the introduction and use of the system of national accounts. However, truly active and multidisciplinary cooperation began to develop in 1990, when the Center for Cooperation with Countries in Transition was established. The Center began to plan and coordinate the interaction of various OECD directorates with Russia. On June 8, 1994, the Declaration on Cooperation between the OECD and the Russian Federation was signed, which defines the main directions of such cooperation and formalizes the conditions for the activities of the OECD in Russia.

In 1996, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin sent a letter to OECD Secretary General Donald Johnston asking him to consider Russia's membership in the Organization. In a response letter, referring to the opinion of the OECD Council, it was noted that Russia's membership is a "common goal" of Russia and the OECD, but it is necessary to go a long way towards Russian conditions economic activity and social sphere to the norms accepted in the OECD countries.

In 1997, a Protocol was signed on the establishment of a special Liaison Committee between the OECD and the Russian Federation. The Committee is a body that brings together high-ranking representatives of the OECD and government bodies of Russia. He reviews the course of Russian economic reforms, analyzes the results of the implementation of the annual OECD work programs in the Russian Federation, and makes recommendations for promising areas cooperation.

November 30, 2007 OECD Council The Roadmap for the accession of the Russian Federation to the Convention Establishing the OECD was adopted, which defines a procedure that allows member countries to assess the readiness and ability of the Russian Federation to fulfill the obligations imposed by membership in the Organization.

Russia currently has observer status in 19 OECD committees.

Within the framework of this committee, an observer has practically equal rights with representatives of member countries. He can submit questions for discussion, participate in committee meetings and in the discussion of all issues within its framework, as well as use materials prepared for committee meetings.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The main function of the OECD is to coordinate the economic policies of the member countries in order to mitigate the contradictions that arise in the world economic system. Among the most important activities of the OECD are the issues of regulating international trade, stabilizing the monetary and credit system, and problems of relations with developing countries. However, the decisions taken on these issues are purely advisory in nature and rarely lead to concerted action.

The officially proclaimed goals of the OECD:

• 1. Promoting sustainable social and economic development of both participating and non-participating countries, developing effective methods coordinating their trade and public policies;
• 2. Contribute to the achievement of the highest level of sustainable economic growth, employment and living standards in member countries while maintaining financial stability, thus contributing to the development of the world economy;
• 3. Promoting the development of world trade and a multilateral non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations;
• 4. Stimulation and coordination of actions in the field of assistance to developing states;

The main activities of the OECD are:

• 1. Assistance to member countries in formulating policy objectives aimed at achieving economic and social development;
• 2. Promoting the implementation of a coordinated policy that promotes economic growth, as well as internal and external financial stability;
• 3. Assistance in the removal of obstacles to the exchange of goods, services, as well as current payments; further liberalization of the movement of capital;
• 4. Promote efficient use economic resources;
• 5. Encouraging research and vocational training personnel in the field of science and technology;
• 6. Promoting the development of developing countries through the provision of technical assistance;
• 7. Implementation of relations with all levels of government of the member countries;
• 8. Maintaining relations with other international organizations to ensure effective cooperation; cooperation with regional economic organizations;
• 9. Providing the OECD with the information necessary for the performance of its tasks and the mutual exchange of such information among its members;
• 10. Holding conferences, meetings, consultations, studies on a regular basis; publication of information materials: monographs, periodicals, technical and statistical bulletins, special literature and conference proceedings.

The OECD has issued a Code on TNC operations, the purpose of which is to ensure that TNCs support the economic and political goals of member countries, in addition, the OECD has issued several guidelines on how transnational corporations publish financial statements and operational information. The OECD performs an important function: it serves as a forum where different countries can discuss political, economic and social aspects of mutual interest and come to an agreement on issues requiring joint action.

Activity

The OECD is actively involved in various issues related to globalization. The activities of the Organization are aimed at creating optimal conditions for the free flow of capital and intangible products (for example, services and intellectual property) in the global economy. In this area, work is underway to control compliance with the terms of the Capital Movement Liberalization Code and the Code of Liberalization of Current Invisible Operations.

In the field of improvement international system taxation The OECD explores the negative effects of tax competition between individual countries ( we are talking on the practice of creating offshore and other special zones), is improving the Model Convention on the taxation of income and capital, expanding the access of countries outside the organization to the "OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Authorities on Transfer Pricing".

The rapid development of international trade requires the creation of an appropriate competitive environment for its participants, including in the sphere of relations with government agencies of partner countries. It is no secret that bribery of government officials is widely used by trading firms to facilitate penetration into the markets of some countries, and this distorts the objective picture of the relative economic benefits of foreign trade transactions and undermines competition. In this regard, the OECD has developed a "Convention against Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Trade Transactions". The convention was signed in December 1997 by the OECD countries, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile and Slovakia. The process of ratification of the Convention is currently underway national parliaments after which it takes effect. Countries that have acceded to the Convention are required to enact domestic legislation providing for penalties for national participants international trade, giving bribes to foreign officials.

One of the specific phenomena accompanying the globalization of world economic life is the rapid penetration of computer networks, especially the Internet, into domestic and foreign trade. In this regard, the OECD is involved in the development of universal international rules for regulating electronic commerce. However, the OECD focuses here primarily not on strict regulation and control measures, but on various aspects protecting consumer rights and avoiding the introduction of unjustified barriers and restrictions in the field of electronic commerce at the national level.

To date, 36 countries with developed democratic institutions and market economies are OECD members. Active partnerships The OECD maintains support with more than 70 non-member countries, of which 24 countries regularly participate in the activities of various OECD Committees as observers. OECD member countries account for:

• 17.7% of the world's population
• More than 60% of world GDP.