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The Red Book of Karelia This is a book about the protection of rare animals and plants of our Republic. The first Red Book of Karelia appeared in 1985. The Red Book is a list of rare and endangered species (subspecies, populations). The Red Books are the official document for the conservation of species.
The Red Book of Karelia includes the most rare plants and insects, birds, fish, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Mammals - out of 56 species of animals, 26 are rare and endangered; Birds - among 280 species of birds found on the territory of Karelia, 130 can be classified as rare and small; Fish - at present, 57 species of fish live in the reservoirs of Karelia, 28 are rare and endangered species; The flora of Karelia includes 1200 wild species of vascular plants. More than 300 species are rare.
"Ladoga (ringed) seal" - the smallest of all subspecies of ringed seals, lives only in Lake Ladoga. The average life expectancy of a seal is 30-35 years. The seal reaches sexual maturity at the age of 6-7 years. The basis of the nutrition of the seal is small fish (smelt, vendace, roach, perch). During the day, the seal eats from 3 to 4 kilograms. The number of seals has sharply decreased - from 20 thousand individuals to 2 - 3 thousand at the present time.
"Common hedgehog" - a hedgehog is a small animal, its body length is about 30 cm, weight is g. The shell of needles is colored brownish with whitish strokes. And serve him food earthworms, beetles, mouse-like rodents, birds, their eggs and chicks. Hedgehog breeds in spring. The hedgehog gives birth to 6-7 individuals.
"Otter" is a dexterous and flexible animal, quite large, with a streamlined body shape. Size: tail length cm, body cm. Weight kg. Life expectancy up to 10 years. Habitat: Banks of rivers, lakes and streams. Color: brown or dark brown fur, with light brown undercoat.
"Lynx" - the length of the body of the lynx is cm and 70 cm at the withers. Males often weigh between 18 and 30 kg, while females weigh an average of 18 kg. There are long tassels on the ears. The tail is short, as if chopped off. The basis of its diet is made up of hares, grouse birds, small rodents and other medium-sized animals. Lifespan, 1520 years.
LIST OF USED SOURCES AND LITERATURE: 1. Ivanter, E. V. Mammals / E. V. Ivanter. - Petrozavodsk: Karelia, p. 2. Animals of the Red Book of Karelia [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http: // yandex.ru/yandsearch.clid=14915l Red Book of Karelia / Ministry of Ecology and natural resources RK; KSC RAS Petr. Gos. Univ. - Petrozavodsk, - 286 p. 4. Kutkov N.P. Karelia is the land where I live / N.P. Kutkov, L.I. Shitikova. - Petrozavodsk: Creative Initiative Foundation, - 130 p.
Some vascular plants listed in the Red Book of Karelia:
Dremlik dark red
Distribution: In Karelia, it grows in Zaonezhie, Priladozhye. It is protected in the Kivach nature reserve and the Paanajärvi national park.
It is a perennial herbaceous plant with a thick horizontal rhizome. The leaves are alternate, oval or ovate, with a pointed apex; flowers dark purple, tepals 6-8 mm long. Collected in a sparse one-sided brush with a pubescent axis, they smell of vanilla. Blooms in July-August.
Spring lumbago
Distribution: In Karelia, it occurs only in the northern Priladozhek south of the village of Lahdenpokhya.
Plant up to 30 cm in height. Solitary bell-shaped flowers, white inside, and lilac or slightly purple outside. They bloom in May and bloom for 20-25 days.
calypso bulbous
In Karelia, it is distributed in the southern part of the republic and in the north of the Loukhsky region. Protected in the reserve "Kivach", national parks"Vodlozersky" and "Paanajärvi", landscape reserve "Zaozerye".
The plant blooms in June-July with large 2-3 cm long flowers with a pink perianth and a delicate pleasant smell. The plant itself is low, up to 20 cm, there is only one leaf on it - a dark green, harsh, wrinkled wintering ovoid on a long stem.
Mammals included in the Red Data Book of Karelia:
flying squirrel
The species is distributed throughout the republic, mainly in the Prionezhsky and Pudozhsky regions. Flying squirrels need old hollow trees for life, where they build nests, therefore, areas of mature forest with hollow trees are being preserved as conservation measures. Feeds in winter on alder and birch buds, cambial layer of alder and birch bark, spruce and pine shoot ovaries, pine needles and cone scales. In summer, leaves of the same trees join this set. herbaceous plants, berries. Cubs are born in May, the second brood is rare, but if born, then in July.
forest reindeer
The modern southern boundary of distribution can be drawn along a conditional line connecting the village of Kuolisma, the southern shore of Segozero, Povenets and further along the shore of Lake Onega.
