Research project wind at the service of man. Research work

Pregnancy and children 03.09.2019

Pregnancy and children

“how does wind appear and can it be measured?”

Completed by: Derbina Daria,

4th grade student "b"

Head: Nomokonova I.G.,

teacher primary school

Novoorlovsk 2017

Introduction

Relevance. I like to observe, ask questions and look for answers in encyclopedias, entertaining popular science television programs. I am interested in learning about the mysteries and secrets of some phenomena. That's why I enjoyed studying it amazing phenomenon nature is the wind.

The theme of the wind has always been and is relevant. People have always dreamed of taming the wind. And to make sure that he was not a destroyer, but worked for the benefit of people. When I first learned about the wind, I was interested in the question of how the wind appears and whether it can be measured. In my research, I tried to find answers to all these questions.

Target: learn about natural phenomenon"wind", about the causes of its occurrence, and how to measure it.

Tasks:

Having studied and analyzed the literature, get acquainted with the concept of "wind", establish the causes of its occurrence;

Get acquainted with some types of winds, devices that allow you to measure wind speed and determine its direction;

Conduct observations and experiments.

Find out the role of the wind and the possibility of using it by man;

Object of study: wind.

Subject of study: wind speed and direction.

Hypothesis: wind is the movement of air.

The novelty of the study is that I found out in experiments the influence different temperatures on the movement of air, proved one of the causes of the occurrence of wind and in practice saw how a person uses the wind for his own purposes.

Work description

The research paper presents the main causes of wind. The paper considers various types of winds and their influence on human life, living and not wildlife. The work contains observations and experiments proving the causes of wind.

Theoretical part. What is wind.

The role of wind in nature and in our life

Wind is a stream of air moving relative to the earth's surface at a speed of over 0.6 m/s. This is a predominantly horizontal movement of air from an area of increased atmospheric pressure to an area of low atmospheric pressure.

Wind is the movement of air caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the Sun. And everything that moves has energy. Wind energy has played an important role in human development. Since ancient times, people have used wind energy for both peaceful and military purposes. 5,000 years before the birth of Christ, the ancient Egyptians used the wind to sail across the Nile in a boat. Thus the sailing ship was invented. It was thanks to sailing ships that all the great geographical discoveries were made. Thanks to sailing ships that sailed due to the wind, for the first time it became possible to travel long distances across the seas and oceans.

Hot air balloons, also propelled by the wind, were the first to allow air travel, and modern aircraft use the wind to increase lift and save fuel.

Winds can also influence the formation of landforms, causing deposits that form various types of soils or erosion. They can carry sand and dust from deserts over long distances. The winds disperse plant seeds and aid the movement of flying animals, which lead to the expansion of species into new territory. Wind-related phenomena affect wildlife in a variety of ways. Veliko aesthetic value wind. Feeling the gentle, gentle, light, summer breeze on a hot day is a pleasure.

The wind made the windmills work. There is an opinion that even before our era, a windmill was invented in China. But confirmed information about the use of wind energy for domestic purposes came to us from Persia. The Persians used the wind and windmills to grind grain around 200 BC.

However, winds can also be unsafe, as wind gradients can cause loss of aircraft control, fast winds, as well as the large waves caused by them, on large bodies of water often lead to the destruction of piece buildings, and in some cases the winds can increase the scale of the fire.

Wind Meaning

1. The wind drives clouds and clouds (otherwise, rain and snow would only be above the water surface).

2. Cleans the air (takes away from our planet exhaust car gases, smoke from factories).

3. Generates electricity (for a long time people have built windmills. Polar explorers, for example, use wind turbines to generate heat and light).

4. Participates in the formation of relief.

5. Carries plant seeds over a long distance.

How does the wind

There are several reasons for the appearance of wind:

1. Pressure drops. Without the sun, there would be no wind. The sun heats up the air. Hot air rises. Because of this, in that region of the Earth where the air is warmed up, atmospheric pressure decreases. Arisescyclone . Rising into the upper atmosphere, the air cools and begins to descend, creating an area high blood pressure. Such areas are calledanticyclones . From the center of the anticyclone, the air spreads to the outskirts and moves to the area of low pressure -cyclone .

2. Coriolis force. Discovered by the French scientist Gustav Coriolis, the force is generated by the rotation of the Earth. When we are in the Northern Hemisphere, the Earth spins counterclockwise under our feet. The Earth itself rotates faster than the atmosphere around it. Therefore, when the Earth moves in the Northern Hemisphere, the wind deviates to the right. And in the Southern Hemisphere - on the contrary, to the left.

3. Heat and cold. Another reason why winds occur is a periodic change in temperature in any place.

When I was at sea, I was worried about the question: why does the water feel cool during the day, and in the evening, when a light fresh breeze begins to blow, does the water in the sea remain warm? On this occasion, I turned to my mother. She explained to me that this phenomenon is called a breeze.

I read in the encyclopedia that there are daytime and nighttime breezes. During the day, when the sun is shining, the land heats up faster, and the body of water slower. Warm air that forms over land rises. An area of low pressure is created. Above the surface of the water, the air is heavier and colder. That is why in the summer it blows coolness from the side of the water. Here area high pressure, Cold air from the sea rushes to land: from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. A wind is formed, which is called the day breeze.

At night it's the other way around. Land cools faster than water. Cold air condenses and forms an area of high pressure. The water surface heated during the day cools down more slowly. This is where a low pressure area forms. Air will move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, i.e. from land to water. There is a night breeze.

A breeze is considered a gentle wind. The sea breeze begins to blow around 10 am. And coastal - after sunset.

4. Eternal wind. The earth is constantly blown by the so-called prevailing winds. At the equator, the air heats up and rises. It spreads towards the tropics. This creates an anti-trade wind. Cooling down, the air returns to the equator. Such a wind is called a trade wind. Winds also occur at the poles of the Earth. Cold air moves from them to the equator. And then rises and returns to the poles. Monsoon is a wind that changes its direction twice a year according to the seasons: in summer it blows from ocean to land, and in winter it blows from land to ocean.

