Let the power of this parliament be established. Why the national church of England turned out to be more convenient than the universal

Technique and Internet 10.06.2019

Technique and Internet

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Kingship and the Reformation in England. Struggle for supremacy on the seas. Lesson topic: New history. 7th grade

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Today in the lesson: find out how the process of the Reformation took place in England; find out how the strengthening of Absolutism in England took place; Learn How England Became a Sea Power

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Contemporaries wrote about him as a cruel man, with an unbridled disposition, easily falling into a rage. The king put his own desires above all else. The personal life of this king was chaotic, one marriage was replaced by another (he marries 6 times in total). Only survived it last wife, the fate of others was deplorable: he divorced two, executed two, one of the wives died in childbirth. The first wife was the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon. However, he decides to divorce her and marry the beautiful maid of honor Anne Boleyn.

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Henry VIII The beginning of the Reformation process in England is associated with the name of Henry VIII. Initially, Henry was an opponent of the Reformation, however, for the written work, the king received the title of "defender of the faith" from the Pope. 1521 Henry wrote a pamphlet against Luther's teachings.

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In 1534, Parliament passed a law declaring the king and his successors the head of the church in England, and in order for this decision to reach all subjects, in 1535 a special order entered, commanding every Sunday and feast day to preach in temples and teach in schools that the king is head of the church in England. Henry VIII

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Henry had a faithful assistant in the struggle for the Reformation - Chancellor Thomas Cromwell. Thomas Cromwell

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Act of Supremacy (1534) ...To promote Christian religion in the kingdom of England, in order to suppress and destroy all the abuses that have hitherto existed in it, let it be established by the power of this parliament that the king, our supreme sovereign, his heirs and successors, the kings of this kingdom, should be accepted, recognized, honored as the only one in light as supreme head of the Church of England... and shall hold the imperial crown of that realm and all the titles, honours, dignities, privileges... and revenues proper and belonging to the dignity of the Supreme Head of the Church. Our sovereign and his heirs and successors, the kings of this realm, must have full right and power to periodically inspect ... maintain order, suppress, correct, reform, restrain ... all those errors, heresies, abuses, transgressions and disorders that every kind of spiritual authority... must legally reform... for the sake of the almighty God, for the success of the Christian religion, for the preservation of peace, unity, for the tranquility of the kingdom. The use of any customs of another country, foreign law, foreign authority, regulations, and the like, is contrary to the foregoing...

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Differences between the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church The Anglican Church is not subordinate to the Pope. The head of the Anglican Church is the king. The church and monasteries are deprived of their property. Monasteries are being closed and monks are being expelled from them. At the heart of the teachings of the Anglican Church, as well as Lutheranism, is the idea of "justification by faith." Rites have been preserved: baptism, communion and repentance. The veneration of icons and magnificent vestments of the clergy, organ music during worship were allowed. The Bible has been translated into English language and services were held in English. Try to conclude

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This was the beginning of the Reformed Church in England. The king became the head, the papacy was rejected, the riches were taken away from the church. Monasteries are closed. All this contributed to the strengthening of absolutism. The Reformed Church became known as the Anglican Church. - But this process was not completed in England, because. 1) the situation of the poor worsened; 2) the nobles, who received or bought monastic lands, drove the peasants and turned the lands into pastures. Let's conclude:

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The Elizabethan era is marked by the transformation of England into an all-powerful maritime power (especially after the unsuccessful military expedition of the Spanish fleet to the coast of England in 1588, known as the "Invincible Armada"). Elizabeth I. (1558-1603) Elizabeth's Golden Age.

attitude towards writing an ill-fated speech. His name was Jean Caven, although he himself preferred to write his surname in a Latinized form: Calvin.

The young theologian finds shelter first in Strasbourg, then in Basel.

The exile and subsequent close association with the Protestants turned Calvin from a sympathizer of the Reformation into a zealous supporter of it. FROM

with the aim of a deeper and more consistent understanding of his new creed, he writes "Instruction in the Christian Faith" - the most consistent and systematic exposition of the Protestant religious doctrine at that time. There are very few new ideas in this book, but its phenomenal success with contemporaries is due not to the originality of the content, but to the way they are presented. Calvin was 26 years - a generation - younger than Luther and Zwingli. They are already luminaries for him, and their ideas are absolute truth.

The painful self-doubt that tormented the reformers of the first generation is completely uncharacteristic of him, and what they dared to say only in the heat of a dispute, Calvin formulates with the impassivity of a pedantic scientist. And

this cold rationality is manifested not only in the manner, but also in the subject of his theological analysis: “It is not a man with his sufferings and doubts that occupies Calvin,” notes R.Yu. Whipper, - a

restoration of the true concept of God, diminished by papism. This is especially evident in the interpretation of the central element of Calvin's theological system - the doctrine of absolute predestination. Actually, and

here he was not a pioneer: the denial of the free will of man logically followed from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith. Erasmus of Rotterdam pointed to this in a polemic with the reformer, and Luther,

agreeing with the arguments of the opponent, he even wrote a special treatise "On the slavery of the will." But if for Luther this is an insoluble antinomy that causes confusion of the mind and feelings, then Calvin is mercilessly cold-blooded in his reasoning, which is why divine mercy itself looks merciless in his interpretation. As the well-known historian of the Reformation A. Magrat aphoristically expressed this idea, “for Luther, the mercy of God is expressed in

that He justifies sinners, people who are unworthy of such a privilege. For Calvin, the mercy of God is manifested in His decision to redeem individuals, regardless of merit: the decision to redeem a person is made, regardless of how worthy this person is. For Luther, Divine mercy is manifested in the fact that He saves sinners in spite of their vices; for Calvin, mercy is manifested in the fact that God saves individuals, despite their merits.

Calvin emphasizes that predestination unto salvation is not

"a product of human thought, but a mystery of divine revelation." Therefore, a person does not have the right to ask about who and why was awarded the election, but one can see those fleeing for the chosen sign of divine favor is their success in work.

