7.1. National features of diplomacy Arab countries

7.2. Diplomacy of India

7.3. Japanese diplomacy

7.4. Chinese diplomacy

7.1. National Features of Arab Diplomacy

More than 20 in the world Arab states located in Asia and Africa. All of them are united by Arabic a literary a as a, but the dialects differ significantly from each other. Therefore, when choosing an interpreter, you need to be sure that he knows a particular dialect well.

Despite the attempt of the Arab countries to achieve unity, there are serious contradictions between them. There are groups of Arab countries in almost every diplomatic corps.

First of all, despite mutual language, a common ancient culture, these countries are so different from each other that in the presence of representatives of another country they can refrain from discussing issues related to the problems of the Middle East, from disputes. To think that they are all like-minded people is a big mistake.

All this testifies that in each joint venture to establish control acts and negotiate should be prepared carefully, taking into account the characteristics of each individual country and its policy.

Arab diplomats different countries really different. Some are extremely silent. Others - representatives of, say, Syria, some Egyptian diplomats - are much more garrulous.

The need for careful preparation of conversations with Arab politicians and diplomats is also dictated by the high professionalism of Arab diplomats. First, all of them must have a certificate of graduation from higher educational institutions. Secondly. they know foreign languages ​​well, especially English and French. Thirdly, the Diplomatic Service of the Arab countries itself is well organized, and the diplomats are sufficiently disciplined.

Arab diplomats are good debaters and orators, and this must be taken into account at negotiations and receptions. Arab diplomats know how to establish contacts and are famous for their hospitality. Arab Dipl Omata and some actors. When they don't want to become an independent, they smile, assure that they don't know this question, play for time, or speak in general, streamlined phrases. Arab ambassadors usually strictly follow the instructions. Lacking instructions, they prefer not to enter into discussion of the issue.

Distrust and extreme caution are characteristic of a number of Arab diplomats and politicians. Sometimes Arab diplomats accept such phrases, you don't immediately understand what they mean, other Arab diplomats also hardly understand them.

For the Arabs, one of the important conditions for contacts, ties, and negotiations is the establishment of trust. They try not so much to predict the solution of the problem by analyzing events as to extract the solution from the experience of the past.

In the Arab states, they fulfill their own norms of etiquette, protocol, just customs, as a rule, associated with lifestyle, religion, and ideology. In some countries they are closer to middle age, in others - to the modern civilized world. You need to know them when establishing contacts, during conversations, negotiations, especially if you are going to a slave country. First of all, this is the attitude to the Koran, to the Muslim religion. No criticism of the Qur'an should be allowed and, of course, respect for it should be shown. Vata takes into account the attitude towards a woman that is accepted in this country: in no case should you give a hand to a woman, otherwise complications may arise. Do not serve in any case to a man for greeting left hand. P otsilun fingertips means high praise. To ask for silence in Saudi Arabia, you need to blow on your fingertips.

During negotiations, Arabs often ask questions about the health of the partner and the health of his family. You should answer them briefly, but do not ask such questions.

In Iraq, women occupy leadership positions most often in government organizations.

In Iran, Pakistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, women play no role in diplomacy. In Iran, women do not shake hands and do not look into the eyes.

Paying tribute to tradition, the Arabs are kind at the first meeting. Further meeting, conversation may be less friendly. The Arabs do not give clear answers "yes or no", but are expressed like: "As Allah wills." There are strong Islamic traditions in their behavior, which influence the course and nature of the negotiation process.

In Egypt, the leadership style is patriarchal. One person decides everything, despite the fact that many people are present at the negotiations. The Egyptians are characterized by a sense of national pride, following the historical traditions of their country. Another feature of the Egyptians is the adoption of a strong government, the third is rigid and fairly developed administrative rules of conduct. These features of the Egyptians are reflected in their negotiations. They react painfully to issues related to national independence. They reject everything that is considered as interference in their internal affairs.

When meeting, contacting, it is not customary to ask about your wife, say hello to her, and vice versa, if you know that your partner has children, you need to ask about them, tell about your children. Arabs are polite people. Business cards are in English and Arabic. In Arab countries, a foreigner cannot ask questions or requests to a woman, as this is considered indecent. All business contacts are only with men. Almost all Arab women do not occupy any position in business life.

