Portable anti-aircraft missile system rocket. MANPADS "Verba": Russian anti-aircraft complex of a new generation

Already during the Second World War, the dominance of aviation over the theater of operations was decisive. Modern large-scale combat operations are accompanied by the use of hundreds of aircraft, including unmanned aerial vehicles. To counter the air threat, air defense and missile defense systems are used, which differ in the principle of operation, effective radius and degree of mobility. In the 70s, portable portable anti-aircraft systems were widely used, designed to counter the means of assault front-line aviation, on present stage represented by attack helicopters, attack aircraft and UAVs.

It consists of MANPADS "Igla". This weapon has a high efficiency, proven by experience. combat use(so far only by foreign armed forces), it is easy to use, reliable, relatively small in size and weight.

MANPADS in the USSR

The development of domestic anti-aircraft missiles with the ability to launch a projectile directly from the shoulder began in the USSR in advance. In the second half of the 60s, the Soviet Army had two types of portable air defense systems ("Strela" and "Strela-2"). This weapon had numerous advantages, including:

The sudden appearance of air defense systems in areas where enemy aircraft had not previously felt a threat;

The ability to hit objects at a considerable distance (more than 4 km) and at an altitude corresponding to that at which attack aircraft ("Skyhawk", "Phantom" or "Skyrider") most often "work" on ground targets - from 1500 to 3000 meters;

Quick bringing to combat position;

Simple application and training of personnel, including foreign ones;

Relative compactness;

Unpretentiousness in relation to the conditions of storage and transportation.

Despite the high combat qualities, there were also unpleasant moments for which military experts criticized the Strela MANPADS. "Needle" was developed precisely with the aim of overcoming the problems that arose.

Beat not after, but towards

The main drawback of the Arrows was their ability to hit targets after they passed over the covered object. Usually, an enemy aircraft could be shot down after it carried out a bombing or missile salvo. Of course, the defending troops could "revenge" if the anti-aircraft gunners themselves survived. "Arrows" could be hit in pursuit, and the army demanded a weapon that could hit attacking aircraft on a collision course, forestalling possible damage.

In some cases, using the factor of surprise, it was possible to succeed, despite this design flaw - by "catching" the enemy and inflicting an insidious blow on overflying aircraft, remaining unnoticed. So in 1969, Egyptian troops massively used Strela-2 man-portable complexes against Israeli Phantoms, which were marching at extremely low altitudes, destroying six of them in a day. But the enemy also knows how to learn, so soon the effectiveness of the use of Soviet MANPADS decreased, although the benefits from them still remained undoubted. They had a psychological effect, forcing enemy pilots to constantly rush from low to high altitudes, never feeling safe anywhere. And yet it was necessary to look for technical possibilities to beat towards, and not after.

Government assignment to S. P. Invincible

Another drawback that the Strelas had and which the creators of the Igla MANPADS sought to avoid was the insufficient explosive power of the warhead. Not all hits on the target guaranteed its destruction and even the infliction of significant damage. The survivability of attack aircraft increased, the nozzles into which rockets with a thermal guidance head rushed were made of materials capable of withstanding strong thermal and baric effects, and aircraft often had the opportunity to return to their airfield, and after repair they again posed a threat. The effect of "blurring" by the jet stream of the blast wave and the flow of damaging elements also had an effect. Something had to be done about this.

In 1971, the government of the USSR decided to create a new complex capable of dealing with the most modern and promising at that time tactical-level air attack weapons that a potential enemy could have. The Kolomna Machine-Building Bureau became the lead enterprise of the project, and other organizations (Central Design Bureau of Apparatus Building, Scientific Research Institute and Leningrad Association LOMO) carried out related work. Academician S.P. Invincible became the main leader of the new development quite naturally. The new weapon was called the Igla MANPADS. The characteristics (in terms of target speed, height and probability of hitting) were, according to the government order, to significantly exceed those of the Strela-3 (latest modification).

Cunning vs Cunning

The main channel for guidance of anti-aircraft missiles is traditionally considered to be the thermal trace left by the engine of the aircraft. This method of determining the direction of the projectile was relatively simple, but had serious drawbacks. Immediately after the first effective application against aircraft, devices appeared designed to mislead thermal location systems, which were fired squibs that create a false target. Therefore, it was decided to equip the Igla MANPADS with a two-channel IR guidance head equipped with photodetectors. The development of a system capable of distinguishing a real aircraft from a thermal trace of a thermal “trap” dragged on for an extra seven years, but was crowned with success. It turned out to be technically difficult, it is enough just to mention that the main photodetector after the transfer of the projectile to the firing position is cooled to a very low temperature close to (-200 ° C). As a result of these efforts, an automatic system equipped with logic circuits compares the readings of the two sensors. And if the signal level additional channel lower than the main one, then the target is determined to be a distraction, and the search is carried out until the missile sees the true object.

There is another important technical issue, the solution of which significantly increased the combat effectiveness of the Igla MANPADS. The survivability characteristics of modern attack aircraft depend on the location of the projectile hit, and the nozzle is not the best option, so the guidance algorithm provides an additional option that involves changing the missile's direction vector (turning) in the final section of the trajectory so that the impact hits the fuselage. To carry out this maneuver, additional maneuvering engines are provided in the design of the projectile.