Thus, wealth as an objective result of professional success appears as a divine gift, which means the sinfulness of its waste to satisfy carnal thoughts. Therefore, these funds must be returned to where they were received from - into circulation. Thus the stinginess of the bourgeois receives a religious justification, turning into worldly asceticism.

"Instruction in the Christian Faith" first saw the light in 1536 and

immediately won recognition among the Protestants, during the life of the author withstood four editions. In the same year, 1536, Calvin was passing through Geneva and local Protestants, seeing in him the most authoritative theologian,

ask him to stay in the city. Soon Calvin becomes the recognized leader of the reform movement. Nevertheless, his demand to extend the elective principle not only to the church, but also to secular authorities, as well as measures to control the observance by the townspeople of the religious and moral principles preached by him, caused some discontent among the patriciate. In 1538, Calvin was forced to leave Geneva, but three years later, in response to numerous requests from the townspeople, he

agreed to return. Calvin, with redoubled energy, begins to put his ideals into practice, while showing ever-increasing intolerance. All dissenters are expelled from Geneva, the strictest regulation of all aspects of the life of citizens is introduced. Any deviations from the norms of worldly asceticism were mercilessly punished. The ban was imposed on secular amusements, smart clothes, exquisite food, extravagance in everyday life. The most striking manifestation of Calvin's intolerance, after which he earned the reputation of the "Pope of Geneva", was the burning in 1553 of Calvin.

Spanish scientist M. Servet, accused of anti-trinitarian heresy.

thanks to which Calvinism won more and more new supporters outside of Switzerland. His followers in the countries of continental Europe began to be called Reformed, and in the British Isles - Presbyterians. These ideas left their mark on such epochal events of the early modern period as the religious wars in France and the struggle of the Netherlands against Spanish domination, puritan colonization North America and the Great English Revolution.

3.6. Royal Reformation in England. Anglican Church

The origins of the anti-papal sentiments that have long existed in English

society rooted in the early Middle Ages. The Norman conquest was actively supported by the See of Rome, which hoped, with the help of William the Conqueror, to finally put an end to its longtime rival in the Christianization of the British Isles and the entire north of Europe - the Church of Ireland. William justified the hopes of the curia, he finally banned worship in his kingdom according to the Irish rite. Thus, it was the Normans, in the words of B. Russell, who "returned England to the Roman world." But the conquered population was hardly enthusiastic about

this "return", for whom the new ecclesiastical authorities were the same conquerors as the Norman barons.

At the same time, the church policy of William the Conqueror led to the emergence of "anti-Roman" sentiments among the most powerful elite. After the Anglo-Saxon uprising of 1069, William began to consider all the local nobility as rebels, and therefore, he confiscated all her lands and distributed them to his close associates. He pursued the same policy with regard to the church, replacing the local prelates with Normans. But just as William demanded a personal vassal oath from all barons, he expected the same obedience from the bishops he appointed and the primate of the English church, the Archbishop of Canterbury. And when the primate tried to defend his independence from the king by appealing to the authority of the pope, William forbade the English clergy to obey the Roman Curia. Since then, relations between the king and the primate (and, by extension, with the papacy) have rarely been smooth.

At times, they turned into open confrontation. An example of this is the clash between Henry II, who issued in 1164 the so-called Clarendon Ordinances on the subjection of the church to the royal court, and

Archbishop Thomas Becket, which ended with the death of the latter.

An equally bitter conflict erupted in 1207, when King John the Landless tried to protest the pope's elevation to the rank of Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton. In response to Innocent III

in 1208 he imposed an interdict on England, and when the king confiscated church lands, he excommunicated John from the church and freed his subjects from the oath of allegiance. His vassals were not slow to take advantage of this, and

The king was forced to capitulate. He recognized himself as a vassal of the pope and undertook to pay a thousand marks annually. This could not, of course,

to add sympathy to the Roman Curia neither from the side of the royal power, nor from the flock, from which this money was levied in the form of taxes. Only Edward I (1272-1307) stopped the payment of this humiliating tribute.

Relations between England and the papacy became even more aggravated during the Hundred Years War, since the Curia took the side of France in this conflict. To cover military expenses, Edward III taxes the clergy, and the Oxford theologian William of Ockham writes a treatise on the right of the king to dispose of church property. In the future, he writes three more treatises - "Eight Questions on the Power and Dignity of the Pope", "Dialogue" and "Treatise on the Power of Emperors and Pontiffs", -

justifying the independence of secular power from the Roman Curia. In this way,

Ockham's younger contemporary was John Wyclif (1320-1384),

considered one of the forerunners of the Reformation. His teaching reflects not only anti-papal sentiments, equally shared by both the lower classes of English society and its elite, but also the religious individualism characteristic of the emerging burghers. The object of Wyclif's criticism is not only the supremacy of the popes, but also the cult of saints,

monasticism, the practice of trading indulgences. Insisting on the sovereign right of everyone to seek their own path of knowledge of God, Wyclif, together with his like-minded people, translates the Holy Scripture into English,

writes a treatise in English, preaches himself and blesses the wandering "poor priests" for preaching. One of them was John Ball,

deriving from the teachings of Wyclif the condemnation of social inequality and became the ideologist of the Watt Tyler uprising. In a sermon to the rebels, he uttered the famous words: “When Adam plowed and Eve spun, who was then a nobleman?” John Ball became close to the Flemish emigrants, who belonged to the charitable brotherhood of the Lollards,

opposition to the official church, which, under his influence, turned into a mass peasant-plebeian movement. By the end of the 14th century, the influence of the Lollards in English society was such that in 1395 the Lollards submitted a petition to Parliament demanding that the church be reformed in accordance with the ideas of Wyclif and Ball. From the beginning of the XVI century. authorities, frightened

Lollard radicalism began to persecute them, so many of them fled to Scotland and the Continent. But even in England itself, the Lollards,

despite persecution, they continued their activities, thus preparing the ground for the future Reformation.

