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Waste processing in Russia is hampered by the fact that the territorial and infrastructural features of the country do not yet allow efficient separate collection and transportation of waste. Experts believe that the development of local and regional markets for secondary raw materials and products made from it will help move this problem forward. This requires decisions of municipal authorities that would encourage entrepreneurial initiative in this area of production activity.
Another possible solution that will allow the development of the waste processing industry is to build specialized complexes near large cities, based on proven schemes and technologies that have been successfully used abroad for a long time. One of the obstacles here is the imperfection of Russian legislation in the field of ecology and the lack of common national standards for the processing and use of secondary raw materials.
It is assumed that by 2020 a full-fledged industry for the disposal of garbage and other waste will be created in Russia. In 2013, a special draft law was prepared amending the Law on Production and Consumption Waste. Legislators believe that after the adoption of amendments affecting the interests of citizens and entrepreneurs, there will be additional incentives for the development of individual industries related to waste disposal.
How is waste disposal
In cities and other settlements In Russia, more and more often you can find containers for separate waste collection. Such a system makes further processing of waste more efficient and less costly. For some time now, the purchase of secondary raw materials by processing plants has been used, but such programs primarily concern only paper, certain types plastic and polyethylene. The fact is that most often it is this raw material that is processed at specialized factories.
In 2013, there were about 250 waste recycling plants in Russia, but their number is steadily growing. The production cycle at such enterprises is increasingly subject to unification and standardization. Waste processing plants in Russia often have their own services for the transportation, sorting and disposal of waste. Special equipment for various purposes makes it possible to extract from household and secondary raw materials, which are easily stored, transported and turned into items of value in the eyes of consumers.
From the point of view of recycling efficiency in Russia, “metal” waste remains the most promising. It is the easiest to sort because it is easily recognized. The second most important place is occupied by the processing of cardboard and paper. It is somewhat more difficult to sort and recycle plastic and plastic wrap. Completes the list of popular in the processing of raw materials glass container. As a rule, entrepreneurs try to adhere to a certain specialization when recycling waste, guided by economic benefits and the availability of raw materials.
The environment has always been a source of resources for mankind, but for a long time its vital activity did not have a noticeable impact on nature. Only since the end of the last century, under the influence economic activity noticeable changes in the Earth's biosphere began to occur. They have now reached alarming proportions.
Scale of the problem
Rapid population and consumption growth natural resources, the current pace of material production leads to a thoughtless treatment of nature. With such an attitude, a huge part of the resources taken from nature is returned to it in the form of waste, harmful and unsuitable for further use.
Scientists have calculated that 5 tons of garbage are generated daily in the world, while its amount increases annually by 3% in volume. The accumulation of household waste on the surface is harmful nature, polluting the water, soil and atmosphere and endangering the possibility of the existence of all life on the planet as a whole. Therefore, one of important issues worldwide is the disposal of household waste.
Classification of household waste
Household waste can be classified according to several criteria.
So, according to the composition household waste conventionally divided into biological residues and non-biological waste (garbage).
- rats;
- cockroaches.
Cockroaches can be a peddler different kind diseases
Non-biological waste includes:
- paper;
- plastic;
- metal;
- textile;
- glass;
- rubber.
The process of decomposition of these wastes can last about 2–3 years and in most cases is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that harm the environment and humans.
According to the state of aggregation, waste is divided into:
- hard;
- liquid;
- gaseous;
- pastes;
- gels;
- suspensions;
- emulsions.
By origin, waste is divided into:
- Industrial - a type of household waste obtained as a result of production.
- Construction - are formed during construction and installation work, the production of work on the repair of roads, buildings, as well as during their demolition.
- radioactive waste.
- Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in the residential sector, trade enterprises, educational, health and social facilities.
These are goods that have lost their consumer properties over time and turned into garbage, and also include road and yard garbage as MSW.
The most significant part of household waste is MSW. For each type of waste, there are special ways to dispose of waste.
