Types of higher nervous activity: description, features and characteristics. Types of higher nervous activity What is the mobile nervous system

All organisms are born with innate responses that help them survive. Unconditioned reflexes are distinguished by their constancy; the same response can be observed to the same stimulus.

But the surrounding world is constantly changing, and the body is forced to adapt to new conditions, and here only innate reflexes can not cope. The higher parts of the brain are included in the work, which ensure a normal existence and adaptation to constantly changing environmental conditions.

Higher nervous activity

GNI is the work of all subcortical formations and the cerebral cortex. This is a fairly broad concept, which includes:

• Psychic activity.
• Features of behavior.

GNI properties

The main features are transmitted to a person by inheritance. The properties of VND include:

1. The strength of nervous processes.
2. Equilibrium.
3. Mobility.

The first property is considered the most important, it is characterized by the ability of the nervous system to withstand prolonged exposure to exciting factors.

An example can be given: in airplanes, loud noise during a flight is not a strong irritant for an adult, but in children who still have weak nervous processes, it can cause prohibitive inhibition.

Balance is characterized by a high rate of development of conditioned reflexes.

Such a property as mobility depends on how quickly the processes of inhibition and excitation replace each other. People who easily switch from one activity to another have a mobile nervous system.

Types of GNI

Mental processes and behavioral reactions in each person have their own individual characteristics. The combination of strength, mobility and balance determines the type of GNI. There are several of them:

1. Strong, agile and balanced.
2. Strong and unbalanced.
3. Strong, balanced, inert.
4. Weak type.

GNI are also functions associated with speech, therefore, a person has types that are characteristic only for him, and they are associated with the interaction of the first and second signaling systems:

1. Thinking. The second signal system comes to the fore. These people have well-developed abstract thinking.
2. Artistic type. The 1st signal system is clearly manifested.
3. Average. Both systems are balanced.

The physiology of GNA is such that the hereditary features of the course of mental processes can undergo changes under the influence of education, this is due to the fact that there is such a quality as plasticity.

sanguine

Even Hippocrates divided people into different categories with their own temperament. The features of GNI just determine the belonging of people to one or another type.

A strong nervous system with mobile processes is characteristic of sanguine people. All reflexes in such people are formed quickly, speech is loud and clear. Such people speak expressively, using gestures, but without unnecessary facial expressions.

The fading and restoration of conditional connections is easy and fast. If a child has such a temperament, then he has good abilities, lends himself well to education.

Choleric

In such people, excitatory processes predominate over inhibition. Conditioned reflexes are developed with great ease, but their inhibition, on the contrary, occurs with difficulty. Cholerics are always mobile, they cannot concentrate on one thing for a long time.

GNI is also behavior, and in people with such a temperament it often requires strict correction, especially in children. In childhood, choleric people can behave aggressively and defiantly, this is due to high excitability and weak inhibition of nervous processes.

Phlegmatic person

GNI of a person with a strong and balanced nervous system, but slow switching between mental processes is referred to as a phlegmatic temperament.

Reflexes are formed, but much more slowly. Such people speak slowly, their speech is measured and calm, without any facial expressions and gestures. The GNI of a child with such a temperament has such features that make such children assiduous, disciplined. They perform all tasks conscientiously, but slowly.

It is very important for parents and teachers to know this feature and take it into account during classes and communication.

melancholic

Types of VND differ in their properties and features of the functioning of the nervous system. If it is weak, then we can talk about a melancholic temperament.

Such people with great difficulty endure the impact of strong stimuli, they begin to respond with prohibitive inhibition. It is very difficult for melancholic people to get used to a new team, especially for children. All reflexes are formed slowly, after repeated combination with an unconditioned stimulus.

Movements, speech of such people are slow, measured. They usually do not make unnecessary movements. If you look from the outside at a child with such a temperament, then we can say that he is constantly afraid of something, he can never stand up for himself.

Distinctive features of higher nervous activity of a person

The physiology of GNA is such that in the presence of any temperament in a person, it is possible to develop and educate all those qualities that are simply necessary in society.

In each temperament, one can note both its positive qualities and negative ones. It is very important in the process of education not to allow undesirable personality traits to develop.

A person is characterized by the presence of a second signaling system, and this significantly complicates his behavior and mental processes.

