Aviation of the Soviet Navy after the Second World War. Prospects for Russian Naval Aviation Naval Aviation of the Russian Federation

Technique and Internet 22.09.2019

Technique and Internet

The suit is designed for civil and small aviation. The suit fits well. The period of wear of the product is increased due to high-quality domestic materials, design solutions and many years of experience of specialists. The use of duplicating materials ensures shape retention during operation, protects sections from stretching and gives collars resistance to creasing. The product is designed in accordance with state standards. 1171 Jacket Short men's jacket, unlined, with a central zipper, with an internal windproof valve. The width of the jacket on the bottom is adjusted with the help of an elastic band (elastic band) in the side inserts on the belt, it also additionally protects against the penetration of wind into the underwear space due to a snug fit. At the bottom of the armhole there are ventilation holes made of mesh in the color of the fabric. Pockets for various purposes: patch pockets with slanted zippered entrances, on the wrong side of the left shelf there is an internal pocket for documents, on the left sleeve there is a patch pocket with a zipper with a flap fastened with a contact tape; it has a pocket for fountain pens with three compartments. On the right shelf - the mating part of the contact tape (soft) for placing a flight chevron (35 by 100), on the left shelf - the mating part of the contact tape (soft) for placing a standard nominal chevron (45 by 90), a belt loop for a badge. Yoke back with vertical pleats for freedom of movement. The width of the sleeves is adjusted by means of an elastic band (elastic band) inserted into the cuffs. On the left sleeve there is a contact tape for wearing insignia (55 to 80). 1172 Trousers The width of the trousers at the waist is regulated by side inserts with elastic band and belt loops. Pockets for various purposes: on the front halves of the trousers - patch pockets with an inclined entrance with "zippers", lower patch pockets with "zippers" with two entrances; on the right back half there is a pocket for tools, fastened with a button, which is tuned to the reinforcement detail; at the bottom of the trousers on the side seams, patch pockets with zippers are stitched. To fix the tools, a cord is provided, with loops at the beginning and end, which is fixed in the pocket through the grommet. A holder with a half ring is adjusted above the pocket. On the bottom of the trousers there are zippers for wearing over shoes.

Winter jacket for the army, navy and air force provides reliable protection against wind and snow. The insulation perfectly retains heat, weighs little, does not deform, does not absorb moisture. The combination of membrane fabric and insulation provides protection from severe frosts. FEATURES Cold protection Stabilized fit For military operations Hand wash only MATERIALS Rip-stop Membrane Fibersoft insulation

Man's suit "Aviation technician" mod. 1168/1169 (blended fabric) The suit is designed as an everyday uniform for civil and small aviation, it is not a protective uniform for the Air Force. Under the sleeves and in the folds of the back of the jacket there are ventilation elements made of mesh. The model is equipped with ten pockets for various purposes. There are no Velcro for chevrons on the suit. Weight -1100 gr. Suits on sale without chevrons.

The sailor's collar is part of the parade uniform of the rank and file of the Navy and is worn with a flannel. The uniform sailor collar also bears the slang name Guys (guis - the bow flag of the ship). It is made of dark blue cotton fabric with three white stripes along the edges. Blue lining At the ends of the collar, one loop each, in the middle of the neckline on the shirt, two buttons for fastening the collar

Overalls for men are designed for pilots and technicians of civil and small aviation. The jumpsuit fits well. The period of wear of the product is increased due to high-quality domestic materials, design solutions and many years of experience of specialists. The product is designed in accordance with GOST 12.4.100-80. Overalls with a central fastener for a two-way zipper; internal windproof valve; shoulder pads; in the area of the armpits there are ventilation holes, inside the ventilation holes are closed with a mesh in the color of the fabric. The width of the overalls along the waist line is adjusted with the help of an elastic band (elastic band) on a contact tape (Velcro). In the side seams there are cuts on the "lightning"; at the bottom of the trousers of the overalls there are "zippers" for wearing over shoes. Pockets for various purposes: patch pockets with slanted entrances with zippers on the shelves, on the left sleeve - a patch pocket with a zipper with a flap fastened with a contact tape (Velcro); a pocket for fountain pens with three compartments is adjusted on it, lower patch pockets with “zippers”, on the right back half of the overalls there is a pocket for tools, fastened with a button; which is adjusted to the amplification detail. To fix the tools, a cord is provided, which is fixed to the pocket through the grommet and the holder with a half ring. On the right shelf - the mating part of the contact tape (soft) for placing a flight chevron, on the left shelf - the mating part of the contact tape (soft) for placing a standard nominal chevron, a belt loop for a badge. Back with vertical pleats for freedom of movement. The sleeves are set-in, one-sutural, adjustable at the bottom with a strap on a contact tape (Velcro). Above the pocket on the left sleeve, the mating part of the contact tape (soft) is adjusted to accommodate the chevron.

MPA-78 The light jacket perfectly protects against blowing, thanks to the stitched lining, a detachable hood and a windproof strip. On the right and left shelves there are patch pockets fastened with textile fasteners. There are also front side welt pockets with a zipper. The sleeves are adjustable in width with a tape and plastic stalemate (Velcro). Along the shoulder line there are false shoulder straps fastened with buttons. On the left side of the jacket lining is a horizontal pocket with a zipper. The demi-season jacket of the Ministry of Defense perfectly protects against blowing thanks to a stitched lining, a detachable hood and a wind-shelter placket. On the right and left shelves there are patch pockets fastened with textile fasteners. Appearance. Jacket with a straight silhouette on a warm stitched lining, with a central onboard zipper, with an external windproof placket, with a drawstring along the waist line. Before with a stitched yoke passing to the back, with upper welt pockets with flaps fastened with textile fasteners, side welt pockets fastened with a zipper. Two-seam set-in sleeves with stitched cuffs on an elastic band and plastic patches (velcro) on the bottom to adjust the width. Along the shoulder line there are shoulder straps with false shoulder straps fastened with buttons. Stand collar. The hood is fastened with a three-piece zipper. The hood is adjustable with an elastic cord and drawstrings. On the left side of the jacket lining is a horizontal pocket with a zipper. Features Cold protection Rain and wind protection Custom cut Materials Rip-stop membrane

Cap of the Military Space Forces Russian Federation officer's with a blue top, blue band and blue piping. The cap is completed with a cockade, an emblem on the tulle and a metallic filigree cord. The height of the crown is 7 cm. The cap is produced within 3-5 working days.

The suit is designed for pilots and technicians of civil and small aviation, it is not a protective uniform for the Air Force. The suit is completed with a jacket mod. 1162 and trousers mod. 1163. Suits sold without chevrons. Color: blue. Material: twill.

Casual suit of military personnel of the RF Ministry of Defense. Men's jacket: fastens at the waist with a zipper, long sleeves, unlined. Turn-down collar with a stand and fixing the corners with buttons. The pockets are fastened with a contact tape. Below are welt pockets "frame", fastened with a zipper. The inner pocket for documents is fastened with a button. Trousers with a stitched belt fastened with a button. Color: Blue, green, black. Size: 88-132 Size: 84-100 Height: 158-200 Fabric: Rip-stop Accessories: Reinforced Color: blue, green, black. Material: rip-stop.

The MPA-35 suit is designed for comfortable work of employees of the Ministry of Defense in hot weather. Consists of trousers and a jacket with long sleeves. On the sleeves there are reinforcing pads in the elbow area. The bottom of the jacket is adjustable in size. SPECIFICATIONS For hot weather Statutory fit For office work MATERIALS Gabardine (100% polyethylene)

The staff suit consists of trousers and a short-sleeved shirt, made of lightweight fabric that does not wrinkle, does not fade and does not lose its shape even after numerous washes.

The jacket is designed as a winter everyday uniform, equipped with seven pockets for various purposes and a wide fur collar to protect the face from the wind. The jacket is not a protective uniform of the Air Force. Weight -1900gr. The jacket is on sale without chevrons and without Velcro (contact tape). Color: blue. Material: blended fabric.

Previously produced only in the USSR Double knitting ensures the thickness of the product Material: 100% Cotton

Officer's dress cap of the Navy of the Russian Federation with a white top, black band and white piping. The cap is completed with a cockade and a metallic filigree cord. The height of the crown is from 8 to 10 cm. The cap is produced within 3-5 working days.

Russia, Russia Subordination

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Included in

Navy of the Russian Federation

Type of

Naval aviation

Participation in

World War I 1914-1917, Soviet-Finnish War (1939-1940), World War II, Korean War

commanders Current Commander

Major General Igor Kozhin

Aviation of the Navy of the Russian Federation- branch of forces of the Russian Navy (Air Force and Air Defense of the Navy).

During the Soviet period in Russia - Air Force of the Navy of the USSR (Air Force of the Navy of the USSR).