Thus, the ideas proclaimed by Luther fell on fertile ground in England, but unlike the countries of the continent, the call to overthrow the power of the pope met with support not only in society, but also in the royal government, which allowed her to lead the reform of the English church.

The formal reason for the break with Rome was the refusal of Pope Clement VII to recognize the divorce of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.

The argument of the English side was the absence of male heirs from the august couple, which threatened to end the dynasty and the political problems associated with it. The opposition of the pope was explained not only by canonical motives, but also by the dependence of the curia on the powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the king of Spain, Charles V, who was Katharina's nephew: in the same 1527,

when Henry VIII asked for a divorce, Rome was savagely sacked by the imperial army, and the pope was not at all inspired by the prospect of a repetition of such an excess.

The response to the refusal of the pope was the adoption by Parliament during 1530-

1533, which curtailed the prerogatives of the curia in relation to the English church. AT

just a week after this, the English Parliament passed the "Suprematism Act", which read: "For the promotion of the Christian religion in the kingdom of England, for the suppression and destruction of all abuses,

still existing in it, may it be established by the power of this parliament that the king, our supreme sovereign, his heirs and successors, the kings of this kingdom, should be accepted, recognized,

revered as the only Supreme Head of the Church of England in the world." AT

the following year, a “revision-visitation” of church institutions was undertaken, the right to which the royal power received according to the “Act on Supremacy”. In February 1536, an audit report was read in parliament, and as a result, about 400 monasteries were closed with the confiscation of their property in favor of the crown. By 1539, the remaining monasteries were liquidated, and in

1545 - chapels, and all their property also went to the treasury.

At the same time, in doctrinal matters, the royal power did not show the same zeal as in property matters. In 1536, a creed was published, in which a lot of Catholicism remained:

Not only Holy Scripture is recognized as the source of dogma, but also the acts of the first four ecumenical councils; in relation to icons is condemned

"abuse", but not worship itself; fasting is not denied, the cult of saints, prayer for the dead, celibacy of the clergy, three sacraments are recognized

(baptism, confession, communion) and the doctrine of the presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. All these provisions were enshrined in Bill 6

Articles, passed by Parliament in 1539.

How far the policy of Henry VIII stood from the ideals of John Wycliffe, who demanded knowledge of the Bible from all believers, can be judged by the decree forbidding the common people to read and interpret St.

Under the son of Henry VIII, Edward VI (1547-1553), church policy took on a more pronounced Protestant character. With the participation of invited Calvinist theologians, a new confession of faith, the 42 Articles, was developed, but the death of the king prevented this document from being officially approved.

After the death of Edward VI, the daughter of Henry VIII from her marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Mary, who took over from her mother an ardent commitment to Catholicism, comes to power. About the measures she took

the return of England to the bosom of the Roman Church speaks eloquently of the nickname

"Bloody", under which Mary went down in history.

Full-scale restoration of the political course of Henry VIII

was carried out by his daughter from his marriage to Anne Boleyn Elizabeth I (1558-

1603). It was during the years of her reign that a religious tradition gradually took shape, behind which the name "Anglicanism" was assigned. In 1559

A new “Act of Supremacy” was adopted, confirming the act of 1534 and clarifying the status of the king as “supreme ruler of the Church of England”. In 1571, Parliament approved the "Bill of 39 Articles", defining the foundations of the dogma of the Church of England. In this document, the fundamental ideas of the Reformation are expressed more consistently than in the confession of Henry VIII. Thus, the 5th article of the bill proclaims: "Holy Scripture contains everything necessary for salvation, yet what cannot be subtracted from it is not recognized by the teaching of the church, and no one is obliged to believe in it."

The compilers of the document stand just as firmly on the question of liturgical language, declaring that “contrary to the word of God and the custom of the primitive church,

that prayers be offered in the temple or ordinances performed in the tongue,

incomprehensible to the people. The power of the pope is strongly condemned in the bill,

the institution of monasticism, the cult of saints, the veneration of icons and relics, the doctrine of transubstantiation (substantial presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist).

At the same time, the Anglican Church retained an episcopate;

the position of priests in many ways, with the exception of celibacy, is similar to the position of the clergy in the Catholic Church; worship and the interior of the church also point to a closer relationship between Anglicanism and Catholicism than with Lutheranism or Calvinism. Along with the Protestant doctrine of salvation personal faith Anglicanism recognizes the dogma of the saving power of the church.

AT This shows the doctrinal feature of Anglicanism,

declared as a "middle way" between Catholicism and Protestantism.

At the same time, it is precisely this feature of the English Church that is the reason for its actual division into several factions. The so-called "high church", which has support in aristocratic circles, strives to preserve Catholic traditions, while the opposite "low church" gravitates towards Calvinism. In the 17th century from

The "low church" emerged a movement that demanded the complete cleansing of Anglicanism from the heritage of "papism". His supporters were called

"Puritans" (lat. purus - pure) or Presbyterians, because they rejected the episcopal organization of the established church and the main role

in the lives of communities of believers (congregations) were assigned to presbyters.

AT in turn, among the Puritans, a movement was born, the leader of which R. Brown demanded the complete independence of the congregations, arguing that any church controlled by the state is sinful. This grouping

adherents of which began to be called Congregationalists or Independents (English independent - independent) during the years of the Great English Revolution was transformed into the most radical political party, expressing the interests of the bourgeoisie and the so-called

"new nobility". Part of the Congregationalists even before the revolution,

fleeing the persecution of the authorities, she emigrated to Holland, where she accepted the teachings of J. Arminius on free will and abandoned Calvinism.

At the same time, under the influence of the Mennonites, this group of Puritans adopted the idea of baptism in adulthood, thereby laying the foundation for a new trend in Protestantism - Baptism.

An intermediate position between the extreme factions in Anglicanism is occupied by the "broad church", calling for the reconciliation of opposing directions. Since from the point of view of the adherents of this trend in Anglicanism, dogmatic and cult differences are less significant than the preservation of church unity, this faction is often called the "indifferent church".