Guidance system and fuses

Design Bureau engineers tried in every possible way to reduce the weight of the Igla portable complex. MANPADS is conceptually a compact weapon, it is intended for use by one fighter. The mass of the rocket contained in the fighting compartment is the same as that of the Strela (1170 g), but its energy (explosive) power is much higher. In addition, it was a logical decision to use unused fuel as an additional striking force, for which a special device called an explosive generator is used. At its core, this is a detonator that fires when the main charge is detonated and converts the relatively slow burning of fuel into instantaneous chemical reaction oxidation with the release of a huge amount of energy. There are two fuses: contact (activated by direct contact) and induction (catching targets at a distance). BZU type - high-explosive fragmentation.

General device and equipment

MANPADS "Igla", like other operational-tactical air defense units, is a launch tube in which a rocket is sealed, with an ergonomic handle. In order for the projectile to fly out could not injure the shooter, the launch process is divided into two stages. At the first, immediately after the activation of the ammunition, the rocket is pushed out of the barrel by means of a special charge of low power. After several meters of flight, the laser beam from launcher launches the main (marching) solid propellant engine. At the same time, the first stage of blocking is removed, which prevents accidental explosion of the warhead. Finally, the rocket comes into combat condition after a few more seconds, flying up to 250 meters.

In addition to the launch tube itself, containing the 9P322 missile and being a single-use product, the Igla MANPADS kit is equipped with a trigger mechanism (9P519-1) with a 1L14 interrogator (it is expensive and complex, it can be used many times) and an electronic tablet 1L15-1 (for speeding up the exchange of operational information on the air situation).

With group application, a mobile control point will also be required. A special KPS kit has been developed to check and monitor the system's serviceability.

What "Needle-1" inherited from "Arrow"

In the second half of the seventies, both for the performers and the customer, it became clear that the Kolomna Machine-Building Bureau was not meeting the deadlines. The delay was due to a backlog in the development of the 9E140 product (homing head). It turned out to be quite complicated, its creation was accompanied by many problems. The rocket was almost ready. In order to speed up the entry of the sample into service Soviet army and facilitating further assimilation new technology, it was decided on an intermediate option. MANPADS "Igla-1", adopted by the state commission in 1978, was completed with a single-channel seeker from Strela. Wherein new complex it was distinguished by increased charge power and much better technical characteristics (the radius of application increased to 5.2 km, it became possible to hit oncoming targets). In 1982, tests of a two-channel homing head were finally completed, it was equipped with a new portable front-line air defense system, called the Igla-2 MANPADS.

"Needle" modifications "D", "N" and "C"

It is difficult to call the complex miniature, the length of the launch tube is 1 m 70 cm - the average human height. Particularly serious objections began to come from the paratroopers, who demanded greater compactness. A special reduced "Needle" was created for them. MANPADS in the folded position has become shorter by 60 cm.

Modification "H" was distinguished by increased blasting power of the warhead. The same property is also characteristic of the third version of the complex, which received the index "C". But in addition to a reinforced high-explosive fragmentation warhead, the rocket has a double fuse (including a non-contact one) and another important quality, because of which the device is named so. "C" means "folding", in transport position- in half.

Characteristics

The performance characteristics of the Igla MANPADS are impressive and fully meet the requirements of the fast-paced 21st century. The speed of the rocket on the way to the target is over 2100 km / h. At a distance of 5200 m, an aircraft or helicopter flying at a speed of up to 1150 km / h at an altitude of up to 2500 m can be hit in pursuit with a probability of 63%.

When firing on the opposite course, the target speed can be higher, up to 1300 km/h. The portable complex can be transferred from a transport to a combat state in just 13 seconds.

All these dry numbers mean amazing capabilities that only one soldier armed with 9K38 Igla MANPADS has. It can deal with low-flying objects such as attack helicopters or cruise missiles, which, due to their flat trajectory, pose a great danger to ground troops.

In addition, the control system is able to distinguish between hostile aircraft thanks to the built-in "friend or foe" recognition system.

The ease of use of the Igla MANPADS deserves special mention. Instructions for combat use does not contain a large number points, the launch can be made from any position, including from the side of a moving machine. After the operator has found the target, he directs the launch tube at the object and presses the "Start" button. Further, everything happens in a matter of seconds, it remains only to follow the flight of the rocket, if, of course, there is time for this.

Application experience

The armies of more than four dozen countries are armed with the Igla portable air defense system. The use of it by Iraqi forces in 1991 caused the loss of several aircraft by the coalition air force, which demonstrated the high efficiency of this type. Russian weapons even in conditions of almost complete suppression of air defense systems and air dominance of the attacking side. Over the past two decades, many armed conflicts and wars have arisen in different regions of the planet. In most of them, one side or another used the Igla MANPADS. Photos of militants and government soldiers with characteristic "pipes", as well as damaged and destroyed aircraft, clearly illustrate the deadly power of this relatively small weapon. air defense.

In post-Soviet history, only the famous Kalashnikov can argue with the popularity of the Needle. It is known about the last major contract for the supply of a large batch of these systems for the armed forces of Malaysia. The improvement of the design of the system continues, which has led to an increase of up to six kilometers in the radius of combat use of the "Igla" of the "Super" modification. With these MANPADS, as well as new, still secret models, the Russian army will be completely re-equipped in the near future.

