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vegetable and animal world Arctic
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Lesson objectives
1. Form a student's idea of natural area arctic deserts. To acquaint with the peculiarities of the nature of the Arctic. Show the influence of the natural conditions of the Arctic on the animal and vegetable world. Learn about the animals and plants of the Arctic. Identify signs of adaptability of animals and plants to living conditions.
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The Arctic (from the Greek arktikos - northern), the northern polar region of the Earth, including the outskirts of the continents of Eurasia and North America, almost the entire Arctic Ocean with islands, as well as the adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There is an ice zone on the islands of the Arctic.
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The sun in the Arctic never rises high above the horizon. Its rays skim over the surface of the earth, giving it very little heat. That is why here is the realm of ice and snow. The climate of this polar region is very diverse. Cold gusty winds roam the silent expanses of snow. The islands are covered with a thick ice shell. Only in some places on the islands it is not there, but even here the land freezes many meters deep. The soil on the Arctic islands is almost never formed.
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But not only the islands are covered with a thick ice shell, but the Arctic Ocean itself. In 1932 the Northern Sea Route was passed for the first time. Therefore, caravans of ships regularly move along the important route. They are driven by powerful icebreakers.
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What a miracle - miracles: Heaven caught fire! Oh, it burns - a flame burns Above the sparkling ice! Who lit the wonderful fire, the golden bonfire of heaven? There is no one behind the cloud. It's light pouring from the sky.
(Northern Lights)
Winter in the Arctic polar night. For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness! The moon is shining in the sky, the stars twinkle. Sometimes there are amazingly beautiful auroras - like a multi-colored, iridescent curtain sways in the dark sky.
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Summer in the Arctic is very short. The polar day is set. It is as long as the polar night. The sun does not hide behind the horizon at all. But it occupies a very low position in the sky. Sun rays fall so obliquely that they only skim the surface of the earth. Therefore, it is heated very weakly. Only the shores and the coastal part of the islands are freed from snow and ice in summer. The air temperature here at this time rises slightly above zero.
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Few living creatures have adapted to life in the difficult conditions of the ice zone. On the stones of the islands there are lichens, similar to scale.
But suddenly comes across a green ice floe. Where is she from? It turns out there is tiny plants that can live on snow and ice. They are called SNOW ALGAE.
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K A M N E L O M K A
polar poppy
In some places there are SAXIFRAKE and POLAR POPPIES. To get more heat, their leaves are pressed to the ground. In saxifrage leaves are small, while in polar poppies they are cut into slices. This allows the plants to evaporate little water.
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In the summer in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, many tiny green algae. They feed on worms and crustaceans. The accumulation of worms and crustaceans attracts a variety of fish.
brown algae
seaweed laurencia
Algae Spirogyra
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The strongest impression is made by "bird markets".
Bird markets are noisy gatherings of thousands of seabirds on steep rocky shores. From afar, one can hear the incessant discordant hubbub of its inhabitants. And close up, a striking sight opens up: countless large birds.
In our country, bird markets can be seen on west coast Novaya Zemlya and in other areas of the Barents Sea, as well as in the north of the Pacific coast. They do not exist all year round, but only during the short northern summer, while the birds incubate their eggs and feed their chicks.
Guillemot nesting
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Dead end
Arctic tern
The rocky shores are almost entirely covered with auks, puffins, arctic terns, gulls, and guillemots. From a distance, their excited voices can be heard. Many birds do not build nests, but lay their eggs directly on bare stones. Sheer cliffs are a reliable refuge from predatory animals. Birds feed mainly on fish.
Loon
sea gull
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snowy owl
ptarmigan
With the onset of winter, all birds fly away to warmer climes. Only white partridges and snowy owls remain in the Arctic. Partridges feed on bush buds, and snowy owls prey on partridges. From the cold of birds protect the subcutaneous layer of fat and thick plumage.