Until 2011, it consisted of missile-carrying, assault, fighter, anti-submarine, search and rescue, transport and special aviation. It is conditionally divided into ship-based aviation and coastal-based aviation.

Missile carriers and attack aircraft are designed for confrontation with groups of surface ships in the ocean and coastal zones, for launching missile and bomb-assault strikes against ports, coastal bases, airfields and other enemy military and industrial facilities.

Anti-submarine aviation is designed to search, detect, track and destroy submarines.

Fighter aviation is designed to control vast airspace and gain air superiority over naval theaters.

Search and rescue aviation is designed to rescue and assist the crews of ships and aircraft in distress.

The military transport aviation of the Navy carries out parachute landing of the marines, passenger transportation of the personnel of the Navy and military cargo.

Special aviation performs special tasks in the interests of the Navy, other branches of the Armed Forces and combat arms.

Naval aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in the armed struggle at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, tactical reconnaissance, etc. Deck helicopters of Naval Aviation are used for target designation missile weapons ship during the destruction of submarines and the reflection of attacks by low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles of the enemy. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they can be used to provide fire support for marines and destroy enemy missile and artillery boats.

Naval aviation is represented by four types of aircraft: Su-33 and MiG-29K fighters, Su-25UTG trainers, and MiG-29KUB combat trainers. As of 2014, the Russian Navy has one heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov", on board of which, during campaigns, Su-33, MiG-29K, MiG-29KUB, Su-25UTG aircraft and helicopters are based Ka-27 and Ka-29.

1. History
- 1.1 Formation
- 1.2 World War I
- 1.3 Soviet time before World War II
- 1.4 Soviet-Finnish War
- 1.5 World War II
- 1.6 Soviet years after World War II
- 1.7 Post-Soviet period
2 Structure of the Naval Aviation of Russia until 2008
3 MA base points after reforming in 2008 (and their further fate)
4 Combat strength of the Naval Aviation of Russia until 2008
5 Armament and military equipment
6 Identification marks of the Naval Aviation of the Russian Armed Forces
7 Uniform of military personnel of Naval aviation
- 7.1 For headgear of military personnel of Russian naval aviation
8 Military ranks of military personnel of the Naval Aviation
9 Naval Aviation Commanders of the Russian Empire/USSR/RF
10 See also
11 Notes
12 Links
13 Literature

Story

Formation

By the highest order of Emperor Nicholas II, on February 6, 1910, the Air Fleet Department was created in St. Petersburg, which marked the beginning of the aviation era in Russia. Six months after this event, on September 16, 1910, the head of the aeronautical team Black Sea Fleet Lieutenant S.F. Dorozhinsky performed a flight from the Sevastopol airfield Kulikovo Pole on the Antoinette-4 aircraft purchased by him in France for the Maritime Department. This flight and this aircraft were the first in the history of Russian Naval Aviation.

On May 4, 1912, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, Vice Admiral A. Liven, submitted a written report No. 127 on the plan to create aviation detachments in the fleets. This document, approved with some reservations by the Minister of the Navy, Vice-Admiral I.K. Grigorovich, acquired the character of an order for the Naval Ministry. The logical continuation of the report was the letter of the MGSH No. 1706/272 of 06/02/1912 to the head of the GMSH on the formation of the infrastructure of aviation units in 1913.

Some historians believe that the date of birth of the Naval Aviation of Russia should be considered August 6, 1912, and the birthplace is the Rowing port on Vasilevsky Island in St. Petersburg. Here, on that day, a solemn prayer service was served on the occasion of the launch of the first seaplane, which served as the beginning of the functioning of the Experimental Aviation Station - the first officially formed aviation military unit in the Baltic Fleet.

As of January 1, 1913, there was one seaplane and two wheeled airplanes in the Baltic, and five seaplanes in the Black Sea. In the spring of 1914, by decision of the Minister of the Navy, an aviation department was introduced into the staff of the Naval General Staff, consisting of three people.

World War I

The beginning of the First World War found the Naval Aviation of Russia at the stage of organizational formation. In total, by August 1, 1914, the Naval Ministry had about three dozen aircraft of various types and about 20 certified pilots. About 10 more officers underwent flight training directly in the fleets. By the beginning of the war, there were only 10 seaplanes in the Baltic, based in Libava, and eight on the Black Sea, in Sevastopol, in Kilen Bay. It was supposed to deploy aviation detachments in the Pacific Ocean only by the summer of 1915, but this was not implemented due to the outbreak of war.

August 18, 1914 By order of the Navy and the Maritime Department No. 269, the “Regulations on the Aviation Service in the Communications Service” were put into effect, which determined the legal status of the aviation units of the fleets.

At the beginning of March 1915, the Naval Aviation already had 77 aircraft, including 47 in the Baltic and 30 seaplanes in the Black Sea. They were served by 78 officers and 859 lower ranks.

Official history from the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation says that on July 17 (July 4, according to the old style), 1916, an air battle took place in the Baltic between four aircraft from the Orlitsa hydro-air transport with four German aircraft. 80 years after this event, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 253 of July 15, 1996, July 17, 1916 was determined by the birthday of the Naval Aviation of Russia.

On November 30, 1916, an order was issued by Emperor Nicholas II on the formation of the Air Divisions of the Baltic and Black Seas. At the same time, by Order of the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Admiral A. I. Rusin No. 428, instead of the outdated provision “On the Aviation Service in the Communications Service” (established in 1914), a new regulation “On the Naval Aviation Service and Aeronautics" of the Imperial Russian Navy. According to it, the structure of units and formations of Naval Aviation was determined: 4-8 aircraft made up a detachment, 2-4 detachments formed an air division, 2-4 divisions formed a brigade, and 2 or more brigades formed an air division of the sea. This "Regulation" actually gave the domestic Naval Aviation the status of a branch of the fleet. It was prepared taking into account the experience of using aircraft carriers of the Black Sea and Baltic fleets in the campaigns of 1915-1916. On the same day, the “Regulations on the Naval Aviation Division” were approved, which clearly spelled out the relationship between ship and aviation commanders and chiefs.

In addition to the Air Divisions of the Baltic and Black Seas, during 1916-1917. to assist the army, other hydro-aviation units and subunits were formed:

In the spring of 1916, on Lake Peipus the Chud hydro-aviation detachment is being formed, which was later transferred to Oranienbaum, and on the eve of the October Revolution of 1917 merged with the Petrograd School of Naval Aviation;

In 1916, to assist the troops of the Baku detachment of the Caucasian Front, on the lake. Van in Turkey, the Van military flotilla is being formed, which included two M-5 seaplanes. From June to August 1917, a mechanical engineer midshipman M.M. was appointed head of the Van hydro-aviation detachment. Ivanov. due to the collapse of the Caucasian front and the offensive of the Turkish troops, in February-March 1918, the Van flotilla and its squadron were liquidated;

In February 1917, to provide for the flotilla of the Arctic Ocean, the Special Purpose Air Brigade (as an Air Division) began to form.

As of January 1, 1917, the Russian Naval Aviation was an impressive force and included 264 airplanes of various types. Of these, 152 aircraft and 4 small controlled balloons were in the Black Sea Fleet, 88 aircraft were in the Baltic. Another 29 aircraft were in the Petrograd and Baku officer aviation schools. Only from September 1916 to May 1917, the maritime department received 61 seaplanes designed by Grigorovich M-11 and M-12; of these, 26 flew in the Black Sea, about 20 arrived in the Baltic. Black Sea and Baltic aviation units served, respectively, 115 and 96 officers, 1039 and 1339 conductors, non-commissioned officers and privates. The title of "naval pilot" officially had 56 Black Sea and 46 Baltic. In mid-January 1917, the formation of the Black Sea Air Division under the command of Captain 1st Rank M.I. Fedorovich. A similar aviation unit in the Baltic, under the command of Captain 1st Rank B.P. Dudorov, completed the formation in May of the same year. In June 1917, the Naval Aviation and Aeronautics Directorate (UMAiV) was created in Petrograd, which was supposed to manage the entire aviation of the Russian fleet. Captain 2nd rank A.A. was appointed the first head of the UMAiV. Tuchkov.

By the October Revolution, the Naval Aviation of Russia had an Air Division Baltic Sea(two air brigades and a naval aviation detachment) and the Black Sea Air Division (two air brigades and a naval aviation division). In total, they numbered 269 aircraft of various types. However, their combat effectiveness was extremely low, and in April 1918. both divisions ceased to exist.

On November 28, 1917, at the direction of V.I. Lenin, an order was issued to establish the position of commissar in the department of naval aviation and aeronautics. A.P. Onufriev (previously worked at the Duks aircraft plant in Moscow), who became one of the active organizers of Soviet Naval Aviation, was assigned to it.

