The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations. As of 2009, 182 states are members of the ILO. Since 1920, the headquarters of the Organization, the International Labor Office, has been located in Geneva. The office of the Subregional Office for the countries is located in Moscow of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Three areas of ILO activity are currently priorities:

promoting democracy and tripartite interaction (tripartism),

the fight against poverty and

protection of workers.

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the welfare and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.

Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are:

· development of a coordinated policy and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems;

· development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation;

· assistance to participating countries in solving the problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration;

· protection of human rights (rights to work, association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.);

· the fight against poverty, for the improvement of the living standards of workers, the development of social security;

assistance vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed;

· development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and working environment, safety and health, protection and restoration of the environment;

· assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments on the regulation of social and labor relations;

· Development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, the elderly, migrant workers).

In its work, the ILO uses various methods. Of these, four main ones can be distinguished: 1. development of social partnership between governments, organizations of workers and entrepreneurs (tripartism) 2. development and adoption of international labor standards: conventions and recommendations and control over their use (standard-setting activities) 3. assistance to countries in addressing social - labor problems. In the ILO this is called technical cooperation 4. research and publication on social and labor issues. Tripartism is the main method of work of the ILO, its distinguishing feature from all international organizations. The solution of all social and labor problems can be successful only as a result of coordinated actions of governments, workers and entrepreneurs.

The main modern directions in the activities of the ILO:

1. Protecting human rights and monitoring the implementation of international legal norms.

2. Equality of opportunity and treatment for men and women.

3. Employment promotion and structural adjustment.

4. Improving living and working conditions in the rural and informal sectors.

5. Environmental protection.

The priority areas for the ILO's activities stem from its Constitution and the Philadelphia Declaration. It:

• adoption and implementation of international labor standards;

· support for the development and reform of social infrastructure and social security systems;

· provision of consultations in the development of legislation in the social and labor sphere;

· support for the development of social partnership, primarily independent trade unions and employers' organizations, as well as tripartite institutions that promote social dialogue between the state and social partners;

Improving working and living conditions, protecting workers from accidents and health hazards in the workplace;

· advising on the implementation of an active policy in the labor market, the development of effective regulation of labor issues;

· training of management personnel and assistance to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Creation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) as part of the Versailles Peace Treaty. The three-dimensional structure of the organization, its main goals and objectives. The main divisions of the International Labor Office (ILO). Bureau for the activities of entrepreneurs and workers.

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• Introduction
• 1.1 Reasons for its creation
• 2.3 Administrative Council
• 2.4 International Labor Office
• 3. ILO activities
• 3.1 Maritime shipping
• 4. Main goals and objectives of the ILO
• 4.3 Core ILO conventions
• Conclusion
• Applications

Introduction

The ILO is one of the most successful multilateral organizations in fulfilling its mandate Eight decades of its history suggest that the key to this success is the desire to innovate in response to ongoing changes. Born in the days of fleeting: hope, she survived the years of the "great depression" and the world war. The ILO was created in 1919 as a vision of the industrialized countries to solve their common problems, but its rapid development and creative approaches attracted to it in the two decades after the Second World War a lot of new members.

During the period " cold war The Organization has maintained its universal character while uncompromisingly upholding its core values.

The end of the cold war and the accelerated globalization of the world economy have once again forced the ILO to rethink its mission, programs and working methods.

Born out of the chaos of a world war and hardened by the ordeals of almost a century, the International Labor Organization is built on the constitutional principle that universal and lasting peace can only be established on the basis of social justice.

The ILO has been at the forefront of such advances in industrial society as the 8-hour day, employment policy, maternity protection, child labor laws and other standards promoting labor protection and peaceful labor relations. No country or industry would be able to implement them without simultaneous action in this direction by others.

In this work, I will try to give not only a general idea of ​​the organization, but also tried to highlight its pressing problems and tasks today, which have acquired a qualitatively different character for last years, due to the transformation of the entire world economy, which naturally affected, not in the best way, the working people of many countries. The ILO, in my opinion, is one of those organizations that work for the benefit of all mankind in the name of achieving social justice, which makes our world even more civilized and cultured.

1. Creation of the ILO as an integral part of the Versailles Peace Treaty

1.1 Reasons for its creation

Universal in nature, the ILO was born out of the social soil of 19th century Europe and North America. These two regions were undergoing an industrial revolution and rapid economic growth was often achieved at the cost of the greatest human suffering. The idea of ​​an international labor law arose in the early 19th century as a result of moral and economic reflections on the human costs of the industrial revolution. This idea was supported by many prominent industrialists, including Robert Owen and Daniel Legrand, as well as a number of politicians and economists.

The forerunners of the ILO put forward three arguments in favor of the adoption of international labor standards. The first of them, the humanitarian plan, pointed to the need to alleviate the heavy share of the working masses. This initiative did not come from them, however, but from the industrial middle class.

An organized labor movement emerged only later, when various obstacles to the exercise of the right to freedom of association were removed in a number of countries. The second argument, more of a political nature, emphasized the importance of strengthening social peace in industrialized countries in order to prevent social upheavals. The politically astute founding fathers of the ILO supported reformist aspirations among the working people in order to turn them away from communist propaganda, which was increasingly spreading in Europe after the October Revolution of 1917, in Russia.

The third argument was of an economic nature; it was pointed out that international labor regulation would help countries with protective labor laws to avoid the losses that such social policies entail for their foreign trade. In other words, such regulation would equalize the international competitiveness of all states.

These arguments are given in the Preamble to the Constitution of the ILO adopted in 1919, which opens with the words that general and lasting peace can be established only on the basis of social justice; then they were refined in the Declaration of Philadelphia in 1944. And sounding most appropriately today, in the era of globalization, they remain the ideological foundation of the ILO. The proposals of the ILO's historical predecessors were often simply ignored by governments. However, in recent decades XIX century they were picked up by various public associations, especially active in France, Germany and Switzerland. Under the influence of these organizations, the idea of ​​introducing such international legislation spread in political, religious, scientific and economic circles, as well as for the first time in the world of work. The most significant result of this intellectual movement was the creation in 1901 in Basel of the International Association for the Legal Defense of Workers. At the national level, another forerunner of protective labor legislation was the social laws of the German government during the last two decades of the 19th century. In 1905-1906.

Switzerland convened diplomatic conferences in Bern, which culminated in the adoption of the first two international labor conventions, one to regulate women's night work and the other to end the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches. During the First World War several international meetings were held by trade unions. Their participants demanded the introduction of a number of social provisions in the future peace treaty, as well as the creation international body dealing with working conditions. There was also a demand for compensation for the sacrifices made by the working masses during the war.

The act establishing the ILO was drafted by the International Labor Law Commission established by the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. It entered as Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles. France and Great Britain played the leading role in this. Authors English text, which the Commission adopted as a basis, were the future leaders of the International Labor Office, Harold Butler and Edward Fielan. From the moment of its birth, the Organization acquired features that markedly distinguished it from other institutions of the League of Nations, the predecessor of the United Nations between the two world wars.