In addition, the prevailing winds occur in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere. They are called jet streams. These winds blow in winter. They arise due to a strong temperature difference between the hot equatorial and cold polar regions of the Earth.

Wind characteristic

What can the wind do? Make noise, shake trees, rustle leaves, howl, whistle, raise dust, etc.

But the wind can be strong, destructive, evil - it's a hurricane, a tornado storm. Such winds cause enormous damage: they uproot trees, destroy houses, knock down power line masts, overturn cars. Not without human sacrifice.

This means that wind is the movement of air, which is characterized by speed. To determine it, sailors use the Beaufort scale, consisting of 12 points, where zero means completely calm, and 12 points is a hurricane (see. Fig.).

Wind is characterized by strength (speed) and direction. The direction of the wind in meteorology is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows. There are usually eight wind directions. Four cardinal points: north, south, west, east. And four intermediate wind directions: northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast.

In addition to direction, another characteristic of the wind is its speed. It shows how many meters a layer of air moves in 1 second. The greater the difference in atmospheric pressure between different areas, the faster the air moves.

The strength of the wind (in other words, speed) depends on the height at which the wind blows and on atmospheric pressure. The greater the temperature difference between air masses, the stronger the wind. Wind speed is measured in meters per second, kilometers per hour or points (1 point equals 2 m/s). So at wind speeds up to 1 m/s, it is considered that there is no wind. The average long-term wind speed near the earth's surface is 4-9 m/s. Wind speed of 5-8 m/s is consideredmoderate, above 14 m/s – strong, above 20-25 m/s – storm, above 30-35 m/s – hurricane .

Winds bring air to a certain area that is different in temperature and humidity, therefore, they affect the change in weather in the region.

The wind can be both a friend and an enemy of man. This natural phenomenon is being studied so that the power of the wind can be used for useful deeds and warn people of impending danger.

Practical part.

Instruments that determine the direction and strength of the wind

The wind speed is highly variable: it changes not only over a long time, but also over short periods of time (within an hour, minute, and even a second) by a large amount.

Wind speed and direction are measured using special meteorological instruments - a weather vane and an anemometer.

The simplest device for determining the direction of the wind is a weather vane, but modern meteorologists use a wind indicator device - an anemometer, popularly called a "sorcerer", which is a cone made of fabric. It is used to determine the strength and direction of the wind, for example, at airports. And it is called scientifically "windsock". Such a vitality of this simple device is due to the fact that all the necessary data can be determined from it at a glance. Where the cone points is where the wind blows. And how much the fabric sags shows the approximate wind speed.

You can also navigate by the angle of the cone relative to the ground.

The first strip rises horizontally with a breeze of 3 knots (5.6 km/h, 3.5 mph). With such a minimum wind speed, the sorcerer begins to show its direction

Second lane - 6 knots (11km/h, 6.9 mph)

Third bar - 9 knots (16.7 km/h, 10.4 mph)

Fourth bar - 12 knots (22.2 km/h, 13.8 km/h)

Last strip - 15 knots (28 km/h, 17 mph) or more

In addition, it is very simple to build such a meteorological instrument.

On the Internet, I found instructions and drawings on how to make my own hands

In order to make a windsock, you need, firstly, a long narrow fabric pipe. For this purpose, we used polyethylene, or rather, garbage bags, in which we simply cut the bottom and glued them into a long sausage one after another using adhesive tape. The total length turned out to be about two meters. Then we fixed it on a wire frame. And in order to know exactly the direction of the wind, we made a wind rose - on a computer disk we drew with a marker all the cardinal directions and arranged them in accordance with the cardinal points. To make the pointer rotate easily, dad attached a small bearing to the disk. We installed this entire structure on a plastic tube and tied it to the balcony railing. My home weather station is ready!

I recorded all the data in the observation diary using the rule:The meteorological direction of the wind is the direction opposite to that indicated by the wind indicator. . That is, in the observation diary it is necessary to note not WHERE the wind blows, but FROM.

Conclusion: wind speeds observed over short periods of time from a few seconds to 5 minutes are calledinstant or actual . Wind speeds obtained as arithmetic averages from instantaneous speeds are called average wind speeds. If you add up the measured wind speeds during the day and divide by the number of measurements, you getaverage daily wind speed .

If we add up the average daily wind speeds for the entire month and divide this amount by the number of days of the month, we getaverage monthly wind speed . Adding the average monthly rates and dividing the sum by twelve months, we getaverage annual wind speed .(Attachment 1)

I learned how to determine the direction of the wind with the help of a self-made windsock. But there are many more signs by which you can determine the strength and direction of the wind, for example, by the direction of smoke from a chimney, by the movement of branches on trees. If there is no wind, the smoke from the chimney rises straight up, the branches of the trees are motionless. In a strong wind, not only branches sway, but also the tops of trees, trunks, and the smoke deviates sharply to the side

General conclusion

In the course of studying the causes of the appearance of wind and the very concept of wind in found out that:

Wind is a predominantly horizontal movement of air from an area of high atmospheric pressure to an area of low atmospheric pressure at a speed of over 0.6 m/s.

The wind disperses clouds and clouds (otherwise rain and snow would only be above the water surface) and thus affects the change in the weather.

The wind is characterized by strength, direction and speed, so it can bring not only benefits, but can also become a formidable destroyer.

I learned how to determine the direction of the wind with the help of a self-made windsock. But there are many more indications nature which can be used to determine the strength and direction of the wind.

Conclusion.

In the course of my research work, I learned a lot about such a magical natural phenomenon as the wind. I learned where it comes from, what types it happens, how you can determine its strength, direction and speed.

Thus, having studied all the positive and negative sides wind, I came to the conclusion that the wind has a huge impact on humans and wildlife. It is also the most important factor in shaping the climate on planet Earth. If there were no wind, the Earth would look completely different, the locations would be different. climatic zones people would live differently.