It is not customary for Muslims and Arabs to drink wine and, inviting them to lunch, dinner, a cocktail, you should not force them to drink wine (although in a narrow company, when you know your partners well, you can offer both vodka and wine). You can’t serve pork to the table, but it’s better to ask through an assistant what kind of food the guests prefer. In Iraq, for example, at large receptions, parts of the carcass of a cow and sun are served on the table and torn by hand, so do not ask for a knife and fork.

In Arab countries, they prefer coffee without sugar, very strong, with a lot of cardamom. After drinking a cup of coffee, thanked the host, the guest is still pouring coffee. And this will continue until the guest drinks coffee from one coffee pot. To prevent this from happening, the guest needs to turn the cup upside down or shake it from side to side.

It is customary to take food at the table only with the right hand, the left hand is considered “unclean”. The dish will be removed from the table if the guest took food from it with his left hand.

When soft drinks are offered before coffee, this means that the meeting is coming to an end.

With the right hand they exchange business cards, hold out money or a gift. The left hand is considered "unclean", so that without knowing this, the interlocutor can be insulted. They do not sit with their legs crossed so that the sole is visible. You should not send flowers to other people's wives and inquire about their health.

According to the rules of ethics and etiquette, Muslims interrupt all business contacts during the day five times to perform namaz (prayers).

On national holidays business negotiations or diplomatic receptions are not appointed.

Describing the content and goals of "economic diplomacy", it should be noted that, firstly, from its very inception, sleep was subordinated to the expansionist aspirations of Japanese imperialism, the implementation of active opposition to the national liberation movement in the developing countries of Asia by providing vigorous support to the reactionary regimes. This should have been one of essential conditions successful implementation of the economic and political expansion of Japan in Asia in the postwar years.

Secondly, the conduct of "economic diplomacy" most of all corresponded to the tasks of the country's economic development, which Japan began to solve after the end of the American occupation. Only emphasizing their interest in the development of mutually beneficial trade, in strengthening economic cooperation with the countries of Asia, Japan could hope to create a favorable political atmosphere there in time and open up vast markets for itself, the richest sources of raw materials, which she urgently needs and which she could not get through aggression as a result of the Second World War. "Economic diplomacy" should be conducted as public policy, was emphasized in the Blue Book published in 1958 by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Our country is facing an increasing need to support trading companies from the flanks by concluding various trade agreements and agreements and directly participating in the financing of various programs and projects.”

Thirdly, this course proceeded mainly from the growing economic and financial power of Japan, its achievements in the field of science and technology, in the organization of production, etc., i.e., in those areas of activity in which it could most successfully show yourself in the current historical conditions. The ruling circles hoped that the course they had chosen would make it possible to mobilize the working population of the country to solve the problems of economic and technical development, to intensify the exploitation of the working class, linking this with the "national dignity" of the Japanese, with "the rise in the material well-being of the people," etc.

Fourthly, the adoption of this course was, in essence, an alternative to the course of "total militarization", the creation of a "big army" and the implementation of an "active policy" in Asia, which was insisted on by the American ally and the most reactionary, militant circles in Japan itself. However, the approval of such a policy actually meant nothing more than drawing the country into the military adventures of American imperialism in Asia, which would inevitably lead to an aggravation of internal contradictions in the country, a sharp deterioration in its relations with the developing countries and with the socialist states that were steadily pursuing a policy of peace.

The danger of such a policy for Japan was evidenced by the failure of the US armed interventions in Korea, and then in Indochina.

On the other hand, the conduct of "economic diplomacy" would be very difficult or even impossible for Japan if it did not manage to enlist active support from the United States in this. The latter, while providing such support, sometimes even to the detriment of their economic positions in Asia (since this contributed to increased Japanese competition in Asian markets), counted on the fact that Japan's penetration into the markets of developing countries, the growth of its investment in Asia, in themselves should Over time, they were forced to pursue a more active, aggressive policy in order to protect their increased interests in the region, taking on "gendarmerie functions" to suppress the liberation struggle of the Asian peoples. This was also, according to the calculations of American politicians, to prevent the possibility of a rapprochement between Japan and the Soviet Union.

Fifth, acting under the flag of "economic cooperation", Japan could count on the creation in the future under its leadership regional organizations with a large number Asian countries, using these organizations to strengthen their own economic and political positions in Asia in a competitive struggle with the United States and other major powers, including the PRC, since "economic diplomacy" was addressed not to the military, but to the economic needs of developing countries.