While the formation and work of the League took place with significant difficulties, the ILO quickly became an effective organization: the secretariat, headed by such an outstanding personality as Albert Thomas, conducted an active dialogue with the ministers of labor, worked with high efficiency international Conference labor, which adopted in the first two years - 1919-1920 - nine Conventions and ten Recommendations.

1.2 The Golden Age of Rulemaking

Created to develop international labor standards and monitor their application, the ILO in the first 40 years of its existence directed the bulk of its efforts to this main task. During a 20-year period - from 1919 to 1939 - 67 Conventions and 66 Recommendations were adopted.

Initially, the norms affected mainly working conditions: the first convention of 1919 regulated working time, setting the length of the working day to the known eight hours, and the week to 48 hours. Conditions of employment have become the subject of a number of regulations.

In 1926, an important innovation was adopted - the International Labor Conference created a mechanism for monitoring the application of standards, which still exists today. A Committee of Experts was formed, consisting of independent lawyers.

It analyzes the reports of governments on the observance of the Conventions they have ratified and submits its own report each year to the Conference. Its mandate was then expanded so that the Committee now considers reports on compliance with non-ratified Conventions. Albert Thomas, who for 13 years held the Organization in a strong position in the world, died in 1932. His successor, Harold Butler, faced the problem of mass unemployment generated by the "Great Depression". All these years, workers' and employers' representatives at the Conference have confronted each other on the issue of reducing working hours without any visible results. In 1934, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the United States, which was not a member of the League of Nations, became a member of the ILO.

In May 1940, the new director, John Wynant, in view of Switzerland's position at the heart of war-torn Europe, moved the headquarters of the Organization from Geneva to Montreal (Canada). In 1944, the delegates to the International Labor Conference adopted the Declaration of Philadelphia. It was included as an annex to the Charter and is still the charter of the goals and objectives of the ILO. The Declaration opens with a reaffirmation of the fundamental principles of the ILO; it states, inter alia, that "labor is not a commodity", that "freedom of speech and freedom of association are a necessary condition for continued progress" and that "poverty anywhere is a threat to the general welfare".

The Declaration anticipated the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

1.3 From technical cooperation to active partnership

After World War II, a new era began for the ILO. The election in 1948 of the American David Morse as Director-General of the Office coincided with the resumption of the Organization's standard-setting activities and the start of its technical cooperation programme.

Conventions adopted after the Second World War dealt with important issue human rights (freedom of association, elimination of forced labor and discrimination, as well as a number of technical problems in the world of work). In 1948, the main convention (No. 87) on freedom of association was approved. It has had and continues to have a significant impact on the world of work and contributed to the development of a special procedure in this area.

During the 22-year tenure of David Morse as Director, ILO membership doubled, the Organization became universal, industrialized countries were outnumbered by developing countries, the budget increased fivefold, and the number of ILO staff four times.

In 1969, Wilfred Jencks became General Director, having devoted his entire working life to the Organization. He was one of the authors of the Declaration of Philadelphia and the main creator of the special procedure for investigating complaints of violations of freedom of association. At the same time, the ILO, on the occasion of its 50th anniversary, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. At the ceremony of presenting the prestigious award, the chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee stated that "the ILO, one of the few creations of mankind in which it can be proud, has had a noticeable impact on the legislation of all countries."

Director-General Francis Blanchard, who held this position from 1974 to 1989, was able to deflect the serious blow from the Organization, which was threatened by the crisis caused by the decision of the United States to suspend its membership (from 1977 to 1980) The ILO actively contributed to the liberation of Poland from communist dictatorship through the activities of the commission to investigate the measures taken against the trade union "Solidarity"" in violation of the Convention No. 87 on freedom of association, ratified by Poland in 1957.

F. Blanchard was followed by the Belgian Michel Hansenn. first CEO since the end of the Cold War. He has embarked on a greater decentralization of the activities and resources of the Geneva headquarters as part of a policy of active partnership. The Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights in the Pipeline, adopted by the International Labor Conference in June 1998, marked a universal recognition of the obligation, arising from the very fact of membership in the Organization, to respect and actively realize the fundamental rights that are the subject of a number of ILO Conventions, even if they are not have been ratified by them. These are freedom of association, real recognition of the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor, child labor, discrimination in the field of labor and occupation. In turn, the Declaration contains recognition of the ILO's obligation to help its members achieve these goals.

In March 1999, the new Director-General of the ILO, Juan Somavia (Chile), the first person from the southern hemisphere to lead the Organization, joined the international consensus to promote open societies and open economies to the extent that it "would bring real benefits to ordinary people and their families." " X. Somavia intends "to modernize the tripartite structure of the Organization and help to use it in such a way that the values ​​of the ILO play a leading role in the new global reality.

2. Tripartite structure of the ILO

2.1 Employers, workers and governments at work

The ILO has always been a unique forum where the governments and social partners of its 175 member countries can freely and openly discuss their national policies and practices. The ILO's tripartite structure makes it the only international organization in which employers' and workers' associations have an equal voice with governments in shaping its policies and programmes.

The ILO also encourages tripartism within member states by facilitating social dialogue between trade unions and employers who are involved in formulating and implementing, when necessary, policies in the socio-economic field, as well as in a number of other areas. Each member country has the right to send four delegates to the International Labor Conference, two from the government and one each from workers and employers, who may speak and vote independently of each other.

2.2 International Labor Conference

The ICB is held in June every year in Geneva. Delegates are accompanied by technical advisers. Along with government delegates, Cabinet ministers responsible for the world of work in their countries usually participate and speak at the Conference. Employers' and workers' representatives may speak and vote independently of and even against government delegates, as well as against each other.

The conference is a worldwide forum for discussing common labor and social issues and international labor standards; it determines the general policy of the Organization. Every two years, the Conference adopts a two-year program of work and budget for the ILO, which is made up of contributions from member states.

Between conferences, the work of the ILO is governed by a Governing Body composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives and 14 employers' representatives. This executive board meets three times a year in Geneva. It decides on the policy of the Organization, determines its program and budget, which are then submitted to the Conference for approval. The Board also elects the Director General of the Office.

Ten government seats in it are permanently assigned to the most industrialized countries (Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, UK, USA). The representatives of the other participating countries are elected to the Governing Body by the government delegates to the Conference for a term of three years, taking into account geographical distribution. Employers and workers themselves and individually elect their members.

2.4 International Labor Office

The International Labor Office in Geneva is the permanent secretariat of the International Labor Organization, its headquarters, research center and publishing house. Administrative and managerial functions are decentralized and carried out by regional and local branches and bureaus. The Secretariat is led by the Director General of the Office, who is elected for a five-year term with the possibility of re-election. About 2,500 professionals and employees work at the headquarters in Geneva and more than 40 offices around the world.