The number of deer, which in the 70-80s numbered 6,000 heads, is currently reduced to 4.5 thousand. You can meet them in Muezersky, Kalevalsky, Loukhsky and Kemsky districts.
In winter, deer rest on frozen lakes to make it easier to defend themselves from predator attacks, feed on reindeer moss, living in white moss pine forests, lichen swamps and swampy pine forests. In summer, they graze along the shores of lakes, on islands, on the outskirts of swamps or clearings. In summer, they feed not only on reindeer moss, but also on sedges, various herbaceous vegetation, leaves of trees and shrubs, and tree lichens. The rut is in late October-November, and in late April - early May, the female brings one calf.
The limiting factors are the disappearance of reindeer moss due to cutting down forests, poaching and chasing animals on snowmobiles.
Birds included in the Red Book of Karelia:
Broody
Within Russia, it is found only in Karelia, in the world it also lives in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Estonia. The main concentrations of the species are in the Onega Bay of the White Sea, the skerry northwestern regions of the Onega and Lake Ladoga. AT recent times the number of this species is significantly reduced, and the distribution boundary is moving south. The clovers live both on the shores of fresh and salt water bodies, nest in colonies, prefer remote islands adjacent to great depths. Birds arrive in mid-May and raise chicks until the end of August, which hatch in the third decade of June.
small swan
During migration, it occurs throughout the territory of the Republic of Karelia, mainly distributed in the tundra and forest-tundra of Eurasia. In spring in southern Karelia (southeastern Ladoga region) up to 200 - 500 migratory individuals, to the north up to 120 birds, beyond autumn period up to 30-50 birds are recorded in the northern regions. The bulk flies from April 25 to May 10; autumn main flight in October. The small swan flies in large flocks of up to 100 individuals. For rest stops on the rivers and lakes. The limiting factors are the restlessness of flocks on vacation and poaching in places where the birds stop.
barnacle goose
In Karelia, it occurs only during seasonal migrations. They migrate in transit at high altitudes with stops in the Onega Bay White Sea in the last ten days of May - early June, in autumn in the second half of October. The limiting factors are the limited breeding range.
black kite
Distributed in southern regions Karelia (Onega-Ladoga watershed), where it nests every 3-5 years. In the northern regions, either single individuals or nomadic pairs are found. The distribution density of the black kite in the territories of the Onega-Ladoga watershed is 1 pair per 100 km2 (in some years 2-3 pairs per 100 km2), in the Pudozh region the density is 1.5-4.5 (on average 2.7) pairs per 100 km2 .
The black kite is called the orderly of the floodplain, so not only mouse-like rodents, frogs, but also young non-flying birds (molting, sick, weakened), dead fish, waste from slaughterhouses and carrion from the coasts serve as food. An inhabitant of floodplain landscapes with a developed network of lakes, oxbow lakes and lowland swamps.
Birds nest near rivers and lakes, most often in trees. conifers. Full clutch consists of 2-4 eggs, brood consists of 1-2 chicks.
Limiting factors are disturbance in nesting areas, human shooting.
Orlan - white-tailed
Currently, about 40 pairs of eagles live in the republic. The basis consists of 3 groups: Vodlozero (12-15 pairs), White Sea (9-10 pairs), Ladoga (9-10 pairs). During the nesting period, it settles on the coasts and islands of large water bodies rich in fish and wetland terrestrial vertebrates. The presence of an old large tree with a flattened top is important. Limiting factors: low level of fertility (puberty at 3-4 years of age, 1 chick in a brood), there are fewer and fewer old trees suitable for nesting, deterioration of the food supply.
What nature gives us is undoubtedly the most valuable thing we have. And, like any other part of the Earth, Karelia was not deprived of beautiful and rare species of animals and plants, some of which are listed in the Red Book and are strictly protected. I hope that this article about the flora and fauna of Karelia will be interesting and useful for the reader.
Animal world Karelia
The fauna of Karelia is undoubtedly diverse. It includes 63 mammal species, 57 fish species and 291 bird species. The view of some representatives of the animal world of this corner of the earth is simply mesmerizing! A truly rich heritage of nature!