As of the end of November 1917, the Naval Aviation of Russia had 240 M-9, M-5, M-11, M-20 aircraft. Of these, the Baltic Air Division had 88 aircraft, the Black Sea - 152.

As of mid-December 1917, there were 2114 airplanes and 161 pilots in the combat core of Naval Aviation, including:

the air division of the Baltic Sea had: 74 flying boats (40 M-95, 13 M-15, 21 M-16), 24 Nieuport-21 wheeled fighters and 87 pilots; The Black Sea Air Division had: 104 flying boats (24 M-5, 60 M-9, 4M-11, 16M-15), as well as 9 Nieuport-17 fighters. There were only 74 pilots for this number of aircraft.

Another 75 aircraft were in the schools of Naval Aviation. The main center for training flight personnel was the Baku Naval Aviation School, where at that time 180 cadets were trained. The Oranienbaum School of Naval Aviation and the Krasnoselsk School of Air Combat and Aerobatics trained another 50 and 25 cadets, respectively.

One of the first steps of the new Bolshevik government in the field of military development was the order for the army and navy No. 4 of December 20, 1917, which determined that naval and land aviation should be united under a single land command. The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs (Narkomvoenmor) ordered that the newly formed All-Russian Collegium of the UVOF-LOT chaired by K.V. Akashev be placed at the head of the Air Fleet Directorate (UVOFLOT). its composition, along with other members, included the Commissioner of Naval Aviation (UMA) A.P. Onufriev. His entry into the board meant the actual merger of the leadership of the UMA and UVOFLOT. However, the Supreme Naval Board, established by decree of the Council of People's Commissars on November 24, 1917 to manage the central institutions of the Naval Department, based on the report of the Naval General Staff, recognized the above decision as premature. In connection with this, on January 11 (24), 1918, the board decided: “The question of connecting the administrations by temporarily accepting them for execution should be postponed and a draft regulation of the relations of administrations should be developed.” The Revolutionary Military Council of the Baltic Fleet categorically opposed the unification of the two types of aviation, firmly pointing out that “hydroaviation is a typical naval weapon. It is equipped with appropriately adapted aircraft and is equipped with specially trained pilots who know the specifics of naval warfare.

Acting chief of staff of the fleet, former Rear Admiral A. Ruzhek said that the unification of aviation would be an erroneous measure, which is in obvious "gap with the interests of the republic's naval defense." These opinions were energetically supported by the Chief of the Naval General Staff (former Captain 1st Rank) E. Berens. On his initiative, by order for the army and navy No. 3 dated May 25, 1918, the Naval Aviation Administration again came under the control of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs.

By the spring of 1918, the Naval Aviation of Russia had undergone major organizational changes. In March-April, the Air Division of the Baltic Fleet, under the threat of being captured by German troops, was forced, together with the fleet, to evacuate from Revel and Helsingfors near Petrograd and deep into Russia, to the Volga. At the end of April, the Special Purpose Air Brigade was formed from its remnants, consisting of three divisions (eight squadrons). By May, the entire Black Sea coast was in the hands of the Austro-German troops and the army of the Ukrainian Central Rada. In light of this, the Black Sea Air Division, having lost its entire fleet and bases, ceased to exist. On March 6, 1918, foreseeing the inevitability of the loss of equipment and aviation personnel, the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs issued order No. 183, in which he outlined the orders to the command of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets: “1. All aviation units and schools are preserved, and the personnel of these units undertake to make every effort to preserve the military property at their disposal. 2. As the demobilization progresses, the central aviation committees seas, aviation units that have lost their combat value should be pulled together, provided that those units that are necessary to maintain air communications are preserved, in the Baltic Sea - on the northern coast between Abo, Helsingfors and Petrograd, and in the Black Sea - between Odessa, Sevastopol and Poti.

As of October 1, 1918, the Naval Aviation included: the White Sea, Volga, Caspian and Onega hydro-air squadrons, with 18 M-9 seaplanes and 9 Nieuport and Lebed land fighters. In addition, there were 14 more aircraft in the Baltic. Aviation of the Black Sea Fleet ceased to exist by the summer. In total for 1918-1920. As part of the Naval Aviation, 19 naval aviation units were formed. Some of them later became part of other air squadrons, and as of January 1, 1920, there were 10 hydro-air squadrons and 4 fighter squadrons - a total of about 75 aircraft of various types and technical condition.

In the spring of 1920, an event occurred that left its mark on the further development of Naval Aviation. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic No. 447/78 dated March 25, 1920, “in order to increase the combat capability of the Red Air Fleet of the Republic”, Naval Aviation was still subordinate to the main department of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Air Fleet. The aviation department of the RKVMF was to be disbanded, with the transfer of all affairs and personnel to the newly created main department of the RKKVF. At the same time, the post of assistant to the head of the air fleet of the republic for hydroaviation was established (from April 24, M.F. Pogodin was appointed to this position, from September 28 of the same year - A.P. Onufriev). The positions of assistant chief of the air fleet of the active army for hydroaviation were also introduced (since July 1920, it was occupied by S.E. Stolyarsky) and assistant chiefs of fleets of coastal military districts and fronts for hydroaviation. The chiefs of the air divisions were now subordinate to the naval command only in operational terms. At the time of the transfer, Naval Aviation had 96 aircraft of various types, of which 36 seaplanes and 13 fighters were in the Baltic, and 33 seaplanes and 14 fighters were in the Black Sea. Thus, over the next 18 years, Naval Aviation was directly subordinate to the Red Army Air Force.

In 1921, Naval Aviation consisted of 2 operational associations subordinate to the Glavvozdukhoflot, and operationally - to the chiefs naval forces seas:

Baltic Sea Air Fleet - Special Purpose Air Division (hydroaviation division), consisting of the 1st and 2nd separate naval reconnaissance detachments, as well as the 1st separate fighter aviation detachment;

The air fleet of the Black and Azov Seas is a hydroaviation division, consisting of the 3rd and 4th separate naval reconnaissance aviation detachments, as well as the 2nd separate fighter aviation detachment. Composition of the Naval Aviation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet in 1921

Department of MA at the GU RKKVF (since 1920) - Moscow.

Samara Military Academy, Krasnoselskaya MShVP;

Air fleet of the Baltic Sea;

Air fleet of the Black and Azov Seas (Aral, Odessa and Dnieper hydro-air detachments).

During the 1920s and 1930s, when Naval Aviation was organizationally part of the Red Army Air Forces, the top leadership of the country and the leadership of the People’s Commissariat of Defense assigned aviation tasks to support ground forces, cover troops and rear facilities from air strikes, and also to combat enemy aerial reconnaissance. in accordance with this, the development and construction of aircraft and their weapons were carried out, training programs for pilots were drawn up in aviation educational institutions. The operational-tactical training of leading military personnel and all combat training were aimed at this. military aviation. At the same time, naval aviation was assigned a secondary role, so the fleet of naval aviation in these years was replenished only with seaplanes, intended mainly for conducting aerial reconnaissance at sea. Flight personnel for her were prepared at the Yeisk School of Naval Pilots and Letnabs.

Also, the newly created Polar Aviation, which played a huge role in the development of the Northern Sea Route, was recruited from the personnel of the Naval Aviation. The first Hero of the Soviet Union in 1934 was the naval pilot Anatoly Vasilyevich Lyapidevsky, who showed courage and heroism in rescuing the crew of the Chelyuskin steamer, which was jammed in ice. At the same time, naval pilots I. Doronin, S. Levanevsky and V. Molokov were awarded this title.

On December 30, 1937, the People's Commissariat of the Navy was formed, which organizationally included the revived Air Force of the Navy. S.F. is appointed the head of the aviation of the Navy. Zhavoronkov, who in 1944 became Marshal of Aviation.

The School of Naval Pilots and Flyers in Yeysk and the School of Naval Pilots of the Polar Aviation Directorate of the Glavsevmorput in Nikolaev were transformed into Naval Aviation Schools, and the Military School of Aviation Technicians in Perm - into the Naval Aviation Technical School. A command and aviation faculty was established at the Naval Academy, and one-year advanced training courses for the leadership of the fleet aviation were opened at it.

Bomber aviation of the Navy began to study the use of sea mines and torpedoes, corresponding orders were made from industry, and soon mine-torpedo aviation was organized in the Navy Air Force.

However, the uncertainty of the organizational structure of the Navy Air Force in the prewar period was reflected in the nature of the views of its operational-tactical application. For a long time it was believed that air combat at sea would be carried out mainly by operational formations (air corps) of the Red Army Air Force. in accordance with this, in operational training, the interaction of fleets and air corps was worked out, and the auxiliary tasks of providing the fleet with air reconnaissance and air defense of the basing of the fleet and ships at sea were assigned to naval aviation. The early war showed the profound fallacy of this concept - naval aviation turned out to be the main and most effective strike force of the Soviet Navy.