Regional conferences of ILO member states are also regularly held to deal with issues of particular interest to them.

The Governing Body and the Bureau are assisted in their activities by tripartite committees covering the main branches of industry and committees of experts on such issues as vocational training, management improvement, occupational health and safety, labor relations, workers' education and special problems of certain categories of workers - youth, women, disabled people, etc.

From the outset, the ILO has devoted Special attention merchant fleet, whose activities, by virtue of its very nature and scope, are international in nature. Thanks to the work of the special (maritime) sessions of the International Labor Conference and the Joint Maritime Commission, a number of Conventions and Recommendations on the problems of seafarers and fishermen have been developed.

2.5 Main divisions of the Office. Business Bureau

Successful enterprises form the basis of any strategy to increase employment and improve living standards. Much of the day-to-day relationship between employers and workers in enterprises large and small has its origins in international events, debates and decisions. Legislation on labor protection, working hours or termination of employment is often introduced by individual countries following the approval of international acts in this area. The need of enterprises for obtaining the latest information and consultations in this area is especially great today.

Employers' organizations at the national and international levels provide such information to enterprises in the most efficient and cost-effective way, facilitating their activities in the social environment and in the field of human resources. Their informational and representational potential can help enterprise management understand and influence what is happening in the business environment, take advantage of the opportunities for growth in trade, investment and gain competitive advantages that open up due to the expanding globalization of the world economy.

The ILO Business Bureau works with their organizations to help them carry out these functions effectively. It runs a program to promote employers' associations in developing countries, those in transition to a market economy, as well as in countries emerging from various kinds of conflicts. It provides assistance to these organizations to provide services needed by enterprises. Thus confirming their usefulness, they attract new members, which in turn enhances the effectiveness and scope of these associations in order to create a business environment conducive to the growth of enterprises.

2.6 Bureau of Workers' Activities

The implications of the far-reaching changes in a globalizing world are particularly affecting employment, working conditions, wages and the very organizational structure of trade unions. Since the founding of the ILO in 1919, the trade union movement has seen the ILO as a base for its activities and an important center for establishing contacts at the international level.

international labor office

The Bureau of Workers' Activities is a specialized division of the Office. Its task is to maintain close ties with trade unions in various countries ah, put the resources of the ILO at their disposal, help the Organization to be responsive to their concerns, priorities, interests and opinions and act accordingly.

To this end, the Bureau coordinates all ILO activities relating to workers' organizations. Its main goals are:

to promote the development and strengthening of representative, independent and democratic trade union organizations;

enhance their ability to participate in negotiations on political, economic and social issues and in decision-making in these areas;

to help trade unions to actively participate in the work of the ILO.

Other services provided by the Bureau to trade union organizations include publications, technical assistance, research and training. ILO workers' activities and trade union education specialists provide assistance around the world.

2.7 Department of Government Activities, Legislation and Labor Administration

Effective labor regulation in response to socio-economic changes brings important contribution in improving working conditions and, at the same time, in national development.

The ILO helps countries develop and improve their policies and legislation in the field of labor, regulation in this area, strengthen labor inspection and employment services.

The Department of Government Affairs, Law and Labor Administration, together with the Bureau of Employment Activities and the Bureau of Workers' Activities, offers a unique set of services to develop the capacity of ministries of labor and other relevant government agencies to initiate and maintain social dialogue. This includes both the traditional functions of supporting governments, improving legislation and labor administration, and comprehensive assistance to ministries of labor and relevant government agencies in the development of economic and social policies in general. Particular attention is paid to the problems of structural restructuring of the economy and reform of the public sector,

The Department is coordinating a consolidated intersectoral program to strengthen general management and structures of labor authorities, including labor inspectorates and employment services. Attention is also paid to the process of reforming labor legislation as a major factor in promoting tripartism and social dialogue.

3. ILO activities

Wherever a person works - at a construction site or in a bank, at a school or in a factory, in a mine or on a farm, he works in a certain sector of the economy, which has its own technical, economic and social differences.

Many issues in the world of work are clearly sectoral in nature, and general issues such as the effects of globalization, flexible working hours, etc. can take various forms depending on the industry context.

The ILO's sectoral work aims to improve the ability of various sectors to deal effectively and equitably with problems in the world of work. The ILO regularly holds international industry meetings that develop recommendations that serve as a guide for industrial policy development and practical action by ILO member states. A host of international labor standards have also been adopted relating to certain industries, especially the merchant marine.

Constant attention is paid to 22 industrial sectors, maritime navigation, the service sector - public and private.

3.1 Maritime shipping

The working and living conditions of seafarers are greatly influenced by the practice of secondary contracting, work on ships registered abroad, frequent changes in the owner and place of registration of the ship. In ports, cargo handling automation and restructuring have reduced work force.

The overall objective of the ILO's activities in this industry is to promote social and economic progress in maritime and river transport, in fisheries and ports, primarily in relation to working conditions and the life of workers.

An important milestone in recent years was the 84th (maritime) session of the International Labor Conference in 1996. It adopted seven new international labor standards relating to labor inspection, recruitment and working hours for seafarers.

Based on a report prepared by the Office, the Joint Maritime Commission establishes a minimum wage for seafarers, which is used as a benchmark for collective bargaining by various categories of workers in the industry around the world.

The Merchant Marine (Minimum Standards) Convention (No. 147), 1976, of 1976, is of particular importance, since almost all regional agreements between the relevant authorities of various countries on inspections of foreign-registered ships are based on its provisions. In the European region, at the end of 1997, the authorities carried out a wide campaign of inspection of all ships entering ports, using documents prepared by the Office in relation to some aspects of Convention No. 147.

3.2 Public service sector

The civil service plays a critical role in society and the economy and has often been referred to in the past as "the main vehicle for solving problems". In 1994, government organizations accounted for about 13% of the industrialized countries' GDP. Today, disputes are about the extent to which the state should and can introduce market-type mechanisms there or carry out privatization in order to increase its efficiency in the interests of society. Several Office meetings in recent years have addressed the issue of human resource development and restructuring in the sector. In January 1997, the Multimedia Convergence Symposium discussed the social and labor implications of the transition to a global information society.

3.3 Industrial activities

In recent years, the ILO has held tripartite meetings on agriculture, chemicals, forestry, metallurgy, oil refining, electronics, engineering, light and Food Industry. They have become a forum for the exchange of views and international experience. Such meetings provide guidance for national policy and help develop agreed international approaches to sectoral issues.

Supporting activities include providing technical advice and specific support to ILO partners, including in national symposiums and computer networks, promoting social dialogue and the application of standards.

4. Main goals and objectives of the ILO

In its activities, the International Labor Organization is guided by four strategic goals: promotion and implementation of fundamental principles and rights at work; creation of greater opportunities for women and men in obtaining quality employment and income; expanding the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all; strengthening tripartism and social dialogue.

