universal organizations. The UN as a universal international organization Interstate universal organizations include

First of all, the United Nations is one of the universal international organizations. The UN Charter was adopted at the San Francisco Conference on June 26, 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945.

The main goals of the UN are:

• - the maintenance of international peace and security and, to this end, the adoption of effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to carry out by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, settling or resolving international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of peace;
• - development friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, as well as the adoption of other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace;
• – implementation international cooperation in the solution of international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in the promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

In accordance with Art. 7 UN Charter principal organs of the United Nations are:

• - General Assembly;
• – Security Council;
• – Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC);
• - International Court;
• – Secretariat;
• - Board of Guardians.

United Nations General Assembly consists of all UN members. Each member of the UN has the right to send no more than five representatives to the sessions of the General Assembly. Each state has one vote in the General Assembly. Regular sessions of the General Assembly take place every year. Special sessions are convened by the UN Secretary-General at the request of the UN Security Council or a majority of UN members in cases of special circumstances.

The UN General Assembly, according to Art. 9 of the UN Charter, is authorized to discuss any matter within the limits of the UN Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any of the bodies provided for by the UN Charter, to make recommendations to the Members of the UN or to the Security Council of the UN members and the Security Council on such matters. The UN General Assembly (Article 11) is empowered to consider general principles cooperation of states in the maintenance of peace and security and to discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of peace and security put before it by any member of the UN or the Security Council.

The General Assembly of the United Nations meets in regular annual sessions, as well as special sessions as circumstances may require. The UN General Assembly reviews and approves the UN budget.

United Nations Security Council consists of 15 states that have the status of permanent and non-permanent members of the UN. Republic of China, France, USSR (since 1991, the USSR in the Security Council has been Russian Federation, being its permanent member); The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States have been designated by the UN Charter permanent members Security Council. Ten other members (non-permanent) are elected by the UN General Assembly. At the same time, due attention is paid primarily to the degree of participation of PLO members in the maintenance of international peace and security and in the achievement of other UN goals, as well as equitable geographical distribution. non-permanent members Security Councils are elected for a two-year term. At the first election of the non-permanent members, after the increase in the number Council members Security from 11 to 15, two of the four additional members are elected for a term of one year. An outgoing member of the Security Council is not eligible for immediate re-election.

Each member of the Security Council has one representative and one vote. Decisions of the Security Council shall be considered adopted when nine members of the Council have voted for them, including the concurring votes of all permanent members of the Council, moreover, the party to the dispute must abstain from voting when making a decision. This formula is called "principle of unanimity of permanent members". The decision of the Council is considered rejected if at least one permanent member voted against (applied a "veto").

PLO Security Council, according to Art. 24 of the Charter, the PLO bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, guided in the performance of these duties in accordance with the purposes and principles of the PLO.

Members of the UN agree to abide by the decisions of the PLO Security Council.

United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) according to Art. 61 of the UN Charter consists of 54 UN members elected by the UN General Assembly.

The competence of ECOSOC, according to the UN Charter (Article 62), includes issues of economic, social, cultural cooperation, issues of culture, education, health care. ECOSOC also deals with the promotion of cooperation between states in the field of respect and observance of human rights, creating the necessary commissions to organize this work (one of them was the Commission on Human Rights). In all areas of international cooperation within the competence of ECOSOC, the Council is authorized to undertake studies, draw up reports and make recommendations to the UN General Assembly, members of the organization and interested specialized agencies.

The functions of ECOSOC include the preparation for submission to the UN General Assembly of draft conventions on issues within its competence, the convening of international conferences.

International Court of Justice according to Art. 92 of the UN Charter is the main judicial organ of the UN. It operates in accordance with the Statute annexed to the UN Charter, which forms an integral part of the UN Charter. Members of the Statute of the International Court of Justice are all members of the United Nations who undertake to comply with the decisions of the International Court of Justice in the case in which it is a party. The UN General Assembly or the UN Security Council, as well as other UN bodies and specialized agencies (with the permission of the UN General Assembly) may request advisory opinions on legal questions from the International Court of Justice.