Inhabitants of reservoirs
Currently, 57 species of fish live in the reservoirs of Karelia, 28 are rare and endangered species.
. About 100 species and forms of mollusks and 10 species of higher crustaceans also live in the water element. There are 4 protected species.
. Living in Lake Ladoga (Pusa hispida ladogensis) is an endemic freshwater subspecies of the ringed seal, a relic of the Ice Age, listed in the Red Books of Russia, Karelia and in the list rare species animals of the World Conservation Union Red List as a vulnerable subspecies with a narrow range. In connection with the excessive hunting pressure in the 20s - 30s of the current century, when more than 1500 animals were shot in some seasons, and with the beginning of the use of nylon nets in the 50s, when the number of only registered cases of death of seals in them reached 700 heads per year, the size of the population Ladoga seal has significantly decreased.
According to 1994 data, their number is in the range of 3-7 thousand animals. In Lake Ladoga, there is a ringed seal - a seal, a relic of the ice age. According to 1994 data, the number of Ladoga ringed seals is in the range of 3-7 thousand animals. The conditions of Lake Ladoga (a small closed ecosystem) predetermined the small number of seals. Due to the fact that in the 20s - 30s of the current century, hunters shot more than 1500 animals, and with the beginning of the use of nylon nets in the 50s, in which only according to registered data 700 heads per year died, the population size of the Ladoga seal has significantly decreased. Therefore, the Ladoga ringed seal is especially protected, it is listed in the Red Books of Russia, Karelia and in the World Conservation Union Red List as a vulnerable subspecies with a narrow range.
forest dwellers
Lynx is common throughout Karelia, but in the north it is very rare and far from annual. With all its appearance, the lynx is very similar to a domestic cat, only much larger than it.
. The largest of the predatory animals of Karelia - Brown bear. The weight of old males reaches 250 - 300 kg. Like the badger and the wolverine, the bear is a plantigrade animal, that is, it relies on the entire foot when walking, and not just on the fingers, like other predators.
. The beaver is the largest rodent in Karelia. On the territory of Karelia, European and Canadian beavers are distinguished. The beaver is perfectly adapted to life in the water. In Karelia, the main type of beaver dwelling is a hut.
Birds
291 species of birds are registered on the territory of the republic. More than 40% of nesting species live on the borders of ranges.
. 36 species of birds nesting in this territory are included in the Red Data Book of Karelia. are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
. The largest of the diving ducks in Karelia -. Males reach a weight of 3 kg. The eider has a very valuable, warm and delicate down.
. Through the Olonets region and Vodlozersky national park pass the corridors of seasonal bird migration. Olonets fields every year become a gathering place for 1.5 million geese. Parking lots are formed mainly from white-fronted geese and bean goose. AT last years the number of barnacle goose is growing. All other European geese, with the exception of the black goose, are also found at camp sites, but much less frequently. The Black Goose crosses the territory of Karelia in one transit flight.
Vegetable world Karelia
The Republic of Karelia is located within the northern and middle subzones taiga zone. Forests make up more than 50% of the total area of the republic, swamps occupy more than 20%, meadows about 1%.
In the vegetation cover of Karelia, 1379 species of vascular plants are represented: 18 of them are vascular plants listed in the Red Book of Russia.
There are many different types pines, but only Scotch pine grows in Karelia. Pine grows in the conditions of Karelia for 300 - 350 years, although there are also older trees. They reach a height of 20 - 25 meters, and sometimes 35 meters.
In pine forests, the air is very clean, as the needles release phytoncides that kill microbes. Therefore, sanatoriums and recreation centers are built in pine forests.
Pine gives valuable (very durable!) wood, which is used in construction and shipbuilding. Pine is also valued in the furniture industry.
Rosin and turpentine are obtained from resin (pine sap). Rosin is used to make soap, to make the highest grades of paper, and to rub the bows of musical instruments.
Pine grows in the Marcial Waters - a long-liver (about 400 years old). This pine is included in the list of rare trees - monuments that are on a special list. She has been issued a security clearance. There is a version according to which one of Peter I's close associates or relatives planted the pine tree. But such an age (400 years old suggests that the pine tree grew in the Marcial waters long before Peter's arrival).
Norway spruce and Siberian spruce grow in Karelia.