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Walrus
striped seal
harp seal
Among the ice of the Arctic Ocean, there are seals and walruses. They spend most of their time in the water, so they are well adapted for swimming and diving. They forage in the water, and rest and raise their cubs on land or on ice floes. Walruses and seals are kept from freezing by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. Seals feed mainly on fish. And the walrus is also edible mollusks from the shells, since it has strong lips that allow them to be sucked.
Look at the picture and explain how a walrus is different from a seal.
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White bears
Polar bears roam the icy expanses in search of food. The polar bear is a predator. It is remarkably adapted to the conditions of the Arctic. Thick long hair, wide paws, white fur... What is the significance of all this in the life of a polar bear? Male polar bears roam the ice all year round. And females, future mothers, lie down in snow dens for the winter. Here, in the dead of winter, tiny cubs are born. In the den, frosts and winds are not terrible for cubs. Mother feeds with milk, warms. When the cubs grow up and leave the den together with their mother, the bear will teach them to fish, and then seals.
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northern whale
humpback whale
Huge sea animals live in the expanses of the ocean - WHALES, which feed on small crustaceans. One of the species is the bowhead or northern whale. It reaches a length of 15-18 meters. Like many other whales, instead of teeth, it has special plates in its mouth - “whalebone”. They serve to get food.
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Arctic reserve. Located on Wrangel Island, it was organized in 1976. The island is home to the largest of the ungulates of the Arctic - the musk ox, or musk ox, brought to the reserve from America. This beast in the distant past lived on the territory of our country, but then disappeared. It survived in North America. And now scientists have again decided to settle him on Wrangel Island.
After examining it in the figure, guess why it is called that.
The musk ox is similar to bulls, but stands closer to mountain sheep. Very thick and long hairline. The horns are very thick, curved at the base. Both females and males have horns. It feeds on lichens, mosses and herbaceous vegetation.
musk ox
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One of the rare animals of the Arctic is the arctic fox. The color of the polar fox is both black and bluish-gray and light gray. True, for the most part, arctic foxes are entirely white, only there are black hairs at the tip of the tail. Arctic foxes have perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic. In the summer they feed on small rodents, and in the winter they pick up leftovers from the polar bear's lunch. They get thrown by the waves sea fish, sea urchins, dead seal cubs. Seabird colonies are a source of eggs and chicks.
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Outcome
The Arctic is the realm of ice and snow The Arctic is the realm of ice and snow
Geographical position arctic ocean northern seas islands
Illumination polar day and polar night northern lights
Flora lichens and mosses polar poppy saxifrage
Animal world crustaceans and fish auks, puffins, ptarmigan, snowy owl, murre, polar bears, seals, walruses
Dear colleagues, in the middle and senior groups there is a thematic week "Animals of the Arctic", during which the teacher plans a variety of games, conversations, drawing on the topic. The presentation "For children about the animals of the Arctic" is aimed at introducing children to the inhabitants of the North Pole.
Educational presentation "For children about the animals of the Arctic" for older preschoolers
Presentation Tasks
- Introduce children to the natural conditions in the Arctic;
- Find out how animals adapt to different environments;
- Activate the dictionary, promote the development of mental processes.
Presentation progress
Globe work.
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There are places on our planet where snow lies almost all year round, it is very cold and summer comes for only 2-3 weeks. I wonder who can live in permafrost, if only lichens and mosses grow in cold lands? By the way, these places are called the Arctic and Antarctic, or the North and South Pole.
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What is the Arctic?
This is the undivided realm of ice and cold. The icy waters of the Arctic Ocean, endless tundra, rocky islands with steep, ice-covered shores - this is what the Arctic is all about. Everything here looks harsh, gloomy and unfriendly. Strong icy winds, fogs, heavy snowfalls, polar days and nights are integral parts of this region. But among eternal ice and snowdrifts seething full-blooded life.
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The polar bear is the most powerful and powerful land predator on the planet. Neither lions, nor tigers, nor brown bears. Drifting ice is the home of the polar bear. Nature carefully covered the body of a polar bear with warm white fur. The skin of the beast is black or very dark color. Beneath it is a thick layer of subcutaneous fat.