Each member of the UN, in accordance with Art. 94 of the UN Charter undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in the case to which it is a party.

The UN General Assembly or the UN Security Council, as well as other UN bodies, as well as the specialized agencies of the UN, may request an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on any legal question.

UN Secretariat consists of the UN Secretary General, who is appointed by the UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the UN Security Council and is the chief administrative officer of the Organization, as well as UN staff, who is appointed by the UN Secretary General in accordance with the rules established by the UN General Assembly, taking into account a wide geographical distribution. According to the UN Charter, in the performance of their duties, the Secretary-General and UN staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or authority outside the PLO. They must refrain from any action that may affect their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization, respecting the strictly international nature of their duties.

The Trusteeship Council is one of the main bodies of the United Nations, which was created to oversee the administration of trust territories that fall under the system of international trusteeship.

The Trusteeship Council suspended its work on November 1, 1994 after all 11 trust territories gained independence. The last to go to self-government was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), which was administered by the United States and became the 185th member state of the UN.

At present, the Trusteeship Council consists of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, since the work of the Trusteeship Council has actually been completed. Accordingly, the rules of procedure for the work of the Trusteeship Council have been amended to enable it to meet only when circumstances so warrant.

United Nations specialized agencies

The specialized agencies of the UN are independent international organizations that are created by intergovernmental agreements and are vested with broad international responsibility, defined in their constituent acts, in the fields of economic, social, culture, education, health, etc. and are in constant communication with the UN. ECOSOC is empowered to enter into agreements with any of the specialized agencies setting out the terms on which the relevant agencies will cooperate with the UN. Such agreements are subject to approval by the UN General Assembly.

The specialized agencies of the United Nations are:

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)(World Meteorological Organization founded in 1950 Is the competent authority

United Nations on monitoring the state of the Earth's atmosphere and its interaction with the oceans. The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

World Health Organization (WHO) (World Health Organization) founded in 1948. The main function of the WHO is to solve international health problems of the world's population. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (World Intellectual Property Organization) – international organization administering a number of key international conventions in the field of intellectual property. In fact, the organization was formed in 1893 at a diplomatic conference, when two bureaus that performed administrative functions for the protection of industrial property and the protection of literary and artistic works merged into one institution called BIRPI (United international bureaus for the protection of intellectual property). In its activities, WIPO is guided primarily by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of September 9, 1886 (amended in Paris on May 4, 1896, revised in Berlin on November 13, 1908, amended in Berne on March 20, 1914, and revised at Rome on June 2, 1928, at Brussels on June 26, 1948, at Stockholm on July 14, 1967 and at Paris on July 24, 1971, amended on September 28, 1979), as well as by the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property March 20, 1883 (revised at Brussels December 14, 1900, Washington June 2, 1911, The Hague November 6, 1925, London June 2, 1934, Lisbon October 31, 1958 and Stockholm 14 July 1967 and amended October 2, 1979). The headquarters of WIPO is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

Universal Postal Union (UPU)(Universal Postal Union) was founded in 1874. It is an interstate organization for the provision and improvement of postal communications on the basis of the Universal Postal Union single postal territory. The headquarters of the UPU is located in Bern (Switzerland).

World Tourism Organization (WTO)(International Tourist Organization created by the transformation of a non-governmental organization - the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (IUTO). The main objective of the WTO, according to its Statute, is to promote the development of tourism in order to contribute to economic development, in the cause of international understanding, peace, prosperity, universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people without distinction of race, sex, language or religion. Special attention at the same time, it is designed to address the interests of developing countries in the field of tourism. WTO is considering technical cooperation in the case vocational training in the field of tourism, legal (in particular, the Tourism Charter and the Tourist Code have been developed and adopted; a list of guidelines recommended for negotiating with WTO member countries in connection with holding organization events on their territory) has been approved, etc. WTO location - Madrid ( Spain).