Features can also include:

Varieties of GNI in humans are also of great practical importance, it can be characterized as follows:

• It has already been scientifically proven that most diseases of the central nervous system are directly related to the characteristics of the course of nervous processes. For example, people with a weak type can be considered potential clients of a neurosis clinic.
• The course of many diseases is also affected by the peculiarity of GNI. If the nervous system is strong, then the disease is more easily tolerated, and recovery comes faster.
• The effect of drugs on the body to some extent depends on the individual characteristics of GNI. This can and should be taken into account when prescribing treatment.

Most often it is determined not by the characteristics of temperament, but by the conditions of their life in society, by their relationship with reality. Features of mental processes can leave their mark, but they are not decisive.

The type of nervous activity should not be discounted, but it must be remembered that temperament is of subordinate importance and is only a prerequisite for the development of important personality traits.

The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, controls all processes in the body, both simple and complex. It consists of the brain, spinal and peripheral nerve fibers.

NS classification

The nervous system is divided into: central and peripheral.

The central nervous system is the main part, it includes the spinal cord and brain. Both of these organs are reliably protected by the skull and spine. The PNS is the nerves responsible for movement and sensory. It ensures the interaction of man with the environment. With the help of the PNS, the body receives signals and responds to them.

PNS is of two types:

• Somatic - sensory and motor nerve fibers. Responsible for the coordination of movement, a person can consciously control his body.
• Vegetative - is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. The first gives a response to danger and stress. The second - is responsible for peace, normalization of the organs (digestive, urinary).

Despite their differences, both systems are interconnected and cannot work autonomously.

Properties of nervous processes

The classification of GNI types is influenced by the properties of nervous processes, these include:

• balance - the same flow of processes in the central nervous system, such as excitation and inhibition;
• mobility - a quick change from one process to another;
• strength - the ability to respond correctly to a stimulus of any strength.

What are signal systems

The signaling system is a set of reflexes that connect the body with the environment. They serve as a step in the formation of higher nervous activity.

There are two signal systems:

1. reflexes to specific stimuli - light, sound (animals and humans have);
2. speech system - developed in humans in the process of labor activity.

Evolution of the CNS

The evolution of the functions of CNS cells occurred in several stages:

• improvement of individual cells;
• formation of new properties capable of interacting with the environment.

The main stages of phylogenesis that the nervous system has gone through are:

1. The diffuse type is one of the oldest; it is found in organisms such as intestinal cavities (jellyfish). It is a type of network that consists of clusters of neurons (bipolar and multipolar). Despite the simplicity, the nerve plexuses, reacting to irritations, give a reaction throughout the body. The speed at which excitation propagates through the fibers is low.
2. In the process of evolution, a stem type stood out - a number of cells gathered into trunks, but diffuse plexuses also remained. It is represented in a group of protostomes (flatworms).
3. Further development led to the emergence of a nodal type - part of the CNS cells are assembled into nodes with the possibility of transmitting excitation from one node to another. The improvement of cells and the development of reception apparatuses occurred in parallel. Nerve impulses originating in any part of the body do not spread throughout the body, but only within the segment. Representatives of this type are invertebrates: molluscs, arthropods, insects.
4. Tubular - the highest, characteristic of chordates. Polysynaptic connections appear, which leads to a qualitatively new relationship between the organism and the environment. This type includes vertebrates: animals that are different in appearance and have a different lifestyle, and humans. They have a nervous system in the form of a tube that ends in the brain.

Varieties

The scientist Pavlov spent many years conducting laboratory research, studying the reflexes of dogs. He concluded that in humans, the type of nervous system mainly depends on congenital characteristics. It is the nervous system, its properties, physiologically affect the formation of temperament.

However, modern scientists argue that this is influenced not only by hereditary factors, but also by the level of education, training and social environment.

Thanks to all the research, the following types of the nervous system have been identified, depending on the course of the processes of excitation, inhibition and being in balance:

1. Strong, unbalanced - choleric. In this type, excitation of the nervous system predominates over inhibition. Choleric people are very energetic, but they are emotional, quick-tempered, aggressive, ambitious and lack self-control.
2. Strong, balanced, mobile - sanguine. People of this type are characterized as lively, active, easily adapt to different living conditions, have a high resistance to life's difficulties. They are leaders, and confidently go to their goal.
3. Strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic. He is the opposite of sanguine. His reaction to everything that happens is calm, he is not prone to violent emotions, I am sure he has great resistance to problems.
4. Weak - melancholic. The melancholic is not able to withstand any stimuli, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. Characteristic signs: lethargy, passivity, cowardice, tearfulness. With a strong stimulus, a violation of behavior is possible. A melancholic is always in a bad mood.