ZRS S-300VM "Antey-2500"

The only mobile air defense system in the world that can intercept small and medium range(up to 2500 km). Another "Antey" can shoot down a modern aircraft, including the stealth Staelth. The Antey target can be hit simultaneously by four or two 9M83 (9M83M) missiles (depending on the launcher used). Apart from Russian army Almaz-Antey Concern supplies Antey to Venezuela; also signed a contract with Egypt. But Iran in 2015 abandoned it in favor of the S-300 air defense system.

ZRS S-300V

Military self-propelled anti-aircraft rocket system S-Z00V carries two types of missiles. The first is 9M82 in order to shoot down ballistic Pershings and SRAM-type aircraft missiles, as well as far-flying aircraft. The second - 9M83, to destroy aircraft and ballistic missiles such as "Lance" and R-17 "Scud".

Autonomous air defense system "Tor"

Bearing the proud name of the Scandinavian deity, the Thor air defense system can cover not only infantry and equipment, but also buildings and industrial facilities. "Thor" protects, among other things, from high-precision weapons, guided bombs and enemy drones. At the same time, the system itself controls the designated air space and independently shoots down all air targets not identified by the "friend or foe" system. Therefore, they call it autonomous.

Anti-aircraft missile system Osa and its modifications Osa-AK and Osa-AKM

Since the 60s of the XX century, the Osa has been in service with the Soviet, and later the Russian army and the armies of the CIS countries, as well as more than 25 foreign countries. It is capable of protecting ground forces from aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles enemy operating at extremely low, low and medium altitudes (up to 5 m at a distance of up to 10 km).

SAM MD-PS increased secrecy of functioning

The secrecy of the MD-PS is ensured through the use of optical means for detecting and guiding the missile by infrared radiation of the target in the 8-12 micron wavelength range. The detection system has an all-round view and can simultaneously find up to 50 targets and select the most dangerous ones. Guidance is carried out on the principle of "shot and forget" (missiles with homing heads that "see" the target).

"Tunguska"

The Tunguska anti-aircraft cannon missile system is a short-range air defense system. In combat, it covers infantry from helicopters and attack aircraft operating at low altitudes, and fires at lightly armored ground and floating equipment. She opens fire not only from a place, but also in motion - if only there was no fog and snowfall. In addition to the ZUR9M311 missiles, the Tunguska is equipped with 2A38 anti-aircraft guns, which can turn to the sky up to an angle of 85 degrees.

"Pine - RA"

The light mobile towed Sosna-RA anti-aircraft gun-missile system, like the Tunguska, is equipped with an anti-aircraft gun that hits targets at an altitude of up to 3 km. But the main advantage of Sosna-RA is the 9M337 Sosna-RA hypersonic missile, which already shoots at targets at a height of up to 3500 meters. The range of destruction is from 1.3 to 8 km. "Pine-RA" - light complex; this means that it can be put on any platform that can withstand its weight - trucks Ural-4320, KamAZ-4310 and others.

New

Anti-aircraft missile system of long and medium range S-400 "Triumph"

The defeat of targets at long range in the Russian army is provided, among other things, by the S-400 Triumph air defense system. It is designed to destroy aerospace attack weapons, and is capable of intercepting a target at a distance of more than 200 kilometers and at an altitude of up to 30 kilometers. The Triumph has been in service with the Russian army since 2007.

"Pantsir-S1"

ZRPK "Pantsir-S1" was adopted in 2012. Its automatic cannons and radio-guided guided missiles with infrared and radar tracking can neutralize any target in the air, on land and on the water. Pantsir-S1 is armed with 2 anti-aircraft guns and 12 surface-to-air missiles.

SAM "Pine"

The Sosna short-range mobile anti-aircraft missile system is the latest Russian novelty; The complex will enter service only at the end of this year. It has two parts - armor-piercing and fragmentation-rod action, that is, it can hit armored vehicles, fortifications and ships, shoot down cruise missiles, drones and precision weapons. "Pine" is guided by a laser: the rocket flies along the beam.

Military experts come to the conclusion that modern MANPADS are not intended to destroy enemy aircraft and helicopters, but not to allow them to perform their combat missions. An example is the military conflict in 2011 in Libya. Using the Soviet Igla MANPADS, the troops subordinate to Gadaffi practically prevented the bombing and quite successfully defended their airspace. NATO aviation was largely constrained precisely by the fact that Gaddafi had portable air defense systems.

The main purpose of the 9K338 Igla-S is to destroy low-flying airborne helicopters, aircraft, UAVs and missiles. Valid in various conditions artificial and natural interference. "Igla-S" was the result of an in-depth modernization of the portable anti-aircraft missile system 9K38 "Igla".

Now the Igla-S has improved performance and new capabilities, replacing several air defense systems at once - a conventional MANPADS to counter helicopters and aircraft and an expensive air defense system used to counter cruise missiles and UAVs.

The main developer of MANPADS is Kolomenskoye design department engineering. The GOS for the Igla-S complex was developed by the Leningrad Association of Optical Mechanics. The complex is produced at the Kovrov Degtyarev plant. The main tests of the Igla-Super MANPADS took place in 2001, and in 2002 the complex was adopted by the Russian army.

You can use the complex from any media. In addition, the Igla-Super MANPADS has a huge potential for creating mobile carriers - not big weight and increased defeat characteristics will significantly increase the armament of any carrier and bring them closer to the level of short-range air defense systems. According to the contract, the Russian Federation supplied Vietnam with 50 units of the new Igla-Super complex - the cost of the contract is more than 60 million dallars.