Fizminutka:
In the north, a white bear lives, (they walk in a circle)
But only, like a brown one, he does not suck honey. (torso twists)
Our Umka is trying to catch a fish, (depict fishing)
To eat deliciously and live - do not grieve. (stroking their belly)
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Walrus. This pinniped has a very broad muzzle. Thick and long mustaches grow on the upper lip. The eyes are small and nearsighted. The walrus really sees very poorly, but his sense of smell is excellently developed. There are no external ears, and short yellow-brown hair grows on the skin.
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characteristic hallmark seals are V-shaped nostrils. From them you can immediately recognize this animal, regardless of the color of the skin. The coloring is different. It contains brown, gray and red tones.
When swimming in the water element, seals use their hind limbs as a depth rudder and do not use them for rowing under water.
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Guess the riddle:
What kind of predator is in the Arctic,
With silky valuable fur,
Swims great in summer
Not afraid of a person?
And be careful in winter
And leads nightlife,
Building burrows in piles of snow,
Circling in labyrinths.
He looks like a fox
Barks from afar at a bird...
Both the hunter and the sly one,
Who tell me? ... (Arctic fox)
The arctic fox cannot boast of large sizes. In this beast, the soles of the paws are securely covered with hair. Prudent nature did this so that the animal would not freeze them. The ears are also wrapped in thick fur and are quite small. This does not prevent the fox from hearing perfectly.
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He also has an excellent sense of smell, but his eyesight, like all dogs, is not sharp. The muzzle is shortened, the body is squat. If you need to give a voice, then the polar fox yelps. It can also growl to scare the enemy.
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With the onset of cold weather, the tundra becomes hungry. Fluffy predator is forced to leave their homes. Part of the arctic fox rushes to the north into the Arctic ice zone.
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The reindeer's diet consists mainly of plants. In the first place is reindeer moss or reindeer moss. The animal takes it out from under the snow coat, scattering it with its hooves. Other lichens, grass, and berries are also eaten. Deer and mushrooms do not disdain. Eats eggs of birds, gaping rodents. It can also eat an adult bird, if it has the opportunity.
Fizminutka: "The deer has a big house."
The reindeer is a faithful helper and breadwinner of man. Domestic and wild deer look no different from each other. The difference is only in behavior - some are afraid of people, others are not, considering them to be their protectors.
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Listed in the Red Book of Russia polar bear, reindeer and walrus. To ensure that these animals do not become extinct and there are more of them in Russia, nature reserves. There, animals are protected, their characteristics are studied, conditions are created for life and reproduction.
Take care of animals!
Final part
Working with the Red Book.
Continuing to introduce children to the animals of the northern regions, look through.
Birds The most numerous inhabitants of the vast expanses of the harsh North are birds. The pink gull is a fragile creature. Its weight does not exceed a quarter of a kilogram, and its body length barely reaches 35 cm. However, this birdie feels quite at ease both in the harsh tundra and above the sea surface covered with drifting ice. Kaira is a black and white bird. With her attire, she resembles a Catholic priest, and her behavior is a brisk bazaar tradeswoman. She nests not on impregnable steep cliffs, but spends the winter on ice floes, without experiencing any discomfort. In this row, you can put the common eider - the northern duck. It is not difficult for her to dive into icy water to a depth of 20 meters. The most ferocious and largest among birds is the polar owl. It is a ruthless predator with yellow eyes and white plumage. It attacks both birds and rodents. It can also eat a cub of a larger animal - for example, a polar fox.
Seals These animals of the Arctic constitute a special cohort and have been living in the Arctic region for thousands of years. These include the harp seal, which has a very beautiful pattern on the skin. The sea hare is one of the largest seals. His height reaches 2.5 meters, and the whole is a little short of 400 kg. The common seal is inferior in size to the bearded seal, but it has very beautiful and expressive eyes. The ringed seal also belongs to this friendly company. She is smaller than her brothers, but more mobile and knows how to dig holes in the snow.