In an era of accelerating momentum in emerging East Asian economies and slow Western countries Japan is in literally at a turning point in its political, diplomatic and economic development.

At the end of 2010, Japan became the third largest economy in the world after the US and China. The unprecedentedly long recession of the Japanese economy, as well as the catastrophic consequences of the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, which created a threat of radioactive contamination of the region, highlight the economic component of the country's foreign and domestic policy. national interest. Japan's economic diplomacy is becoming more than just a factor in strengthening state power, designed to compensate for the missing military and power elements included in comprehensive description modern state, but acquires additional political significance, being a response both to new external challenges and to the increased demands of the Japanese population for the level and quality of life. This role is also confirmed by Prime Minister Naoto Kan: “Needless to say, diplomacy is important in any era. However, the world has now entered an era that can truly be called a historic watershed, a period in which diplomacy is becoming increasingly important for Japan and for the world." Concretizing this idea, he believes that economic diplomacy is one of the five pillars of foreign policy and national security Japan, along with such as the Japan-US alliance as the cornerstone of Japanese foreign policy, the new development of foreign relations with Asian countries, efforts to resolve global issues and the security environment around modern Japan.

Against the background of a surge in prognostic estimates of the potential consequences of the Japanese catastrophe for the countries of Asia and other major economies of the world, as the nuclear alarm spreads, more and more questions are born. To what extent can the Japanese catastrophe hinder the development of the world economy? How long will the West and the rest of the world have to live with a strong yen? To some extent, an analysis of the economic development of Japan can provide an answer to such questions.

Japan may miss a vital new stage in its economic development if it fails to focus its efforts through coordinated politics, economics and diplomacy to hold onto export markets affected by the global financial and economic crisis, as well as long-overdue changes in the country's established system of economic practices. . That is why the assessment of the relationship between Japan's foreign economic guidelines and the general political and economic situation in East Asia allows us to say that Japan is the largest economic problem in modern world. At the same time, foreign experts note the growing interest of the West in the economic policy of Japan as a fairly strong rival and partner in foreign economic relations, making good use of its strategic advantages, such as social insurance, the potential of export markets in different regions world, national ways of refinancing public debt. “The situation in the economy of the United States and Europe is increasingly being compared with the situation in Japan over the past 20 years. However, Japan, emphasizes economist Maxton Graham, has shown us an example of a fairly successful adaptation to a stagnant economy. Its economy has been in prolonged recession and deflation but has not been hit hard by very high levels of debt, although that may be yet to come. Neither the US nor Europe has the adaptation mechanisms that Japan had. They don't have the social safety nets they have in Japan, they don't have the export markets, they don't have the ways to refinance their debt. So I think that both the US and most of Europe will have to go through some very difficult years.” However, after the catastrophic consequences of the earthquake and tsunami, the situation in Japan changed. As suggested American specialist Stephen S. Roach, "Even in the worst case of a complete disruption of the Japanese economy, the direct consequences for the US economy would be no more than a few tens of a percent of their annual growth."