Waste recycling
The process of disposal of solid waste occurs in several stages:
- collection;
- transportation;
- accommodation;
- neutralization;
- burial;
- storage;
- processing;
- disposal.
First of all, the process of getting rid of garbage involves its careful sorting. The task of pre-sorting waste and their disposal is greatly facilitated by the separate collection of waste, promoted in most European countries.
Methods for the destruction of municipal solid waste
There are various options for its destruction. So, the main way to dispose of solid waste is burial at special sites (landfills).
Destruction at the landfills irretrievable waste- recycling of household waste, as a result of which they almost completely cease to exist as waste. The disposal method is not suitable for all types of MSW, but only for non-combustible waste or for substances that emit toxic substances during combustion.
The advantage of this method is that it does not require significant financial costs and the availability of large plots of land. But there are also disadvantages in the application of this method - this is the accumulation of gas during underground decay of waste.
Briquetting is a new, yet not very widely used in practice, way of getting rid of solid waste. It includes preliminary sorting and packaging of homogeneous waste into separate briquettes, and then their storage at specially designated areas (landfills).
Briquetting of waste makes it possible to significantly save space
The garbage packed in this way is pressed, which greatly facilitates its transportation due to a significant reduction in volume.
Briquetted waste is intended for further processing and possible application for industrial purposes. Along with such a method as the processing of municipal solid waste, when briquetting, they can be transported for disposal or disposal by heat treatment.
In fact, this method is similar to the burial method, but in practice it has a number of advantages over it. The disadvantages of the method are that the heterogeneity of the emitted waste and the preliminary severe contamination in the garbage containers and the change in some components of the waste creates a great difficulty in briquetting.
And the high abrasiveness of components such as stone, sand and glass interfere with the pressing process.
Since these methods of recycling have a number of disadvantages, despite their cheapness, the best option would be to completely get rid of garbage during its recycling and fuel, and also its possible reuse.
A new way to dispose of waste
Garbage disposal
When recycling garbage (the Latin root utilis is useful), the waste can later be used for various purposes.
Waste to be disposed of includes:
- all types of metals;
- glass;
- polymers;
- yarn and fabric products;
- paper;
- rubber;
- organic household and agricultural waste.
The most efficient method of disposal today is recycling.
In other words, recycling is a special case of the concept of "utilization of municipal solid waste".
During recycling, waste is returned to the process of technogenesis. There are two options for recycling waste:
- Reuse of waste for its intended purpose after appropriate safe handling and labeling. For example, reuse of glass and plastic containers.
- Return of waste after processing to the production cycle. For example, tin containers - in the production of steel, waste paper - in the production of paper and cardboard.
Some types of waste that can no longer be used for their intended purpose are recycled, after which it is more expedient to return them to the production cycle as secondary raw materials. So, part of the waste can be used to produce heat and electricity.
In addition to those already listed, recycling solid waste can be done in several other ways. Each of them is applicable to a certain kind waste, and has its advantages and disadvantages.
Thermal processing of waste
Under thermal processing there are several ways:
- burning;
- low temperature pyrolysis;
- plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis).
The simple incineration method is the most common and one of the cheapest methods of waste management. It is during incineration that large volumes of garbage are utilized, and the resulting ash takes up less space, does not undergo decay processes, and does not emit harmful gases into the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and does not require specially equipped places for burial.
The main thing in this method is that when burning garbage, a large amount of thermal energy is released, which in recent times learned to use for autonomous operation of enterprises engaged in waste incineration. And its surplus is redirected to city stations, which makes it possible to provide entire areas with electricity and heat.
The disadvantage of this method is that during combustion, in addition to safe components, smoke saturated with toxic substances is formed, which creates a dense curtain over the earth's surface and leads to a significant violation of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, contributing to its thinning and the formation of ozone holes.
High temperature and low temperature pyrolysis
is a waste gasification process that takes place at a melting temperature higher than in a conventional processing plant (over 900°C).