If we briefly describe the activities of the organization, we can distinguish the following main areas:

Development of international policies and programs to promote fundamental human rights, improve working and living conditions, expand employment opportunities; creation of international labor standards backed up by a unique system of control over their observance; these standards serve as a guide for national authorities in the implementation of such policies; implementation of an extensive program of international technical cooperation, developed and implemented in active partnership with the participants of the Organization, including assistance to countries in its effective implementation; training and education, research and publishing to support these efforts.

4.1 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

In 1998, the International Labor Conference adopted a solemn Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, reaffirming the determination of the international community to "respect, promote and give effect in good faith" to the right of workers and employers to freedom of association and collective bargaining, to work towards the elimination all forms of forced or compulsory labor, the total elimination of child labor and discrimination in employment and employment. The Declaration emphasizes that all States Parties are bound by these principles whether they have ratified the relevant Conventions or not.

4.2 International labor standards

One of the oldest and most important functions of the ILO is the adoption by the tripartite International Labor Conference (with the participation of representatives of governments, employers and workers) of conventions and recommendations that establish international labor standards. By ratifying the conventions, member states undertake to consistently implement their provisions.

The recommendations serve as guidance in policy, legislation and practice.

The conventions and recommendations adopted since 1919 cover virtually the entire range of labor issues, including some basic human rights (first of all, freedom of association, the right to organize and collective bargaining, the abolition of forced and child labor, the elimination of discrimination in employment), regulation labor issues, labor relations, employment policy, safety and health, working conditions, social security, employment of women and special categories such as migrant workers and seafarers.

Member States must submit all conventions and recommendations adopted by the Conference to the competent national authorities, who decide what action to take on them. The number of convention ratifications continues to increase. In order to ensure their application in law and practice, the ILO has established a control procedure that is the most advanced in comparison with other similar international procedures. It is based on an objective assessment by independent experts of how commitments are being met and on individual case reviews by tripartite bodies of the ILO. There is a special procedure for dealing with complaints of violations of freedom of association.

4.3 Core ILO conventions

No. 29 Forced or Compulsory Labor Convention, 1930.

Demands the prohibition of forced or compulsory labor in all forms. Certain exceptions are allowed, such as military service, properly supervised corrective labor, emergency work such as war, fire, earthquakes.

No. 87 Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize,

1948. Establishes the right of all workers and entrepreneurs to form and join an organization of their choice without obtaining prior permission, and establishes a number of guarantees for the freedom of their activities without interference by public authorities.

No. 98 Convention on the Right to Organize and Collectively Bargain, 1949. Provides protection against anti-union discrimination, protection of workers' and employers' organizations from mutual interference, as well as measures to promote collective bargaining.

No. 100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951. Calls for equal pay for men and women for work of equal value.

No. 105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957.

Prohibits the use of any form of forced or compulsory labor as a means of political repression, education, punishment for the expression of political and ideological views, labor mobilization, labor discipline, strike action, or discrimination.

No. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958. Calls for a national policy to eliminate discrimination in employment, training, working conditions based on race, color, sex, creed, political opinion, national or social origin, to promote equality of opportunity and treatment.

No. 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973. Aims to eliminate child labour; establishes that the minimum age for employment should not be lower than the age of completion of compulsory education.

Conclusion

At present, the ILO faces qualitatively different goals and objectives than those that faced it some 15-20 years ago. This is primarily due to the globalization of the world economy. negative consequences affecting workers in all countries who are forced to work in an environment of increased competition, accelerating technological change, rising social inequalities and shrinking governments.

One of the consequences of globalization is the growing demand for skilled labor at the expense of low-skilled workers. noted in the report, citing a study by the Office. It also revealed "an almost universal reduction in the taxation of high incomes." which means a reduction in the share of national income redistributed in favor of the less well-off strata. Between 1986 and 1998, such tax cuts were recorded in 67 of the 69 countries surveyed. If this trend continues, "governments will soon lose an important mechanism by which to correct rising income inequality."

Globalization has also exposed and exacerbated the weakness of developing countries with their narrow export base, as they have become more dependent on price fluctuations in the world market. They have become much more vulnerable to the ups and downs of financial flows that move spontaneously and freely in the global market. There is a danger of that. that these short-term fluctuations, not fundamentally driven by underlying economic causes, “will determine exchange rates and hence production and employment. Therefore, the ILO now faces four strategic objectives: the promotion and enforcement of fundamental principles and rights at work; creating more opportunities for women and men to obtain quality employment and income, expanding the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all, strengthening tripartism and social dialogue.

In addition to focusing the ILO's technical programs on the achievement of four strategic objectives and the implementation of eight "In focus" priority programs covering areas such as occupational health and safety, promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises, elimination of discrimination and gender inequality, promotion of the ILO Declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work and the elimination of child labour, a radical reform of the ILO supervisory mechanism has also begun.

List of used literature

1. Edition of the ILO bureau in Moscow. "What is the ILO? What does it do." (Moscow 2000)

4. Adamchuk, V.V. Economics and sociology of labor [Text] / V.V. Adamchuk. - M., 1999.

Gusov, K.N. Labor law of Russia [Text] / K.N. Gusov, V.N. Tolkunov. - M., 1997.

6. Kolosova, R.P. Economics of labor and social and labor relations [Text] / R.P. Kolosova, G.G. Melikyan. - M.: MSU, 1996.

7. Kostin, L.A. International Labor Organization [Text] / L.A. Kostin. - M., 2002.

8. Mikheev, V.A. Fundamentals of social partnership: theory and policy [Text]: textbook for universities / V.A. Mikheev; Ros. acad. state service under the President of the Russian Federation. - M.: Exam, 2001. - 447 p.

Applications

Declaration of Philadelphia In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia (USA), the International Labor Conference adopted the Declaration of Philadelphia, which specifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.

The Declaration embodies the following principles:

labor is not a commodity;

freedom of speech and freedom of association are a necessary condition for constant progress;

poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;

all human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue their material well-being and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunity;

Member countries ILO :

Australia Austria Azerbaijan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Bahrain Belarus Belize Belgium Benin Bulgaria Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Hungary Venezuela Viet Nam Gabon Haiti Guyana Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Germany Honduras Grenada Greece Georgia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Egypt Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Israel India Indonesia Jordan Iraq Islamic Republic Iran Ireland Iceland Spain Italy Yemen Cape Verde Kazakhstan Cambodia Cameroon Canada Qatar Kenya Cyprus Kiribati China Colombia Comoros Congo Korea, Republic of Costa Rica Ivory Coast Cuba Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lesotho Liberia Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lithuania Luxembourg Mauritius Mauritania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Morocco Mexico Mozambique Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Myanmar Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Netherlands Nicaragua New Zealand Norway United United Arab Emirates Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Poland Portugal Russian Federation Rwanda Romania El Salvador San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Swaziland Seychelles Senegal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Lucia Singapore Syrian Arab Republic Slovakia Slovenia United Kingdom United States of America Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Suriname Sierra Leone Tajikistan Thailand Tanzania, United Republic of Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda Uzbekistan Ukraine Uruguay Fiji Philippines Finland France Croatia Central African Republic Chad Czech Republic Chile Switzerland Sweden Sri Lanka Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Yugoslavia South African Republic Jamaica Japan

Social history of the ILO

1818 at the congress of the Holy Alliance in Aachen (Germany), the English industrialist Robert Owen proposes to introduce provisions for the protection of workers and create a social commission.