By the beginning of the war with Germany, the Naval Aviation was a significant force. it consisted of 3838 aircraft of various types, of which 2824 were combat, including 51 new fighters (MiG-3 and Yak-1) and 38 new short-range bombers and reconnaissance aircraft (Che-2 and Pe-2).

In the winter campaign of the 1939-40s, the Navy aviation operated mainly in the maritime sector. In cooperation with the ships, she blocked the enemy from the sea, attacking his transports on communications and in ports, carrying out mine laying on the fairways. After breaking through the main line of defense on February 18, 1940, the aviation of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet was operationally subordinated to the commander of the Air Force of the North-Western Front. From that moment on, naval aviation operated in the land sector, fought against rail and road transport. Thus, when performing this task in the war with Finland, experience was gained in joint operations of front-line and naval aviation.

For the entire period of the war, naval aviation made 264 sorties and dropped 96 tons of bombs to attack enemy ships at sea. According to the reporting data of the KBF Air Force, it was possible to sink 14 transports (according to other sources - only 2) and damage more than 20 more. In order to bombard Finnish ports, 638 sorties were made and 368 tons of bombs were dropped on their facilities. In total, the KBF aviation made 16633 sorties.

The Second World War

It should be noted that, unlike the Red Army Air Force, the Naval Aviation suffered almost no losses on the first day of the war. This was largely due to the timely introduction to the Navy higher degrees combat readiness, and on the other hand, a sufficient distance of the main base airfields from enemy bomber airfields.

In the first most difficult months of the war, naval aviation was involved in the interests of the ground forces in bombing and assault strikes against the advancing enemy. The crews were not prepared to perform such tasks in the pre-war period. Given the weak fighter cover, naval aviators suffered heavy losses in people and equipment.

At the end of June 1941, three air squadrons of the Civil Air Fleet (Baltic, Black Sea, Northern) were formed from civil aviation units, which were operationally subordinate to the command of the Air Forces of the respective fleets. Their task was to ensure transportation in the interests of the fleets. In addition, from the first days of the war, some aviation units of the NKVD Border Troops were transferred to the Naval Aviation. At the same time, the first assault aviation units appeared in the Navy Air Force: a squadron as part of the 57th BAP in the Baltic and the 46th OSHAE in the Black Sea Fleet.

At the initiative of the People's Commissar of the Navy of the USSR, Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov, a "special strike group" of 15 DB-3T aircraft was created on the basis of the 1st mine-torpedo regiment of the KBF. The torpedo bombers were converted to free-fall ammunition. On the night of August 8, 1941, the group, which was personally led by the commander of the 1st MTAP, Colonel Preobrazhensky E.N., bombed the capital of Germany, the city of Berlin, and returned in full force to the departure airfield. further, during August, the regiment's aircraft carried out 7 more sorties, 18 aircraft and 7 crews were lost. It should also be noted that the long-range aviation of the Red Army Air Force, which joined the bombing of Berlin, on the very first flight (August 10), out of 10 vehicles that left for Berlin, reached the target and only six were bombed, and only two returned home. After this sortie, the commander of the 81st long-range bomber aviation division, Hero of the Soviet Union Vodopyanov M.V. (who was also shot down) was removed from his post, and Golovanov A.E. was appointed in his place.

Without causing any significant military and economic damage to Nazi Germany, these sorties had a significant psychological and propaganda character in the USSR and the world.

Heavy losses forced the leadership of the Navy Air Force to disband by mid-autumn a number of formations and units left without materiel, and transfer regiments from five squadrons to three squadrons. The remaining personnel were sent to the rear for reorganization and replenishment with aircraft. The released squadrons were also used to form new flying units. In addition, during the first two months of the war, all border and part of the rear airfields of the Air Forces of the Baltic Fleet and Black Sea Fleet were lost. Only in the North the losses of the Northern Fleet Air Force were quite moderate, and the airfield network did not change.

In these most difficult air battles, the winged guards of Naval Aviation were born. The first Guards ranks were awarded to the 1st MTAP of the BF Air Force, the 72nd SAP of the Northern Fleet Air Force, the 5th and 13th IAP of the BF Air Force, which from January 19, 1942 became known as the 1st Guards. MTAP, 2nd Guards. SAP, 3rd Guards. and 4th Guards. IAP respectively. April 1942, the 5th Guards were added to their number. MTAP (former 2nd MTAP) and 6th Guards. IAP (former 8th IAP) Air Force Black Sea Fleet.

According to the results of the combat operations of the USSR naval aviation in 41-42, one can note the extremely low effectiveness of strike aviation in the profile and very high losses of personnel and equipment. This is due to the misuse of MA in the first months of the war, low crew training, constant personnel changes (often unjustified) and the complete incompetence of the command of both the MA and the Navy in terms of the use of aviation.

In the Far East, although there were no hostilities, the situation on the border remained very alarming. At that time, the Pacific Fleet Air Force, the STOF Air Force and the Aviation of the Amur Air Fleet solved the tasks of protecting the Far Eastern borders of the USSR from possible aggression from Japan, and aviation personnel were also trained for the Air Force of the Western fleets. In addition, rotation (interchange) of command personnel from the front to the Far East was practiced, which had a positive effect on the combat capability of the combatants and the combat readiness of the eastern aviation units of the Navy.

In 1942-1943, based on the urgent requirements of the war, new formations were formed as part of Naval Aviation - assault and bomber (dive) brigades armed with Il-2 and Pe-2 aircraft (9th ShAB VVS BF, 10th BAB Air Force Pacific Fleet, 11th ShAB Air Force Black Sea Fleet, 12th ShAD Air Force Pacific Fleet).

On January 21, 1943, the Directorate of the Navy Air Force was reorganized into the Main Directorate of the Navy Air Force, which, to a certain extent, increased its status in the structure of the Navy.

By the summer of 1943, based on the experience of combat, all aviation brigades of the Air Forces of the Fleets were reorganized into aviation divisions (mine-torpedo, fighter, assault, bomber). By the end of the year, the Naval Aviation already had 12 air formations: the 1st MTAD, the 4th IAD, the 11th ShAD of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force; 3rd IAD, 8th MTAD, 9th ShAD of the BF Air Force; 5th MTAD, 6th IAD of the Northern Fleet Air Force, 2nd MTAD, 7th IAD, 10th BAD, 12th ShAD of the Pacific Fleet Air Force.

In 1943, units and subunits of reconnaissance aviation were reorganized in the Navy Air Force. Until now, it was based on the MBR-2, Che-2, GTS flying boats. These aircraft no longer met the requirements of the war. At the same time, in addition to domestic aircraft, Naval Aviation began to receive increasing quantities of foreign-made fighters and bombers P-40 "Tomahawk" and "Kittyhawk", P-39 "Aircobra", A-20 "Boston". This allowed, in addition to the previously existing boat reconnaissance regiments and individual squadrons, to form new reconnaissance regiments armed with wheeled aircraft. including, in the Air Force of the Baltic Fleet, the 26th ORAE was reorganized into the new 15th ORAP, in the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet - the 27th ORAE into the 30th ORAP, in the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet - the 50th MTAP into the 50th ORAP. The only exception was the Northern Fleet Air Force, where the 28th ORAE and the 118th MBRAP were reorganized into one 118th RAP of mixed composition. The crews of the 2nd ferry aviation regiment of the Navy (commander of the colony Karnaukhov P. S.) along the Alsib highway were engaged in distillation and leadership of American equipment (this regiment was not part of the ferry division and worked exclusively in the interests of naval aviation). The regiment was based in Kazakhstan in the village of Tainchi.

From 1943 until the end of the war, the structure of the Air Forces of the Fleets remained virtually unchanged. It included divisions of mine-torpedo, dive, assault and fighter aviation, mixed aviation divisions, separate regiments of fighter and reconnaissance aviation, separate squadrons combat and auxiliary aviation, as well as individual aviation detachments and special aviation units.

The American A-20 attack aircraft, in the Soviet Air Force of the Navy, was used as a torpedo bomber and a fire support aircraft (suppression of naval air defense) American amphibious flying boat "Catalina", also produced under license in the USSR under the name "GST"

In 1944-1945. The combat strength of the Air Force of the Navy was replenished with four more aviation formations. The 13th PAD was formed in the Black Sea, the 14th SAD in the North, and the 15th and 16th SAD in the Pacific Fleet.