Project task

Compare and analyze the causes and preconditions of the reform movement in Germany, Switzerland and England. Make a table showing the main similarities and differences between the three variants of the Reformation, grouped according to the following groups of factors:

religious;

domestic political;

foreign policy;

sociocultural.

Frontier control test

9. Which of the sacraments in Orthodoxy can be performed by a priest, and in Catholicism - only by a bishop?

	baptism

	chrismation

	confession

10. Which of the following Catholic dogmas appeared before the Separation

11. Which of the following biblical books is recognized as canonical

Catholics and rejected by Protestants?

	Song of Songs

12. To whom do the words belong: “Here I stand, and I cannot do otherwise”?

* * *

Old roles only acquire other nuances in the new context, but do not lose their meaning.

Introduction

There are more than two hundred states in the world, and only 28 of them have a monarchical system. Of these 28 monarchical states, 13 are in Asia, 3 are in Africa, 1 is in Oceania (Tonga) and 11 are in Europe. Although there are not so many states with a monarchical system, they have a significant influence on international relationships and global processes. The current monarchies can be divided into groups according to the degree of influence within the country and influence on world politics. There are a number of dwarf European monarchical states, such as Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco and Andorra, whose importance on a global scale is not so great, however, their royal houses have significant authority within their countries. On the other hand, Great Britain, Spain, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands, which play a serious role in world politics.

Great Britain still has a noticeable impact on its former dominions, although it tends to decrease. The 16 Commonwealth realms regard the current monarch, Elizabeth II, as their queen and head of state. In each of them, she acts as the monarch of the state and bears the corresponding title. For example, in Barbados, the monarch is called "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados."

At present, the political significance of the UK at the international level is undeniable, since this country is permanent member UN Security Council, member of the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Council of Europe, G8 (G8), G20 (G20), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World trade organization(WTO) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The UK is the only monarchy in the world that has nuclear weapons.

AT different periods post-war period, Great Britain was one of the main political partners of Russia in Europe. For a number of reasons, over the past ten years, Anglo-Russian relations, which until recently were characterized as a “strategic partnership”, have noticeably cooled down, and in certain areas, for example, in the political, as well as through the interaction of special services, have been completely frozen. Nevertheless, London understands that without cooperation with Russia it is impossible to resolve a number of complex international problems. This forces the UK to develop relations with our country. In turn, Moscow is interested in building relations with the UK, given its role as Washington's main partner, one of the most important players in Europe, and a nuclear-weapon power, as well as the powerful military potential that it uses to protect its interests in various regions of the world. The UK is a country that is still able to "strike harder than it can", a prime example of which was the 1982 Falklands War.

Speaking about foreign policy in general, it is no exaggeration to say that the institution of the monarchy is often decisive in determining the image of Great Britain in the international arena. The British monarchy is a kind of "calling card" of the UK itself, where the monarch is again the key figure.

In the UK the title "royal" acts in the subconscious of people as belonging to the "mark of quality". Something that has the prefix "royal" in its name already certainly arouses respect among the British and has special significance even if the royal family has practically nothing to do with this name. The change of the cabinet of ministers is not complete without the approval of the head of the royal house - the monarch. The annual throne speech of the monarch at the opening of the parliamentary session is prepared in advance by the cabinet of ministers, however, it is presented by the monarch, because he is the first person of the state. And other states are obliged to respect such traditions and foundations.

However, if in normal times the monarch plays a modest role in the life of the country, then in the event of a state of emergency, all responsibility for what is happening and subsequent decisions formally falls on the shoulders of the head of state, namely the head of the royal house.

Life of members royal family always arouses special interest of the world community. Both successes and failures of their representatives are discussed. Not only the British, but also the world community has been following their fate from birth, evaluating their deeds and mercilessly condemning their mistakes. These people, like no one else, are subject to constant monitoring and criticism.

The British monarchy is one of the oldest institutions. The current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who has been on the throne for more than 60 years, is a symbol of stability. And yet it should be noted that the British monarchy is also being transformed. This became especially noticeable at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The ambitious constitutional reform undertaken by the Labor government of Tony Blair, integral part which the parliamentary reform became, partially affected the monarchy, depriving members of the royal family, along with other hereditary peers, of the right to sit in the upper house. Elizabeth II was forced to agree in principle to a "global reform of the monarchy", in the process of preparing which a number of innovations were noted aimed at bringing the royal house closer to the people, giving the monarchy a "people's" character (in particular, making certain changes to the ceremony the solemn opening of the annual sessions of Parliament by Elizabeth II, the deprivation of the title "Royal Highness" of the junior heirs to the throne, the queen's public promises to listen to the opinion of the people, etc.).

The British monarchy is forced to democratize in order to survive. The end of the 20th century was marked by an unprecedented decline in the prestige of the monarchy in the country, caused by noisy divorce proceedings of members of the royal family, as well as a belated and not in line with public expectations, the reaction of the queen to the tragic death of Princess Diana, which shocked the British. There was a threat to the existence of the very institution of the British monarchy. It is paradoxical that the Labor government joined the cause of saving the monarchy, because republican sentiment has always been strong among the Laborites. Thanks to the efforts of the government and personally Tony Blair, the image of the monarchy was significantly improved. And the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton, which took place in the spring of 2011, added “nationality” and modernity to the royal house.

I. The British Monarchy in the 20th century

Currently, in Britain she is called "The Queen", for other countries that are not part of the Commonwealth, she is "Elizabeth II", but the full title of the British monarch is: Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of her other dominions and territories, Head of the Commonwealth and Defender of the Faith. The last title change took place in 1947, when the monarch ceased to be considered the Emperor of India.

The Queen is the head of the British Orders of Knighthood: "Garter" and "Thistle"; heads the Order of Saint John and is considered the supreme admiral of the naval forces. In addition, she is "Defender of the Faith" which implies the title of head of the Church of England.