The complex consists of :
- one 9M342 missile located in a tube provided with a power source;
- trigger mechanism 9P522;
- PKP 9V866-2;
- KPA 9F719-2;
- PNV 1PN97 "Mowgli-2".

The main differences from previous complexes are an increased range of use from 5.2 to 6 kilometers, improved combat characteristics of warheads - an increased mass of explosives and an increased number of fragments, despite the fact that the mass of the rocket remained unchanged. The 9E435 homing head uses two photodetectors that provide operation in different ranges, which increased the level of thermal interference selection.

Also in the GOS, a bias scheme was used, which ensured the formation of control commands for the drive of the missile's rudder on approach to an air object - the missile starts a deviation maneuver from the main point of guidance (object nozzle) and the defeat will occur on the most vulnerable units of the object. According to the information voiced by the developers, the homing head has fantastic characteristics of vibration sensitivity and shock resistance.

For the first time, a non-contact type target sensor is used in a missile, which ensures the detonation of warheads when approaching the target closely. The sensor is fully integrated with the warhead and the fuse - a delay has been introduced to detonate the warhead after its successful operation. Depending on the target, the delay is also set, for example, for an aircraft it is set to the largest, since when a rocket approaches the structural elements of the aircraft, the non-contact sensor will, of course, work, the delay time will begin to expire (the explosion of the rocket immediately behind the nozzle will be ineffective).

The missile will have time to get close to the aircraft, and the detonation will occur from the operation of a contact-type sensor, if it does not have time to fully approach, then after the delay, the warhead will still be detonated. The delay is set automatically and depends on the operating mode.

The overall dimensions of the rocket and the weight limit required the use of low weight warheads with the highest possible efficiency. It is achieved through a deep undermining of the contact type with adaptation to the speed characteristics of the target. Russian designers created a "smart" fuse - having received data on the contact of the missile with the target, it waits for a response from the warhead penetration sensor inside the aircraft and, taking into account the data received, gives the command to detonate. The result - a warhead of light weight causes the maximum possible damage to the object.

Increases the capabilities of the warhead and the solid fuel charge of the propulsion engine - it is also undermined by the detonation of the warhead. Such a solution, simple at first glance, not used by anyone abroad, made it possible to increase the combat effectiveness of the Igla-Super complex on a collision course up to three kilometers - the most frequent area for the use of missiles against air targets. After using the MANPADS, the rocket picks up speed using a powder-type control engine, which deploys it at the lead point in automatic mode - no human intervention is required.

The Mowgli night vision device used ensures the use of the Igla-S complex at night, in addition, it provides the detection and identification of an air object, helps the shooter to aim and accompany him to the combat use of MANPADS. Night operations in our time have become more and more frequent - this opportunity significantly increased the possibility of using Igla-Super MANPADS.

The continuity of the complexes is striking in its capabilities - the dimensions and mountings of the Igla MANPADS of various modifications are completely the same, missiles from the new complex can be used in early versions of the complex, and missiles from the Igla and Igla-1 complexes can be used in the Igla-S MANPADS ".

The triggers are almost completely interchangeable. The sight for shooting at night "Mowgli" has additional fasteners, with the help of which it is possible to install it on the early versions of the complex.

Portable anti-aircraft missile system provided with reliable operation in a wide range of temperatures and humidity (98%). It is unpretentious, withstands half an hour immersion in water, lifting to a height of up to 12,000 meters, transportation by any transport on any roads and terrain. Withstands drops from up to 2 meters. Even an unprepared shooter can launch a rocket from any position at any time of the day or night.

Main characteristics :
- range of application range / height - 6000 / up to 3500 meters;
- the speed of the affected objects towards / in pursuit - 400/320 m / s;
- weight 19 kilograms;
- ammunition caliber - 72 mm;
- warhead weight - 2.5 kilograms;
- the weight of the rocket is 11.7 kilograms;
- transfer to combat use - 13 seconds;
- reverse translation - 30 seconds.

The warranty period for the operation of the Igla-S MANPADS is 10 years, provided that they are stored in equipped premises. 7 years in unequipped premises, 4 years when stored in the field. 2 years with continuous use and storage outside of crates.

Man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems (MANPADS) occupy an important place in the structure of military air defense. Armament of this class complements other air defense systems, providing enhanced protection against air attack. The first serial MANPADS of a modern look appeared in the sixties, and still remain in service with the armies of the world. Further development of such systems continues. Through the use of new technologies and ideas, it is possible to significantly improve the characteristics of MANPADS and, as a result, the protection of troops from air attacks. Consider the latest MANPADS projects created in the leading countries of the world.

Russia - Igla-S and Verba

In the armed forces of Russia and some other states, MANPADS of the Igla family are widely used. The newest system of the family is the 9K338 Igla-S complex, developed at the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (Kolomna) and put into service at the beginning of the 2000s. In this project, some ideas borrowed from previous projects of the family were used, and in addition, several new technologies and solutions were applied. With the help of this design approach, it was possible to ensure the possibility of hitting various targets, including cruise missiles and UAVs, both in pursuit and on a collision course.

Like previous domestic MANPADS, the Igla-S system has several main units. Combat means include a transport and launch container with a missile, a power source and a coolant cylinder, as well as a reusable launcher attached to the container before use. In addition, the complex includes a mobile control point, as well as control and calibration and training equipment.