International association development (MAP)(International Development Association)- a credit organization that is part of the World Bank Group, established in 1960. The purpose of the organization is to provide assistance to the poorest countries through voluntary donations from member countries. Countries with a per capita GDP of $1,165 or less are eligible to receive IDA loans. The headquarters of the IAP is located in Washington (USA).

International Maritime Organization (IMO)(International Maritime Organization) is an international intergovernmental organization established for the purpose of cooperation and exchange of information but technical matters associated with international merchant shipping. Formed in 1948 in Geneva in accordance with the Convention on the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) ( Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization). The headquarters of the IMO is located in London (England).

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)(International Civil Aviation Organization)- a specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international standards for civil aviation and coordinates its development in order to improve safety and efficiency. ICAO was established on the basis of the Chicago Convention of 1944. The headquarters is located in Montreal (Canada).

International Finance Corporation (IFC)(International Finance Corporation) is an international financial institution that is part of the World Bank structure. Created in 1956 to ensure a steady flow of private investment in developing countries. IFC provides loans, equity investments, structured finance and risk management products, and advisory services to stimulate private sector growth in developing countries. Unlike the IBRD, the IFC does not require government guarantees for the funds provided. The headquarters of the IFC is located in Washington (USA).

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)(International Atomic Energy Agency) is an international organization for the development of cooperation in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy. Founded in 1957. The functions of the Agency include: encouraging research and development on the peaceful uses of atomic energy; encouraging the exchange of scientific achievements and methods; formation and application of a system of guarantees that civil nuclear programs and developments will not be used for military purposes; development, establishment and adaptation of health and safety standards. The most important activity of the IAEA is ensuring non-proliferation nuclear weapons. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria).

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)- the main lending institution of the World Bank, an interstate investment institution, established simultaneously with the IMF in accordance with the decisions of the International Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods in 1944.

The agreement on the IBRD, which is also its Charter, officially entered into force in 1945, but the bank began to function in 1946. The location of the IBRD is Washington (USA).

International monetary fund(IMF) (International Monetary Fund created at the Bretton Woods Monetary and Financial Conference of the United Nations in 1944 on the basis of an agreement ( IMF charter). The IMF began operations on March 1, 1947 as part of the Bretton Woods system. The headquarters of the IMF is located in Washington (USA).

International Labor Organization (ILO) (International Labor Organization) dealing with regulatory issues labor relations. The organization was created in 1919 on the basis of the Treaty of Versailles as a structural division of the League of Nations. The ILO Charter was developed by the Labor Commission of the peace conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles. The activity of the ILO is based on tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments – tripartism. Since 1920, the headquarters has been located in Geneva (Switzerland).

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (International Telecommunications Union)- an international organization that determines recommendations in the field of telecommunications and radio, as well as regulates the international use of radio frequencies (the distribution of radio frequencies by destination and by country). Founded as the International Telegraph Union in 1865. Since 1947 it has been a specialized agency of the UN. ITU headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) was established on November 16, 1945. According to the Charter of UNESCO, the main objectives of this Organization are to promote the strengthening of peace and security by expanding cooperation between states and peoples in the field of education, science and culture, ensuring justice and respect for the rule of law, universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed in UN Charter for all peoples, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion. Among the issues covered by the activities of the organization: problems of discrimination in education and illiteracy; study of national cultures and training of national personnel; Problems social sciences, geology, oceanography and biosphere. The headquarters of UNESCO is located in Paris (France).

United Nations industrial development(UNIDO) (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) assists developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their fight against marginalization in today's globalized world, mobilizes knowledge, experience, information and technology, and thereby promotes productive employment, competitive economies and environmental sustainability. The headquarters of UNIDO is located in Vienna (Austria).

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)(Food and Agriculture Organization) was founded at a conference in Quebec in 1945. FAO acts as the lead agency for rural development and agricultural production. FLO's motto is "helping build a world without hunger". The headquarters of the organization is located in Rome (Italy).

The problem of classification of international organizations has both theoretical and classical significance. The classification is designed to clearly and unmistakably understand the nature and characteristics of an international organization.