Theoretically, the British monarch is omnipotent, he is the source of justice and honor: all government officials are appointed in his name; everything in the Kingdom is centered on the figure of the sovereign; no bill becomes law without the Queen's approval; a declaration of peace or war can only be made on behalf of the monarch; traditions, ceremonies and customs have existed since time immemorial to maintain continuity and honor the sovereign. Thus, in Britain, everything that is done is done in the name of the Queen. But at the same time, the British monarchy, however powerful, is limited, or constitutional.

Chapter 1 Monarchy in the British Constitutional System

One of the reasons why the monarchy is considered a strong institution is that its structure is quite understandable to people. The constitution, the work of the parliament, the activities of various parties, the change of the cabinet of ministers, the invisible formation public opinion- all this is a complex of political processes, which is quite difficult to comprehend and understand for ordinary people. The actions, words and appearance of a single person - the monarch, who can be seen and heard, are much more understandable for people than multi-stage political instances. If we slightly modify the very formulation of the question of how they would like to be ruled by a king or a constitution, the question would be: “Do you want to be ruled in a way that is understandable to you, or incomprehensible?”, - and the answer, according to Walter Budget, obviously - people will choose a monarch. It is believed that in Britain the government exists, in fact, for politics, and the monarch - for the people.

When studying British constitutional law, a logical question arises: where can one find the text of the constitution itself? The answer is simple - nowhere. There is no single document that would display the entire text of the English constitution in its entirety. This difficulty is feature Great Britain, and qualitatively distinguishes it from other countries that have a written democratic constitution. In many states, the creation of democratic constitutions was preceded by serious political upheavals or revolutions, as a result of which new constitutions were created. Since the political system of the country changed or changed greatly, the constitution had to be printed and published as a single document, which later became the basis of state law. For example, when the 13 American colonies declared their independence from England, they created the foundation for the future government through a single document called "The Constitution of the United States, established and ordered by the people of the United States" ("The Constitution of the United States established and ordered by the people of the United States"). The same applies to the USSR, Portugal and many other countries, as well as Ireland, India, Canada and other English dominions, in which the constitution is a single document.

However, in England there were no such revolutionary events that would overturn the existing political system, as a result of which an entirely new constitution would be needed. Important changes, including those with a long-term perspective, have been made to the existing constitution from time to time, but have not resulted in the need for a new one. Alexis de Tocqueville wrote the following about this: “The English constitution does not exist at all ... it is only a link between history and tradition” .

The term "constitutional law" in England means all laws that in one way or another affect the limitation or management of the power of the sovereign monarch of a given country. Although there is no single text of the English constitution, it can be found in the Acts of Parliament, judgments, in traditions and customs, as well as in treaties and conventions, and the operation of the constitution itself can be studied only by closely observing politics. The English constitution is the result of gradual formation, it is still developing, and will continue to develop through the emergence of new circumstances, traditions, political situation, the adoption of new laws and the passage of new parliamentary legislative acts.

It is curious that the text of the constitution not only does not exist, but also there is no complete and accurate list of documents that would relate to it. However, it can be divided into four components, namely:

1. Common law ( Sottop Law) are historical documents.

2. Statutes (that is, laws - Statutes) are Acts of Parliament.

3. Constitutional agreements ( conventions, to which the following sources of law correspond: statutes, judicial precedents, constitutional agreements proper) - include amendments to laws, changes in statutes due to compelling circumstances.

4. Customary Law and Acts of Parliament ( The Law and Customs of Parliament) - in fact, new laws.

In a "cabinet system" of government, it is the cabinet of ministers that governs, not the monarch. The functions of the head of state, whether it be the king or the president, are by law only nominal, auxiliary. Therefore, the presence or absence of a monarch is not the main distinctive feature constitutions. But, nevertheless, one should not completely deny the role of the sovereign - today the influence of the monarch in modern British politics, albeit insignificantly, is still felt. Main characteristic cabinet government is that the monarch must approve the decisions of the government and the cabinet.

The English monarchy is a very old institution of power, whose roots go back to the 12th century back to 829, the time of King Egbert, and the main features are heredity and traditionalism. In the history of the English monarchy, there were only 11 years (1649 - 1660) when the power of the kings was formally interrupted, but then everything returned to normal. The English monarchy is much older than the English Parliament, which arose in the 13th century. The only similar institution in its antiquity in modern Europe is that of the papacy, which some historians consider a monarchy.

During its long existence, the monarchy has undergone many changes: it has managed to go through a transformation from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, and the concepts of "monarch" and "crown" have ceased to be identical.

But despite the complexity and complexity of the British constitution, there are four "pillars" that create legal basis Monarchy systems: Supremacy Act 1559, Habeas Corpus Act 1679, Bill of Rights 1689 and Act of Succession 1701. Let's take a look at each of them individually as they appear:

The first and one of the most important is Act of Supremacy 1559 , consisting of two Acts of Parliament, 1534 and 1559. According to them, the sovereign received supreme powers and became the head of the Anglican Church, which separated from the Catholic during the Reformation. The break with the Vatican was due to the unwillingness of Pope Clement VII to allow the divorce of King Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon, who never gave him a son. The wayward and irreconcilable Henry, not accustomed to being refused, accused the English clergy of disobedience to the king, who then enjoyed absolute power, and forced him to recognize himself as the head of the Church of England. In 1532, a man with a clear sympathy for Protestantism, Thomas Cranmer, was chosen as Archbishop of Canterbury. He annulled the marriage of Henry and Catherine, which allowed the king to enter into another marriage. And two years later (1534), the Act of Supremacy was adopted, according to which Henry was proclaimed the supreme head of the English (Anglican) Church: “For the promotion of the Christian religion in the kingdom of England, for the suppression and destruction of all the abuses that have hitherto existed in it, let it be established by the power of this parliament that the king, our sovereign, his heirs and successors, the kings of this kingdom, should be accepted, recognize, honor the only supreme head of the Church of England in the world ... and must own the imperial crown of this kingdom and all titles, honors, dignity, privileges, jurisdiction and income inherent in and belonging to the dignity of the supreme head of the church ". Many Catholic monasteries were closed and their lands confiscated in favor of the new nobility supporting church reform, while opponents were burned at the stake. After the death of Henry, Edward VI ascended the throne. Under him, the schism deepened and took on a permanent form, and the Bible was translated into English and became available not only to clergy, but also to ordinary mortals. In 1553, "42 articles" were written, which later became the main document of the new church. However, in the same year, after the untimely death of the king, his Catholic daughter Mary I Tudor ascended the throne, under which a new religious war flared up, lasting 5 long and bloody years. The troubles ended only when Mary was replaced by her sister Elizabeth I Tudor in 1558. She contributed to the appeasement of religious conflict, returning the church to the Protestant channel set by her father Henry VIII, and the time of her reign went down in history under the name "Golden Age". In 1559, Queen Elizabeth I changed her title of head of the Anglican Church, retaining the status of supreme ruler, but the decision of dogmatic issues was henceforth the prerogative of the church clergy. The 42 Articles were revised, and three of them were completely excluded. The remaining "39 articles" of the Anglican creed in 1571 formed the basis of British religious law, and exist unchanged to this day, and the monarch is still the head of the Anglican Church.