1831-1934 Two uprisings of weavers in silk factories in Lyon are brutally suppressed.

1838-59 French industrialist Daniel Legrand supports R. Owen's proposals.

1864 London founded the 1st International (International Association of Workers).

1866 Congress of the 1st International demands the introduction of international labor legislation.

1883-1991 Germany adopts the first social legislation in Europe.

1886 in Chicago, 350,000 workers go on strike, demanding an 8-hour working day; their performance (the "Haymarket Uprising") is brutally suppressed.

1889 2nd International formed in Paris

1890 Representatives of 14 states at a meeting in Berlin developed recommendations that influenced the labor legislation of several countries.

1900 at a conference in Paris, it was decided to create International Association protection of workers.

1906 at a conference in Bern, two international conventions- on limiting the use of poisonous white phosphorus in the production of matches and on the prohibition of women's night work.

1914 War breaks out in Europe, which prevents the adoption of new conventions.

1919 Birth of the ILO; the first International Labor Conference adopts six conventions, the first of which establishes an 8-hour working day and a 48-hour working week; Albert Thomas becomes the first director of the IMT.

1927 First session of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions.

1930 Convention for the Progressive Elimination of Forced and Compulsory Labor adopted.

1944 The Declaration of Philadelphia reaffirmed the main goals of the Organization,

1946 The ILO becomes the first specialized agency to join the UN system.

1945 David Morse is elected General Director of the ILO; adopted Convention No. 87 on freedom of association; developed an emergency workforce program for Europe, Asia and Latin America.

1950 The United Nations Expanded Program of Technical Assistance gives new impetus to cooperation with developing countries.

1951 Convention No. 100 establishes equal pay for men and women for work of equal value; Administrative Council, acting in conjunction with

Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, establishes a commission and committee to investigate complaints of violations of freedom of association.

1957 Convention No. 105 requires the abolition of forced labor in all its forms.

1960 The ILO establishes the International Institute for Labor Studies.

1966 Inauguration of the International training center ILO in Turin.

1969 ILO receives the Nobel Peace Prize.

1989 Representatives of the Solidarity trade union use the recommendations of the ILO commission in negotiations with the Polish government; Michel Hansenn becomes IMT General Director.

1991 ILO accepts new strategy fight against child labor (ILO/IPEC program).

1992 International Labor Conference approves new active partnership policy; The first consolidated advisory group was established in Budapest.

1998 Conference adopts ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work: freedom of association, abolition of child labour, elimination of forced labor and discrimination.

1999 Juan Somavia (Chile) becomes the first ILO Director-General from the southern hemisphere; The conference adopts a new convention on the prohibition and immediate elimination of the most intolerable forms of child labour.

2002 World Day Against Child Labor established.

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It is customary to classify on various grounds, including the body that adopted them, legal force (mandatory and recommendatory), scope (bilateral, local, universal).

Covenants and conventions of the United Nations are binding on all countries that ratify them. The International Labor Organization adopts two types of acts containing standards of legal regulation of labor: conventions and recommendations. conventions are international agreements and binding on countries that have ratified them. If the convention is ratified, the state accepts necessary measures to its implementation at the national level and regularly reports to the Organization on the effectiveness of such measures. Under the ILO Constitution, the ratification of a convention by a State cannot affect national rules more favorable to workers. For non-ratified conventions, the Governing Body may request information from the state on the state of national legislation and practice in its application, as well as on measures to be taken to improve them. Recommendations do not require ratification. These acts contain provisions clarifying, detailing the provisions of the conventions, or a model for regulating social and labor relations.

At present, the ILO's approach to the creation of conventions has been decided to be somewhat modified in order to ensure greater flexibility in legal regulation. Framework conventions will be adopted containing minimum guarantees for workers' rights, supplemented by appropriate annexes. One of the first such acts was Convention No. 183 "On the revision of the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952". A number of important provisions on maternity protection are contained in the relevant Recommendation. This approach makes it possible to encourage countries with an insufficient level of protection of social and labor rights to ratify this Convention and thereby ensure the minimum guarantees enshrined in it. Some developing countries fear excessive load on employers as a result of the ratification of ILO conventions. For economically more developed countries, these conventions set guidelines for increasing the level of guarantees. A study of the experience of the ILO shows that states do not ratify certain conventions for various reasons, including cases where, at the national level, a higher level of protection of workers' rights is already provided by legislation or practice.

The main directions of international legal regulation of labor

The International Labor Organization is actively norm-setting activity. During its existence, 188 conventions and 200 recommendations were adopted.

Eight ILO conventions are classified as fundamental. They enshrine the basic principles of legal regulation of labor. These are the following conventions.

Convention No. 87 on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize (1948), Convention No. 98 on the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining (1949) establish the right of all workers and employers without prior authorization create and join organizations. Public authorities must not restrict or hinder this right. Measures are envisaged to protect the right to freedom of association, to protect trade unions from discrimination, as well as workers' and employers' organizations against interference in each other's affairs.

Convention No. 29 "Regarding forced or compulsory labor" (1930) contains a requirement to abolish the use of forced or compulsory labor in all its forms. Forced or compulsory labor is any work or service which is required from a person under the threat of punishment and for which this person has not offered his services voluntarily. A list of jobs that are not included in the concept of forced or mandatory labor is defined.

Convention No. 105 "On the Abolition of Forced Labor" (1957) tightens the requirements and establishes the obligations of states not to resort to any form of it as:

• means of political influence or education or as a measure of punishment for the presence or expression of political views or ideological convictions that are contrary to the established political, social or economic system;
• method of mobilization and use of labor for economic development;
• means of maintaining labor discipline;
• means of punishment for participating in strikes;
• measures of discrimination based on racial, social and nationality or religion.

Convention No. 111 "Regarding Discrimination in Employment and Occupation" (1958) recognizes the need for a national policy aimed at eliminating discrimination in employment, training on grounds of race, color, sex, creed, political opinion, national or social origin .

Convention No. 100 "Regarding Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value" (1951) requires states to promote and ensure the implementation of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. This principle may be applied through national legislation, any system of remuneration established or recognized by legislation, collective agreements between employers and workers, or a combination various ways. This also provides for the adoption of measures that contribute to an objective assessment of the work performed on the basis of the labor expended. The Convention deals with the issue of basic wages and other remuneration provided directly or indirectly in money or in kind by the employer to the worker by virtue of the performance by the latter of a certain work. It defines equal pay for work of equal value as remuneration determined without discrimination based on sex.