As a result, a vitrified product is formed at the outlet, which is absolutely harmless and does not require further disposal costs. The scheme of this process allows to obtain gas from the organic components of the scrap, which is then used to generate electricity and steam.
The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to successfully solve the problem of environmentally friendly waste disposal without unnecessary costs for preliminary training, sorting, drying.
The advantages of low-temperature pyrolysis (temperature from 450 to 900°C) are:
- use for processing almost all types of household waste, previously carefully selected;
- obtaining pyrolysis oils used in the production of plastics;
- release of pyrolysis gas suitable for further use.
In addition, there is such a waste disposal method as composting. Since most of the waste is made up of various organic residues, they are subject to rapid decay in the natural environment.
The composting method is based on this property of organic substances. In the process of composting, not only does a huge part of the garbage that pollute the environment get rid of, but also useful for Agriculture substances are fertilizers.
The presented methods of waste disposal allow for the processing of garbage with the least negative impact on the environment.
Video: A modern approach to waste disposal
The issue of recycling and reuse of raw materials is relevant today more than ever. Properly organized process of waste disposal and recycling is a huge step towards improving the environment.
For large enterprises, the concept of a waste generation standard is not an empty phrase. Ecologists develop project documentation and are required to monitor compliance with regulatory indicators.
But in addition to industrial waste, there is also household waste. What happens to the garbage that each of us throws into the trash every day?
Disposal options in modern world there are only three:
- The least environmentally friendly option is burial. Only organic waste can decompose completely, and there are not so many of them. The disposal of waste of inorganic origin leads to the formation of highly toxic infiltration water and the release of methane into the environment.
- The incineration of municipal solid waste achieves two goals: to reduce its volume and to obtain a certain amount of energy that can be used. These are the advantages of this method. But there is also a significant minus - in the process of combustion, toxic compounds are formed that pollute the atmosphere. And the ash remaining after waste processing is quite toxic and requires further burial in special storage facilities.
- Sorting of waste with the possibility of subsequent recycling paper, glass, plastic - the most environmentally friendly method of waste disposal.
What kind of waste can be recycled
Paper, plastic and glass are the top recyclable waste products.
Modern level of processing paper waste saves thousands of hectares of forest annually from deforestation. As a result of recycling waste paper, not only paper and cardboard are produced. Modern equipment makes it possible to produce environmentally friendly heat-insulating materials based on paper waste, which are used in the cold season for warming rooms.
As a result of processing polymer waste you can get polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyamide. The use of the obtained materials is quite wide. They are used to produce sewer pipes and containers for technical liquids, waterproofing and furniture fittings, a lot of household products (scoops, basins, buckets).
Recycling glass allows you to create virtually non-waste production. And the material obtained in the process of processing is in no way inferior in quality to new glass.
How it works - Watch the video for recycling garbage:
Many believe that there are no recycling plants in Russia. But it's not. We have been running businesses like this for a long time. Where do they get raw materials if almost no one sorts the garbage? Now they process mainly industrial waste or centrally collect, for example, cardboard in supermarkets. But all the directors of these factories tell us that they are ready and able to recycle more if the Russians start sorting their garbage at home. 
Millions of plastic bags are used and thrown away every year in Moscow alone. It turns out that some of them are successfully processed. Recycle correspondents went to the Moscow region to the plant of the Expert Vtor company. After sorting, packages of a certain color are put into a crusher. In it, on V-shaped knives, the film is crushed to particles of uniform size. The next step is agglomeration. The so-called “cooking” takes place in it, as a result, the mass is sintered into separate small balls. 
The Recycle correspondent went to Lobnya near Moscow to see and photograph how electronics and equipment are disposed of at the ZAO Petromax plant of the Finnish concern Kuusakoski recycling in Russia. Here, workers manually separate the metal, wires and plastic. Cardboard packaging is pressed and sent for processing to other enterprises. What the workers did not separate with their hands is sent to the crusher. Then, the iron fraction is demagnetized from the crushed raw material, it goes into black scrap. She is taken out by railway for sale. 