Walruses The walrus is the closest relative of seals. He, like them, is a pinniped, but has a larger size. The length of his body approaches 3 meters, and the weight fluctuates within a ton. In addition, this animal has powerful fangs. He needs them in order to dig the seabed and thus get himself mollusks, which serve as his main food. Often walruses use their tusks for self-defense and attacks on other animals. After all, he is a real predator and can easily eat a gaping seal or seal
Polar bear All animals of the Arctic are afraid and therefore respect the polar bear. This is the largest land predator. The length of his body reaches 2.5 meters, weight half a ton. He attacks seals, seals, walruses. His strong teeth are familiar to polar dolphins, and the arctic fox always feeds near this mighty beast, getting leftovers from the master's table. The polar bear swims well, dives, runs fast. He is the most formidable and dangerous predator Arctic lands
Cetaceans From the order of cetaceans that live in the narwhal. He owes such popularity to the Arctic, of undoubted interest, first of all, is his long horn, which sticks out right from his mouth. This horn reaches a length of 3 meters, and its weight is 10 kg. It is nothing more than an ordinary tooth that has grown to such a huge size. This tooth does not cause any inconvenience to a mammal, but why it is needed - there is no definite answer, although there are a lot of different assumptions. The bowhead whale is a relative of the narwhal. But its size is many times larger, and instead of a tooth, it has a whalebone and a huge tongue in its mouth. It is with his tongue that he licks plankton stuck in the whalebone plates. This huge animal is absolutely harmless; it has been living in northern waters for many thousands of years. Beluga whale or polar dolphin is also a representative of this company. This is a large animal - its weight reaches 2 tons, and its length is 6 meters. The beluga whale loves to eat fish very much - the killer whale never refuses to try the polar dolphin itself. It rightfully occupies one of the first places among the strongest and largest marine predators. She is a frequent visitor in Arctic waters. From her sharp teeth, not only beluga whales die, but also walruses, seals and seals.
Arctic fox Animals of the Arctic would lose a lot if among them there was no such predator as arctic fox. Thanks to its beautiful fur, this animal is known far beyond the cold region. He is known in Africa, and in Australia, and in Brazil - after all, women wear fox fur coats in all corners of the world. The fox is a very small animal. Its weight barely reaches 5 kg, and the height at the withers does not exceed 30 cm. But this kid is very hardy and fast. In addition, he loves to travel. It can be found in almost all corners of the Arctic. He often accompanies the polar bear, prudently keeping a respectful distance from the powerful predator.
Lemming This little rodent, slightly larger than the mouse, has for the animal world of the Arctic great value. Almost all animals feed on it, and the population of the snowy owl directly depends on its abundance. In those years when there are few lemmings, birds of prey do not nest at all. The arctic fox also loses interest in traveling if the number of small rodents increases dramatically. Reindeer also eat it, although their diet mainly consists of plants.
Reindeer A beautiful fast graceful animal, dressed in a warm short fur coat, and even having branched horns on its head, is none other than a reindeer. He lives in the cold tundra, feeds on reindeer moss, which is also called reindeer moss, and feels quite comfortable in the Arctic region. The reindeer also inhabits many islands of a huge cold reservoir. This animal has a weight of about two hundred kilograms, and the height at the withers does not exceed one and a half meters. Reindeer have very wide hooves. Thanks to them, he easily breaks the snow in winter and gets to the withered vegetation hiding in a snow coat.
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Slides captions:
Animals of the Arctic and Antarctic The presentation was made by the Educator GBDOU " Kindergarten No. 15 "Shkand Natalia Alexandrovna
Antarctica Arctic
Arctic The Arctic is washed by the Arctic Ocean, and almost all of it is shackled by thick, hard ice. Here on Far North, in the Arctic, the ice never melts. Because the sun does not rise high in the short polar summer, Such a sun cannot melt the ice. In winter it is dark here all day and night.