In the field of international economic cooperation, Kazakhstan continues to follow the strategic course of deepening integration into the world market and the formation of an open national economy.
A landmark event was the participation of the Head of State in the work of the World Economic Forum (WEF) on the Middle East in Sharm el-Sheikh, as a result of which agreements were reached on the implementation of a number of multibillion-dollar economic projects.
The Kazakh delegation also took part in the first summit of the WEF Europe - Central Asia, held recently (October 30 - November 1) in Istanbul. Next year, we will again draw the attention of the world business community to our country, which will host the WEF Eurasian Summit for the third time.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs continues to work to promote the process of Kazakhstan's accession to the World trade organization. Negotiations have been completed with two of the so-called "Big Four" countries - Canada and Australia, there has been a convergence of positions on system-wide issues with the US and the EU. At this stage, the need to choose one of the scenarios for Kazakhstan's accession to the WTO, taking into account the prospects for membership in regional integration associations, has clearly emerged.
Cooperation with international financial and economic organizations and development institutions is ongoing, mutual visits have become systematic and specific, the volume of attracted loans has increased, their compliance with priority goals socio-economic and industrial-innovative development of the country.
Systematic preparations are underway for the 18th session to be held next autumn in Astana General Assembly World Tourism Organization.
At the same time, we call on government agencies and national companies to make fuller use of the rich experience and potential economic structures United Nations, including the Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). An important step for the development of practical cooperation was the work begun this year to open a UNIDO regional center in Kazakhstan.
As one of the dynamically developing exporters of energy resources, our country has declared itself as an active participant in the efforts of the world community to ensure energy security. Next year, practical steps will be taken to implement the initiatives of the Head of State on the development within the framework of the UN of the Global Energy and Environmental Strategy and the adoption of the Eurasian Pact for the Stability of Energy Supplies.
Growing role of Kazakhstan in international cooperation, including in the provision of development assistance, necessitated the formation of a national mechanism for providing economic assistance to foreign states. We have already begun the relevant work aimed at increasing the efficiency and making Kazakhstan's international activities in the field of development assistance more systematic.
In accordance with the instructions of the Head of State, overcoming the consequences of the global crisis for Kazakhstan is defined as the main agenda of the Government for 2009-2010. Therefore, taking into account the ongoing crisis in the global economic and financial system, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will continue to assist in the implementation of national goals of industrial and innovative development, increase the country's competitiveness, modernize the economy, promote the interests and protect domestic capital abroad in the changed conditions.

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IN ASIA

Epova Marina Alekseevna
Transbaikal State University

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IN ASIA

Epova Marina Alekseevna
Transbaikal State University

Foreign policy is developing and adapting before our eyes, not only new technologies, but also the personification of power affects this process. Thanks to media resources and the emergence of digital diplomacy, this transformation is happening quite quickly and touches the very essence of how governments interact with each other and audiences. At present, new non-state actors often appear in the world community, they bring changes to the modern world order and encourage actors international relations to balance their attention so as to combine new priorities, interacting with civil society, and to democratize the diplomatic process.

Technology and innovation have become key elements in this process. The practice of foreign policy has undergone great changes in the last twenty years. For centuries, ambassadors and diplomats have been engaged in traditional diplomacy, receiving instructions from their capitals and carrying out assignments. The modernization of the postal service and the invention of the telegraph, and later the telephone, accelerated communication. Today, with the advent of the Internet, one person speaks, thousands of people hear. Internet gave new life diplomacy, the changes happened quickly and rather abruptly. Now ministers, diplomats, ambassadors use all the media, which is very effective, but at the same time risky, since the work of Internet networks is often disrupted and even more often they are subject to cyberterrorism.

In today's world, the need for news and updates in real time has increased to the extreme and now the main task is to achieve a balance. On the one hand, a mechanism is needed to control digital diplomacy. On the other hand, we must use the media in order to better interact with the public both at home and abroad.

There are so many actors in the world today and the issues are so complex that "quick diplomacy" is the way out, however, it should not be the goal, but rather should simplify the search for answers and improve the interaction of all actors, both traditional and less traditional. Thus, digital technologies are widely accepted as tools of diplomacy.

Asian countries are no exception. As studies of the foreign policy of China, ASEAN countries and others show, traditional diplomacy methods are no longer enough to solve urgent problems. Therefore, we can say that these countries are gradually joining the practice of digital diplomacy. For most Asian countries, whose foundations are based on tradition, the transition to digital diplomacy is a paradigm shift.

Let's look at a few examples. In the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India, he created a body whose purpose was to position India on the Internet, represent the interests of the Indian people and contact the audience through social networks. In July 2010, a Twitter account was opened. The page with more than 100,000 followers is the most active, informing the government about public opinion and at the same time looking for ways to help solve the problems of the population. The Twitter page proved to be very effective in evacuating Indian citizens during the war in Libya. The official websites of India are full of attractive content and information filled. Such activity is commendable, but the content of the sites is mainly related to the culture, art, cuisine of India, that is, they are mainly focused on stereotypical ideas about India. There is too much information like this.

Despite the bans on the use of Internet resources, China also contributes to the development of digital diplomacy. The Chinese authorities acknowledge the dominance of foreign media in China and that much of the information is untrue. In political circles, this is called the negative side of "soft power". By means of the Internet, the population of China makes a significant contribution to the spread of the Chinese position. On the Internet, China has its own “army” designed to dominate online conversations and form public opinion within the country and abroad. About 300,000 people work in the country, who, in order to promote the government line, post relevant information on forums, websites, blogs. The government supports such "cyber soldiers", they, in turn, actively work in foreign forums, oppose any negative information about China. Also, this strategy is used in the propaganda of the "Chinese dream" as a new ideological construct.