In the conditions of Karelia, spruce lives 200 - 300 years, individual trees live up to 500 years, reaching a height of 35 meters and up to a meter in diameter. Spruce wood is light, almost white, light, soft. Used for the best grades of paper. Spruce is called the musical tree, and this is no coincidence. Smooth, without branches, the trunks are used for the manufacture of musical instruments.
In the Karelian forests, several specimens (natural monuments) were found, which is of great interest for growing in parks. Unbranched long thin lateral shoots depart from the trunk of a serpentine spruce.
Larch belongs to coniferous trees, but unlike pine and spruce, it sheds all needles annually, like deciduous trees. Larch is durable - lives 400 - 500 years, reaches a height of about 40 meters. Grows fast. Larch is a valuable tree species. Larch wood is very strong and hard. Used in shipbuilding, landscaping.
Juniper is an evergreen coniferous shrub. It grows mainly in dry pine and spruce forests, along river banks, in swamps covered with moss. Juniper berries contain many valuable substances and have long been used in traditional medicine.
In Karelia, two related species of "birch" are common: drooping birch and downy birch.
The birch is called the pioneer tree. She is the first to occupy any free piece of land. This is due to the fact that its tiny fruits are easily carried by the wind. And secondly, birch is an unpretentious tree species, although it does not tolerate shading. Birch is relatively short-lived, living up to 80 - 100 years and rarely longer. In the forest reaches a height of 25 meters. Birch wood is almost white, sometimes with a yellowish or reddish tinge.
The pearl of the Karelian forests -. This is a special form of birch. Its trunk has a lot of thickenings. Under the bark, the wood of the Karelian birch is not smooth, like that of a regular birch, but consists of a number of folds and depressions, tubercles and depressions. Karelian birch has an unusual wood, on a polished saw cut, dark brown or brown stripes, strokes, curls are clearly visible, creating unique patterns. A lot of products are made from Karelian birch wood. various items- boxes, chess, brooches and other decorations. Furniture made from it belongs to the objects of artistic value.
All trunks of Karelian birch are registered, there are only about seven thousand of them in the territory of Karelia. Cutting down is carried out only with the special permission of the government of the republic. Places of natural growth and artificial plantings (for example, near the village of Tsarevichi) have been declared sanctuaries. Karelian birch is listed in the "Red Book of Karelia".
In the village of Tsarevichi, a linden (a monument of nature) grows, the trunk diameter of which is so large, but 42 small lindens grow on the roots, forming a whole tent.
About 170 species of medicinal plants grow in Karelia.
Large flowers (Venus slipper) are distinguished by their amazing beauty. No wonder the name of this plant is associated with the name of the beautiful goddess of the morning dawn - Venus. In nature, the lady's slipper blooms for the first time in the fifteenth - seventeenth year. Now the lady's slipper is protected throughout Russia and is listed in the Red Book of Karelia and the Red Book of Russia. Lady's slipper belongs to orchid plants. They grow mainly in southern countries, are distinguished by a great variety, a bizarre shape of flowers. In addition to the slipper, our northern orchids also include a double-leaved skirt and spotted orchids.
The species composition of mosses in Karelia has not been sufficiently studied and there is no data on the approximate number of species growing on its territory. From representatives of different greatest variety, leafy mosses, 430 species were found in Karelia, 86 of which are listed in the Red Book.
In Karelia, 965 species and 46 intraspecific taxa of lichens and lichenized fungi have been identified. Currently, the final list of rare lichens of Eastern Fennoscandia found in Karelia includes 91 species.
Fungi in Karelia are currently identified 272 species and forms, their relationship with tree species. Of the total, 59% of species are edible, 12% are inedible, and 8% are poisonous; the properties of 21% of the total number of species have not been studied.
In Karelia, about 100 species of edible mushrooms are known: porcini, boletus, boletus, butterdish, volnushka, real breast, chanterelle, camelina, and serushka. Hat mushrooms are not only interesting as a source of food, but have long been known as natural healers. In Karelia, 52 species of fungi with medicinal properties, including 16 on the islands of the White Sea. Many edible mushrooms delay or inhibit the development of bacteria.
As can be judged from everything written above, Karelia is truly rich and diverse. nature reserve, very interesting to study for both a professional traveler and an ordinary tourist. The main thing to always remember is that the wealth that nature has given us must be valued and preserved.
Source of information and photos - site "Russian Civilization"
The flora of Karelia is remarkable for its amazing beauty and diversity. This was facilitated by the richest nature and unique climatic conditions northwestern part of Russia. wild rivers, dense forests, untouched valleys - they all attract travelers and tourists, offering to enjoy more untouched corners wildlife.