Arctic This is the coldest place in the whole world. The icy wind brings more and more mountains of snow. Under their own weight, snowdrifts are compacted and turn into ice. And so from century to century.
The Arctic It is very cold in the Arctic, but despite the huge ice floes and permafrost, there are such inhabitants that are not found anywhere else: a polar bear, a seal, a walrus, a reindeer, an arctic fox, an arctic tern, a sea narwhal.
Narwhal The length of this animal is 4.5 meters in an adult animal, and 1.5 meters in a cub. Weight reaches up to 1.5 tons, of which, more than half of the weight is fat. Narwhals have a horn 2-3 meters long, otherwise this horn is called a tusk. The tusk is used by the narwhal to determine the temperature of the water. Narwhals feed on squid, octopus, and fish. Narwhals are listed in the Red Book.
Polar bear The largest animals on Earth, they are good swimmers, they can stay in icy water for hours, they have membranes between their fingers, there are 5 long claws on each paw in order not to slide on the ice. The bear has warm thick fur and knows how to build a lair out of snow. white fur makes it invisible in the snow, feeds on fish, seals. The white bear goes fishing Slowly, waddle. The old fisherman senses that the rich are waiting for a catch.
Walrus Lives in the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Its body length reaches 4-5 meters. It weighs a ton and can even reach two tons, a walrus can have up to 300 kg of fat. The skin of the animal is thick, strong,. The mustache is thick, hard, and there are two fangs on the muzzle. With the help of these fangs, the walrus defends itself from enemies, attacks even a polar bear, and also plows the bottom, pulling out shells, octopuses, squids, that is, small animals that live in sea water. The walrus is proud of its mustache And sharp fangs. He lives in the Arctic Where there is snow and ice around.
Terns Terns have a slender body, long pointed wings and short legs. Terns feed on fish. In the Arctic Terns live only in summer, when winter comes in the Arctic, Terns fly south.
Arctic fox Animals of the Arctic would lose a lot if among them there was no such animal as arctic fox. Thanks to its beautiful fur, this animal is known far beyond its region. The Arctic fox is a very small animal, its weight barely reaches up to 5 kg. But this kid is very hardy and fast. In addition, he loves to travel and can be found in almost all corners of the Arctic.
Reindeer That's what the whole world has heard about, so it's about reindeer. A beautiful and fast animal has no less beautiful branched horns on its head. (Moreover, both males and females have them). The height at the withers is no more than one and a half meters, and it weighs about two hundred kilograms. Thanks to a warm coat and the constant availability of food, the deer feels great even in such a cold region. He is not afraid of frosts of -50-60 degrees.
Reindeer Thanks to its unusual wool and down, it does not freeze even in icy water. Its habitat is the endless tundra. It feeds on reindeer moss or reindeer moss, which it digs out from under the snow.
Yagel - reindeer moss
Antarctica Antarctica washed by Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Antarctica is the most severe and coldest continent in terms of climate. At night, the temperature there can drop to -52°C.
Antarctica In addition to extremely low temperatures, for climatic conditions Antarctica is characterized by constantly blowing winds. There are no trees and shrubs in Antarctica, there are almost no herbaceous flowering plants. Basically, the plant world is represented by lichens, mosses, algae, fungi and bacteria.
Antarctica In Antarctica there are amazing animals: king penguin, elephant seal, seal, sea leopard, blue whale, Albatross bird.
Seal They have smooth skin and are good swimmers. Seals hunt underwater, feed on fish, shrimps, squids. A seal lies on an ice floe, As if on a featherbed. He is in no hurry to get up, Fat accumulates under the skin.
Albatross A large sea bird with a wingspan of more than 4 meters. the birds are white, with a yellow coating on the head and neck, the top of the wings and the tail along the edges are black-brown. Beak and legs are light. This bird does not walk well on land, but for a long time it soars over the ocean in search of prey: fish, squid and other marine life.
Elephant seal The southern elephant seal belongs to the family of true seals. In terms of size, it ranks second among all pinnipeds, second in size only to the northern elephant seal.