Classification of international organizations can be carried out according to the following criteria:

legal nature of organizations;

the scale of the organization's activities;

the subject of the organization's activities;

To determine the legal nature of the organization, it is necessary first of all to consider the nature of the constituent act of the organization. On this basis, international organizations are divided into interstate (intergovernmental) organizations and international non-governmental organizations.

Interstate (intergovernmental) organizations, as a rule, are established on the basis of multilateral agreements (treaties). The founders and participants of such organizations are states.

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs), on the contrary, are created not by states, but by individual individuals and act on the basis of the statutes adopted by them.

AT recent times the role of non-governmental organizations is growing, NGOs are rightfully regarded as an outstanding phenomenon of the second half of the 20th century, reflecting the strengthening of democratic transformations in the world. At the same time, the question of the international legal personality of INGOs remains controversial in the science of international law. The subjects of international law unconditionally include interstate (intergovernmental) organizations, which are divided into universal and regional.

Universal International Organizations designed for the participation of all states of the world. The universal international organizations primarily include the United Nations, whose charter was adopted at a conference in San Francisco on June 26, 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945. The main goals of the UN are:

Maintaining international peace and security and, to this end, taking effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to carry out by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or resolution of international disputes or situations which may lead to a breach of the peace;

Development of friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples, as well as the adoption of other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace;

Implementation of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language and religion.

In accordance with the Charter (Article 7), the main organs of the UN are: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly consists of all members of the organization. Each Member of the Organization has the right to send no more than five representatives to sessions of the General Assembly. Each state has one vote in the General Assembly.

The General Assembly meets in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as extraordinary circumstances may require. Special sessions are convened by the Secretary General at the request of the Security Council or a majority of the Members of the Organization.

The Security Council, which is entrusted with the main responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, consists of fifteen states that have the status of permanent and non-permanent members of the Organization. The People's Republic of China, France, the USSR, Great Britain and the USA have been designated by the UN Charter as permanent members of the Security Council. Ten other members (non-permanent) are elected by the members of the General Assembly.

The non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected for a two-year term. At the first election of non-permanent members, after the increase in the number of members of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be elected for a term of one year. An outgoing member of the Security Council is not eligible for immediate re-election.

Each member of the Security Council has one representative. Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions of the Security Council shall be considered adopted when nine members of the Council have voted for them, including the concurring votes of all permanent members of the Council, moreover, the party involved in the dispute must abstain from voting when making a decision. This formula is called principle of unanimity permanent members. The decision of the Council is considered rejected if one permanent member would vote against it (right of veto).

General organizations also include United Nations specialized agencies: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Labor Organization (ILO), World trade Organization(WTO), World Health Organization, etc. The specialized agencies of the United Nations are independent international organizations. They are created by intergovernmental agreements and are vested with broad international responsibility in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health care and similar fields and are in constant communication with the UN. In accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter, their policies are harmonized. The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations is empowered to enter into agreements with any of the specialized agencies that determine the conditions under which the relevant agencies will be brought into contact with the Organizations. Such agreements are subject to the approval of the General Assembly.

Regional organizations involve a limited composition and are open mainly to the states of a certain region. This is an organization American states(OAS), Council of Europe, European Union, etc.

The Council of Europe was established on May 5, 1950. The purpose of the Council of Europe, according to the charter of the organization, is " the realization of a closer alliance among its members for the protection and promotion of the ideals and principles that are their common heritage and to promote their economic and social progress". Within the framework of the Council of Europe, agreements are concluded, joint actions are carried out in the economic, social, cultural, scientific, legal and administrative fields, in the field of protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. The organs of the Council of Europe are: the Council of Ministers, Consultative Assembly and the Secretariat of the Council of Europe (subsidiary body). The seat of the Council of Europe is Strasbourg (France).

To regional organizations includes the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The OSCE has all the hallmarks of an international organization, except for one very significant one. It was not established international legal but a political agreement. This fact gives reason to consider the organization as a purely political entity that does not have a legal personality.