References, Internet sources:

Likum A. Everything about everything. Popular encyclopedia for children. Moscow: Slovo, 1993.

Kalashnikov V.I. Miracles of nature. On the ground and in the air. Moscow: White City, 2005.

Galileo. Science through experience. Moscow: De Agostini, 2011

Planet Earth. Encyclopedia. Moscow: Rosmen, 2010

Dictionary living Great Russian language.

http://shishkinles.ru

http://www.otvetim.info/detskie-voprosy/

Attachment 1

B about fort scale , conditional scale for visual evaluation strength (speed) of the wind in points according to its action on ground objects or on waves at sea. It was developed by the English admiral F. Beaufort in 1806 and at first was used only by him. In 1874 the Standing Committee of the First Meteorological Congress accepted B. sh. for use in international synoptic practice. In subsequent years, B. sh. changed and refined. In 1963, the World Meteorological Organization adopted the B. sh., shown in the table. B. sh. widely used in maritime navigation.

Wind strength near the earth's surface on the Beaufort scale (at a standard height of 10m over an open flat surface)

Beauffort points

Verbal definition of wind strength

Wind speed, m/s

wind action

on the land

on the sea

Calm

0-0,2

Calm. Smoke rises vertically

Mirror-smooth sea

Quiet

0,3-1,5

The direction of the wind is noticeable by the drift of the smoke, but not by the weather vane

Ripples, no foam on the ridges

Light

1,6-3,3

The movement of the wind is felt by the face, the leaves rustle, the weather vane is set in motion

Short waves, crests do not tip over and appear glassy

Weak

3,4-5,4

Leaves and thin branches of trees are constantly swaying, the wind is waving the top flags

Short, well defined waves. Combs, tipping over, form a vitreous foam, occasionally small white lambs are formed

Moderate

5,5-7,9

The wind raises dust and pieces of paper, sets in motion the thin branches of trees.

The waves are elongated, white lambs are visible in many places

Fresh

8,0-10,7

Thin tree trunks sway, waves with crests appear on the water

Well developed in length, but not very large waves, white lambs are visible everywhere (splashes form in some cases)

Strong

10,8-13,8

Thick tree branches sway, telegraph wires hum

Large waves begin to form. White frothy ridges occupy large areas (splatter is likely)

Strong

13,9-17,1

Tree trunks sway, it's hard to go against the wind

Waves pile up, crests break, foam falls in stripes in the wind

Very strong

17,2-20,7

The wind breaks the branches of trees, it is very difficult to go against the wind

Moderately high long waves. On the edges of the ridges, spray begins to take off. Stripes of foam lie in rows in the direction of the wind

Storm

20,8-24,4

Minor damage; the wind rips off the smoke caps and roof tiles

high waves. Foam in wide dense stripes lays down in the wind. The crests of the waves begin to capsize and crumble into spray that impair visibility.

Heavy storm

24,5-28,4

Significant destruction of buildings, trees uprooted. Rarely on land

Very high waves with long downward curved crests. The resulting foam is blown away by the wind big flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white with foam. The strong roar of the waves is like blows. Visibility is poor

Violent storm

28,5-32,6

Large destruction over a large area. Very rare on land

Exceptionally high waves. Small to medium sized boats are sometimes out of sight. The sea is all covered with long white flakes of foam, which are located in the wind. The edges of the waves are everywhere blown into foam. Visibility is poor

Hurricane

32.7 and more

The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is covered with strips of foam. Very poor visibility

Zadvornykh German

Project Manager:

Nekrasova Irina Yurievna

Institution:

MBOU "City gymnasium of the city of Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region"

In the presented research work in elementary school on the topic "Measuring wind speed" the author makes an instrument for measuring wind speed, observes the weather forecast and the results of measurements, measures the wind speed and compares the results with the weather forecast.

Student elementary school in the course of research work and a project on the surrounding world on the topic "Measuring wind speed" performs calculations and builds a graph for determining wind speed.

In this research project and the work around the world "Measuring wind speed", a primary school student plans to answer two questions:

1. Can you measure the wind speed yourself?
2. Will our values match the weather forecast?

The work was divided into three stages:

1. Manufacture of an instrument for measuring wind speed.

2. Observations of the weather forecast and measurement results.

3. Measuring the wind speed and comparing the results with the weather forecast.

Stage 1

In many countries, wind turbines are widely used to generate electricity.
We decided to independently manufacture such a device for our device.

To do this, we took an electric motor from a broken toy, fixed it on a bracket and attached two wires.

A fan from an old microwave oven was used as a propeller.

A voltmeter was connected to the wires of the electric motor.

The result is such a device:

We fixed it on the frame and got the following results.

Stage 2

Observation results:

the date	Instrument readings, mV	Wind speed according to weather forecast, m/s
01.10.15	15	4
02.10.15	20	5
03.10.15	88	11
04.10.15	47	8
05.10.15	37	7
06.10.15	9	2
07.10.15	29	6

Based on the results, a graph was built

Stage 3

Checking our measurements

Over the next five days, we measured the wind speed and compared it with the weather forecast.

The result of the research work:

1. You can measure the wind speed yourself.
2. Our results almost coincided with the weather forecast.

MOU "Chepkas - Nikolskaya main comprehensive school»

Project work.

"Homemade anemometer"

Job done

Ilyin Evgeniy and

Vorobyov Mikhail

Supervisor:

With. Chepkas - Nikolskoye - 2010

Objective:.

Build and test an instrument for measuring wind speed.