Blue whale This is the largest animal on Earth. The length of his body is up to 33 meters! (This is the height of a 10-storey building). However, this giant, like all baleen whales, feeds on plankton - small crustaceans and other tiny marine life. The stomach of a blue whale can hold up to 2 tons of crustaceans.
Blue whale When a whale emerges from the water to breathe in and out, it releases a fountain up to 12 m high.
Penguin Penguins are birds, but they cannot fly, but they swim very well. Penguins walk awkwardly waddling from side to side or jumping. Penguins eat fish.
Penguin King penguins are especially beautiful, weighing up to 50 kg and more than a meter high. They breed their offspring in the harsh winter. Nests are not made, and the eggs are held in paws, pressed against the fluff of a warm belly. In black tailcoats In white T-shirts all year round This amazing people walks.
Fixing the material What is the name of the land in the extreme south globe? (Antarctica). What are the islands of the Arctic Ocean called? (Arctic). These animals have tusks, with which they tear the seabed in search of the main food - small animals living in sea water (walruses). It feeds on reindeer moss and moss. This animal has horns. (Reindeer) These animals have a horn-tusk 2-3 meters long, which serves them to determine the temperature of the water. (Narwhal) This animal can build a lair out of snow. It feeds on fish and seals. (Polar bear) A very small animal, known outside the region for its beautiful fur. (Arctic fox) The largest animal on Earth up to 33 meters long. (Blue whale) A bird, but it does not fly, but it swims well. (Penguin) This bird does not walk well on land, but it soars over the ocean for a long time in search of prey. (Albatross)
D / I "Who lives where"
Didactic game:
Thank you for your attention
The Arctic The north of Eurasia and North America, the islands of the Arctic Ocean occupy the treeless spaces of the Arctic (zones of arctic deserts) and the Subarctic (tundra zone). Peculiar natural conditions, the fauna of these zones is also peculiar. In summer, the sun does not set below the horizon for a long time. It constantly wanders low over the melted tundra, over the smooth surface sea waters, over the ice fields. This is especially striking for a person who first came to high latitudes. At night here, as well as during the day, butterflies fly from flower to flower, birds fly, feed and sing. With the advent of summer and the polar day, many animals begin to lead an active life for most of the day, and sometimes even around the clock. For example, small granivorous birds sleep in the middle of the summer night, sometimes only 12 hours. Sea birds, the inhabitants of bird rookeries, are active both day and night. In summer, many animals, especially birds, have important advantages in the Arctic and Subarctic. Extending their “working day” by several hours, birds here often lay more eggs and raise more chicks than their relatives living further south; chicks often grow faster and leave nests earlier. But for animals leading a nocturnal lifestyle, a round-the-clock day is a considerable inconvenience. Obviously, therefore, in the Arctic there are no, for example, the bats, although food for mosquitoes and other small insects would be quite enough for them here. In winter, the sun in the Arctic for a long time does not appear above the horizon at all. Snow-covered land and ice are only occasionally illuminated by the moon or multi-colored flashes of auroras. Those of the animals that dare to winter here are forced to use the twilight for food or adapt to search for prey in the dark.
Polar shark The polar shark belongs to the category of little-studied fish. Knowledge about it is negligible. This is primarily due to the fact that the fish lives in harsh cold waters, and besides, it prefers to spend most of its life at depth. This is a predator. You can meet him in the White Sea, in southern regions Barents Sea and in the waters of the Pechora Sea. In size, the polar shark successfully competes with the great white shark. The length of her body reaches 6.5-7 meters. The weight fluctuates within a ton.
Killer whale The killer whale belongs to the dolphin family. the most intelligent, good-natured and safest creatures on earth in the minds of people. What about good nature is unknown, but as for the brains, the killer whale is smarter than any dolphin. Her intelligence is in second place after the human. She is the smartest animal on the planet. This mammal lives in all seas and oceans, but has a much greater predilection for cool and cold waters than for warm ones. Prefers to live in the Arctic Ocean.