The Igla-S complex uses a 3M342 guided missile with a solid-propellant engine and an infrared homing head. To detect the target, two photodetectors are used, operating in different ranges. To simplify the design of the rocket, the control system has only one pair of rudders, which is used to control both pitch and yaw. During the flight, the rocket rotates around the longitudinal axis, and maneuvering is carried out due to the timely deflection of the rudders to the desired angle.

The 3M342 missile has a length of 1.635 m and a body diameter of 72 mm. Starting weight - 11.7 kg, total weight of the complex - 19 kg. The product is equipped with two (starting and sustainer) solid-propellant engines. The missile develops a speed of up to 600 m/s, and is capable of hitting targets at ranges up to 6 km and altitudes in the range of 10-3500 m. /With. The missile is equipped with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 2.5 kg with contact and remote fuses. The missile control system uses the so-called. displacement scheme - the rocket is aimed not at the engine nozzle, but at the target body.

In 2001, the 9K338 Igla-S MANPADS passed state tests, and in 2002 it was put into service. At the same time, deliveries of the serial new model began. According to some reports, the production of Igla-S systems is still ongoing. A certain number of such MANPADS were supplied to foreign countries: Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Iraq, etc.

In the summer of 2014, it became known about the start of deliveries of serial MANPADS of the new model 9K333 "Verba". Like a number of other similar systems, Verba was developed by specialists from Kolomna. The creation of a new complex has been carried out at least since the middle of the last decade. Approximately in 2007, its testing began. Over the next few years, development and refinement continued. new system. Since 2012 Plant them. Degtyarev (Kovrov) produced missiles of the new complex, and the first production batch, intended for deliveries to the troops, was made in the spring of last year.

Most of the information about the Verba complex has not yet been made public. Moreover, it remains unknown even appearance this system. According to some reports, the new MANPADS is equipped with an infrared tri-band homing head and has more high performance compared to previous domestic systems this class. Thus, the maximum firing range is estimated at 6-6.5 km, the maximum height of target destruction is up to 4-4.5 km. More precise information is not available.

USA - FIM-92 Stinger

Since the beginning of the eighties, the armed forces of the United States and a number of foreign countries have been using the FIM-92 Stinger MANPADS. Over the past decades, this complex has undergone several upgrades aimed at improving its performance. Primarily. guidance and control systems were subjected to improvements, which led to a noticeable increase in performance. In addition, certain measures are being taken to increase the service life.

Stinger complexes of all modifications have a similar composition. As part of these MANPADS, an anti-aircraft missile in a transport and launch container, a launching mechanism, an optical sight for visual preliminary guidance of the missile, a unit with an electric battery and coolant, as well as “friend or foe” identification equipment are used.

FIM-92 MANPADS missiles of all modifications are built according to the "duck" scheme and are equipped with solid rocket engines. The missiles use dual-band infrared homing heads. Recent modernization projects provide for the use of seekers operating in both infrared and ultraviolet ranges. Such equipment provides more effective target detection and is less susceptible to interference.

Rockets of all modifications have a length of about 1500 mm and a body diameter of 70 mm. The launch weight of the rocket is about 10 kg. In combat position, the complex weighs about 15-16 kg. The solid propellant rocket engine used provides a flight speed of up to 700-750 m/s. To hit the target, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 2.3 kg is used. The latest modifications of the Stinger complex are capable of flying at a distance of up to 8 km and hitting targets at altitudes of up to 3.5 km.

The FIM-92 Stinger complex was adopted by the US Army in 1981 and soon replaced similar systems of its class. In addition, Stinger MANPADS were supplied to a large number of foreign countries. Such systems have been actively used in various armed conflicts, starting with the battles for the Falkland Islands. There are projects for the use of Stinger missiles as weapons for ground-based air defense systems. In addition, such weapons can be used by several types of aircraft.

United Kingdom - Starstreak

In 1997, the UK adopted the Starstreak MANPADS, which had been developed since the mid-eighties. In this complex, it was proposed to use a number original ideas. A curious feature of the complex is the ability to perform in three configurations: portable, lightweight easel and self-propelled. In this case, all options are equipped with the same equipment and use the same rocket.

The main element of the Starstreak MANPADS is the Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile) guided missile. Like other products of its class, this missile is supplied in a transport and launch container, which is docked with other elements of the complex. The Starstreak HVM missile is very different from other anti-aircraft weapons. Instead of the traditional high-explosive fragmentation warhead, an original one is installed on it, consisting of three independent combat units. Three arrow-shaped submunitions are attached to the head of the rocket, which are equipped with their own guidance systems and high-explosive fragmentation warheads.

For some reason, the authors of the project from Thales Air Defense decided to use semi-active laser guidance in the Starstreak complex. Before launch and until the moment the target is hit, the operator of the complex must hold the aiming mark on the attacked object, highlighting it laser beam. According to some reports, in the variants of self-propelled and mounted air defense systems, automatic target tracking can be used.

After detecting and taking the target for tracking, the operator must launch, continuing to track the target. With the help of the starting engine, the rocket leaves the container and turns on the main engine. With the help of the latter, the rocket overcomes a certain distance to the target. After the development of a charge of solid fuel, three arrow-shaped submunitions are discharged. They, using their own systems, find the target and aim at it. It is argued that the use of three arrow-shaped elements can increase the likelihood of hitting a target. Having hit an enemy aircraft or helicopter, the arrow-shaped ammunition pierces its skin and damages the internal units, and then explodes, increasing the damage.