Charity shops "Thank you!" have been working in St. Petersburg for five years. Throughout the city, the project team installed more than 30 containers for collecting unnecessary things. At some point they decided to launch own line processing. Now with the help of a production machine here they get new material- batting. This fiber can be used in construction as a soundproofing material. It is also used in the manufacture of cotton pads, mattresses, blankets, furniture, toys, overalls and other products. 
CJSC Petromax in 2010 actively participated in the state program for car recycling. Then about 1000 cars were disposed of. If we take into account the average weight of a car, which is approximately equal to one ton, then the plant receives from it: approximately 750 kilograms of iron. From the engine - about 10-20 kilograms of aluminum. Copper: wires and what is obtained after crushing from starters and generators, which is 3-5 kilograms. Interior lining (plastic or textile): 70-100 kilograms.
One of the wise men once said a long time ago that you can earn money even on what lies under your feet.
Modern practice confirms his words. Waste recycling is a very profitable business, and the following indicators confirm this fact:
- Processing companies are not so common, and the raw materials themselves abound.
- The entrepreneur has the opportunity to receive various types of garbage in an organized manner.
- High profitability is ensured by the possibility of processing waste and turning it into secondary raw materials.
The relevance of this business can be seen in almost every aspect, from the fact that it has a positive effect on the environment, and ending with the fact that the result is more profitable for the owner.
The positives include:
- support local authorities(this area is very poorly funded, and the local administration is obliged to ensure cleanliness, therefore, you can safely count on the support of such an idea and help with finding industrial premises);
- unlimited volume of production raw materials;
- if it is not possible to get involved in the expensive and time-consuming process of creating a waste processing plant, then you can limit yourself to building a workshop that will cost several times cheaper, and will bring a decent profit.
Despite many positive sides, entrepreneurs may also have some problems associated with the delivery and sorting of garbage. The right approach to these issues will certainly lead you to an adequate solution.
An interesting story about this field of activity in the conditions of Russia is on the following video:
What kind of garbage can be dealt with and what is most profitable
So, consider the most common options:
- Car tires. As the most promising and profitable processing method of this variety, pyrolysis (depolymerization) is called, which consists in the decomposition of rubber:
- on carbon;
- for gas;
- on steel cord, which is an excellent raw material for the metallurgical industry;
- for synthetic oil.
Each of these products is a sought-after raw material, and if properly organized, sales can result in high profitability.
- Construction garbage usually consists of concrete, brick, wood and metal. After careful sorting, it is possible, for example, to start processing concrete, which includes crushing and parallel extraction of metal particles from it. As a result, you can get secondary crushed stone used in construction. In world practice, it is now increasingly practiced to dismantle buildings and sort construction debris, about 80% of which can be reused.
- Recycling broken glass involves the reuse of non-standard and broken bottles, which would have gone to landfill anyway. Broken glass you can take directly from the production or organize your own glass container collection point or your own waste sorting line. Glass manufacturers will gladly buy recycled raw materials, since such material can be melted down at more low temperatures than those required by the glass manufacturing process. Also, this secondary raw material is in great demand among manufacturers of abrasive, ceramic products, tiles and bricks.
- Used paper. The process of processing simple (so-called wet) waste paper involves:
- dissolution of paper in water using a hydrothinner;
- removal of all foreign objects from it with a cyclone cleaner;
- thermomechanical treatment, if we are talking about cardboard;
- fine purification of the mixture (filtration).
Recycled paper can be used to make packaging cardboard, toilet paper or roofing material.
Required documents for company registration
Legal recycling of municipal solid waste involves obtaining a license from the Ministry of Ecology. The Law “On Environmental Expertise” regulates the obligation of each entity that decides to collect and process waste to conduct an environmental review. This conclusion can be used throughout the entire period of existence of the company (the approximate cost of this document is 5500 rubles).