Eider common Both birds and animals feel the lack of heat even in summer in the Far North. They have adapted to use it economically and protect themselves from the cold. Geese and ducks, protecting their eggs from cooling, line their nests with a layer of fluff. Among the northern ducks, the common eider nesting in colonies (along the coasts of the White, Baltic and Barents Seas) is especially famous. The down plucked from the chest and belly by this duck is rightfully considered the best heat-insulating material. It has long been collected from nests, and then used in products that must be very light and warm. The elastic layer of this most valuable reddish-gray down lies under the eggs. Leaving the nest, the eider also covers the eggs with fluff from above, so that they do not cool down and are not stolen by predators.
Guillemots Guillemots are the most common inhabitants of the bird colonies of bustling seabird colonies on the steep rocky shores of the northern seas. They lay only one large green or blue egg. And they incubate him almost continuously. Before leaving the cliff ledge and flying out to sea, the bird hands the egg to a "spouse" (or "spouse") already waiting in line to incubate. Therefore, in the upper part of the egg, heated by the guillemot, a temperature of about 3839 ° is maintained. However, the lower part of the egg, although it lies on the paws of the bird, is strongly cooled, and its temperature can drop to 5 or even 1 °.
White Owl. No less interesting is the adaptation to the protection of eggs and chicks from the cold in the snowy owl, which is widespread throughout the tundra zone. These birds are among the first to start breeding in the tundra, even at 2030-degree frosts. Having laid the first egg on the frozen ground, without bedding, the female no longer flies off the nest. At this time, the male supplies her with food for small rodents. She lays eggs (7, 8 and even 9) every other day, and therefore the hatching of chicks in owl nests is greatly stretched. This makes a lot of biological sense. After the older owlets turn days old and the needs of the offspring for food increase, the female, having left their older brothers and sisters to incubate the eggs and warm the chicks, she herself, together with the male, begins to catch and bring prey to the chicks.
Fighting the cold. The very appearance of Arctic animals testifies to the incessant struggle with the cold. Thick, very long fur of the polar fox, polar bear, reindeer, thick and dense plumage of guillemots and other sea birds or, conversely, very loose plumage of a white owl that retains a lot of air, a thick layer of subcutaneous fat in seals protect animals from heat loss. Animals put on very thick and dense fur or plumage in the fall, on the eve of the arrival of a long, harsh winter. Keeping warm many Arctic animals helps and compact physique. They are characterized by the small size of the protruding parts of the body, short legs, ears, birds have beaks. (Compare, for example, the arctic fox and the fox.) Large sizes whole bodies of many arctic inhabitants also give them advantages in saving heat.
Coloring birds and animals. Most animals and birds in winter are white or very light in color. In some, such as the white owl or polar bear, it persists all year round. The biological meaning of this phenomenon is interpreted differently. This coloration is often considered patronizing, helping predators to hunt and their victims to hide from danger. It is also believed that light-colored animals radiate less heat and do not cool as much. However, all this is not entirely true. The snowy owl, for example, stands out so much in summer against the backdrop of a snowless tundra that there is no reason to consider its coloring as patronizing. As it was found, the whitening of fur or plumage is associated with an increased release of heat by animals, which, of course, is very important in the conditions of the Arctic.
The polar bear The polar bear, the main enemy of the seal, needs no less ice and snow drifts. The whole life of this predator, especially the male, passes in wanderings through the ice fields. Among the ice, he feels most confident, easily swims through wide openings, finds his way through seemingly impassable heaps of hummocks. Bears spend part of the year on land. In autumn they come out to the mountainous arctic islands. Having chosen a secluded place in a hollow or on a hillside, the female lies down in a shallow hole in the snow, leaving the blizzard to take care of the shelter. The blizzard sweeps a large snowdrift over the she-bear. In it, she finally completes the construction of the lair, spends the whole winter, gives birth and feeds cubs with milk. In the spring, together with the grown-up babies, the mother goes to the sea ice and continues the journey interrupted in the fall.