1. Wind is a source of energy.

2. History of the anemometer.

3. Types of anemometers.

5. Testing and measurement of wind speed.

6. Conclusions.

We are all familiar with such a natural phenomenon - the wind. The reason for its occurrence is also understandable: due to the difference in atmospheric pressure in different points Earth. From the area where the pressure is greater (and this is mainly due to the temperature difference in the atmosphere), air moves to where the pressure is lower. You can easily create the wind yourself. Blow up the balloon. There was more pressure inside him than around him. If you untie the ball, then the air will rush out, so there is a wind. How the wind behaves sometimes depends on human life. The most big disaster due to the fault of the wind occurred in 1970, when a hurricane killed almost the entire population on several islands in the Ganges Delta. The death toll is 1 million people. Tornado, tsunami, typhoon, hurricane, tornado - all this is the name of the winds that bring destruction and death to people. The speed of such winds is enormous: during a hurricane, the air mass overcomes a 30-meter distance every second, and in the center of the vortex, the speed is like that of a jet aircraft. The roofs of houses, trees, animals, people, if they find themselves in the zone of such a wind, are carried into the air like fluffs, and then are dropped from a great height to the ground. Knowing the harsh nature of the destructive winds, people have long sought to anticipate their visits in advance. As early as 900, in some European countries weathercocks appeared on churches and city towers, by which you can immediately find out where the wind is blowing from.

In 1667 Robert Hook invented an instrument for measuring wind speed - the anemometer. The word anemometer comes from the Greek word "avemos" - wind, and "meteo" - I measure.

Currently, several types of anemometers are known:

1. cup

2. paddle

3. thermal

The simplest is the cup anemometer, which consists of a cup vane mounted on an axle that is connected to a measuring mechanism. When an air flow occurs, the wind pushes the cups, which begin to spin around the axis.

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Thermal anemometer - the principle of operation is based on measuring the temperature difference on the "auxiliary wall". The magnitude of the temperature difference is proportional to the heat flux density. The temperature difference is measured using a tape thermocouple located inside the probe plate, which acts as an "auxiliary wall".

The industry also produces anemometers for school classrooms. Such devices should be in the classrooms of geography and physics. Unfortunately, our school (and a number of other schools in the area) did not have this device. Therefore, we asked ourselves the question: is it possible to make this device with our own hands from available parts. Looking through magazines, books and Internet pages, we found several descriptions of such a device.

One of them is the simplest, most reliable, battery-free, water-resistant anemometer made from:

A piece of thin fishing line 25 cm long;

Boards 12x12 cm with glued scale.

Of course - this is a primitive device, it has its drawbacks. Therefore, they did not limit themselves to manufacturing only such an anemometer, but tried to make a more advanced device. We called it the Easter anemometer, because as spinning cups we used an element from a souvenir - an Easter egg. Of course, more scientifically, this anemometer should be called electronic, because it uses the process of converting wind energy into electric current.

The schematic diagram of an electronic anemometer looks like this:

The device consists of a speed sensor made on a microelectric motor, a rectifier bridge, a sensor sensitivity regulator and an information display device - a milliammeter.

The principle of operation of the device is as follows. A small cup spinner is attached to the motor shaft. Under the action of the air flow, it is driven into rotation. In this case, an electric current appears in the motor winding. Its value is fixed by a milliammeter. Since the rotational speed of the propeller depends on the wind speed, and the magnitude of the current flowing in the measuring circuit of the device depends on the rotational speed of the rotor of the electric motor, the readings of the milliammeter can be converted from electrical quantities to the values of air flow speeds (m / s). The diode bridge performs two functions in the device. Firstly, it allows electric motors of both direct and alternating current as a sensor, and secondly, when using a DC motor, there is no need to phase its outputs relative to the poles of the milliammeter tips.

Here, D 9 with any letter indices was used as diodes, a tuning resistor of the SDR-1 type with a resistance of 1-3 kOhm, an electric motor - any DC or AC micromotor, designed for an operating voltage of 3-10 V (from children's toys), a DC milliammeter with a measuring range of 0-1 mA. After preparing all the parts and assembling them, we tested the device in laboratory conditions, that is, in the physics room. With the help of an electric blower, an air flow was created, and an anemometer was installed along its path. By moving the anemometer away from the wind source, we noticed different milliammeter readings. This means that our device is working. It remains to calibrate the milliammeter scale. To do this, our device in calm weather was blown on a moving car.

First, we set the upper limit of the measured speeds; we have it corresponds to 20 m / s, i.e. the speed of the car should be 72 km / h, which was determined by the speedometer of the car. The car was driven by a physics teacher who followed the road and the speedometer reading, and we followed the milliammeter reading. At a speed of 72 km / h - by rotating the tuning resistor, we ensured that the milliammeter needle was opposite the extreme right division of the scale. Then, reducing the speed of the car to 54.36.18 km/h, the corresponding instrument readings were recorded. Then we made a new scale for the milliammeter on a sheet of paper according to our measurements, but already in (m / s). Already a milliammeter will show the wind speed. After checking, a second test was carried out on a moving car and at the same time the anemometer reading coincided with the speedometer reading of the car. So our device was ready for use.

The manufacture of this device requires very inexpensive parts (diodes, a milliammeter and an electric motor from an old or unnecessary toy), i.e., material costs are minimal. Even if you buy all the necessary parts in the store, you need 200-300 rubles. And if you buy a factory-made device, then this will require a significant amount of money (from 3,500 to 5,000 rubles). This means that our device is almost 20 times cheaper than the factory one !!!

This device can perform other functions:

1. Can be used to check the volume of the lungs (whoever blows harder has a larger lung capacity)

2. To show the transformation kinetic energy wind into electricity.

3. As a wind generator model.

If you don’t have an anemometer at school, make it yourself, we have literature and a little experience, we can help with this.

Literature:

1. Khoroshavin - technical modeling. "Enlightenment" 1983

2. Shakhmaev experiment in high school. Enlightenment. 1991

3. Not a single lesson. Enlightenment 1991

4. Magazine " Young Technician» No. 4,7,9 for 1998

Application for work.

1. Table of measurement results.

Work completed: Khalyukov Bogdan Alexandrovich

"Wind Wizard"

Scientific adviser: Kapustyan Marina Viktorovna,

primary school teacher Russia, Vladikavkaz, MBOU secondary school No. 22,1B class

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Wind detection

1.1. What is wind?……………………………………………………………………

1.2. Types of winds………………………………………………………………………….

1.3. Determination of cardinal points…………………………………………………………..

1.4. Wind value…………………………………………………………………….

1.5. The image of the wind in the works of the peoples of the world……………………………………………

2.Research part

2.1.Experiment 1……………………………………………………………………..