Most of Karelia is occupied by dense forests with coniferous trees and rich undergrowth, juniper thickets and a variety of berry bushes. Most of the plant species presented here are unique and almost never found anywhere else. Some of them are listed in the Red Book, belonging to endangered and legally protected species.
Flora of Karelia
Karelian flora captivates at first sight - this is a unique region with a wide variety of flora, which has a clear distinction. The main part of the republic is coniferous and mixed forests, high-altitude and northern regions are characterized by lichens, mosses, dwarf birch and spruce, dense pine forests. Closer to Segozero, there are medium-height forests, where pines coexist with spruces; closer to the southern part, mixed and deciduous forests. These are aspens, alder, birch, maples, lindens, elms and many others, the undergrowth is very rich and varied, along the rivers and lakes there are thickets of berry bushes.
The lower tier is generally striking in diversity. In places pine forests it is more scarce, but closer to the southern borders there are thickets of wild rosemary, blueberry, blueberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. The marsh plant world, many of whose representatives are included in the Red Book, also deserves attention. East End The republic is rich in thickets of cranberries, corydalis, medicinal primrose, small-fruited cranberries are found to the north, and swamp cranberries are found in the Murmansk region.
Red Book plants
The flora of Karelia is represented by approximately 1200 species of vascular spore and flowering plants, 402 species of algae, mosses and lichens. Approximately 350 species are of major medicinal value, many are listed in the Red Book as endangered and rare species subject to protection.
The Red Book of Plants of Karelia includes various types of ferns, including shield-bearers, grapevines and aspleniums, the most beautiful wild orchids, many medicinal plants. Many decorative species are also classified as rare and endangered, for example: alpine circus, rezuha, ranunculus anemone. Of the marsh plants, the Red Book includes caulinia, sundew intermediate, hazel, Karelian birch and cotoneaster added to the list of rare trees and shrubs.
Recently, there has been a gradual disappearance of St. John's wort, which has essential in folk medicine. This plant is indispensable for rheumatism, cough, it has wound healing and soothing properties. The rarest orchid, the cypridin slipper, is classified as a rare species, and Rhodiola rosea, which is also well known as the golden root, is gradually beginning to disappear.
Among the species included in the Red Book, there was also a dark red dreamflower with incredibly beautiful buds and a horizontal rhizome. This plant is common in Ladoga, Zaonezhye, on the territory of the Paanajärvi National Park and the Kivach Nature Reserve. Dremlik leaves are ovoid or oval in shape, it begins to bloom by the end of summer. Dremlik flowers are distinguished by a rich dark purple hue and unusual shape petals.
Bulbous calypso is found mainly in the north of the Loukhany region, in small numbers - in the southern regions of Karelia, on the territory of the Kivach nature reserve, in the Paanajärvi and Vodlozersky parks. In small quantities this beautiful flower can be seen in the Zaozerye nature reserve. The plant is relatively low, has an unusual appearance: there is only one large ovoid wintering leaf, pinkish flowers bloom in June-July and have a very pleasant, delicate aroma.
Spring backache today is found south of Lahdenpokhya, in the territory of the northern Ladoga region. This is a very beautiful plant with single flowers in the form of bells, which have a white color inside. Outside, the petals are slightly purple or purple, you can observe the flowering of the backache only in May, for about 20 days.
In addition to plants, many types of mushrooms, including the edible white aspen, were included in the Red Book of Karelia. In total, more than 100 species need protection as endangered and rare. Today, many mushrooms can only be found in reserves and national parks, many of them do not bear fruit every year.
The material was prepared with the assistance of the recreation center Lumivaara in Karelia
The fauna existing in Karelia was formed in the post-glacial period, that is, during the last 10 - 15 thousand years. 63 species of small, medium and large mammals live in Karelia. Of these, 4 species are introduced here or in adjacent territories, and then penetrated into the republic.
The fauna existing in Karelia - relatively young - was formed in the post-glacial period, that is, during the last 10 - 15 thousand years. 63 types of small, medium and large mammals lives in Karelia. Of these, 4 species are introduced here or in adjacent territories, and then penetrated into the republic. These are North American - muskrat, American mink, Canadian beaver and Far Eastern raccoon dog. The wild boar, which appeared as a result of natural settlement in Karelia in the late 60s - early 70s, and roe deer cannot be called native either. appearing from time to time in the southern regions of the republic
Inhabitants of reservoirs
Currently, 57 species of fish live in the reservoirs of Karelia, 28 are rare and endangered species.