Walruses. In addition to the polar bear and the seal, the walrus and the narwhal are especially characteristic of the Arctic. The walrus is the largest of the living pinnipeds. Males and females have tusks, with which the animals plow up the muddy seabed, extracting their main food of mollusks. Narwhal large dolphin spends all year round among the Arctic ice. Its main feature is a long, straight tusk, which develops only in males (the purpose of the tusk is still unclear).
Narwhal In the order of cetaceans, there are a huge number of different species of mammals. The most notable among them are the narwhals. They owe such popularity to their long horn or tusk, which sticks out directly from the mouth and reaches a length of 3 meters. Such a tusk weighs 10 kg. Narwhal is a fairly large animal. In length, some representatives of this species reach 5 meters. The usual length fluctuates within 4 meters. The weight of the male is one and a half tons. Females weigh from 900 kg to a ton. Narwhals have a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. This is not surprising, since their whole life takes place in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. The region of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Greenland and Svalbard are their favorite places. They also like the waters near Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. During winter, they can be found in the bays of the Bering Sea. Here they get right up to the Commander Islands. In this cold season, they are also frequent guests in the White Sea.
Lemming When winter comes and snow falls, a relatively calm and prosperous life begins for lemmings, the most characteristic small rodents of the tundra. In summer, they become prey for many animals and birds. Arctic foxes and snowy owls, ermines and gulls feed on them and feed their offspring. Even the polar bear, if he finds himself on land, catches and eats lemmings. In autumn, these rodents move to the lowlands and spend the winter under the cover of snow, in warm nests made of grass stems. Here, under the snow, they are well provided with food by various plants and successfully reproduce.
Arctic fox (polar fox) Sea ice makes the island accessible to land animals. On ice bridges, for example, foxes and even reindeer enter the remote islands of the Arctic Ocean. On the ice of frozen rivers at the beginning of winter, arctic foxes migrate to the south. In this beast, the soles of the paws are securely covered with hair. Prudent nature did this so that the animal would not freeze them. The ears are also wrapped in thick fur and are quite small. This does not prevent the fox from hearing perfectly.
Ringed seal The ringed seal is the original inhabitant of the harsh Arctic region. It belongs to the family of true seals and lives in almost all waters of the Arctic Ocean. This animal can be found near the Kola Peninsula and in the Bering Strait. The ringed seal living in the Arctic cannot boast of large forms. The length of her body rarely reaches one and a half meters. Basically, it grows up to 1.35-1.4 meters. Grows up to 10 years. The weight is 70 kg. Females are slightly smaller than males. This beast has an excellent sense of smell, perfect sharp hearing and excellent eyesight. The body of the seal is thick and therefore visually seems short. The ringed seal is an excellent swimmer and diver. A depth of 50 meters is not the limit for her, she can safely stay under water for 20 minutes. The life expectancy of these amazing animals is an average of 40 years.
Harbor seal The harbor seal lives in the eastern and western parts of the Arctic Ocean. In the east, these are the Bering Sea, the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea. The body length of an ordinary seal ranges from 1.85 m, weight is 160 kg. Males are somewhat larger than females, otherwise they are practically the same. She lives for years. Males live 10 years less. This animal lives in coastal waters, ignoring long journeys. At the end of summer and autumn, it lies on spits and shoals subject to ebbs and flows. Avoids open places and wide banks. Swims and dives well.
Reindeer Reindeer can be found in the west of the Kola Peninsula, in Karelia, in Kamchatka, in Western Chukotka. There is also in the north of Sakhalin. It lives in large numbers on the islands of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, feels great in Alaska and northern Canada. The largest number of deer is observed on the Taimyr Peninsula. The harsh tundra, forest tundra, and northern taiga are the places where the animal has existed for many thousands of years. It is perfectly adapted to both mountainous areas and plains. The reindeer is divided into wild and domestic. Currently, there are much more domestic deer.
Used resources ledovityj-okean/