The Starstreak HVM missile is 1.37 m long and has a maximum body diameter of 130 mm. The weight of the transport and launch container with the rocket is about 14 kg. Arrow-shaped striking elements 45 cm long and 2 cm in diameter are equipped with small stabilizers and rudders. The total mass of three miniature warheads mounted on striking elements is about 900 g. The Starstreak air defense system can hit targets at ranges up to 6 km and altitudes up to 5 km.

Starstreak HVM missiles can be used in several types of anti-aircraft systems. First of all, this is a portable version, which uses a trigger mechanism and some other equipment. In addition, there is a modification of the LML, the basis of which is a lightweight machine for three containers with missiles and guidance equipment. For installation on self-propelled chassis, the Starstreak SP combat module is offered with mounts for eight containers and a set of special equipment.

The main operator of the Starstreak MANPADS is the British armed forces. Since the beginning of the 2000s, a number of systems of this family have been supplied to foreign countries: Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa.

France-Mistral

Since the late eighties, the French military has been using the Mistral MANPADS, developed by Matra BAE Dynamics (now part of the MBDA concern). In the mid-nineties, an updated modification of the complex appeared, which has higher characteristics in comparison with basic version. In addition, on the basis of this MANPADS, several variants of anti-aircraft systems were developed, differing from each other in basic machines, etc.

Despite all the efforts of the developers, the missile of the Mistral complex turned out to be quite heavy - its starting weight reaches 18.7 kg. The mass of the rocket with the transport and launch container is 24 kg. For this reason, the authors of the project had to use an interesting solution that compensates for the large weight of the rocket, but significantly reduces the mobility of the complex in comparison with other systems of its class. All units of the portable version of the complex are mounted on a machine of a special design. A vertical stand with a small seat for the operator and holders for the transport and launch container of the rocket is mounted on a tripod support. In addition, sights are attached to the rack. With the help of such a machine, the operator can direct the rocket in two planes.

The missile of the Mistral complex has a standard layout and equipment for such products. At the same time, there were no original ideas. Thus, the nose fairing of the rocket has the shape of a multifaceted pyramid, which improves aerodynamic characteristics in comparison with traditional spherical fairings. The infrared seeker is built on the basis of a mosaic type receiver, due to which it can find targets with a reduced level of radiation, as well as distinguish them from interference and reflected radiation.

MANPADS Mistral is equipped with one of the largest missiles in its class. Its length reaches 1.86 m, the hull diameter is 90 mm, and the weight with the transport and launch container is 24 kg. The rocket is equipped with starting and sustainer solid propellant engines. Marching power point accelerates the rocket to 800 m / s. EFFECT: capturing an "airplane" type target at ranges up to 6 km, which is equal to the maximum range of the missile. The maximum height of the defeat is 3 km. When using the Mistral complex to attack other targets, such as helicopters, maximum range and the height of detection and defeat are reduced. The target is hit using a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 3 kg. Warhead equipped with contact and remote laser fuses.

Despite the large dimensions and the lack of serious advantages over other modern analogues, the French-made Mistral complex was of interest not only to the armed forces of France, but also to the military of other states. This MANPADS in various modifications was supplied to 25 countries of the world. In the interests of foreign armies, they were produced as systems in
basic configuration, and anti-aircraft systems made on the basis of self-propelled chassis.

China - FN-6

In the late nineties, the Shanghai Academy of Space Technology took up the project of a new portable anti-aircraft missile system. A new development called the FN-6 was first demonstrated in 2000. By this time, the complex was mass-produced and supplied to the People's Liberation Army of China. Later, contracts were signed for the supply of such systems to foreign countries.

In terms of overall architecture and composition, the FN-6 MANPADS is a typical representative of its class of weapons. It includes a transport and launch container with a missile, a launcher and a set of special equipment. Like other missiles of this class, the ammunition of the FN-6 complex is equipped with an infrared seeker. A photodetector is used with four cells that receive target radiation. GOS is covered with a pyramidal fairing. According to some reports, a Chinese-designed homing head is capable of finding a target when using active jamming.

The rocket is 1.49 m long, 71 mm in diameter and weighs 10.8 kg. The mass of the complex ready for use is 16 kg. The rocket leaves the container with the help of the starting engine, after which the main engine is turned on. The solid propellant sustainer engine accelerates the rocket to a speed of about 600 m/s. Provides hitting targets at ranges up to 6 km and altitudes of 15-3800 m. When firing on a collision course, the FN-6 MANPADS can hit targets moving at speeds up to 800 m, when firing in pursuit, the target speed is limited to 500 m / s. In flight, the rocket can maneuver with an overload of up to 18 units.

The FN-6 MANPADS was created by order of the People's Liberation Army of China, which received weapons from the first serial batches. Subsequently, several foreign states acquired such weapons: Malaysia, Cambodia, Sudan, Pakistan, Syria, etc.

It is known about the development of upgraded versions of the FN-6 complex. So, in 2006, the FN-16 complex with enhanced performance was first introduced. According to some information, the missile of this MANPADS is equipped with a dual-band homing head, which significantly increases its resistance to interference. Other modifications of the complex were also created.

According to materials:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-544.html
Vasilin N.Ya., Gurinovich A.L. Anti-aircraft missile systems. - Mn .: Potpourri LLC, 2002

In order to provide accelerated equipment ground forces As a highly effective weapon, simultaneously with the continuation of the development of the Igla complex, work was launched to create a simplified portable air defense system Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet) using a modified thermal seeker from the Strela-3 complex missile in the missile defense system. Tests of MANPADS 9K310 "Igla-1" were carried out between January 15 and July 9, 1980. The complex was put into service in March 1981.