About 100 species and forms of mollusks and 10 species of higher crustaceans also live in the water element. There are 4 protected species.
The ringed seal living in Lake Ladoga (Pusa hispida ladogensis) is an endemic freshwater subspecies of the ringed seal, a relic of the Ice Age, listed in the Red Books of Russia, Karelia and in the World Conservation Union Red List as a vulnerable subspecies with narrow area. In connection with the excessive hunting pressure in the 20s - 30s of the current century, when more than 1500 animals were shot in some seasons, and with the beginning of the use of nylon nets in the 50s, when the number of only registered cases of death of seals in them reached 700 heads per year, the size of the population Ladoga seal has significantly decreased.
According to 1994 data, their number is in the range of 3-7 thousand animals. In Lake Ladoga, there is a ringed seal - a seal, a relic of the ice age. According to 1994 data, the number of Ladoga ringed seals is in the range of 3-7 thousand animals. The conditions of Lake Ladoga (a small closed ecosystem) predetermined the small number of seals. Due to the fact that in the 20s - 30s of the current century, hunters shot more than 1500 animals, and with the beginning of the use of nylon nets in the 50s, in which only according to registered data 700 heads per year died, the population size of the Ladoga seal has significantly decreased. Therefore, the Ladoga ringed seal is especially protected, it is listed in the Red Books of Russia, Karelia and in the World Conservation Union Red List as a vulnerable subspecies with a narrow range.
forest dwellers
Lynx is common throughout Karelia, but in the north it is very rare and far from annual. With all its appearance, the lynx is very similar to a domestic cat, only much larger than it.
The largest of the predatory animals of Karelia is the brown bear. The weight of old males reaches 250 - 300 kg. Like the badger and the wolverine, the bear is a plantigrade animal, that is, it relies on the entire foot when walking, and not just on the fingers, like other predators.
The beaver is the largest rodent in Karelia. On the territory of Karelia, European and Canadian beavers are distinguished. The beaver is perfectly adapted to life in the water. In Karelia, the main type of beaver dwelling is a hut.
Birds
291 species of birds are registered on the territory of the republic. More than 40% of nesting species live on the borders of ranges.
36 species of birds nesting in this territory are included in the Red Data Book of Karelia. Tundra swan, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, steppe harrier, peregrine falcon, gray shrike are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The largest diving duck in Karelia is the common eider. Males reach a weight of 3 kg. The eider has a very valuable, warm and delicate down.
The corridors of seasonal bird migration pass through the Olonets region and the Vodlozersky National Park. Olonets fields every year become a gathering place for 1.5 million geese. Parking lots are formed mainly from white-fronted geese and bean goose. In recent years, the number of barnacle goose has been growing. All other European geese, with the exception of the black goose, are also found at camp sites, but much less frequently. The Black Goose crosses the territory of Karelia in one transit flight.
Amphibians and reptiles
There are 3 species of lizards and 2 species of snakes in Karelia.
Flora of Karelia
The Republic of Karelia is located within the northern and middle subzones of the taiga zone. Forests make up more than 50% of the total area of the republic, swamps occupy more than 20%, meadows about 1%.
In the vegetation cover of Karelia, 1379 species of vascular plants are represented: 18 of them are vascular plants listed in the Red Book of Russia.
There are many different types of pine, but only Scotch pine grows in Karelia. Pine grows in the conditions of Karelia for 300 - 350 years, although there are also older trees. They reach a height of 20 - 25 meters, and sometimes 35 meters.
In pine forests, the air is very clean, as the needles release phytoncides that kill microbes. Therefore, sanatoriums and recreation centers are built in pine forests.
Pine gives valuable (very durable!) wood, which is used in construction and shipbuilding. Pine is also valued in the furniture industry.
Rosin and turpentine are obtained from resin (pine sap). Rosin is used to make soap, to make the highest grades of paper, and to rub the bows of musical instruments.
Pine grows in the Marcial Waters - a long-liver (about 400 years old). This pine is included in the list of rare trees - monuments that are on a special list. She has been issued a security clearance. There is a version according to which one of Peter I's close associates or relatives planted the pine tree. But such an age (400 years old suggests that the pine tree grew in the Marcial waters long before Peter's arrival).