Interestingly, psychopathic disorders are more common in people with a strong unbalanced and a weak type of HNA.

How to determine a person's temperament

It is not easy to determine what type of nervous system a person has, since this is influenced by the cerebral cortex, subcortical formations, the level of development of signaling systems and intelligence.

In animals, the type of NS is more influenced by the biological environment. For example, puppies taken from the same litter, but raised in different conditions, may have different temperaments.

Investigating the central nervous system and human psychology, Pavlov developed a questionnaire (test), after passing which, one can determine one's belonging to one of the types of GNA, subject to the veracity of the answers.

The nervous system controls the activity of all organs. Its type affects the character and behavior of a person. People who have a common type are similar in their reactions to certain life situations.

At birth, all living organisms have innate responses that aid in survival. Unconditioned reflexes are constant, that is, one and the same response can be observed to the same stimulus. But the environment is constantly changing, so the body needs to have mechanisms to adapt to new conditions, and innate reflexes alone are not enough for this. There is a connection of the higher parts of the brain, ensuring a normal existence and adaptability to constantly changing external conditions. This article is about what types of higher nervous activity are and how they differ from each other.

What it is?

Higher nervous activity is due to the work of the subcortex of the brain and the cerebral cortex. This concept is broad and includes several major components. These are mental activity and behavioral features. Each person has their own distinct characteristics in behavior, attitudes and beliefs, habits that are formed throughout life. As the basis of these features is a system of conditioned reflexes that appear when exposed to the outside world, and are also determined by the hereditary features of the nervous system. For a long period of time, Academician Pavlov worked on the processes of GNI (this means higher nervous activity), who developed an objective method for studying the activity of the nervous system departments. Also, the results of his research help to study the mechanisms that underlie this and experimentally prove the presence of conditioned reflexes.

Not everyone knows the types of higher nervous activity.

Properties of the nervous system

Basically, the transfer of features of the nervous system occurs through the mechanism of inheritance. The main properties of higher nervous activity include the presence of the following factors: the strength of nervous processes, balance, mobility. The first property is considered to be the most significant, since it characterizes the ability of the nervous system to withstand prolonged exposure to stimuli. For example, it is very noisy on an airplane during a flight, for an adult this is not a very annoying factor, but for a small child with undeveloped nervous processes this can have a serious, mentally inhibiting effect.

The types of higher nervous activity according to Pavlov are presented below.

Strong and weak nervous system

All people are divided into two categories: the first has a strong nervous system, and the second has a weak one. With a strong type of nervous system, it can have a balanced and unbalanced characteristic. Balanced people are characterized by a high rate of development of conditioned reflexes. The mobility of the nervous system directly depends on how quickly the process of inhibition is replaced by the process of excitation and vice versa. For people who are easily given the transition from one activity to another, the presence of a mobile nervous system is characteristic.

Types of higher nervous activity

The course of mental processes and behavioral reactions for each person is individual and has its own characteristics. The typification of the processes of nervous activity is determined by a combination of three constituent factors. Namely, strength, mobility and balance in the aggregate constitute the type of GNI. In science, there are several types of them:

• strong, mobile and balanced;
• strong and unbalanced;
• strong, balanced, inert;
• weak type.

What are the features of the types of higher nervous activity?

Signal systems

The course of nervous processes is unthinkable without the functions associated with the speech apparatus, therefore, in people, types are distinguished that are characteristic only for humans and are associated with the functioning of signaling systems (there are two of them - the first and second). With the thinking type, the body uses the services of the second signaling system much more often. People of this kind have a well-developed ability for abstract thinking. The artistic type is characterized by the dominance of the first signal system. With an average type, the work of both systems is in a balanced state. The physiological characteristics of the nervous system are such that hereditary factors affecting the course of mental processes in the body can change over time and under the influence of educational processes. This is primarily due to the plasticity of the nervous system.

How are types of higher nervous activity classified?

Division into types according to temperament

Even Hippocrates put forward a typology of people depending on their temperament. Features of the nervous system and allow us to say what type a person belongs to.