Habeas Corpus Act. 1679 dealt with jurisprudence and determined the procedure for detaining persons who had committed violations of the law and conducting a trial against them. The full name of the law is "Act for the Better Securing of the Liberty of the Subject and for the Prevention of Imprisonment Beyond the Seas." The role of the monarch in this law is not directly affected, but it directly concerns him, since the British monarch is the supreme judge. Changes were made several times: in 1689, 1766, 1803, 1804, 1816 and 1862.

Bill of Rights 1689 - it is believed that this is the first law establishing human rights in Britain, but in fact it limited absolute power monarch in favor of Parliament. The full title is "The Act Declaring the Rights and Freedoms of the Subject and Establishing the Succession to the Crown". The Bill was adopted as a result of the "Glorious Revolution of 1688", which arose, like most conflicts in Britain, on religious grounds. In 1685, after the death of Charles II, who left no heirs, his younger brother James II Stuart ascended the throne. The new king, openly identifying himself with the Roman Catholic Church, began to pursue a policy that caused opposition from the Protestant society. In 1687, James issued a "Declaration of Religious Toleration", which proved to be favorable to Catholics and threatened the restoration of the Catholic Church in Britain and the redistribution of property in favor of Catholics. In 1688, a united opposition made up of Parliament, clergy, burgesses and landlords secretly sent a letter to William III of Orange asking him to lead a coup and become the new King of England and Scotland. The choice was justified - he was the husband of the eldest daughter of James II, Mary II Stuart. 15th of November 1688 In the year William's army landed on the British Isles without hindrance, James II fled to France, from where he tried to resist, but this was not crowned with success. Parliament invited William to become Prince Consort under the reigning Queen Mary II, since he was also the ruler of the Netherlands, but Wilhelm refused to make concessions, so it was decided to limit his rights by adopting a "Bill of Rights" in 1689 year. By this Act, henceforth, the monarch could not suspend the operation of laws and their implementation, levy taxes in favor of the crown and form an army in Peaceful time. Soon the wife of William III died, and he became the sole ruler of England, Scotland, Ireland and the Netherlands. The king opposed the Catholics, supporters of Jacob - the Jacobites, first in Scotland, then in Ireland, so Irish Protestants still consider William of Orange a national hero. Thus, another important Act appeared, which became the basis of the modern constitutional system of Britain. In 2013, significant amendments were made to the law, in view of the adoption of the Crown Succession Act 2013, related to the prohibition of the marriage of the monarch and members of the royal family with Catholics (see Appendix 4).

And last, Act of Succession 1701 , also known as the Act of Dispensation. The law was passed by Parliament in 1701 and also dates back to the reign of William III of Orange. After the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, James II, as well as his son (born in the same 1688, James Francis Edward Stuart), were deprived of the right to claim the English crown. Thus, in the event that William and Mary did not have children, Mary's younger sister, Anna Stewart, was to become the heiress. And so it happened - Mary had no children, but Anna also turned out to be childless. Appeared real threat the coming political crisis if the order of succession is not determined. The Protestant line of the Stuarts ended on Anna, and there were only two ways out: either the crown passes to the Catholic Stuarts, or to another dynasty, but to the Protestants. Thus, in 1701, the Act of Succession to the Throne was passed. The full name is "Act on the Further Limitation of the Power of the Monarch and the Best Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens." It was about the fact that the throne could be inherited only by those persons who belonged to the Anglican Church, which left no opportunity for Catholics, as well as those who were married to Catholics and their descendants, to claim the English crown: "Those persons who hereafter succeed to the crown shall be united with the Church of England, in the manner prescribed by law". Thus, the granddaughter of James I, Sophia of Hanover, and then her eldest son, Elector George I of Hanover, became the heir to the throne after Anna. The law was amended three times: in 1887 and 1945 regarding the role of Queen Victoria, and then King George VI in the Council. But the most significant change occurred in 2013 in connection with the adoption of a new law on succession to the throne - the Act of Succession to the Crown (or Birthright Act). Then the Act of Succession of 1701 was amended to allow the marriage of royal persons with persons of the Catholic faith, which, in fact, almost completely leveled the existence of the Act of 1701 and is a revolutionary event in the framework of British law and the British constitutional system. Thus, the 2013 Act effectively replaced the 1701 Act. The new Act and its consequences will be considered in more detail in the second chapter of the book.

After analyzing the acts in detail, we can conclude that all these four documents are the basis for the rest of the ever issued laws, since they determine the most important state institutions: the church, the monarchy, and the judiciary.

There were other documents adopted long before the beginning of the 20th century: the Magna Carta of 1215, the Petition of Rights of 1628, the Great Remonstration of 1641, the Breda Declaration of 1660, the Ordinance of the House of Commons on the form of government of the English kingdom of 1660, the Triennial Act of 1694, Seven Years Act 1716, Royal Marriages Act 1772. In the 20th century, acts were adopted that also influenced the appearance of the monarchy. These include: Act of Parliament 1911, Anglo-Irish Agreement 1921, Statute of Westminster (1931), Regency Act 1953, Ministers of the Crown Act 1975, Royal Grant Act 2011 (came into force in 2012 published in 2013, see Annex 5).