2.2.Experiment 2……………………………………………………………………..

2.3.Experiment 3……………………………………………………………………..

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………

Attachment 1……………………………………………………………………………………

Annex 2……………………………………………………………………………………

THESIS

Research topic: "Wind-wizard".

Head: Marina Viktorovna Kapustyan, primary school teacher, Vladikavkaz Secondary School No. 22.

The purpose of the work: to find out why we need wind.

Find out how and why the wind appears;

Learn to connect scientific ideas with real life;

Learn to determine the direction and strength of the wind.

Hypothesis: I think that the wind can be subordinated to a person.

Object of study: wind.

Subject of study: wind speed and direction.

Research methods:

Interviews with teachers and parents.

Watching the wind in nature.

The study of literature about the wind.

Performing creative work.

Internet resources.

Relevance:

It is impossible to see the wind, but it is impossible not to notice: the crowns of trees are swaying, a strong wind hits in the face, and a hurricane wind can cause natural disasters.

Winds, depending on their strength and speed, can change everything around. Where are the reasons for their occurrence?

I believe that the topic I have chosen is relevant. I have long been interested in the question of why the wind blows, how it is formed, what it is for and whether it can be tamed. In my work, I will try to answer all these questions.

Introduction.

Since ancient times, people have seen in the winds the presence of the living forces of the Universe and the cosmos, the influence of the gods. In addition, in the Eastern teachings, the wind is a symbol of the spirit, its strength and the living breath of the Universe, which supports and unites all living things. The wind is the personification of the incorporeal, intangible, elusive, changeable. It is associated with thread, rope, etc. Winds-messengers of the gods, indicate the presence of a deity. In combination with fire, the wind symbolizes the gods of mountains and volcanoes.

Sometimes we go outside to enjoy the calm and clear weather. However, before we had gone a few steps, the wind suddenly picked up. Although we do not see it, we feel it perfectly on our hands and face, without having the slightest idea where it came from. Let's figure it out.

1. Determination of the wind.

1.1.What is wind?

Though armless, but it happens

The pines are uprooted.

So sometimes he gets angry.

Just that he was everywhere

A moment - and it is nowhere.

Have you ever looked at the clouds the way I looked at them? The clouds are very beautiful. And they are also different. If you watch them for a long time, you can see different animals, both a house and a car (see Fig. 1). I also discovered that they can swim one way and the other. Why is this happening? I asked this question to my grandfather. He explained to me that the wind is to blame: the clouds are light and the wind drives them along in its own direction. I thought about it and came to the conclusion that the wind is moving air. But why does it move, what moves it? I have accumulated a lot of questions, and I decided to start looking for answers to them.

To begin with, I conducted the simplest experiment: I took a sheet of paper, made a fan out of it, and waved it at myself (see photo 1). I felt a chill, a breeze. So I made the air move.

On reflection, I realized that the air itself does not move. Under what influence is this happening? To do this, I conducted another experiment: when I stood on the floor, my legs felt cold air(see photo 2). But when I got up on the bed and stretched my arms up, it turned out that the air was much warmer there (see photo 3).

Conclusion: thus, the wind is preliminarily formed from two layers of air, and only then begins to blow.

I opened the front door and put a lit candle on the threshold. The flame of the candle deflected into the room, as cold air moves from the corridor (see photo 4). Then the candle slowly raised up. The flame deviated towards the corridor, as warm air comes out of the room (see photo 5).

Conclusion: warm air rises, it is light, and heavy cold air rushes to its place.

The sun warms the earth, and the earth warms the air. But water, plants, houses and soil heat up differently, and hence the air above them different temperatures. It is colder over the river than over asphalt or stone houses.

Over wide warm seas, over snowy fields, over forests and hot deserts, air is constantly moving. The air swirls around the earth. The wind blows stronger or weaker.

Conclusion: wind is moving air.

1.2. Types of winds.

The wind is different. He is able to move objects, and even lift and carry lungs for a certain distance, inflate sails, bend and break trees, and much more.

Roaring across the field

Sings and whistles

breaks trees,

Bows down to the ground.

When I was at sea, I was worried about the question: why does the water feel cool during the day, and in the evening, when a light fresh breeze begins to blow, the water in the sea remains warm?

On this occasion, I turned to my father. He explained to me that this phenomenon is called a breeze (see Fig. 2).

The breezes are daytime and nighttime. During the day, when the sun is shining, the land heats up faster, and the body of water slower. Warm air that forms over land rises. An area of low pressure is created. Above the surface of the water, the air is heavier and colder. That is why in the summer it blows coolness from the side of the water. Here is an area of high pressure, Cold air from the sea rushes to land: from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. A wind is formed, which is called the day breeze.

A breeze is considered a gentle wind. They include the monsoon.

Monsoon is a wind that changes its direction twice a year according to the seasons: in summer it blows from ocean to land, and in winter it blows from land to ocean.

What can the wind do? Make noise, shake trees, rustle leaves, howl, whistle, raise dust, etc.

The wind can be cheerful, light - these are breezes. I made a small experiment: on the table I prepared bowls of water. In each bowl there was a "sea": red (see photo 6) and yellow (see photo 7). I blew on the water. There were waves.

Conclusion: the stronger you blow on the water, the higher the waves.

Or maybe the wind is strong, destructive, evil - it is a hurricane (see Fig. 4), a storm (see Fig. 5), a tornado (see Fig. 3). Such winds cause colossal damage: trees are uprooted, houses are destroyed, power line masts are knocked down, cars are overturned. Not without human sacrifice. I tried to make a storm at home: I lowered sailing boats into a large basin of water. When I blew on the sails, the boats sailed (see photo 8). I stopped blowing, and the boats stopped in place. I decided to check what would happen if I blow hard? My boats were wrecked (see photo 9).