The strongest type of higher nervous activity in a sanguine person.

Sanguine

The whole system of reflexes is formed in them very quickly, speech is distinguished by loudness and clarity. Such a person pronounces words with expression, using gestures, but without excessive facial expressions. The process of extinction and restoration of conditioned reflexes is easy and effortless. The presence of such a temperament in a child allows us to talk about good abilities, moreover, he easily obeys the educational process.

What other types of human higher nervous activity exist?

Cholerics

In people of choleric temperament, the process of excitation prevails over the process of inhibition. The development of conditioned reflexes occurs with ease, but the process of their inhibition, on the contrary, is difficult. Cholerics are characterized by a high degree of mobility and the inability to concentrate on one thing. The behavior of a person with a similar temperament in most cases requires correction, especially when it comes to a child. In childhood, choleric people demonstrate aggressive and defiant behavior, which is caused by a high degree of excitability and slow inhibition of all nervous processes.

Phlegmatic

The phlegmatic type is characterized by the presence of a strong and balanced nervous system, but with a slow transition from one mental process to another. The formation of reflexes occurs, but at a much slower pace. Such a person speaks slowly, while he has a very measured pace of speech with a lack of facial expressions and gestures. A child with such a temperament is assiduous and disciplined. The execution of tasks is very slow, but it is always conscientious work. Teachers and parents should take into account the peculiarities of the child's temperament during classes and daily communication. The type of higher nervous activity and temperament are interrelated.

Melancholy

Melancholics have a weak nervous system, they do not tolerate strong stimuli, and in response to their influence, they demonstrate the maximum possible inhibition. People with a melancholic temperament are difficult to adapt to a new team, especially children. The formation of all reflexes occurs slowly, only after repeated exposure to the stimulus. Motor activity and speech is slow, measured. They do not fuss and do not make unnecessary movements. From the outside, such a child seems timid, unable to fend for himself.

Distinctive features

The physiological features of higher nervous activity are such that for a person with any temperament it is possible to develop and educate those qualities and personality traits that are necessary for life. Representatives of each temperament have their pros and cons. Here, the process of education is very important, in which the main task is to prevent the development of negative personality traits.

A person has a second signaling system, which takes behavioral reactions and mental processes to another level of development. Higher nervous activity is a conditioned reflex activity acquired throughout life. In comparison with animals, human nervous activity is richer and more diverse. This is primarily due to the formation of a large number of temporary connections and the emergence of complex relationships between them. In the human body, higher nervous activity also has social characteristics. Any irritation is refracted in a social perspective, in connection with this, all activities that are associated with adaptation to the environment will have complex forms.

The presence of such a tool as speech determines for a person the ability to think abstractly, which in turn leaves an imprint on various types of human activity. The typicality of the nervous system in humans is of great practical importance. For example, diseases of the central nervous system in most cases are associated with the course of nervous processes. Diseases of a neurotic nature are more susceptible to people with a weak type of nervous system. The development of some pathologies is influenced by the course of nervous processes. Weak type of higher nervous activity is the most vulnerable.

With a strong nervous system, the risk of complications is minimal, the disease itself is much easier to tolerate, and the patient recovers faster. As for the behavioral reactions of people, in most cases they are determined not by the peculiarity of temperament, but by the presence of certain living conditions and relationships with others. The course of mental processes can influence behavior, but they cannot be called a determining factor. Temperament can be only a prerequisite for the development of the most important personality traits.

The human nervous system (NS) supports homeostasis- stability and constancy of the internal environment of the body in changing external conditions, and also ensures the functional interaction and integration of all structures of the body.

Thanks to the nervous system, an adequate adaptation of the body to the environment occurs. This is achieved on the basis of the perception of existing stimuli, the subsequent analysis and synthesis of this information, as well as actions based on it.

The process of processing incoming stimuli and the response to them depend on the properties of the nervous system. Pavlov I.P. singled out 3 main properties of nervous processes: strength, mobility and balance, the combination of which forms 4 different types of temperament.

Table 1. Scheme of combining the properties of the nervous system and the corresponding type of temperament according to Pavlov.

The strength of the NS (or the strength of the main nervous processes in the CNS)- this is the ability of an individual to withstand intense or prolonged stimulation without going into a state of protective inhibition, i.e. fatigue.