The main types of aircraft in service with the Navy Air Force during the war years were:

Torpedo bombers DB-3T, Il-4T, Handley Page HP-52 Hampden, A-20 Boston;

Bombers DB-3B, Il-4, SB, Ar-2, Pe-2, Tu-2, A-20 "Boston";

Fighters I-15bis, I-153, I-16, Yak-1, Yak-7, Yak-9, LaGG-3, La-5, La-7, Pe-3bis, R-39 Airacobra, R- 47 Thunderbolt, P-63 Kingcobra, Hurricane, Spitfire, P-40E Tomahawk, P-40K Kittyhawk;

Scouts GTS, PBN-1 "Nomad", PBY-6 "Catalina", MBR-2, KOR-1, KOR-2, Che-2, MTB-2, R-5, R-10, Pe-2R; Yak-9R, Tu-2R, Spitfire PR, A-20 Boston, Vought OS2U Kingfisher;

Transport aircraft R-5, U-2, TB-1, TB-3, Li-2, S-47, Lancaster;

Special purpose MBR-2VU, S-2;

Attack aircraft UT-16, I-5, Be-2, R-10, I-153, I-16, Il-2, Il-10;

Training U-2, UT-1, UT-2, DIT, UTI-4, UIL-2, La-5UTI, UPe-2, USB.

During the course of the war, the command of the Navy Air Force repeatedly took measures to build up the aviation groupings of the fleets, based on the emerging operational situation in the theater of operations. So, in July 1942, the Northern Fleet Air Force was reinforced by the Special Naval Aviation Group (OMAG), consisting of three aviation fighter regiments (95th, 13th and 121st IAP) on heavy fighters type Pe-3 and Pe-3bis. This formation ensured the fulfillment of the task of national importance - the escort of the Arctic convoys of the allies to the northern ports of the USSR. In 1943, the 29th BAP was transferred from the North to the Black Sea Fleet Air Force, and the 35th ShAP was transferred to the Baltic. In June 1944, the Baltic Fleet Air Force received the 11th ShAD from the Black Sea. With the end of hostilities in Europe, a number of air force units of the Western fleets were transferred to the Far East to participate in the war with Japan (including the 27th IAP, 36th MTAP of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet, 43rd IAP of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet).

Composition of the Air Force of the Navy in 1941-1942.

Naval Air Force Directorate - Moscow.

Parts of central subordination: KUNS (two to four UAE), VMAU im. Stalin (nine UAE), VMAU them. Levanevsky (four UAE), 1st AB of primary schools, 1st ZAP, 2nd ZAP, 3rd ZAP, 13th AP, 64th SPD of the Special Forces, LIS of the Air Force of the Navy (in Astrakhan);

Air Force of the Baltic Fleet (604 aircraft);

Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet (651 aircraft);

Air Force of the Northern Fleet (116 aircraft);

Air Force of the Pacific Fleet (889 aircraft);

Air Force of the North Pacific Flotilla (178 aircraft);

Aviation of the Amur military flotilla (107 aircraft);

Aviation of the Azov military flotilla;

Aviation of the Volga military flotilla;

Aviation of the Caucasian military flotilla (15 aircraft);

Aviation of the Ladoga military flotilla;

Aviation of the Onega military flotilla;

Aviation of the Pinsk military flotilla (20 aircraft);

2nd AGGUSMP (from August 1942 - 3rd AGVMF: 17 aircraft).

Composition of the Air Force of the Navy in 1943-1945

Main Directorate of the Air Force of the Navy - Moscow.

Parts of central subordination: VOK (two to four UAE), VMAU im. Stalin (six to nine UAE), VMAU them. Levanevsky (four to six UAE),

3rd VMAU (1st marching ShAP, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th UShAP), 4th VMAU (1st, 2nd UMTAP), Air Division of Primary Training Schools, 1 -th ZAP, 2nd ZAP, 3rd ZAP, Aircraft Ferry OAG (1st APPS, 2nd APPS) since 1944, 19th MTAD (former OAGPS) - since 1945, 65th OAP Special Forces, LIS Air Force Navy (Baku); BF Air Force, Black Sea Fleet Air Force, Pacific Fleet Air Force, Northern Fleet Air Force, STOF Air Force, BelVF Air Force, AmVF Aviation, Volga VF Aviation, DnVF Aviation, DunVF Aviation, CaVF Aviation, LadVF Aviation, OnVF Aviation.

To the Great Patriotic War The aviation of the Navy turned out to be the most productive of the forces of the fleet - the destruction of 407 enemy ships by aviation was officially confirmed, which is 66% of losses, with a total number of losses - 614 units (however, there is information that official data on the effectiveness of mine-torpedo aviation, due to a number of reasons , are greatly overestimated).

In August 1945, the USSR began hostilities against Japan, in which the Pacific Fleet Air Force, the STOF Air Force and the Air Force Aviation took part. By the beginning of hostilities, the staffing strength of the Far Eastern naval aviation grouping in terms of personnel and equipment, even without taking into account the units that arrived "for reinforcement" from the western regions of the country, exceeded the total number of the BF Air Force, the Black Sea Fleet Air Force and the Northern Fleet Air Force combined. The clashes in the Far Eastern theater of operations were of a fleeting but fierce nature and lasted from August 9 to 26, 1945, while the losses, compared with the statistics of combat losses on the Western fronts, were many times less. A number of units of the Pacific Fleet Air Force received guards ranks and honorary titles.

With the end of World War II, a general reduction in the Armed Forces of the USSR began. Naval Aviation, after the end of hostilities, attack aviation was completely eliminated, however, three more aviation divisions were formed: the 17th SAD and the 18th SAD of the Pacific Fleet Air Force, as well as the 19th MTAD of the Navy Civil Code.

The combat experience gained during the war formed the basis for the development of plans and directions for the further development of naval aviation, the improvement of the principles and methods of its application in naval warfare.

In the second half of 1945, new Tu-2T torpedo bombers began to enter service with the mine-torpedo aviation units of the Navy Air Force. The first to receive them was the 5th Guards. MTAP Air Force Black Sea Fleet and the 64th DBAP Air Force Pacific Fleet (the latter managed to make war on them). the next two years, the regiments of the 8th and 19th MTAD of the BF Air Force and the 567th Guards were re-equipped with these aircraft. MTAP VVS Pacific Fleet.

On February 16, 1946, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the NK Navy was abolished. The Navy, subordinate to the Minister of the Armed Forces, became known as the Naval Forces (Navy). in accordance with this order of the Civil Code of the Navy No. 0100 dated 03/26/1946, the Air Force of the Navy was renamed into Aviation of the Naval Forces, and the Main Directorate of the Air Force of the Navy was transformed into "the control bodies of the commander of naval aviation." their composition included: the command, the secretariat, headquarters, the air defense department, the IAS department, the naval air force supply department, the airfield department and several departments (inspector, VMAUZ, personnel, financial and general). The same order made the transition to peacetime states. In the same year, the MBR-2 flying boats were to be decommissioned and, as a result, the flight units armed with aircraft of this type were disbanded. So only in the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet, by 1947, the 117th OMDRAP, 31st, 47th, 57th, 63rd OMBRAE and 5th BRAZ were disbanded

As of July 1, 1946, there were 5252 aircraft in Naval Aviation, including: imported all types - 1059, domestic fighters - 1159, bombers and torpedo bombers - 727, attack aircraft - 482, domestic boat aircraft - 330. Another 1455 aircraft was in educational institutions and units of the Naval Aviation.

On December 15, 1947, in accordance with the circular of the NGSh of the Navy No. 0036 of 07.10.1947, the Naval Aviation switched to the standard organization of the Soviet Army Air Force. A number of units of the Naval Air Forces were renamed, having received the numbers of the assault and fighter regiments of the SA Air Force that had been disbanded by that time. So, the 29th and 40th APBP of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet became the 565th and 569th DBAP, the 17th Guards, the 55th APBP and the 64th DBAP of the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet - respectively, the 567th Guards, 568- m and the 570th MTAP, and the 95th AP of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet - the 574th MTAP. Two divisions of dive bombers (the 13th ADPB of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet and the 10th ADPB of the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet) were also reorganized into the 88th DBAD (MTAD) and the 89th MTAD. Naval assault aviation was completely eliminated, its units were reorganized or liquidated. The Baltic and Pacific Fleets were divided into two parts, becoming the 4th and 8th Navy in the Baltic and the 5th and 7th Navy in the Pacific Ocean. each of these operational-strategic associations had its own aviation.

In the first post-war five-year period, the process of reducing Naval Aviation proceeded steadily: out of 19 aviation divisions, 16 remained, and the aviation of all military flotillas, naval defense areas and bases was liquidated. By the beginning of the 1950s, despite its impressive numerical strength, Naval Aviation had a morally and physically obsolete aircraft fleet.