Conclusion: the stronger the wind blows, the more dangerous the sea.

1.3. Definition of cardinal directions.

The fastest and exact definition compass serves as cardinal directions. There is an arrow on it, one end of which is marked with red or blue paint (see Fig. 7). There is also a scale on which the cardinal directions are marked: north (N), south (S), west (W), east (O). You need to become so that the arrow stops at N. This will be the north. Behind me will be the south, on the left - the west, on the right - the east (see photo 10).

Of course, this is easy to do when the compass is in hand. But what if he doesn't? How to be in this case?

My dad helped me with this issue. He told me several ways to navigate the terrain without a compass. It turns out that nature itself has provided for everything!

Landmarks are what help us not to get lost. For example, in the forest north side moss grows on tree trunks (see Fig. 9). He does not like light and grows where it is damp and dark. Just from the north side, the sun rarely peeks. And on the opposite side is the south.

Such hints help us in the forest. If we find ourselves in a field or at sea, then we need to navigate by the stars.

All stars are combined into groups - constellations. One of the largest and most beautiful is Ursa Major. Next to her is Ursa Minor. There is one very bright star in it - this is the North Star, which indicates the direction to the north (see Fig. 8). Behind the back will be the south, by left hand- west, on the right - east. The east is called so because the sun rises there, and the west because the sun always sets in this direction.

Conclusion: in order to correctly determine the direction of the wind and navigate the terrain well, you need to know the cardinal points and be able to determine them, even in emergency cases.

1.4. Significance of the wind.

In the course of the research, I learned a lot about the wizard-wind, about its occurrence, I learned that the winds are light and strong, cheerful and evil, destructive. And I had a question: what does the wind bring more to a person and the environment - benefit or harm? Is he our friend or our enemy? It was difficult for me to figure it out myself, so I called on my parents for help. Here's what we got:

The wind helps the plants to pollinate and spread the seeds;

The wind helps the trees to get rid of the old foliage in autumn. But it can also harm: bend or even break the plant;

The wind carries smells and helps predators to hunt;

During a storm at sea, fish from dangerous places goes deeper, to the bottom. There is little oxygen. If the storm lasts for a long time, then the fish may die;

When a bird flies, the wind helps it, pushes it forward. And it may interfere if it blows on a meeting;

In hot summer, the wind cools animals that have warm fur;

The wind sways trees and can damage bird nests;

Wind carries warm air from hot to cold countries and vice versa. From this it becomes cooler in hot countries, and warmer in cold ones;

If it were not for the wind, clouds and clouds would not come to dry lands. There would be no rain and snow, streams, rivers, lakes would dry up;

The wind constantly carries away polluted air and instead brings fresh air forests and fields;

People have learned to use the wind to generate electricity. They invented such installations - windmills (see Fig. 11);

The wind turns the blades of the mills. The millstones turn and the grain is ground into flour (see Fig. 12);

When there were no engines, people sailed on the sea in sailboats. The wind inflates the sail, pushes it and the ship sails.

Conclusion: the wind can be both a friend and an enemy of a person. This natural phenomenon is being studied so that the power of the wind can be used for useful deeds and warn people of impending danger.

1.5. The image of the wind in the work of the peoples of the world.

The wind has taken a special place in the works of great Russian poets and writers. I really like The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs, written by A.S. Pushkin:

Wind, wind! You are powerful

You drive flocks of clouds.

You excite the blue sea

Everywhere you fly in the open,

Don't be afraid of anyone

Except one god...

People in their work differently related to this natural phenomenon. Sailors and millers were very fond of and waited for the wind, as their life depended on it. Wind in a drought could bring the long-awaited rain, and then could destroy the entire crop. The wind has long been associated with change, and not always in better side.

My grandmother told me that April 18 folk calendar holiday - Fedul - Vetrenik (Wind blower) and Fedora - Anemone. In the old days they said:

Fedul came - the greenhouse blew.

Fedul came - warm wind blew, opened the windows, heated the hut without firewood.

In general, the wind folk art mentioned very often. Sometimes with great respect. So, a Chinese proverb advises: "Stand like a mountain, move like the wind." The Vietnamese say with a smile: "Depending on the wind, the flag curls." And the Russians answered: "Keep your nose to the wind." (See Attachment).

Many nations say: “Without wind, there are no waves” or “Without wind, the grass does not sway.” This suggests that there are reasons for everything that happens.

Sailors encourage each other: “If you don’t care about the winds in the sea, will you be afraid of the winds on land?” In addition, "Only a strong wind can inflate large sails." And the Greeks are convinced that it is in a moment of despair that a fair wind begins to blow.

Conclusion: no matter how strong and destructive the wind is, people still sing about it in their work, because it is one of the most important factors in nature, without which there would be no life on earth.

2. Research part.

2.1.Experiment 1. "Merry jellyfish".

To monitor the direction and strength of the wind, I made a homemade "trap" for the wind in the form of a funny marine life.

1. I made a cylinder from colored cardboard (see photo 11).

2. With the help of a hole punch, I made many punctures along the edge at a distance of 1 cm from each other (see photo 12).

3. I threaded long ribbons - “tentacles” into the holes, secured them with strong knots (see photo 13).

4. I attached a rope to the body, for which I hung a “merry jellyfish” (see photo 14).

Conclusion: jellyfish tentacles react to the slightest breath of wind. So I could determine not only the direction, but also the strength of the wind.

2.2. Experiment 2. "Turntable".

Another device for observing the wind is a turntable.

1. I took a sheet of colored paper and cut out a 20x20 square from it (see photo 15). I drew two diagonals and found the center of the square. He retreated 1 cm from the center along the lines towards each of the corners, noted.

2. Cut the square along four lines to the mark.

3. Then I pierced a hole with a pin in the center and in the left corner of each of the resulting parts.

4. I bent each of the resulting parts with a left corner to the center so that the hole in the corner of the part coincided with the hole in the center.