Convention No. 138 "Minimum Age for Admission to Employment" (1973) was adopted to eliminate child labour. The minimum age for employment should not be lower than the age of completion of compulsory education.

Convention No. 182 “On the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor” (1999) obliges states to immediately take effective measures to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Purposeful activity of the ILO in the last two decades, as well as the adoption of the Declaration of 1944, contributed to an increase in the number of ratifications of these conventions.

There are four other conventions that the ILO has prioritized:

• No. 81 "On Labor Inspection in Industry and Commerce" (1947) - establishes the obligation of states to have a system of labor inspection in industrial enterprises to ensure the application of legal provisions relating to working conditions and the protection of workers in the course of their work. It defines the principles of organization and activities of inspections, the powers and duties of inspectors;
• No. 129 "On Labor Inspection in Agriculture" (1969) - based on the provisions of Convention No. 81, formulates provisions on labor inspection, taking into account the specifics of agricultural production;
• No. 122 "On Employment Policy" (1964) - provides for the implementation by ratifying states of an active policy to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment;
• No. 144 "On tripartite consultations to promote the application of international labor standards" (1976) - provides for tripartite consultations between representatives of government, employers and workers at the national level on the development, adoption and application of ILO conventions and recommendations.

In general, the following can be distinguished main directions of legal regulation ILO:

• fundamental human rights;
• employment;
• social politics;
• labor regulation;
• labor relations and working conditions;
• social Security;
• legal regulation of the labor of certain categories of workers (special attention is paid to the prohibition of child labor, labor protection of women; a significant number of acts are devoted to the regulation of the labor of sailors, fishermen and some other categories of workers).

The adoption of new generation conventions is due to a significant number of ILO acts and the urgent need to adapt the standards contained in them to modern conditions. They represent a kind of systematization of international legal regulation of labor in a certain area.

Throughout its history, the ILO has given considerable attention to the regulation of the labor of seafarers and workers in the fishing sector. This is due to the nature and working conditions of these categories of persons, which especially require the development of international standards of legal regulation. About 40 conventions and 29 recommendations are devoted to the regulation of the labor of seafarers. In these areas, first of all, the new generation of IOD conventions were developed: “Labor in maritime navigation” (2006) and “On labor in the fishing sector” (2007). These conventions should provide quality new level protection of social and labor rights of these categories of workers.

The same work has been carried out in relation to labor protection standards - it is about the ILO Convention No. 187 "On the Fundamentals Promoting Safety and Health at Work" (2006), supplemented by the corresponding Recommendation. The Convention stipulates that the state that has ratified it promotes the continuous improvement of occupational safety and health in order to prevent occupational injuries, occupational diseases and deaths at work. To this end, in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers at the national level, an appropriate policy, system and program are being developed.

The National Safety and Hygiene System includes:

• normative legal acts, collective agreements and other relevant acts on occupational safety and health;
• activities of the body or department responsible for occupational safety and health issues;
• mechanisms to ensure compliance with national laws and regulations, including systems of inspection;
• measures aimed at ensuring cooperation at the enterprise level between its management, employees and their representatives as a main element of preventive measures at work.

The Recommendation on Frameworks for Promoting Occupational Safety and Health complements the provisions of the Convention and aims to provide support for the development and adoption of new instruments, international exchange information in the field of occupational safety and health.

In the field of regulation of labor relations, conventions on termination of employment and protection of wages are of great importance. ILO Convention No. 158 “On Termination of Employment at the Initiation of the Employer” (1982) was adopted to protect workers from termination of employment without legal grounds. The Convention enshrines the requirement of justification - there must be a legal basis related to the abilities or behavior of the worker or caused by production necessity. It also lists reasons that are not legal grounds for termination of employment, including: membership in a trade union or participation in trade union activities; intention to become a workers' representative; performing the functions of a representative of the breastfeeding; filing a complaint or participating in a case initiated against an entrepreneur on charges of violating the law; discriminating characteristics - race, skin color, gender, marital status, family responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinions, nationality or social origin; absence from work while on maternity leave; temporary absence from work due to illness or injury.

The Convention sets out both the procedures to be applied before and during the termination of an employment relationship and the procedure for appealing against a dismissal decision. The burden of proving the existence of a legal basis for dismissal rests with the entrepreneur.

The Convention provides for a worker's right to a reasonable notice of a planned termination of employment, or the right to monetary compensation in lieu of a warning, unless he has committed a serious misconduct; the right to severance pay and/or other types of income protection (unemployment insurance benefits, unemployment funds or other forms of social security). In the event of unjustified dismissal, the impossibility of canceling the decision to dismiss and reinstate the employee in his previous job, it is assumed that appropriate compensation or other benefits will be paid. In case of termination of employment relations for economic, technological, structural or similar reasons, the employer is obliged to inform the employees and their representatives about this, as well as the relevant state body. States at the national level may impose certain restrictions on mass layoffs.

The ILO Convention No. 95 “On the Protection of Wages” (1949) contains a significant number of rules aimed at protecting the interests of workers: on the form of payment of wages, on the limitation of the payment of wages in kind, on the prohibition of employers to restrict the freedom to dispose of their salary at its discretion and a number of other important provisions. In Art. 11 of this Convention stipulates that in the event of bankruptcy of an enterprise or its liquidation in judicial order working people will enjoy the position of privileged creditors.

The International Labor Organization has also adopted Convention No. 131 "On the establishment of minimum wages with particular regard to developing countries" (1970). Under it, States undertake to introduce a system of minimum wage fixing covering all groups of employees whose working conditions make it appropriate to apply such a system. The minimum wage under this Convention "has the force of law and is not subject to reduction." When determining the minimum wage, the following factors are taken into account:

• the needs of workers and their families, taking into account the general level of wages in the country, the cost of living, social benefits and the comparative standard of living of other social groups;
• economic considerations, including economic development requirements, productivity levels, and the desirability of achieving and maintaining high levels of employment. To provide effective application of all minimum wage provisions, appropriate measures are taken, such as proper inspection, supplemented by other necessary measures.

List of ILO conventions in force in the Russian Federation

1. Convention No. 11 “On the right to organize and unite workers in agriculture” (1921).

2. Convention No. 13 “On the use of white lead in painting” (1921).

3. Convention No. 14 “On weekly rest in industrial enterprises” (1921).

4. Convention No. 16 “On Compulsory medical examination children and adolescents employed on board ships” (1921).

5. Convention No. 23 “On the Repatriation of Seafarers” (1926).

6. Convention No. 27 “On the indication of the weight of heavy goods carried on ships” (1929).

7. Convention No. 29 “On Forced or Compulsory Labor” (1930).

8. Convention No. 32 “On the protection against accidents of workers engaged in the loading or unloading of ships” (1932).