Since 1951, the fighter aviation of the Navy began retraining for MiG-15 jet aircraft, and since 1953 - for the MiG-17. At the beginning of the same year, a number of regiments of the Navy MA again changed their numbers, this time to four-digit ones.

The next stage of reforms began on April 21, 1951, when the Minister of Defense of the USSR, by his order No. 0188, set the terms for re-equipping mine-torpedo aviation units with Tu-14t and Il-28t jet torpedo bombers. The first regiment to retrain on the Il-28 in August 1951 was the 1531st Guards. MTAP of the Air Force of the 8th Navy, and in October the 1676th MTAP of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet began retraining. At the end of 1951, he began retraining the 567th Guards. MTAP Air Force of the 5th Navy. April and May 1952, the 9th Guards retrained on the Tu-14t. MTAP and the newly formed 1941st MTAP of the Air Force of the Federation Council. In total, by the second half of 1952, eight mine-torpedo regiments were re-equipped on the Il-28t and Tu-14t. unlike the Long-Range Aviation, which in those years was massively re-equipped and operated the Tu-4 bomber, the sailors did not purposefully re-equip this aircraft. Aircraft of this type were operated to a limited extent and for a very short time in the 124th MTAP of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force, 240th Guards. TAP Air Force Baltic Fleet and a separate control detachment of the 143rd MTAD Air Force Pacific Fleet.

In the reconnaissance aviation unit of the Navy, scouts began to arrive on the basis of the Il-28 from March 1952 (1733rd ORAP of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet, AE of the 15th ODRAP of the Air Force of the 8th Navy and AE of the 50th Guards ODRAP of the Air Force of the 5th Navy). Also, a number of units and formations of SA Air Force fighter aviation were transferred to the Navy: the 60th, 108th and 237th Guards were adopted in the Baltic. IAD, in the North - 107th and 122nd IAD, on the Black Sea - 181st IAD, in the Pacific Ocean - 147th and 249th IAD. In addition, a number of units and formations of bomber aviation of the SA Air Force were also transferred to Naval Aviation: in the Baltic, the 4th Guards was transferred to the Air Force of the Fleet. BAD and 57th TBAD, on the Black Sea - 819th Guards. BAP, in the Pacific Ocean - 169 Guards. TBAP and 194th dietary supplement. Helicopters began to enter service, separate squadrons of basic (on the Mi-4) and shipborne helicopters (on the Ka-15) were formed: the 255th, 507th and 509th UAEV in the Baltic, Black Sea, 504th UAE in the North.

In 1953, the 5th and 7th Navy were merged into a single Pacific Fleet, and in 1956 the 4th and 8th Navy were merged into a single Baltic Fleet. Accordingly, the air forces of these fleets were transformed. As of January 1, 1954, the USSR Navy Air Force had 10 mine-torpedo, 20 fighter and 10 reconnaissance regiments, as well as 29 separate squadrons and detachments.

In the mid-50s, a phased re-equipment of the MTAP with Tu-16 aircraft began. This aircraft became a milestone not only for Naval Aviation, but for the entire military aviation of the USSR.

At the same time, research work on the search and tracking of submarines began in the naval aviation. The newly created radio-hydroacoustic system "Baku" (1953) is installed on helicopters, Be-6 aircraft and then on Tu-16PL (PLO). The latter showed low efficiency in performing the anti-submarine task, and two experimental squadrons in the Northern Fleet and Pacific Fleet were soon re-profiled.

Tu-16s perform wing-mounted refueling (VVS Pacific Fleet). Shooting tentatively in the late 70s or early 80s Tu-16K-10-26 of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet with a full missile suspension - two KSR-5 and K-10S. Filmed circa 1990-91.

In the spring of 1958, separate squadrons of base and ship-based Mi-4m and Ka-15 helicopters in all fleets were reorganized into helicopter regiments. Thus, the 853rd and 872nd OAPV appear in the Black Sea, the 830th OAPV appears in the North, the 413th and 437th OAPV appear in the Baltic, and the 710th and 720th OAPV appear in the Pacific Fleet. The flight and technical staff of the fighter units being disbanded this year turned to their staffing. at the same time, there is a planned transfer of some regiments of fighter aviation of the Navy to the subordination of air defense, often without changing their locations (for the air defense command, pilots, and even in vests, for a long time remained a headache).

By the end of the 1950s, rocket carriers and cruise missiles began to enter the mine and torpedo regiments of the air regiment. With the adoption of the Tu-16K-10 aircraft, the Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 0028 of 03.20.1961 was issued, followed by the Order of the Navy Civil Code No. 048 of 04.13. torpedo regiments and divisions were henceforth referred to as "missile-carrying". However, a year earlier, there was a significant reduction in / parts of the Navy at the initiative of N.S. Khrushchev, in particular, fighter aircraft in the Navy were completely eliminated, and mine and torpedo aircraft were significantly reduced.

Tu-16K-10 and its further modifications were in service only in the aviation of the Navy. The first to re-equip the new missile system were the 170th Guards. MTAP DD VVS BF, 924th Guards. and 987th MTAP AD VVS SF. They were followed by the 240th Guards. MTAP DD VVS BF, 5th Guards. and 124th MTAP DD Air Force Black Sea Fleet, 169th Guards. and the 570th MTAP DD VVS Pacific Fleet, which received these weapons in 1960-1961.

After 1961 and until the mid-1980s, the structural composition of naval aviation remained virtually unchanged (with some exceptions). an approximate version - each of the fleets had one naval missile-carrying aviation division (two in the Pacific Fleet), one reconnaissance regiment, 1-2 helicopter regiments (squadrons), anti-submarine and transport regiments. There were also separate various squadrons for special purposes.

In 1962, the Tu-22R supersonic reconnaissance aircraft entered the reconnaissance aviation of the Navy, first in the 15th ODRAP of the BF Air Force, and then in the 30th ODRAP of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force. In 1963, the 392nd ODRAP was formed at the Severomorsk-1 (SF) airfield, armed with the latest strategic reconnaissance aircraft Tu-95RTs at that time. In 1965, this regiment was relocated to the place of permanent deployment at the Kipelovo airfield (Vologda region). In the same year, the 867th Guards was re-equipped with the Tu-95RC. ODRAP Air Force Pacific Fleet at the airfield Khorol.

Instead of flying boats, the Be-6 entered Naval Aviation to replace the Be-12 amphibious aircraft. The following units were re-equipped with it: in 1965 - the 318th OPLAP DD (Donuzlav), in 1967 - the 122nd OPLAP DD (Yelizovo), in 1968 - the 403rd OPLAP DD (Severomorsk-2) , in 1969 - the 289th OPLAP DD (Nikolaevka), in 1970 - the 17th OPLAE DD (Kosa). Since 1965, the Ka-25PL shipborne helicopter has been mass-produced for the Naval Aviation. Helicopter combat units began to arrive in the same year - in the 872nd OVP of aviation of the Black Sea Fleet and the 710th OVP of aviation of the Pacific Fleet. Aviation of the Northern Fleet and BF received Ka-25PL helicopters: in the 830th ORP and the 745th ORP - in 1967 and 1969, respectively.

In 1967, the 24th OPLAP DD was formed at the Kipelovo airfield (SF), armed with Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft. Behind him, in 1969, the 77th OPLA DD was formed at the Nikolaevka airfield (TOF), and in 1975 these aircraft were received by the 145th OPAA DD Aviation of the Baltic Fleet, based at the Skulte airfield (Riga).

In 1969, a long-range aviation complex, the Tu-142 aircraft, was put into service. Although the anti-submarine equipment and armament of the Tu-142 was almost similar to the Il-38, its tactical radius was up to 4000 km, against 2300 km for the latter. Aircraft of this type entered service with the newly formed 76th OPLA DD VVS SF in Kipelovo. In 1976, the 310th OPLA DD was formed at the Khorol airfield, which departed a year later to the permanent location of the airfield - Kamenny Ruchey.

In the early 70s, the helicopter units of the Navy were re-equipped with new helicopters of the Ka-27 type. Helicopters, in addition to working from base airfields, regularly served on single- and group-based ships, made trips to remote areas of the oceans (745th OVP of the Air Force of the Baltic Fleet, 78th and 872nd OKPLVP of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet, 38th and 830th th OKPLVP, 279th OKSHAP of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet, 207th, 710th OKPLVP, 175th OKPLVE, 311th OKSHAP of the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet).