The European Union also belongs to regional organizations. The Treaty on European Union, signed on February 7, 1992, means new stage European integration, which was initiated by three treaties (establishing the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951), the European Economic Community (1957), the European Atomic Energy Community (1957). The Treaty on the European Union transformed the European Community, determined the guidelines for the implementation of a common economic policy based on the single European currency, the principles for the formation of a common foreign policy and security, justice and internal affairs, the establishment of a civil union

6. Independent international rights and obligations of the organization. It's about about the possession by an international organization of an autonomous will different from the wills of the member states. This feature means that, within the limits of its competence, any organization has the right to independently choose the means and methods for fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. The latter, in a certain sense, does not care how the organization implements the activities entrusted to it or the statutory obligations in general. It is the organization itself, as a subject of international public and private law, that has the right to choose the most rational means and methods of activity. In this case, the Member States exercise control over whether the organization is lawfully exercising its autonomous will.

International organizations have their own characteristics that allow them to be classified. There are several ways to classify them:

1. According to the circle of participants, international organizations are divided into universal, accessible to the participation of all states, for example, the UN, and regional, uniting the states of one region, for example, the European Union, the CIS, the League of American States, etc.

2. According to the order of entry, international organizations are divided into open (free entry and exit) and closed (members are admitted with the consent of the original founders). From this point of view, international organizations belonging to the second group numerically predominate.

3. According to the objects (directions) of activity, international organizations are divided into organizations of general competence, which includes a wide range of issues of political, economic, social cooperation between states, for example, the UN and a special one - for example, ICAO (international civil aviation organization), Interpol, Eurojust .

4. According to the legal nature and their role in international relations, international organizations are divided into intergovernmental, interparliamentary and non-governmental.

International intergovernmental organizations (IMO) are created to achieve certain goals in certain areas of international relations. Such international organizations cannot be equated with sovereign states. They are derivative subjects of international law. Their appearance and liquidation depend on the will of the states that create them, which is expressed in the constituent act; it also establishes the rights and obligations of an international organization, as well as its goals, objectives and competence. Officially appointed representatives and delegations participate in the activities of all bodies of international, intergovernmental organizations; a number of organizations have special representations of states. Since the participants in international organizations are sovereign states, they cannot acquire a supranational character.

International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) are any international organizations not established on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. Such organizations have a number of rights and obligations: they can conclude contracts for the employment of personnel, own movable and immovable property, act in judicial and arbitration bodies. Some of them have consultative status in the UN system. Two categories of such status are established: Category I (general consultative status) is granted to those INGOs that are associated with most activities of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), can make a permanent and significant contribution to the activities of the UN (World Federation of Trade Unions, Inter-Parliamentary Union, etc. .); Category II (special consultative status) is granted to INGOs that have special competence only in certain types activities of ECOSOC (International Association of Democratic Lawyers, International Organization of Journalists, etc.). INGO is a broad and mass anti-war movement, in which people of various social status, political views and ideological convictions are active.

2. The UN is a universal international organization

Principal organs of the UN

the UN system in its modern form evolved over a long period of time. Second World War due to its scale, cruelty, bloodshed, it brought unheard of suffering to mankind and pushed the government and public initiative in many states to develop problems of the post-war organization of peace and security. Moreover, in parallel, scientific and technological progress, in turn, led to the fact that integration processes penetrated into the economy of all developed countries of Europe and caused a comprehensive connection and interdependence of nations from each other.

At the first stage, the main goal of interstate cooperation within the framework of international organizations could be considered control over integration processes. International organizations performed a technical-organizational rather than a political function. At the same time, awareness of the destructiveness of world wars for development human civilization demanded the creation of international organizations of political orientation in order to prevent wars.

The idea of ​​creating a global international intergovernmental organization to prevent wars and maintain peace arose a long time ago and was fueled by military hardships. During the period of the First World War, more than fifty such projects were drawn up.

One of these projects formed the basis of the League of Nations (1919), which never became an effective instrument of political international cooperation in the name of maintaining peace and maintaining the security of states.