People with strong nervous system unlike people with a weak nervous system, they are more efficient and resistant to interference, can better concentrate and distribute attention, are able to work longer and more intensively without signs of fatigue.

In turn, people weak nervous system get tired faster and are not able to maintain excitement for so long. At the same time, they are more sensitive to the action of stimuli of various modalities (visual, auditory, etc.), they are able to respond even to weak environmental signals.

Under conditions of monotonous, slow-paced activity, inhibitory processes develop in the central nervous system and associated changes in the mental state, defined as monotony. The state of monotony develops faster in people with a strong nervous system, so they are less suitable for monotonous monotonous work, in contrast to people with a weak nervous system.

At the same time, in activities where the specialist is forced to work in the long-term waiting mode for a signal to act, in persons with a strong NS, a state of monotony is noted much later than in persons with a weak NS.

The strength of the nervous system is closely related to such an additional property of nervous processes as endurance.

Endurance NS- is the ability to perform any activity for a long time without reducing its effectiveness.

Mobility of the nervous system in the understanding of Pavlov - a rather multi-valued property, which B.M. Teplov divided into two more narrow in meaning: the mobility and lability of the National Assembly.

Mobility in the narrow sense, according to Teplov, this is the ease of altering the signal value of stimuli (positive to negative and vice versa). In situations where it is necessary to react differently to various stimuli, for example, to positive ones - to respond, to negative ones - to slow down the emerging reaction, the speed of response depends precisely on the mobility of the nervous processes, that is, on how long the traces of previous reactions persist and influence for the next ones. The mobility of the nervous system determines the workability - how easy it is for a person to get involved in a new activity, and the ease of altering stereotypes - how easily a person can move from one way of performing an activity to another.

People with a mobile nervous system are easily involved in work, they switch well to new techniques and methods of activity, both in the motor and intellectual spheres, and easily establish contacts with different people. People with inert nervous system they need more time for optimal inclusion in work, it is difficult for them to quickly leave one task and move on to a new one, while they are more patient, establish stronger conditioned reflex connections and have better voluntary memory.

NS lability are the speed characteristics of the onset and cessation of nervous processes. Lability determines the pace of activity (high or low), as well as the speed of processing information and making decisions. This property is also the basis of learning, positively influencing success in various fields of activity. In a narrow sense, one often speaks of intellectual and emotional lability.

Balance of the National Assembly is the balance of excitatory and inhibitory forces. This balance is related to the level of activation at rest. It is higher in balanced people and lower in people with a pronounced predominance of excitation over inhibition or inhibition over excitation.

As part of professional selection, the most important for us are such properties of the nervous system as lability and endurance, which reflect, respectively, how quickly a person can get involved in a new task, at what speed to complete it, and also how long he can maintain this speed without getting tired. . We may also be interested in the strength or weakness of the main nervous processes in the central nervous system, if the conditions of activity impose specific requirements on this (for example, the chief of the guard of the fire department).

Each person is born with a certain set of biological features of his personality, manifested in temperament. Significant differences in the behavior of people, due to the properties of their temperaments, are even among blood brothers and sisters, among twins living side by side. Temperaments differ among the Siamese twins Masha and Dasha, all children who received the same upbringing, have the same worldview, close ideals, beliefs and moral principles.

What is temperament? Temperament is called the innate characteristics of a person, which determine the dynamics of the course of his mental processes. It is temperament that determines a person's reactions to external circumstances. It largely forms the character of a person, his individuality and is a kind of link between the body and cognitive processes.

Temperament is a manifestation of the type of the nervous system in human activity, individual psychological characteristics of a person, in which the mobility of his nervous processes, strength, and balance are manifested.

Excitation and inhibition can be balanced or dominate each other, they can proceed with different strength, move from center to center and replace each other in the same centers, i.e. have some mobility.

The term "temperament" itself was introduced by the ancient physician Claudius Galen and comes from the Latin word "temperans", which means moderate. The very word temperament can be translated as "the proper ratio of parts." Hippocrates believed that the type of temperament is determined by the predominance of one of the fluids in the body. If blood predominates in the body, then the person will be mobile, that is, have a sanguine temperament, yellow bile will make a person impulsive and hot - choleric, black bile - sad and timid, that is, melancholic, and the predominance of lymph will give a person calmness and slowness, make a phlegmatic.