An-26 tail number 10K Naval Aviation The only Tu-154M RA-85616 in the Navy. Initially based in Knevichi, then in Ostrov, now in Yeysk Project 903 Lun ekranoplan missile ship during tests in the Caspian Sea Su-24 at the Ostrov airfield

Also during these years, the USSR Naval Aviation mastered a large number of foreign airfields - Egypt and Syria in the Mediterranean, Ethiopia, Somalia and Yemen in the Indian Ocean, Cuba, Guinea and Angola in the Atlantic, Vietnam in the Pacific Ocean. At the airfields - Cairo, Aswan, Mersa Matruh, Asmara, Hargeisa, Aden, El Anad, Dahlak, Havana, Conakry, Luanda, Cam Ranh, Da Nang, aviation units and support units from the Air Force of the fleets were based. The areas of responsibility were also divided between the fleets: the crews of the 318th OPLAP and the 30th ODRAP of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force, the 967th ODRAP and the 912th OTAP of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet worked in the Mediterranean Sea. The crews of the 392nd ODRAP Air Force of the Northern Fleet flew to the Atlantic for combat service, the crews of the 145th OPLAE of the BF Air Force, the 77th OPLAP, the 710th OKPLVP and the 304th Guards flew to the Indian Ocean. ODRAP Air Force Pacific Fleet. In Vietnam, until 1982, a mixed detachment of Tu-95RTs and Tu-142 aircraft was based at the Danang airfield, from the 304th Guards. ODRAP and 310th OPLAP Air Force Pacific Fleet. Since 1982, by agreement with the government of Vietnam, the 169th Guards Mixed Aviation Regiment (former 169th Guards MRAP) was deployed at the Cam Ranh airfield on a permanent basis, in which, in addition to a squadron of Tu-142 and Tu-95RTs , there was a squadron of Tu-16K-10 missile carriers and Tu-16SPS EW aircraft. Since 1984, a squadron of MiG-23MLD fighters, formed from the personnel and aviation equipment of the 1st Air Force Air Force, has been added to them. It was the only full-fledged foreign air base in the USSR with the entire support structure. The base worked for ten years, i.е. before the collapse of the USSR, and was reorganized into the 128th aviation commandant's office. Since 2000, the commandant's office has been abolished.

In 1974, the MRA entered service with the Tu-22M2 supersonic missile-carrying aircraft with variable wing geometry, capable of carrying Kh-22M cruise missiles. The first regiments to retrain for new type aircraft, became the 943rd MRAP of the Air Force of the Black Sea Fleet and the 240th Guards. MRAP Air Force BF. The Pacific received a new aircraft much later: in 1980. - 568th MRAP, in 1982 - 570th MRAP, and only in 1991 - 183rd MRAP. It is interesting that this aircraft was adopted by sailors even a little earlier than in long-range aviation. Subsequently, the Tu-22M2 was gradually replaced by its more advanced modification Tu-22M3.

In the mid 1970s. heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers (TAKR) pr. 1143 were introduced into the combat structure of the USSR Navy, capable, unlike anti-ship missiles of project 1123 "Moscow" and "Leningrad", to carry not only helicopters, but also vertical takeoff and landing aircraft such as Yak-38. At the same time, attack aviation was revived as part of the Naval Aviation. For the Northern Fleet, the Kyiv TAKR was built. The Pacific Fleet received two other ships: TAKR "Minsk" and "Novorossiysk". For basing on them, in addition to shipborne helicopter regiments, separate seaborne assault aviation regiments were formed as part of the Northern Fleet and Pacific Fleet aviation. In December 1973, at the Saki airfield, the formation of the 279th separate shipborne assault aviation regiment, armed with Yak-38 aircraft, began for the Northern Fleet Air Force. In September 1976, the 299th Separate Shipborne Instructor-Research Assault Aviation Regiment was formed in Saki to train flight personnel for new aircraft. 1978 in Saki, the 311th separate naval assault aviation regiment for the Pacific Fleet Air Force is formed, and departs to a permanent location at the Pristan airfield.

Since 1975, coastal aviation assault units have appeared in Naval Aviation. 846th Guards. The BF Air Force OPLAP was reorganized into the 846th Guards Separate Naval Assault Aviation Regiment. December 1982 at the air. The pier was formed by the 173rd Separate Naval Assault Aviation Regiment. Both regiments were armed with Su-17M aircraft.

On November 3, 1979, the world's first small ekranoplan amphibious assault ship (MDE) of project 904, code "Orlyonok", was accepted into the Navy. After lengthy disputes about what an ekranoplan is - an airplane or a ship, ekranoplans were still classified as aviation, and for their operation at the Kaspiysk airfield, the 11th separate air group of the Navy (of central subordination) was formed, then the 236th division of ekranoplan ships.

In 1980, the Aviation of the Navy (AVMF) was renamed the Air Force of the Navy (VVS VMF). By this time, Naval Aviation included: five naval missile-carrying divisions (13 missile-carrying regiments on Tu-16, Tu-22M2 and Tu-22M3 aircraft); two reconnaissance regiments on the Tu-95RTs, two regiments on the Tu-22R, a regiment and two separate squadrons on the Tu-16R. In 1983, the first and only in the USSR 35th anti-submarine aviation division of the Northern Fleet Air Force was formed (two regiments on Tu-142 aircraft). Two regiments and one squadron flew on Il-38 aircraft, and three more regiments and two squadrons were armed with Be-12 amphibians. Helicopters were armed with six regiments and three squadrons. As part of special aviation, there was a separate electronic warfare regiment and four transport regiments. Ground attack aviation represented by two naval assault and two naval assault regiments. In addition, a separate transport regiment was directly subordinate to the commander of the Navy Air Force, and the 33rd PPI and PLS included instructor and research units: a missile-carrying regiment, a naval assault regiment, a helicopter regiment and an anti-submarine squadron. 1989, within the framework of the Treaty on the Reduction of Conventional Arms in Europe, a number of units and formations of bomber, attack and fighter aviation were transferred from the country's Air Force to the Naval Aviation - the Black Sea Fleet Air Force was transferred to the 119th IAD (86th Guards IAP, 161- th IAP, 841st Guards MAPIB) and 43rd OMSHAP, BF Air Force - 132nd BAD (4th Guards BAP, 321st BAP, 668th BAP) and 66th APIB, SF Air Force - 88th APIB. In 1991, the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser pr. 1143.5 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" was put into operation. It was decided to deploy the aviation component for the first domestic full-fledged aircraft carrier on the basis of the 279th separate naval assault air regiment, which was planned to be re-equipped with carrier-based versions of the Su-27 and MiG-29.

In 1990, the Naval Aviation had 52 regiments, 10 separate squadrons and air groups with 1701 aircraft and 363 helicopters, including 372 missile carriers, 966 fighters, attack aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft. There was a large network of base airfields, operational and dispersal airfields.

Airfields Av. Navy for the period 70-80s.(permanently based):

Central subordination: Ostafyevo, Nikolaev (Kulbakino), Saki (Novofedorovka), Kaspiysk, Kirovskoe

Black Sea Fleet: Donuzlav, Vesyoloyo (Karankut), Oktyabrskoye, Guards (Simferopol), Kacha, Meria, Tiraspol, Limanskoye, Markuleshty

Pacific Fleet: Western Knevichi (Vladivostok), Nikolaevka Primorskaya, Pristan (Romanovka), Khorol, Novonezhino, Stone Creek (Mongokhto), Yelizovo (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), Korsakov, Kamran

Northern Fleet: Lakhta (Katunino), Olenya (Olenegorsk), Veretye (Island), Kipelovo (Fedotovo), Luostari (Pechenega), Severomorsk-1, Severomorsk-2, Severomorsk-3

Baltic Fleet: Bykhov, Donskoye, Khrabrovo, Chernyakhovsk, Chkalovsk

After the collapse of the USSR, Naval Aviation had to leave airfields that overnight became foreign - in Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, Georgia. And since 1993, large-scale reductions in military units and the write-off of equipment began. "Aircraft with one propulsion system" were withdrawn from service - these are the Su-17, MiG-27, MiG-23, and, accordingly, the flight units armed with them were disbanded. Then the Tu-16 and Tu-95RTs aircraft, which formed the basis of naval missile-carrying and reconnaissance aircraft, were "put to the fence". After another Tu-22M2 crash, a ban was given on the operation of the entire fleet, with subsequent disposal. The operation of the Yak-38 VTOL aircraft was discontinued.

Service Yak-38, Black Sea Fleet of Ukraine Ka-27 on the flight deck

With all this, the financing and material support of the units and subdivisions of the MA steadily and sharply decreased, and soon there was simply not enough money for the monthly monetary allowance (already quite meager in conditions of galloping inflation), which began to be issued to personnel with chronic delays.

By the beginning of 1995, Naval Aviation had 2 two-regiment air divisions, 23 separate regiments, 8 separate squadrons, a group of ekranoplanes and 2 training centers. All reconnaissance squadrons have been eliminated. The Mi-14 helicopters were withdrawn from the Navy, the newest Mi-14PS were transferred to the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. After much testing and refinement, the TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" entered its first combat service, having on board an air group of 13 Su-33s, 2 Su-25UTGs and 11 helicopters.