MANPADS 9K310 Igla-1 - video

Compared to the Strela-3 portable air defense system, the probability of hitting an F-4 fighter flying at a speed of 310 m/s with one missile increased from 0.09 to 0.59 in pursuit (at a target speed of 260 m/s) - from 0.07 to 0.44. Maximum speeds targets hit increased from 310 to 360 m/s when firing towards, from 260 to 320 m/s - in pursuit. The upper limit of the affected area increased from 2200 to 2500 m.

To improve the dynamics of guiding missiles to a preemptive rendezvous point with a target, an additional circuit was introduced into the thermal seeker, which generates a command to turn the missile in the initial flight segment, and an electronic "back-to-back" mode switch. To ensure a post-launch turn in the steering compartment of the rocket, miniature pulsed solid propellant engines were installed. The missile is aimed at the target using the proportional approach method. Serial production of combat weapons of the 9K310 complex was carried out at the Kovrov plant named after. V. L. Degtyareva.

MANPADS "Igla-1" consists of combat equipment (9P322 launch tube with 9P519-1 trigger mechanism and 9M313 anti-aircraft guided missile), identification and target designation equipment (1L15-1 portable electronic tablet and 1L14-1 ground-based radar interrogator), communications equipment ( R-157 radio station and R-157P receiver). To check the technical condition and parameters of anti-aircraft missiles and the launcher, means are used Maintenance, including a mobile checkpoint 9V886 and a set of control and verification equipment for bases and arsenals 9F387M.

For the training of anti-aircraft gunners, training aids are used, including a field simulator for anti-aircraft gunners 9F634, a training and practical kit 9F634, a launch control kit. ZUR 9M313 is made but the aerodynamic scheme "duck" and is a cylindrical body with a spherical fairing. To reduce aerodynamic drag, a small conical fairing was placed in front of the thermal seeker, mounted on three inclined rods, forming a kind of "tripod". The missile consists of four compartments fastened together - the head, steering, combat and propulsion systems. The rocket is supported by centering belts, which determine the caliber, on the inner walls of the pipe.

In the head compartment of the missiles there is a target tracking coordinator (SKTs), a command generation device (UVK), an electronic part (amplifier) ​​of the autopilot, a gyroscope rotor speed stabilization system, and a photodetector cooling system. As a photodetector, a photoresistor based on indium antimony cooled to a temperature of -200 "C is used, the maximum spectral sensitivity of which lies in the range of 3.5-5 μm. Compressed nitrogen is used to cool these photoresistors. Deep cooling of the photoresistor made it possible to increase the sensitivity of the TGSN to the radiation of a gas jet jet engine and reduce sensitivity to reflected solar energy.

The steering compartment is designed to accommodate the power supply elements of the rocket, autonilot and switching elements. In the body of the steering compartment there is a powder pressure accumulator (PAD), which provides power to the hot gases of the steering machine, and a turbogenerator, which converts the energy of the hot gases of the PAD into electricity, a stabilizer-rectifier that provides rectification and stabilization of the supply voltages, an angular velocity sensor with an amplifier, a steering machine with rudders, a cocking unit that generates a signal to the electric igniter of the fuse after opening the rudders and to the electric igniter of the powder control engine, an onboard connector socket that provides electrical communication between the onboard equipment of the rocket and the launch tube.

A powder control engine is installed in the rocket, which generates hot gases for gas-dynamic control of the rocket's flight at the initial stage. The combat compartment is the carrier compartment of the rocket and is made in the form of an integral connection, including a warhead, a fuse, an explosive generator. The high-explosive-cumulative fragmentation warhead is designed to destroy air targets and consists of a body with a cumulative funnel, a live (explosive) charge and a detonator. Used in combat explosive with high explosive action. The fuse is designed to issue a detonation pulse to detonate the warhead when the missile meets with the aim of or but the time of self-destruction expires. The fuse, in addition, ensures the transfer of a detonation pulse from the charge of the warhead to the charge of the explosive generator.

The safety detonating device serves to ensure safety in handling the rocket until it is cocked after the rocket is launched. It includes a pyrotechnic fuse, a rotary sleeve and a blocking (inertial) stopper. The explosive generator is designed to create a detonation pulse to undermine the fuel charge of the propulsion system and create an additional field of destruction.

The pipe is designed for aiming, launching a rocket and protecting the anti-aircraft gunner from the effects of powder gases of the starting engine during launch. At the same time, it serves as a cap for the rocket during transportation, transportation and storage, as well as a guide when the rocket is launched. During operation, the rocket is not removed from the tube and leaves the tube only at launch.

Pipe MANPADS "Igla-1" is made of fiberglass. It consists of: a rotation unit, a mechanical sight, an onboard connector mechanism, a socket for docking the launcher, a block for connecting the starting engine's zonal circuits, and a clip for attaching a shoulder belt. The rotation block is fixed on the front part of the tube and, together with the acceleration and synchronization block of the trigger mechanism, is designed to accelerate the TGSN gyroscope rotor. Ground-based radio interrogator antennas are installed on the tube rotation unit. Since the pipes can be reused, the number of red stripes applied to the sensor block indicates the number of rocket launches made from this pipe. The mechanical sight consists of reclining front and rear racks and is designed for aiming. A fly with a hole is fixed on the front post. On the rear pillar there is a rear sight with a lamp of light information, the ignition of which indicates that the radiation of the target has entered the field of view of the TGSN, and a diaphragm that closes the lamp during launches at dusk in order to avoid blinding the anti-aircraft gunner.