5. I fixed the resulting pinwheel with a carnation and attached it to a wooden stick (see photo 16).

Conclusion: the spinner responds very well to the movement of air and is another means to determine the direction of the wind.

2.3.Experiment 3. "Weather vane".

For the next experiment, I needed a weather vane. Since I didn’t have a real one, I decided to make it with my own hands.

1. Using scissors, I cut a piece from the cork rail.

2. I drew the details (arrow and tail) on an aluminum foil plate with a pencil, then cut them out (see photo 17). The details must be large enough to feel the influence of the wind.

3. With scissors, I made small cuts at both ends of the cork rail. I applied some glue to the slot and glued a triangular piece to the rail. I did the same with the tail part of the weather vane (see photo 18).

4. Then I took a long wooden rail and attached a cork rail to it. The cork rail should rotate freely (see photo 19).

5. In order to easily determine the exact direction of the wind, I cut out the letters N, S, E, W (north, south, east, west) from colored cardboard. Each letter has its own color (see photo 20).

6. I cut four pieces of the same length from the cork rail. I glued one letter to each segment, and then glued the resulting pointers to a wooden rail (see photo 21).

7. With the help of a compass, I determined where the north is. I set my weather vane so that the letter N points to the north. The arrow shows the direction of the wind (see photo 22).

After the weather vane was ready, I began to observe the weather daily, the direction of the wind, and write down my observations in a diary (see Fig. 14).

Conclusion: it turns out that when the wind direction changes, the weather also changes. For example, in the days of my observations, the north wind prevailed, which brought very coldy and sometimes even snow.

I learned to determine the direction of the wind with my funny jellyfish, pinwheel and weather vane. But there are many more signs by which you can determine the strength and direction of the wind, for example, by the direction of the smoke from the chimney (see photo 23), by the movement of branches on trees (see fig. 13). If there is no wind, the smoke from the chimney rises straight up, the branches of the trees are motionless. In a strong wind, not only branches sway, but also the tops of trees, trunks, and the smoke deviates sharply to the side.

When the wind blows, it's interesting to watch the clouds, they float low and fast,

I also like to watch a blizzard from the window, when whirlwinds of snow are transferred from place to place. Sometimes the wind sweeps the ground, forming a snowdrift.

And recently we walked and bought balloons. They also clearly show where the wind is blowing (see photo 24). A waving flag can also help us determine the direction of the wind (see photo 25).

Conclusion.

In the course of my research work, I learned a lot about such a magical natural phenomenon as the wind. I learned where it comes from, what types it happens, how it is determined and what happens when it gains enormous strength.

I also realized that it will not be possible to subdue the wind to a person, which refutes my hypothesis. But you can use the wind for your own purposes - wind energy is huge, it is available everywhere and it does not need to be mined like coal from mines.

Thus, having studied all the positive and negative aspects of the wind, I came to the conclusion that the wind has a huge impact on humans and wildlife. It is also the most important factor in shaping the climate on planet Earth. If there were no wind, the Earth would look completely different, climate zones would be located differently, people would live differently.

References, Internet sources:

Likum A. Everything about everything. Popular encyclopedia for children. Moscow: Slovo, 1993.

Kalashnikov V.I. Miracles of nature. On the ground and in the air. Moscow: White City, 2005.

[3] Galileo. Science through experience. Moscow: De Agostini, 2011

[4] Planet Earth. Encyclopedia. Moscow: Rosmen, 2010

Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language.

http://shishkinles.ru

http://www.otvetim.info/detskie-voprosy/

Application.

Figure 1. Clouds.

Photo 1. Experience 1. Fan.

Photo 2. Experience 2. Cold air below. Photo 3. Experience 2. Warm air above.

Photo 4. Experiment 3. Photo 5. Experiment 3.

Figure 2. Breeze.

Photo 6. Experiment 4. Photo 7. Experiment 4.

Figure 3. Figure 4.

Figure 5

Photo 8. Experiment 5. Photo 9. Experiment 5.

Figure 6. Beaufort scale. Figure 7. Compass.

Photo 10. Figure 8. Polaris.

Figure 9. Moss on a tree. Figure 10. Cardinal directions.

Figure 11. Windmills. Figure 12. Mill.

Photo 11. Experiment 1. Cheerful jellyfish. Photo 12. Experiment 1. Cheerful jellyfish.

Photo 13. Experiment 1. Cheerful jellyfish. Photo 14. Experiment 1. Cheerful jellyfish.

Photo 15. Experiment 2. Pinwheel. Photo 16. Experiment 2. Pinwheel.

Photo17. Experiment 3. Weather vane. Photo 18. Experiment 3. Weather vane.

Photo 19. Experiment 3. Weather vane. Photo 20. Experiment 3. Weather vane.

Photo 21. Experiment 3. Weather vane. Photo 22. Experiment 3. Weather vane.

Photo 23. Smoke from the chimney. Figure 13.

Photo 24. Balloon. Photo 25. Flag.

Figure 14. Table of weather observations.

southeastern

t=-5C

Mainly cloudy

northern

region variable

northern

northeastern

northwestern

northern

region variable

northwestern

region variable

northeastern

region variable

northwestern

northern

region variable

northeastern

region variable

northeastern

region variable

northeastern

t=-16C

northern

t=-15C

region variable

northern

t=-9C

northern

region variable

Wind riddles.

It flies, not a bird, Who knows no boundaries?

A howl, not a beast. Who flies faster than birds?

The clouds are catching up, He is either formidable, or rebellious,

Howls, blows. The way the spring fluff is gentle.

Roaming the world, Who is the freest of all in the world?

Sings and whistles. Guessed? It…

Runs through the snow, but there is no trace? Flying is not a bird

Howling is not a beast.

The story of the wind.

Wind and sun (K. Ushinsky).

One day, the Sun and the angry North Wind started a dispute about which of them is stronger. They argued for a long time and finally decided to measure their strength over the traveler, who at that very time was riding on horseback along the high road.

Look, - said the Wind, - how I will pounce on him: in an instant I will tear off his cloak.