The entrepreneur must obtain permits from such services as fire fighting, sanitary, and also stock up on project documentation, which will describe all technological processes future waste processing organization. The total time for collecting and confirming documentation varies 2 to 4 months, and the cost is approximately 24 000 rubles.
Where to take garbage?
The average trash can contains:
- 50% polymers: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene;
- 25% food waste;
- 10% paper and cardboard;
- 15-20% rubber, metal, textile.
All in all, household waste at least 60% recyclable. But this is only from a theoretical point of view, since the separate assembly of MSW, generally accepted in many European countries, seems to us only a distant prospect. And unseparated waste sent to a modern processing line can only give a result of 25%.
by the most the best option is the installation of special mobile processing units. They are manual or automated, and their cost ranges from several hundred thousand to several million dollars.
There is another option: concluding an agreement with a local landfill or collection point for glass or plastic containers. Then the problem of sorting will disappear by itself: production will be provided with ready-made and sorted waste at a price of up to 5 rubles per kg.
Efficient organization of production
A suitable room is a very important stage, because a waste processing plant needs at least 600 m 2, a processing shop - 300-400 m 2, and a warehouse - 200 m 2. In addition to buildings and structures for industrial purposes, it is necessary to allocate space for the administrative premises, which can be located both on the production site and outside it. By the way, the workshops located next to the city dump will help to reduce the cost of both the delivery of raw materials and the rental of premises.
The minimum set of equipment should include:
- sorting line;
- storage bin;
- crusher;
- magnet;
- bake.
An additional equipment is a melting furnace, but it should be borne in mind that it will significantly increase the cost side of the project.
Domestic equipment is considered the most affordable and functional.
Staff
It is impossible to recycle household waste without the use of manual labor. In order to carry out sorting, selection, calibration and many other production steps, it is necessary staff from 20 to 40 people(it all depends on the volume of production).
In addition, the qualitative functioning of the enterprise is impossible without accountant, driver, manager and cleaner.
Distribution channels for finished products
The end result directly depends on the raw materials used:
- Toxic waste, such as mercury lamps, can be used to produce a variety of industrial and building materials;
- from vegetable waste you can make compost, which serves as an excellent soil fertilizer;
- from electronic waste (kinescopes, electrical appliances) - iron, copper, aluminum and glass;
- from paper - a secondary raw material from which new materials are subsequently formed.
And the main consumers of services and materials of the waste processing industry will be:
- enterprises whose activities are related to one or another final product - cellulose, wood, glass;
- industrial and individual consumers in need of secondary raw materials.
About costs and future profits
Waste recycling is a fairly profitable business, even against the background of the amount of funds required for its organization. This type of business will pay off very quickly (1.5-2 years), if sales are well established. Experts, based on their own observations, argue that the level of profitability of waste processing production ranges from 42 to 80%, because this segment of the market is practically not subject to competition.
Based on the practice of existing enterprises, you can work with the following statistics:
- One shift can process 3 tons of waste paper, 1.5 tons of polymer waste or 250 kg of plastic raw materials.
- One ton of any raw material costs on average from 9,000 to 45,000 rubles.
- Consequently, the average monthly profit of such an enterprise can range from 150,000 to 3,300,000 rubles.
A huge universal complex for the processing of any type of waste (wood, plastic, metal, paper or glass) will cost a lot of money. Experts say that the amount will exceed $20 million.
But even a modest enterprise has the opportunity to bring a decent profit. The organization of a workshop, the specialization of which will be one type of waste, will cost from 50 to 300 thousand dollars. Arrangement of warehouse and industrial premises in accordance with fire and sanitary requirements - another 2-3 thousand. And the crusher, sorting line and the rest necessary equipment will require 50-70 thousand dollars.
In general, the business of receiving and processing waste is very relevant. The size of the initial investment is certainly higher than that of or, but the amount of profit will also please you at the very beginning.