The front and rear sections of the pipe are closed with easily removable covers. In the front cover there is a magnetic circuit (metal ring), which is the arrester of the rotor-magnet. The launch mechanism is designed to prepare for the launch and launch of the rocket. The interrogator 1L14-1 is built into the trigger mechanism, which provides identification of targets and automatic blocking of the launch of missiles by its own aircraft. However, due to the large width of the antenna pattern, and also due to the presence of the rear lobes of this pattern, the interrogator can be triggered by the responder of his aircraft flying near the portable air defense system and block the missile launch at the enemy. In such cases, the shooter can disable the launch lock.

The portable electronic tablet 1L15-1 is designed for timely notification of anti-aircraft gunners about the location, direction of movement and state ownership (“friend or foe”) of air targets. The tablet is capable of displaying the air situation within a radius of 12.8 km. The number of simultaneously displayed targets is 4, the maximum distance to the information transfer point is 15 km. The source of information for the tablet can be air defense control points in the division-regiment link. Modifications "Igla-1E" and "Igla-1M" were produced, which differed in that the remaining fuel was not undermined when the warhead was blown up. In addition, "Igla-1M" did not have a radar interrogator, and "Igla-1E" had an interrogator with parameters determined by the customer country. In 1982, the Igla complex was tested, which was put into service in 1983.

MANPADS is a further development of the Igla-1 complex and differs from the latter in increased efficiency due to the use of a two-channel homing head 9E410 developed by LOMO JSC ( chief designer heads of O. L. Artamonov). The homing head is able to distinguish between true and false targets in the conditions of setting artificial interference in the infrared range. GOS has increased sensitivity, which increases the range of fire on targets on a collision course. Thermal homing head 9E410 has two channels - main and auxiliary. The photodetector of the main channel is a photoresistor based on indium antimony, cooled to a temperature of -200'C. The cooling system of the photodetector is the same as that of Igla-1. The maximum spectral sensitivity of the photodetector of the main channel lies in the range of 3.5-5 μm, which corresponds to the spectral density of radiation from the gas string of a jet engine.

The photodetector of the auxiliary channel is an uncooled photoresistor based on lead sulfide, the maximum spectral sensitivity of which lies in the range of 1.8-3 μm, which corresponds to the spectral density of noise radiation such as false thermal targets. The switching circuit of the GOS 9E410 makes a decision according to the rule: if the signal level of the photodetector of the main channel is higher than the signal level of the auxiliary channel, then this is the target, if vice versa - interference. The use of a new thermal seeker made it possible to use, to reduce aerodynamic drag, not the “tripod” used on the rocket of the Igla-1 complex, but an elegant needle-like design.

The complex ensures the destruction of air targets on a collision and overtaking course, firing at intervals of 0.3 s or more thermal noise with an excess of the total radiation power of the target radiation power of the target up to six times. When targets fired thermal noise on head-on and overtaking courses singly or in volleys (up to six pieces in a volley), the average probability of hitting a target with one 9M39 SAM per span of the affected area was 0.31 when firing towards and 0.24 when firing in pursuit. In such interference conditions, the Igla-1 complex was practically inoperable. Later, mainly for the Airborne Forces. A variant of the Igla-D portable air defense system with a missile defense system and a launch tube was developed, which is transported in the form of two sections connected before combat use. This made it possible to improve the "landing" of the complex and ensure the convenience of carrying it.
A block was also developed that ensures the use of two missiles in launch tubes for use in ground launchers and as weapons for helicopters in the Igla-V complex.

To ensure the simultaneous use of two missiles, a variant of the complex with a turret ("Dzhigit") has been developed, in which the anti-aircraft gunner is placed in a rotating chair and manually guides the launcher to the target. In addition, a version of the Igla-N portable air defense system with a more powerful warhead was developed. The mass of the complex increased by 2.5 kg. Due to a slight decrease in such indicators as the speed of hitting targets on head-on and overtaking courses (up to 340 and 280 m/s, respectively), the probability of hitting targets is increased by 25-50%. The portable air defense system "Igla-1" was exported abroad, used in local hostilities.

Tactical and technical characteristics of MANPADS Igla-1

Years of operation: 1981-n. in. (modifications)

Crew (calculation), people: 1

Weight MANPADS Igla-1

Rocket weight in the launch tube - 10.8 kg
- military equipment in combat position - 17
- warhead - 1.27

Range of destruction of MANPADS Igla-1

The upper limit of the affected area is 2500 m
- The far border of the affected area - 5000 m
- Rocket cruising speed - 570 m / s
- Sector of view of the homing head - 40 °
- The time for the ground power source to enter the mode (ready for launch) - up to 5 seconds.

Probability of hitting a jet fighter target with one missile
- towards - 0.59 (59%) at a target speed of 310 m / s
- in pursuit - 0.44 (44%) at a target speed of 260 m / s

Maximum target flight speed
- towards - 360 m/s
- in pursuit - 320 m/s

Photo MANPADS Igla-1

Photo of the OPU Dzhigit with two Igla MANPADS