However, the organizational and legal mechanism of the League of Nations was extremely imperfect and did not allow to effectively resolve conflict situations between member states, to search for peaceful ways for the development of interstate relations. The general political situation of 1919-1939, marked by the strengthening of the nationalist tendencies of the member states, striving for isolation or a dominant position in the world, did not contribute to the positive actions of the new international political structure and development of problems of the organization of international peace and security moved at an extremely slow pace.

The Second World War, due to its universality, destructiveness for world civilization, showed the need to protect the universal values ​​of the global consolidation of peace-loving forces in order to create a post-war organization of peace and security. The question of establishing an organization international security arose, in fact, from the first days of the war. It can even be said that in parallel with the military efforts aimed at winning the war, the three member states of the anti-Hitler coalition paid considerable attention to the issue of the post-war order of the world, were engaged in the development of principles and plans for a future global international organization.

In December 1942, in Moscow, in conversations between representatives of the Soviet government and the British Foreign Secretary, an exchange of views took place on questions of the post-war organization of peace and security. An important stage in the creation of an international security organization was the conference of the allied powers in Moscow in 1943. In a declaration dated October 30, 1943, signed by representatives of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China, these powers declared that they recognize the need to establish, as soon as possible, a universal international organization for the maintenance of international peace and security, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states. , whose members can be all such states, large and small. These documents laid the foundation for a new universal intergovernmental organization.

The features of this organization should be called a pronounced political character, aimed at resolving issues of peace, security, and an extremely broad competence in all areas of interstate cooperation. In this it differs from pre-existing intergovernmental organizations.

The most important stage in the creation of the UN was the conference in Dumbarton Oaks in 1944, at which the basic principles and parameters of the activities of the future organization were agreed. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the heads of government of three states - Soviet, British and American discussed the package of documents adopted at the Dumbarton Oaks conference, supplemented it in a number of points, and decided to convene a United Nations conference in the United States in April 1945.

At a conference in San Francisco, held from April 25 to June 26, 1945, the founding documents of the United Nations were adopted. On 24 October 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council and most other States deposited their instruments of ratification. From that moment, the UN Charter was approved and entered into force.

At present, the UN is an integral part of the modern world order, in the formation and maintenance of which it plays an important role. It is the core of the global system of international organizations. Its Charter was the first act that consolidated the main goals and principles of the international legal order and gave imperative force.

An international organization is an association of states or their subjects, established by an interstate treaty (agreement) on a permanent basis, having permanent bodies, endowed with international legal personality (the ability of a subject of international law to be a participant in international legal relations, in particular, to conclude and implement international treaties, to own and dispose of property) and acting to achieve common goals.

The first MOs appeared at the beginning and middle of the 19th century. These were the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, which arose in 1815, as well as the Universal Telegraph Union (1865) and the General Postal Union (1874)

To date, experts number more than 8,000 international organizations of various sizes and functional purposes. Classification will allow ordering their varieties.

1) according to the nature of membership, they distinguish:

International intergovernmental (interstate) organization - an association of sovereign states created to achieve common goals in accordance with international law on the basis of a multilateral international treaty (UN, WTO, EU, CIS)

International non-governmental (non-governmental, public) organizations (INGOs) are structures that consist of a number of subjects of different states (public organizations, individual citizens) operating in specific areas. These include:

Professional organizations such as the International Political Science Association, the International Organization of Journalists;

Demographic organizations such as Women's International Democratic Federation, World Youth Federation;

Religious organizations (World Council of Churches, World Islamic Congress);

Legal organizations such as Amnesty International (protecting human rights and freedom);

Environmental organizations (Greenpeace and others);

Humanitarian organizations such as the International Red Cross;

Sports organizations, for example, the International Olympic Committee, the International Football Federation.

Organizations of solidarity and defense of peace: Solidarity Organization of the Peoples of Asia and Africa, World Peace Council, Pugowsh Movement (such organizations stand for disarmament, against conflicts, racism, fascism, etc.)