One of the most famous experts on constitutional monarchy was Walter Baget. In his book The English Constitution, first published in 1867, he analyzed the role of the monarchy. Describing how the monarch symbolizes the unity of the nation, Baget points out that the nation is divided into parties, while the crown does not belong to any of them. The author noted the importance not only of the person of the monarch himself, but also of each individual member of the royal family. As Budget emphasizes, "the family on the throne" is very interesting factor, which reduces the pride and inaccessibility of the monarch to the level of ordinary life.

In terms of political power, greatest influence the monarch has on the cabinet. According to Baget, the sovereign has three rights within a constitutional monarchy, namely: the right to consultation, the right to encourage and warn. Modern British researcher Morris R.M., drawing on the writings of Badget and referring to other colleagues, developed this idea, arguing that the sovereign has the following basic rights: the right to consultation, to be informed, to advise, encourage, warn, which is more in line with the state of the modern British monarchy. In addition, as Badget points out, during his reign, the monarch, like no other in the country, accumulates a large amount of invaluable experience and knowledge, which undoubtedly allows him to more objectively assess what is happening in the country. Ministers change, but the monarch remains. And in the case of the reigns of Queen Victoria and Elizabeth II, this statement becomes especially true, since it is these monarchs, who have been on the throne longer than anyone else, who are considered the standard of authority and experience.

AT modern UK, although constitutionally it is monarchical, by law the core of politics is in the hands of political parties, the House of Commons and the Cabinet. It is this paradox that is called "constitutional monarchy". And judging only by the documents, it turns out that the crown is only a “decorative top”, without taking into account the role of the monarch himself and his personal contribution to the development of the state. But, as mentioned earlier, the crown is not a monarch. The crown is a formal institution, while the monarch, in our opinion, is a sovereign, on whose personality it can sometimes depend more than on parliamentary acts and government actions.

There is an opinion that modern Britain is a republic ruled by a monarch, and this idea even has a number of followers, the ancestor of which, oddly enough, is Walter Baget himself. The modern British researcher Morris R. M. adheres to this dogma, considering Britain the embodiment of all the mechanisms of the republic, but which looks like a monarchy; as another example, he gives France, which functions like a monarchy but looks like a republic.

Thus, the English monarchy, judging by the legislative acts, statutes and other legal documents, does not seem to exist at all. Constitutionally, the monarch is but the head of all the ceremonial processes of parliamentary democracy; he has some privileges and attributes, but he does not have and does not control that huge power, which, formally, is created on his behalf. This phenomenon is called the mythical concept of "crown", which is also synonymous with the concepts of "the will of the people" or "nation". But, again, this statement is true only within the framework of the legal system and the constitution. In fact, the monarch has much more power than is commonly believed, since he has the ability to directly influence people's emotions. And the state, as you know, is precisely the people.

The process of transformation of the concepts of "king" and "crown" took place over many centuries of the development of the English constitution. There was a time when the English king had unlimited power - the period of absolute monarchy (the reign of the Tudor dynasty - the 16th century). But the civil war took with it most of the royal prerogatives, and the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688-1689 limited the field of royal activity and influence even more. Previously, the royal person was the focal point and active factor in the constitution: she ruled and ruled; the government directly depended on the character and mood of the monarch. But after the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1689, everything changed dramatically: the center of active political activity moved from the crown to parliament, that is, the king still reigned, but no longer ruled.

Theoretically, the “crown” has broad and important powers that were previously concentrated in the hands of one person, and are now distributed among cabinets of ministers and other structures that are controlled by them. But even with this in mind, one should not underestimate the role of the monarch, who has quite broad and very important powers even within the framework of the constitution. They can be divided into two categories: power based on law and parliamentary decisions; power based on tradition and prerogative.

Consider some of the functions and duties of the monarch for clarity.

Defender of the Faith - the title of the English kings, received by Henry VIII in 1521 from Pope Leo X for the book "In Defense of the Seven Sacraments" published in 1521. The title was withdrawn by Pope Paul III after Henry VIII broke off relations with the Vatican, proclaiming himself head of the Anglican Church, and was excommunicated from catholic church, in 1544 the English Parliament conferred the title "Defender of the Faith" on King Edward VI and his heirs, who from that moment became the defenders of the Anglican Faith against Catholicism.

For the promotion of the Christian religion in the kingdom of England, for the suppression and destruction of all the abuses that have hitherto existed in it, let it be established by the power of this parliament that the king, our sovereign, his heirs and successors, the kings of this kingdom, should be accepted, recognized , is honored as the only Supreme Head of the Church of England in the world... and must hold the Imperial Crown of this realm and all the titles, honours, dignities, privileges... and revenues proper and belonging to the dignity of the Supreme Head of the Church. Our sovereign and his heirs and successors, the kings of this realm, must have full right and power to periodically inspect ... maintain order, suppress, correct, reform, restrain ... all those errors, heresies, abuses, transgressions and disorders that every kind of spiritual authority... must legally reform... for the sake of the almighty God, for the success of the Christian religion, for the preservation of peace, unity, for the tranquility of the kingdom. The use of any customs of another country, foreign law, foreign authority, regulations, and the like, is contrary to the foregoing...

As a result of completing the assignment, students should have something like the following entry in their notebooks:

Differences between the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church

When summing up the results of the completed task, it should be noted that the break in relations with Rome was an important step in the development of English nation state and in strengthening royal power. The monarchy in the struggle for power defeated the church, in addition, the royal treasury received its wealth.

The study of the second paragraph of the plan takes place within the textbook. It is important that students be able to appreciate the politics of Mary the Bloody as an attempt at the Counter-Reformation.

Before considering subsequent events in the history of England in the second half of the 16th century. students are given problematic tasks indicated in the technological map.