9. Convention No. 45 “On the employment of women in underground work in mines” (1935).

10. Convention No. 47 “On the reduction of working hours to forty hours a week” (1935).

11. Convention No. 52 “On annual holidays with pay” (1936).

12. Convention No. 69 “On the Issuance of Qualification Certificates to Ship's Cooks” (1946).

13. Convention No. 73 on the Medical Examination of Seafarers (1946).

14. Convention No. 77 “On the Medical Examination of Children and Adolescents for the Purpose of Determining Their Fitness for Work in Industry” (1946).

15. Convention No. 78 “On the medical examination of children and adolescents in order to determine their suitability for work in non-industrial jobs” (1946).

16. Convention No. 79 “On the Medical Examination of Children and Adolescents for the Purpose of Determining Their Fitness for Work” (1946).

17. Convention No. 87 “On freedom of association and protection of the right to organize” (1948).

18. Convention No. 90 on Night Work of Young Persons in Industry (revised 1948).

19. Convention No. 92 “On accommodation for crew on board ships” (revised in 1949).

20. Convention No. 95 on the Protection of Wages (1949).

21. Convention No. 98 “On the application of the principles of the right to organize and to conduct collective bargaining” (1949).

22. Convention No. 100 “On Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value” (1951).

23. Maternity Protection Convention No. 103 (1952).

24. Convention No. 106 on Weekly Rest in Commerce and Offices (1957).

25. Convention No. 108 Concerning the National Identity Card of Seafarers (1958).

26. Convention No. 111 “On Discrimination in Employment and Occupation” (1958).

27. Convention No. 113 on the Medical Examination of Seafarers (1959).

28. Convention No. 115 “On the Protection of Workers against Ionizing Radiation” (1960).

29. Convention No. 116 on the Partial Revision of Conventions (1961).

30. Convention No. 119 on the Fitting of Machinery with Protective Devices (1963).

31. Convention No. 120 on Hygiene in Commerce and Offices (1964).

32. Convention No. 122 on Employment Policy (1964).

33. Convention No. 124 “On the medical examination of young people to determine their suitability for work in underground work in mines and mines” (1965).

34. Convention No. 126 “On accommodation for crew on board fishing vessels” (1966).

35. Convention No. 133 “On accommodation for crew on board ships”. Additional Provisions (1970).

36. Convention No. 134 “On the Prevention of Occupational Accidents among Seafarers” (1970).

37. Minimum Age Convention No. 138 (1973).

38. Convention No. 142 on Vocational Guidance and Training in the Field of Human Resources Development.

39. Convention No. 147 on Minimum Standards for Merchant Ships (1976).

40. Convention No. 148 “On the Protection of Workers from Occupational Risks Caused by Air Pollution, Noise, Vibration at Work” (1977).

41. Convention No. 149 “On the Employment and Conditions of Work and Life of Nursing Personnel” (1977).

42. Convention No. 159 on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities (1983).

43. Convention No. 160 on Labor Statistics (1985).

""Universal and lasting peace can only be established on the basis of social justice." This statement, which opens the preamble to the ILO Constitution, clearly and unequivocally assigns to the ILO a vital role in the maintenance of peace,” explained the representative of the ILO in the Nobel lecture. “It testifies to the fact that the founders of our organization in 1919 were convinced of the existence of an inseparable connection between social justice in countries and international peace, and that this connection is so strong and significant that it clearly implied the need for that a labor organization be established as an integral part of the new organizational structure promotion and defense of world peace after the First World War".

“Patiently, without pathos, but not without success”

The Latin saying "There is no peace without justice" reflects the most important moral idea, which is the basis for the International Labor Organization (ILO). The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1969 to this UN specialized agency is recognition of its successful implementation of this idea.

The ILO, founded in 1919 in the aftermath of the social and political upheavals that accompanied the First World War, received this award on 11 December 1969, the fiftieth anniversary of its founding, in recognition of the usefulness of its activities, on the basis of the provision of the Preamble to its Constitution, where states that "universal and lasting peace can only be secured on the basis of social justice." The Director-General of the ILO, David Morse, in a speech after the presentation of the award, which he delivered on behalf of this organization, summed up its characteristic position as follows: “Despite the political upheavals, failures and disappointments of the past fifty years, the ILO has patiently, without pathos, but not without the goal of creating the infrastructure of the world”.

The radical economic and social changes of the era of industrialization not only ensured unprecedented economic growth in Europe, but also created a large and active working class, often in conflict with the ruling classes. Alfred Nobel himself feared a social revolution and warned in 1892 of the dangers of "a new tyranny that goes unnoticed" and the threat it poses to world peace. Frédéric Passy, ​​the winner of the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, also called for social reforms as the basis for international stability and peace.

The ILO, created on the basis of the reformist and socialist thinking of the 19th - early 20th centuries. in Europe, has managed to become an instrument of cooperation and dialogue between the workers and their governments, providing the various forces with an important forum for meetings. This organization, which helps to neutralize "dangerous explosives lurking in the depths of society”, gave the world the idea of ​​​​industrial dialogue. The change in the balance of political power in the world after the Second World War stimulated the expansion of the goals of this organization, and in 1946 the ILO became the first specialized agency associated with the UN.

On the early stages The main task of the ILO was to "build bridges between the rich and the poor in individual countries." Its Charter articulated the principle of tripartism to promote dialogue between governments, employers and workers to resolve conflicts and improve working conditions. Under the patronage and guidance of the ILO, trade unions and employers' organizations have developed consistent and effective positions. After the Second World War, the tasks of this organization transcended national borders, and it began to "build bridges" between rich and poor countries, promoting cooperation between them in areas related to trade and labor relations.

The establishment of the Center for Advanced Vocational Training is one of the valuable initiatives of the ILO, carried out within the local constraints in each country. It strengthens developing countries by providing them with resources, technical and managerial know-how, and contributes to the establishment of the institutional and administrative structures necessary for modern statehood and peacebuilding. It has a permanent influence on social security laws in each individual country, which makes a valuable contribution to international laws.

The ILO is mainly engaged in the adoption of international labor standards, the development of international policies and programs aimed at ensuring fundamental human rights; improving working and living conditions and increasing employment, occupational safety, the protection of migrant workers, and the establishment of an appropriate minimum wage. It is also mandated to provide technical assistance to developing countries, the ultimate goal of which is to develop international program employment, and norm-setting and technical cooperation through intensive programs of research, training, education and publications.

Working in collaboration with other UN specialized agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and World Organization Health (WHO), and receiving financial support from the UN, the ILO implements in developing countries research projects in the areas of agriculture and industry with the main aim of solving the chronic problems of unemployment and underemployment. It assists in the implementation of agrarian reforms, agricultural projects, in the areas of industrialization, public works, in the development of training programs and the management of vocational training, in the selection of investment opportunities, in the development of trade, etc.