Currently, the digital diplomacy revolution is actively involved South Korea. Among Asian cities, Seoul has the most developed infrastructure. The country is really interested in the development of public diplomacy, using modern innovative technologies. In 2012, the government signed an agreement with a Korean non-governmental agency to train 500 students in the basics of cyber diplomacy. The government seeks to attract young talent to the development of Korean digital diplomacy.

Japan is also aware of the importance of digital diplomacy. In Japan, virtually any site has two versions, an English version and a Japanese version. Japanese pages on Twitter, Facebook have thousands of subscribers, videos on You Tube are gaining several thousand views.

While the Asian world powers are trying to grasp the benefits of digital technologies, there are numerous examples of the successful application of new technologies by other countries in Asia. So Taiwan is an excellent example that has demonstrated high results in the field of attracting innovative technologies in the field of digital diplomacy. A program called Adoc (APEC Digital Opportunity Center) has been developed, the program aims to bridge the digital divide between members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC). Taiwan, due to its unique position in international politics as part of China claiming independence, limited to participation in most international organizations. Thus, Adoc is an attempt to get around all these obstacles and create another platform for interaction and forging new connections.

The Internet opens up new opportunities for national governments. The most interesting current trend is foreign governments. Western governments are reaching out to Asian audiences through social media. Asia is home to almost 45% of Internet users. For diplomats, this is a great opportunity to participate in the life of Asian states. India alone has nearly 100 million Facebook users, second only to the US. Before visiting China, British Prime Minister David Cameron registered on Sina Weibo, collecting more than 10,000 comments from netizens on the first day. In a departure from tradition, the newly appointed US Ambassador to India spoke to citizens on You Tube after presenting his credentials to the Indian President.

For the future of digital diplomacy in Asia, there needs to be an emphasis on such social channels based on videos and images. Since the main language of all sites is English, most Asian countries are not happy with this, so here preference should be given to media platforms such as Instagram, Snapchats and others. The second trend is the need for blogging. Blogging is an effective tool for participating in public discourse.

Since 2009, the countries of Southeast Asia have become interested in digital diplomacy. Young diplomats from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are increasingly moving away from traditional ways of doing diplomacy, using new technologies to improve the quality of their work. The ASEAN Secretariat maintains a Twitter account to inform the public about its activities. For several years, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III has been using Face book to communicate with the public, Singapore Foreign Minister George Yeo also regularly writes and answers questions from his followers on Face book, the topics of questions relate to both foreign and domestic politics. Almost all ASEAN leaders now have a Face book account. Former Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vetchachiva also interacts with his Face book followers, discussing issues such as the Preah Vihear conflict with Cambodia. However, in ASEAN there are a number of obstacles to a new form of diplomacy. One of them is the change in traditionalist thinking. Many old-school diplomats do not agree that diplomacy should become open, believing that everything should be decided behind closed doors.

Thus, while traditional diplomacy focuses on formalities, negotiations, communiqués, and treaties, digital diplomacy gives scope for informal action, that is, makes diplomacy more direct and less formal. Today, digital diplomacy is still relatively new, but continues to evolve. Now the Internet has every chance to become a platform for communication between the government of the country and the population, divert the attention of the government from traditional issues and pay attention to the pressing problems of the population. With the use of digital diplomacy tools, the level of public diplomacy in Asian countries will continuously grow.

1. Sedunov A.M., Guruleva T.L., Skripkar M.V. The United States in China's Foreign Policy Strategy//International Journal of Applied and fundamental research. 2013. No. 8-3. pp. 175-176.
2. Timofeeva M.L., Guruleva T.L., Skripkar M.V. China's relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea // International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 2013. No. 8-3. S. 176.
3. Guruleva T.L., Shiryaeva O.A., Skripkar M.V. China's interaction with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (abstracts) // International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 2013. No. 4. P. 146.
4. Skripkar M.V. "Chinese dream" as a national feature in the process of brand-building of the border areas of the North-East of the PRC//Young scientist. 2013. No. 7. S. 362-365.