The story is conducted according to the textbook and supplemented by an appeal to documents. Speaking about Elizabeth I as a defender of the Anglican Church and Protestantism, it should be emphasized that the queen was far from religious fanaticism. This is evidenced by the following fact: Elizabeth I Tudor, like her father, Henry VIII, declared herself the head of the Anglican Church, and Protestantism - the official religion of the kingdom. Many close associates pushed her to further reform the Anglican Church and the destruction of "papist vestiges." But Elizabeth did not introduce any innovations and declared: “I would rather defend the Catholic Mass a thousand times than allow a thousand crimes to be committed in the name of its abolition.”

For a more complete picture of the reign of Elizabeth Tudor and her personal qualities, students for research may be offered cards with an extract from the Queen's speech in Tilbury.

In 1588, when the Spaniards gathered a huge fleet of 130 ships to invade England, the entire people of England rose to the defense of the country. Armed and old and young. Fortifications were built on the outskirts of the capital. Queen Elizabeth I went to one of them - Fort Tilbury, to inspire the English soldiers. She appeared before them on horseback, in armor, with a marshal's baton in her hands and delivered a speech.

From Queen Elizabeth's speech at Tilbury,
addressed to English soldiers (1588)

My good people, those who care about our safety, have urged us to be careful when we face a lot of armed people. But I assure you that I would not want to live without trusting my faithful and loving people. Let the tyrants fear. I have always lived in such a way that, after the Lord, I considered the faithful hearts and good disposition of my subjects to be my main support and protection. And therefore, as you see, I am now among you, not for entertainment or fun, but determined in the midst and in the heat of battle to remain, live or die among you, fall in the dust in the name of my Lord, my kingdom, my people, my honor and my blood. I know that I am endowed with the body of a weak and fragile woman, but I have the heart and soul of the king, and the king of England ... I myself will take up arms, I myself will become your general, your judge and reward everyone according to their merit on the battlefield.

At the end of the lesson, students answer problematic tasks. In a notebook, you can write down a list of those activities of Elizabeth I that brought success to her almost half a century of rule.

Homework is given on the issues of the methodological apparatus of the textbook and problematic tasks in the technological map.

LESSON 15

Topic of the lesson, lesson plan, possible personally significant problem	Religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy in France: 1. "One king, but two faiths." 2. The beginning of cruel religious wars. 3. Bartholomew's night. The French are victims of religious fanaticism. 4. The War of the Three Heinrichs. 5. Henry IV - "the king who saved France." 6. Cardinal Richelieu. Strengthening of France by the middle of the XVII century. Possible personal problem: religious fanaticism leads to bloody civil wars, to the destruction of hundreds of thousands of lives
Planned results of the study of the material	Students get acquainted with the features of the Reformation and the religious wars in France; realize that religious wars are a disaster for the inhabitants of the country, that by the middle of the XVII century. France becomes the strongest state in continental Europe
Teaching methods and forms of organization learning activities	Problematic or partially search method. Variants of problem tasks: 1. In your opinion, does the slogan of Catholics: “One king, one law and one faith” correspond to the recognition of innate human rights? 2. In the history of France, the figure of King Henry IV of Bourbon became the embodiment of national unity and state independence. As the lesson progresses, pick up facts that could support the point of view of French historians. 3. Catholic fanatics called Henry IV "Satan", "tyrant"; the Huguenots were grateful to him for granting them religious and secular self-government; people made legends about him, called him "our good king"; historians call him the first king of modern times. What causes these characteristics? Do they exclude each other? What was Henry IV really like? Lesson form: combined lesson with elements of laboratory work. Teacher activities: explanation, story, heuristic conversation, organization of students' work with the document and the text of the paragraph, learning to solve educational problems. The lesson uses intra-course links (§ 3, 11, 12, 13)
Development of student skills	Students learn to do comparative analysis, work with a document (Edict of Nantes, Richelieu's "Political Testament"), with illustrations, solve problems, participate in discussions, draw conclusions, evaluate phenomena from the standpoint of different segments of the French population of the 16th century. (assessment of the Bartholomew night, the reign of Henry IV, the state activity of Richelieu), to make a description of a historical figure (Henry IV, Richelieu)
Basic concepts and terms	Edict, Huguenot, Leader, Mass, Guarantor
Sources of information: school and extracurricular	Textbook, § 14. Tasks from workbook chosen by teachers and students. Map "Reformation in Europe in the 16th century." The educational space is expanding by reading popular science and fiction: Encyclopedia for children: The World History. - M.: Avanta +, 1995. - T. 1. - S. 385-395. A. Dumas. Two Dianas; Queen Margo; Countess de Monsoreau; Forty five. P. Merimee. Chronicle of the times of Charles IX. G. Mann. Young years of King Henry; The Mature Years of King Henry IV. reproductions portraits of Henry IV. Philippe de Champagne. Triple portrait of Cardinal Richelieu. TV movie "The Countess de Monsoro"

Lesson on world history for grade 7. According to the 2004 standard. With the use of TRIZ technology and elements of the Federal State Educational Standard,

UMK World history 1500-1800. Yudovskaya A.Ya....2012

The kit includes: lesson development, presentation, handout (fishbone, introspection sheet, the text of the Act of Supremacy.

"Act of Supremacy"

"Act of Supremacy" 1534

What is its key difference?

"Act of Supremacy" 1534

... let it be by the power of this parliament that the king, our sovereign, his heirs and successors, the kings of this kingdom, be accepted, recognized, honored by the only supreme head of the Church of England in the world. … and revenues inherent in and belonging to the dignity of the Supreme Head of the Church. The use of any customs of another country, foreign law, foreign authority, prescriptions, and the like, contradicts the above ... So the use of faith by other peoples is impossible.

What do Anglican and Lutheran churches have in common?

What is its key difference?

"Act of Supremacy" 1534

What do Anglican and Lutheran churches have in common?

What is its key difference?

"Act of Supremacy" 1534

What do Anglican and Lutheran churches have in common?

What is its key difference?

Reflection

The topic of the lesson was ______________________________________________________________________

I learned something new today _______________________________________________________________