Whereas the original purpose of the ILO was to develop international legislation to protect workers from exploitation and unfair working conditions, the organization has now become an instrument for promoting effective measures to guarantee fundamental human rights such as freedom of assembly, freedom from forced labor and discrimination, and ensuring economic development.

“All human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue material well-being and spiritual development in freedom and dignity, economic security and equal opportunities. It is the duty of the ILO to study and review all international and financial policies and measures in the light of this fundamental objective.” These words from the Philadelphia Declaration of the ILO define the interdependence of economic and social policies and emphasize their inseparable connection with the cause of peace.

The International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO)- specialized institution UN, an international regulatory organization labor relations. As of 2009, 183 states are members of the ILO. FROM 1920 headquarters of the Organization International Labor Office, is in Geneva. AT Moscow is the office of the Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

[put away] 1 The history of the creation, development and tasks of the ILO 2 Structure of the ILO and its founding documents 2.1 Constitution of the ILO 2.2 ILO Declaration of Philadelphia 2.3 Standing Orders of the International Labor Conference 2.5 ILC International Labor Conference 2.6 Administrative Council 2.7 ILO International Labor Office 3 Working methods and main areas of activity 4 Member States of the ILO 5 Russia and the ILO 6 ILO directors-general 7 Events 9 Notes

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

Established in 1919 on the basis of Treaty of Versailles as a structural unit League of Nations. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of the Western Social Democracy. The ILO Charter was developed by the Labor Commission of the Peace Conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles . The need to create the ILO was determined by the following reasons:

The first is political.

The reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to resolve the contradictions that arise in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to promote social progress worldwide, establish and maintain social peace between different sectors of society, and help resolve emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way. .

The second is social.

The working and living conditions of the workers were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to cruel exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged far behind economic development, which hampered the development of society .

The third is economic.

The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which made it difficult to compete and required the solution of social problems in most countries. . The Preamble notes that "the failure of any country to provide workers with human conditions of work is an obstacle to other peoples who wish to improve the condition of workers in their countries" .

The first CEO and one of the main initiators of the creation is a French politician Albert Thomas. The current CEO is Juan Somavia.

AT 1934 The United States and the USSR became members of the ILO. AT 1940 In 1999, the headquarters of the ILO was temporarily moved to Montreal, Canada due to the Second World War. As a result, the continuity of the Organization's activities was maintained. AT 1940 year USSR suspended its membership in the ILO, renewed in 1954. Since that time, Belarus and Ukraine have become members of the ILO .

In 1944, the International Labor Conference in Philadelphia defined the tasks of the ILO in the postwar period. It adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which defined these tasks. The Declaration became an annex and integral part ILO statute. The government of the USSR did not accept the invitation of the ILO to participate in the conference. AT 1945 year the ILO returned to Geneva .

The goals and objectives of the ILO are proclaimed in its Charter. The work of the ILO is built on the basis of a tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments - tripartism.

The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Created under the League of Nations, it survived the latter and since 1946 has become the first specialized agency of the UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them. .

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

A distinctive feature of the ILO is tripartism, its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, organizations of workers and employers. The delegates of these three groups are represented and confer on an equal footing at all levels of the Organization. .

The supreme body of the ILO is International Labor Conference where all ILO instruments are adopted. delegates International Conference are two representatives from the government and one each, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating State. The Governing Body of the ILO, also organized on a tripartite basis, is executive body ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. ILO accepts conventions and Recommendations on labor issues. In addition to conventions and recommendations, three declarations were adopted: 1944 year on the aims and objectives of the ILO (now included in ILO constitution), 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, as well as 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles at Work. Conventions are subject to ratification by member countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if the state has not ratified a particular convention, it is bound by the fact of membership in the ILO and accession to its constitution according to the four fundamental principles in the world of work, enshrined in the ILO Declaration of 1998. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; the eradication of forced labor; and the prohibition of child labor. These four principles are also devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively - Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of the world's states, and the ILO monitors their implementation with particular attention.

The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of alleged violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in case of prolonged disregard of the ILO comments by the state party. This control is exercised by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exercise pressure on a state that is especially viciously violating international labor standards. In practice, this was done only once, in 2001, with respect to Myanmar, criticized for decades for using forced labor and refusing to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.

ILO constitution

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia

In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia, USA, the International Labor Conference adopted the Declaration of Philadelphia, which specifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.

The Declaration embodies the following principles:

• labor is not a commodity;

  freedom of speech and freedom of association are a necessary condition for constant progress;

  poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;

  all human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to enjoy their material and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunity.

Rules of the International Labor Conference

1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

Whereas the founding fathers of the ILO proceeded from the conviction that social justice is essential to securing universal and lasting peace;

Whereas economic growth is essential but not sufficient for equity, social progress and poverty eradication, which confirms the need for ILO efforts to support strong social policies, equity and democratic institutions;

Bearing in mind that the ILO must, more than ever before, use all its resources in the field of standard-setting, technical cooperation and all its research potential in all its fields of competence, in particular employment, training and working conditions, in order to achieve such how, within the framework of the global strategy for socio-economic development, to ensure that economic policy and social policy mutually reinforce each other, creating conditions for large-scale and sustainable development;

Whereas the ILO should pay particular attention to the problems faced by persons with special social needs, in particular the unemployed and migrant workers, and mobilize and encourage international, regional and national efforts to address them problems, and promote effective policies aimed at job creation;

Whereas, in order to strengthen the links between social progress and economic growth, the guarantee of respect for fundamental principles and rights at work is of particular importance and sense, since it allows those concerned to freely and on equal terms to claim their fair share in the wealth that they create helped and also enables them to realize their full human potential;

Whereas the ILO is an international organization mandated by its Constitution and competent authority for the adoption and application of international labor standards, and enjoying universal support and recognition for promoting the application of fundamental rights at work, which are the expression of its statutory principles;

Whereas, in a context of growing economic interdependence, there is an urgent need to reaffirm the permanence of the fundamental principles and rights proclaimed in the Charter of the Organization and to promote their universal observance; Organizations LaborArticle >> State and law

Charter International Organizations Labor sent to the General Manager International The Bureau Labor for... International Organizations Labor, CEO International The Bureau Labor notifies all Members International Organizations Labor ...

Activity international organizations labor, its structure and organization

Abstract >> State and Law

What is the MOT? International organization labor(ILO), based in ... institutions of the system Organizations United Nations. This is the only international organization consisting of... the ILO became the first international organization who has been reviewing...

international separation labor (10)

Abstract >> Economics

And international separation labor. Intrastate division labor is a system or method organizations labor, at... more qualified. According to experts International organizations labor, each migrant worker brings to...

International market labor (2)

Coursework >> Economics

Million human. Estimated international organizations labor, in the EU countries illegally reside ... the situation of migrants. International organization on migration believes ... 178]. Besides, International organization on migration emphasizes: it is necessary ...