2) according to the circle of participants:

a) universal - open to the participation of all states (UN, WTO) or to the participation of public associations and individuals of all states (World Peace Council, International Association of Democratic Lawyers);

The United Nations Organization, UN is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, to develop cooperation between states.

The foundations of its activity and structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The UN Charter was approved at the San Francisco Conference, held from April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 states. The UN currently includes 193 states (out of independent states not included only:Palestine, Holy See (Vatican)

of the partially recognizedSADR (Saharan Arab Democratic Republic) , Republic of China (Taiwan), Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Republic of Kosovo, Northern Cyprus)recognized by the UN, potential members .

UN structure:

a) The General Assembly - occupies a central place as the main deliberative, policy-making and representative body.

The General Assembly has a sessional order of work. It may hold regular, special and emergency special sessions.

The annual regular session of the Assembly opens on the third Tuesday of September and is under the direction of the President of the General Assembly, elected each session (or one of his 21 deputies)

Special sessions of the UN General Assembly may be convened on any issue at the request of the Security Council. At the beginning of 2014, 28 special sessions were convened on issues relating to most states of the world: human rights, environmental protection, drug control, etc.

Extraordinary special sessions may be convened at the request of the UN Security Council or a majority of UN Member States within 24 hours of receipt of such request by the UN Secretary General.

b) The Security Council bears the main responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and all UN members must obey its decisions. The five permanent members of the Security Council (Russian Federation, USA, Great Britain, France, China) have the right of veto.

c) UN Secretariat

It is an organ that serves the other main organs of the United Nations and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat employs 44,000 international staff who work in institutions around the world and perform a variety of day-to-day work

The secretariat is headed by the UN Secretary General.

d) International Court of Justice

The main judicial organ of the United Nations. The Court is composed of 15 independent judges acting in their personal capacity and not representing the State. They cannot devote themselves to any other occupation of a professional nature.

Only the state can be a party to the case of this Court, and legal entities and individuals do not have the right to apply to the Court.

e) Economic and Social Council. Performs UN functions in the field of economic and social international cooperation.

f) United Nations Postal Administration

According to the UN Charter, any principal organ of the UN may establish various subsidiary bodies to carry out its duties, which are, in essence, international organizations. The most famous of them are: the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UNESCO (science and knowledge).

The WTO is an international organization established on January 1, 1995 with the aim of liberalizing international trade and regulating trade and political relations of member states.The WTO was formed on the basis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1947 and for almost 50 years actually performed the functions of an international organization, but was, nevertheless, not an international organization in the legal sense.

official supreme body organization is the Ministerial Conference of the WTO, which meets at least once every two years.

The WTO has 159 members. Negotiations on Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization have been going on for 18 years, since 1993. December 16, 2011 - the Protocol "On the accession of the Russian Federation to the WTO" was signed in Geneva

b) regional - whose members may be states or public associations and individuals of a certain geographical region (EU, CIS);

The European Union (European Union, EU) is an economic and political association of 28 European states. Aimed at regional integration, the Union was legally secured by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.

The European Union is an international entity that combines the features of an international organization and a state, but formally it is neither one nor the other. Decisions are made by independent supranational institutions or through negotiations between member states. The most important EU institutions are the European Commission, the Council European Union, Court of Justice of the European Union, European Council, European Court of Auditors and European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by the citizens of the Union.

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional international organization (international treaty) designed to regulate cooperation relations between states that were previously part of the USSR. The CIS is not a supranational entity and operates on a voluntary basis.

The CIS was founded by the heads of the RSFSR, Belarus and Ukraine by signing on December 8, 1991. The founding states of the organization are those states that, by the time the Charter was adopted, had signed and ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS of December 8, 1991 and the Protocol to this Agreement of December 21, 1991. The member states of the Commonwealth are those that have assumed the obligations arising from the Charter within 1 year after its adoption by the Council of Heads of State.

The charter provides for the categories of associate members (these are states participating in certain types of activities of the organization, for example, Turkmenistan) and observers (these are states whose representatives may attend meetings of the CIS bodies).