Many researchers, in particular, V. S. Merlin, S. L. Rubinshtein, believe that temperaments in their pure form are very rare, usually in every person they are present in various proportions. It is also not necessary to equate character and temperament. The latter only characterizes the type of the nervous system, its properties, is associated with the structure of the body and even metabolism. But, in no way connected with the views of the individual, beliefs, tastes and does not determine the possibilities of the individual.

In the nerve centers of the human brain cortex, two opposite active processes take place in a complex interaction: excitation and inhibition. Excitation of some parts of the brain causes inhibition of others, this can explain why a person who is passionate about something ceases to perceive the environment. So, for example, the switching of attention is associated with the transfer of excitation from one part of the brain to another and, accordingly, the inhibition of the abandoned parts of the brain.

In the psychology of individual differences, the following properties of temperament are distinguished: excitation - inhibition, lability - rigidity, mobility - inertia, activity - passivity, as well as balance, sensitivity, reaction speed.

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.

An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional ratio of excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation predominates. One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their onset and termination (when life conditions require it), the rate of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditional connections. Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type . Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type . Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced movable type . The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.

Strong balanced inert type . Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On a given physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., in the process of life, these conditioned connections will form differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to human behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

Temperament types

In psychology, there are four types of temperament: Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. It cannot be said that Melancholic is better than Choleric, and Sanguine is better than Phlegmatic. All have their pros and cons.

1. The melancholic has a weak type of nervous system and, therefore, is unstable in the face of circumstances that require overcoming or strong excitation of the nervous system. The remaining three types of the nervous system are considered strong. A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable. These are traits of emotional weakness.

2. Phlegmatic temperaments, this type of temperament is called, which, being a strong type, is nevertheless distinguished by low mobility of nervous processes. Once having arisen in certain centers, they are distinguished by constancy and strength. The inert nervous system corresponds to this type. Slow, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

3. Sanguine temperament - another strong type of temperament - is characterized by the fact that the processes of excitation and inhibition are quite strong, balanced and easily mobile. A lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, getting very excited about this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

4. Choleric temperament - the third strong type of temperament - unbalanced, unrestrained, excitation processes prevail over weak inhibition. This type of nervous system is quickly depleted and prone to breakdowns. Fast, passionate, impulsive, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric, carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly depletes.

Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible for a melancholic person to manifest himself as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person, without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work. Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; phlegmatic - indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion, inconstancy. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable, the type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve for a person of one type of temperament, others for another. Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obvious existence of individual differences, which are due to the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the peculiarities of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. The biologically determined personality structures include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, the pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

Despite the fact that repeated and constant attempts have been made to investigate the problem of temperament, this problem still belongs to the category of controversial and not completely resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing variety of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being, and personality traits due to temperament are the most stable and long-term. It is impossible to raise the question of which of the temperaments is better. Each of them has its positive and negative sides. Passion, activity, energy of the choleric, mobility, liveliness and responsiveness of the sanguine, the depth and stability of the feelings of the melancholic, the calmness and lack of haste of the phlegmatic are examples of those valuable personality traits that are associated with individual temperaments. At the same time, with any of the temperaments, there may be a danger of developing undesirable personality traits. For example, a choleric temperament can make a person unrestrained, abrupt, prone to constant "explosions". A sanguine temperament can lead to frivolity, a tendency to scatter, insufficient depth and stability of feelings. With a melancholic temperament, a person may develop excessive isolation, a tendency to completely immerse himself in his own experiences, and excessive shyness. Phlegmatic temperament can make a person lethargic, inert, indifferent to all the impressions of life. Despite this temperament, the whole life of its owner is formed as well as his character.

In our opinion, temperament changes throughout life and depends on the prevailing circumstances. Let's say a person ... a sanguine person. Everything in his life is calm. People appear in his life who begin to interrogate him, accuse him, bring him to hysterics, to tears. If such an appeal lasts longer than a month, then the person begins to cry more, becomes Melancholic. This Melancholic is constantly being pulled, humiliated. This Melancholic becomes Choleric. It can already be compared to a nuclear bomb. He starts to explode and yells at everyone who laughs from the side, who says something to him as a joke, but he does not understand. It has a negative effect on those around you. But this rarely happens. Temperament is the pace or cycle of expressing emotions and qualities.