Norway spruce and Siberian spruce grow in Karelia.
In the conditions of Karelia, spruce lives 200 - 300 years, individual trees live up to 500 years, reaching a height of 35 meters and up to a meter in diameter. Spruce wood is light, almost white, light, soft. Used for the best grades of paper. Spruce is called the musical tree, and this is no coincidence. Smooth, without branches, the trunks are used for the manufacture of musical instruments.
In the Karelian forests, several specimens of serpentine spruce (natural monuments) were found, which are of great interest for growing in parks. Unbranched long thin lateral shoots depart from the trunk of a serpentine spruce.
Larch belongs to coniferous trees, but unlike pine and spruce, it sheds all needles annually, like deciduous trees. Larch is durable - lives 400 - 500 years, reaches a height of about 40 meters. Grows fast. Larch is a valuable tree species. Larch wood is very strong and hard. Used in shipbuilding, landscaping.
Juniper is an evergreen coniferous shrub. It grows mainly in dry pine and spruce forests, along river banks, in swamps covered with moss. Juniper berries contain many valuable substances and have long been used in folk medicine.
In Karelia, two related species of "birch" are common: drooping birch and downy birch.
The birch is called the pioneer tree. She is the first to occupy any free piece of land. This is due to the fact that its tiny fruits are easily carried by the wind. And secondly, birch is an unpretentious tree species, although it does not tolerate shading. Birch is relatively short-lived, living up to 80 - 100 years and rarely longer. In the forest reaches a height of 25 meters. Birch wood is almost white, sometimes with a yellowish or reddish tinge.
The pearl of the Karelian forests is the Karelian birch. This is a special form of birch. Its trunk has a lot of thickenings. Under the bark, the wood of the Karelian birch is not smooth, like that of a regular birch, but consists of a number of folds and depressions, tubercles and depressions. Karelian birch has an unusual wood; on a polished saw cut, dark brown or brown stripes, strokes, curls are clearly visible, creating unique patterns. Many different items are made from Karelian birch wood - caskets, chess, brooches and other decorations. Furniture made from it belongs to the objects of artistic value.
All trunks of Karelian birch are registered, there are only about seven thousand of them in the territory of Karelia. Cutting down is carried out only with the special permission of the government of the republic. Places of natural growth and artificial plantings (for example, near the village of Tsarevichi) have been declared sanctuaries. Karelian birch is listed in the "Red Book of Karelia".
In the village of Tsarevichi, a linden (a monument of nature) grows, the trunk diameter of which is so large, but 42 small lindens grow on the roots, forming a whole tent.
About 170 species of medicinal plants grow in Karelia.
The large flowers of the Slipper of the present (Venus slipper) are distinguished by their amazing beauty. No wonder the name of this plant is associated with the name of the beautiful goddess of the morning dawn - Venus. In nature, the lady's slipper blooms for the first time in the fifteenth - seventeenth year. Now the lady's slipper is protected throughout Russia and is listed in the Red Book of Karelia and the Red Book of Russia. Lady's slipper belongs to orchid plants. They grow mainly in southern countries, they are distinguished by a great variety, a bizarre shape of flowers. In addition to the slipper, our northern orchids also include a double-leaved skirt and spotted orchids.
The species composition of mosses in Karelia has not been sufficiently studied and there is no data on the approximate number of species growing on its territory. Of the representatives of the most diverse leaf mosses, 430 species were found in Karelia, 86 of which are listed in the Red Book.
In Karelia, 965 species and 46 intraspecific taxa of lichens and lichenized fungi have been identified. Currently, the final list of rare lichens of Eastern Fennoscandia found in Karelia includes 91 species.
At present, 272 species and forms of fungi have been identified in Karelia, and their relationship with tree species has been established. Of the total, 59% of species are edible, 12% are inedible, and 8% are poisonous; the properties of 21% of the total number of species have not been studied.
In Karelia, about 100 species of edible mushrooms are known: porcini, boletus, boletus, butterdish, volnushka, real breast, chanterelle, camelina, and serushka. Hat mushrooms are not only interesting as a source of food, but have long been known as natural healers. In Karelia, 52 species of mushrooms with medicinal properties have been identified, including 16 on the islands of the White Sea. Many edible mushrooms delay or inhibit the development of bacteria.
Russian Civilization