The official legal members of the CIS are Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

According to paragraphs 1 and 3 of Art. 104 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the ratification of this agreement was within the competence of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the Congress, until its dissolution on October 4, 1993, refused to ratify this agreement. In this regard, on March 5, 2003, the Committee of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on CIS Affairs and Relations with Compatriots came to the conclusion that the Russian Federation is not de jure a founding state of the CIS and a member state of the CIS. References to the constitution and laws of the USSR remained in the Russian constitution until the adoption of a new one in December 1993.

Georgia: On December 3, 1993, by decision of the Council of Heads of State, Georgia was admitted to the Commonwealth, and on December 9, 1993, it joined the CIS charter. On August 14, 2008, the Georgian parliament adopted a unanimous (117 votes) decision on Georgia's withdrawal from the organization.

Ukraine: Ukraine has not ratified the CIS Charter, so it was not legally a member state of the CIS. On March 19, 2014, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine decided to terminate Ukraine's chairmanship in the CIS

c) inter-regional - organizations whose membership is limited by a certain criterion that takes them beyond the scope of a regional organization, but does not allow them to become universal. In particular, participation in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is open only to oil-exporting states. Only Muslim states can be members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC);

3) By the nature of powers:

Interstate - do not limit the sovereignty of the state, their decisions are advisory or binding force for the participating states (most of the international organizations of the UN, WTO, CIS)

Supranational (supranational) - partially restricting the sovereignty of the state: by joining such organizations, member states voluntarily transfer part of their powers to an international organization represented by its bodies. (EU, Customs Union EAEU);

4) Classification by competence (field of activity)

a) general competence - activities affect all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural and others (UN, EU, Organization of American States);

b) special competence - cooperation is limited to one special area, while such organizations can be divided into military, political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious; (World Health Organization, International Labor Organization, NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military-political bloc that unites most of the countries of Europe, the United States and Canada. Founded April 4, 1949 in the USA.Then 12 countries became NATO member states - the USA, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal.

NATO includes 28 states: Albania, USA, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Spain, Holland, Croatia, Iceland, Italy, Canada, Greece, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, France, Romania, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Great Britain, Denmark, Czech Republic, Turkey, Hungary.

In accordance with the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, NATO aims to "increase stability and increase prosperity in the North Atlantic region." "The participating countries have joined forces to create a collective defense and maintain peace and security." One of the declared goals of NATO is to provide deterrence or protection against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.

In general, the bloc was created to "repel the Soviet threat." In the words of First Secretary General Ismay Hastings, the purpose of NATO was "... to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans under."

The creation of the bloc in 1949 was perceived by the USSR as a threat to its own security. In 1954, at a meeting of foreign ministers in Berlin, Soviet representatives were assured that NATO was a purely defensive organization. In response to calls for cooperation, the USSR offered its cooperation to NATO member countries, but this initiative was rejected. In response, the Soviet Union formed in 1955 a military bloc of states pursuing a pro-Soviet policy - the Warsaw Pact.

After the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the USSR, the NATO bloc, which, according to official documents, was created to repel the Soviet threat, did not cease to exist and began to expand to the east.

NATO has signed a cooperation agreement with a number of European states. The program of interaction with these countries is called “Partnership for Peace”. Among the program participants:

Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Finland, Montenegro, Switzerland, Sweden.

On September 5, 2014, at a meeting of NATO leaders in Newport, a decision was made to create a rapid reaction force. The force of about 4,000 people is designed to respond quickly if Russia attacks any of the NATO countries. The main base and command center of the forces are planned to be located in the UK. The planned term for the transfer and deployment of units in countries bordering Russia (Poland, the Baltic states) does not exceed 48 hours.

5) Classification according to the order of admission of new members[edit | edit wiki text]

Open (any entity can become a member at its discretion, the UN, Greenpeace, a member of UNESCO, the IMF can become any member of the UN)

Closed (admission with the consent of the original founders, the EU, NATO, etc.)