He said - and began to blow, that was urine. But the more the Wind tried, the more tightly the traveler wrapped himself in his cloak: he grumbled at the bad weather, but rode farther and farther. The wind got angry, raged, showered the poor traveler with rain and snow; cursing the Wind, the traveler put his cloak in his sleeves and tied it with a belt. Here the Wind himself was convinced that he could not pull off his cloak.

The sun, seeing the impotence of its rival, smiled, looked out from behind the clouds, warmed and dried the earth, and at the same time the poor half-frozen traveler. Feeling warm sun rays, he cheered up, blessed the Sun, he himself took off his cloak, rolled it up and tied it to the saddle.

You see, - then the meek Sun said to the angry Wind, - you can do much more with caress and kindness than with anger.

Poems about the wind.

Play for me, blue wind ... (A. S. Pushkin). Windy (I. Tokmakova).

Play me blue wind, windy, windy

Today the song of the sea. The whole earth is ventilated

And the leaves serenade the wind the leaves from the branches

About joy and sorrow. Dispersed around the world:

And every evening I will be Linden, birch,

I'm a weather vane on the roof Yellow leaf and pink

Play tag with the wind Red, colorful,

And songs to sing inaudibly! old leaf newspaper.

Proverbs and sayings about the wind.

The wind confuses the foliage, the word confuses the person.

The wind in your head is never fair.

The word to keep is not to run with the wind.

Bad is the wind that does not bring good.

The wind flies without wings.

You sow the wind, you reap the whirlwind.

Folk omens about the wind.

Where the wind comes from, where the weather comes from.

Before a thunderstorm, the forest is quiet.

Wherever the wind blows, there it rains.

If the forest makes noise in winter - to the thaw.

Strong wind during rain promises good weather.

Wind stripes, gusts - to calm weather.

Night wind sent rain during the day.

Wind behind the sun - to windy weather.

If the wind blows from the south in summer - to bad weather, in winter - to warmth.

Vyacheslav Fedorkov

The student presented this work at the District Research Festival in the 2013-2014 academic year.

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The purpose of the project: To tell about the origin of the wind, its impact on the environment, the impact on climate formation and prove it with experiments. Hypothesis: Wind like weather phenomenon influences the climate in the area. Tasks: 1. To study the literature on the research problem. 2. Draw conclusions after studying the literature. 3. Conducting experiments. 4. Summing up. Research methods: 1. The method of analysis of theoretical literature. 2. Monitoring environment. 3. Modeling method. 4. Method of experiment. 5. Method of forecasting.

What is wind Wind is movement air masses due to their uneven heating. This is how air always moves from an area of higher atmospheric pressure to an area of lower pressure. In any area there is a pressure difference, so the wind blows in the area. If you live on the coast, you can watch it every day. During the day, the land heats up, the air above the ground rises, and cold wind from the sea takes its place. At night, the ground cools down, while the water remains warm, the warm air above the water rises, and the breeze is already blowing from the shore, taking the place of the warm rising air.

Classification of Winds In meteorology, winds are classified primarily by their strength, duration, and direction. Thus, gusts are considered to be short-term (several seconds) and strong movements of air. strong winds medium duration (about 1 minute) are called squalls. The names of longer winds depend on the strength, for example, such names are breeze, storm, storm, hurricane, typhoon. An analysis of the literature on our question made it possible to carry out the following experiments.

Where does the wind come from. Experiment 1 Due to the temperature difference in the street and in the apartment, the air must move from the cold side to the warm side, that is, where the temperature is higher. A light material was brought to the half-open window, which will serve as an indicator of the movement of air. Conclusion: Air moves towards warmer.

Why does the wind blow. Experiment 2 Since warm air is lighter than cold air, we will conduct an experiment from which it will be seen that cold air flows displace warm air. A lit candle was brought to the half-open door. If you hold a candle over top edge door, the candle flame will be deflected towards the street. If the candle is placed on the floor, then the flame of the candle will deviate towards the room. Conclusion: wind is the movement of air. Warm air is lighter, it rises and goes outside, cold air takes its place.

Formation of wind in the city. Experience 3, observation, method of work In the period from November to January, an experiment was conducted - observation. Its purpose is to determine the methods of formation and direction of the wind in the city of Petrozavodsk. Implementation of the experiment: every day, record the direction of the wind at the same time in the morning and at the same time in the evening, while noting the air temperature, precipitation, and other weather changes. All data was recorded in one notebook, the table was filled. After the experiment, all the data took shape in a diagram characterizing the wind regime at a particular point according to the data for the month - the Wind Rose. Conclusion: the winds of the southeast and east direction bring warming to Petrozavodsk, which is expressed in an increase in temperature, precipitation in the form of rain. Winds of the northeast and west directions bring cooling to Petrozavodsk, which is expressed in a decrease in temperature, an increase in frost. Thus, it can be said that winds of different directions have a different effect on the weather in Petrozavodsk.

Formation of wind in the city. Experience 3, table

Formation of wind in the city. Experiment 3, results Based on the data obtained and the constructed diagram, it can be concluded that winds of the northwestern and southeastern directions prevail in the city of Petrozavodsk.

CONCLUSION Winds have always influenced human civilization, they inspired mythological stories, influenced historical action, expanded the range of trade, cultural development and warfare, and supplied energy for a variety of mechanisms for energy production and recreation. In the course of studying the appearance of wind and the very concept of wind, it was possible to understand what great value renders the wind and its study and forecasting on human life. After conducting experiments and experiments that aroused the greatest interest in the study, it was possible to understand where the wind comes from and how it affects the formation of weather in the city of Petrozavodsk in winter period. Our hypothesis has been proven.

List of literature and articles from the Internet http://www.kartravel.ru/page11.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sea/7856/%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%97% D0%90 http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/polytechnic/8001/%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%90 http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf /bse/127969/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0 5. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0% B0_ %D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2 6. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1% 82%D0%B5%D1%80 7. http://www.solnet.ee/sol/005/v_059.html 8. http://potomy.ru/world/437.html