By mid-1996, the strength of the Navy Aviation was 695 aircraft, including 66 missile carriers, 116 anti-submarine aircraft, 118 fighters and attack aircraft, and 365 helicopters and special aviation aircraft. 1997 in Aviation Internal Troops The Ministry of Internal Affairs handed over 13 perfectly serviceable Ka-29TB helicopters, which the Navy Air Force suddenly became unnecessary (the sailors recalled these helicopters with “quiet sadness” at the end of 2008, when Ka-27PS rescue helicopters had to be used to fight pirates in the Gulf of Aden, with homemade installation of a machine gun in the opening of the door of the cargo compartment).

In 1998, the Navy MA included one missile-carrying division of two regiments, 12 separate regiments and 7 separate squadrons. In Kamchatka, the 6th Air Defense Division and the 317th OSAP of the Pacific Fleet Air Force were transformed into the Aviation and Air Defense Group of the Joint Command of Troops and Forces in the North-East of the Russian Federation (Aviation and Air Defense OKVS).

By the end of the 20th century, due to a chronic shortage of fuel, flights both according to combat training plans and to combat service were practically not carried out. With rare flights, they tried to maintain the fitness of the most experienced crews, and young pilots who had served in the garrison for several years could never take to the air during their entire service. As a matter of fact, everything negative phenomena, which affected the Air Force, were even more acute in Naval Aviation due to its subordination to the fleet.

In the 21st century, all missile-carrying aircraft were transferred from the Naval Aviation to the DA Air Force, and this ended the glorious half-century history of the MRA. Air garrisons have been converted into air bases, that is, all military units of the garrison are united into one. Before this structure had time to take root, they began to "optimize" several airfields for one airbase, sometimes hundreds of kilometers away from each other. That is, endless optimizations, personnel changes, mergers and renaming continue. And although funding and fuel supplies have stabilized, the issue of the depreciation of most of the aircraft fleet and the lack of spare parts and components for aircraft and helicopters is still acute. There is a supply of single and small batches of modifications of aircraft such as the Su-27 and MiG-29, Ka-27 helicopters, and a sluggish modernization of the fleet of anti-submarine aircraft is underway. The untimely and low-quality repair of naval aircraft at aircraft repair plants remains a big problem.

The structure of the Naval Aviation of Russia until 2008

Su-33 on the deck of the TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" Long-range anti-submarine aircraft Tu-142MZ VVS Pacific Fleet

Northern Fleet

279th Separate Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union Boris Safonov
403rd Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment
830th Separate Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Kirkenes Red Banner Regiment
- 1st Naval Helicopter Squadron
- 2nd Naval Helicopter Squadron
- 3rd Transport and Combat Helicopter Squadron
924th Separate Guards Naval Missile-Carrying Aviation Regiment
73rd Separate Long-Range Anti-Submarine Aviation Squadron

Black Sea Fleet

25th Separate Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment
43rd Separate Naval Assault Aviation Regiment

Pacific Fleet

289th separate mixed anti-submarine aviation regiment
317th separate mixed aviation regiment
568th separate mixed aviation regiment
- 1st Missile Squadron
- 2nd Missile Squadron
- 3rd Anti-Submarine Squadron
- Search and Rescue Squad
865th Separate Fighter Aviation Regiment
71st Separate Transport Aviation Squadron

Baltic Fleet

4th Separate Guards Marine Assault Aviation Regiment
689th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment
125th separate helicopter squadron
396th Separate Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron
398th separate transport aviation squadron
49th separate anti-submarine squadron

444th center for combat use and retraining of flight personnel, (Veretye, Ostrov-5)
46th Separate Transport Aviation Regiment of the Navy, (Ostafyevo)

MA base points after reforming in 2008 (and their further fate)

Basic anti-submarine aircraft Il-38 Pacific Fleet missile carrier Tu-22M3

Northern Fleet

7051st AvB MA SF - air. Olenegorsk (in June 2011 reassigned to Long-Range Aviation, as an air group of the 6950th AVB)
PLAE 7051st AvB MA SF - aer. - Kipelovo (since 2011 - air group 7050th AvB MA SF)
7050th AvB MA SF - air. Severomorsk-1 (the reconstruction of the airfield is being carried out since 11.2011)
air. Severomorsk-3 - 279th KIAP

Black Sea Fleet

7058th AvB MA Black Sea Fleet (Sevastopol Red Banner Aviation, Order of the Kutuzov Base) - air. Guards
7057th AvB MA Black Sea Fleet - air. Kacha (disbanded in 2014).

Baltic Fleet

7052nd AvB MA BF aer. Chernyakhovsk (since 2010 - air group 7054th Guards AvB MA BF)
7053rd AvB MA BF - air. Chkalovsk (since 2010 - air group 7054th Guards AvB MA BF)
7054th Guards. AVB MA BF aer. Khrabrovo (since 2011, the airfield has not been used to base MA)
Air Group 7054th Guards. AVB MA BF on air. Donskoye (since 2010)

Pacific Fleet

7059th AvB MA Pacific Fleet - air. Knevichi (disbanded in 2011, reassigned to the 7062nd AvB)
7060th AvB MA Pacific Fleet - air. Yelizovo
7061st Guards. AvB MA Pacific Fleet - aer. Kamenny Ruchey (disbanded, reduced to one AE and reassigned to the 7062nd AvB in 2012)
7062nd AvB MA Pacific Fleet - air. Nikolaevka

Parts of central subordination

7055th Guards. AVB CPU - aer. Ostafyevo (disbanded, reduced to an aviation group and reassigned to the 7050th air base of the Northern Fleet)
7056th AvB CPU on air. Ostrov (disbanded December 1, 2009)
859th center for combat use and anti-submarine forces - aer. Yeisk (Pulp and paper industry was formed in 2010).

The combat composition of the Naval Aviation of Russia until 2008

Name of formations	Main armament and equipment	Dislocation
Northern Fleet
279th Separate Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union Boris Safonov	Su-33, Su-25UTG, MiG-29K, MiG-29KUB	Severomorsk-3
403rd Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment	An-12, An-26, Il-38, Tu-134	Severomorsk-1
830th separate naval anti-submarine helicopter Kirkenes Red Banner Regiment (disbanded, became part of the 7050th aviation base of the Northern Fleet, in the form of two squadrons of a mixed type: PL, PS, 29, MI-8T, MTV-5)	Ka-27, Ka-29	Severomorsk-1
924th Separate Guards Marine Missile Aviation Regiment (the regiment was reassigned to the Air Force DA)	Tu-22M3	Olenegorsk
73rd Separate Anti-Submarine Aviation Squadron	Tu-142	Kipelovo
Black Sea Fleet
25th Separate Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment 917th Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment	Ka-27, Mi-14, Mi-8, An-2, An-12, An-26, Be-12	7057 Kacha Air Base
43rd Separate Naval Assault Aviation Regiment	Su-24, Su-24MR	7059 Guards Air Base
Pacific Fleet
289th separate mixed anti-submarine aviation regiment	Il-38, Il-18, Ka-27, Ka-29	Nikolaevka
317th separate mixed aviation regiment	Il-38, Mi-8, An-26	Yelizovo
568th separate mixed aviation regiment (TU-22M3 transferred to the Air Force DA)	Tu-22M3, Tu-142MR, Tu-142M3	Stone Stream
865th Separate Fighter Aviation Regiment	MiG-31	Yelizovo
71st Separate Transport Aviation Squadron	An-12, An-24, An-26, Tu-134	Knevichi
Baltic Fleet
4th Separate Guards Marine Assault Aviation Regiment	Su-24	Chernyakhovsk
689th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment	Su-27	Chkalovsk
125th separate helicopter squadron	Mi-8, Mi-24	Chkalovsk
396th Separate Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Squadron	Ka-27, Ka-29	Don
398th separate transport aviation squadron	An-24, An-26	Khrabrovo

Armament and military equipment

The defense industry of the USSR fully satisfied all the needs of the Air Force of the Navy of the USSR. There were no purchases of aircraft equipment abroad.

However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, significant difficulties arose with maintaining the aviation fleet in good condition, and even more so with the production of new aircraft and helicopters for the Russian Navy, so the aviation fleet after 1991 was updated exclusively by small-scale production (one-time single deliveries, mainly until 1994 ) Ka-29, Ka-31, Ka-32 helicopters and Su-33, Su-24, Tu-22M3 and Tu-142 aircraft. In 2012, all Tu-22M3 missile carriers were withdrawn from the MA, naval missile-carrying aviation (MRA) was eliminated as a class.

As of 2015, the average age of the entire Navy aircraft fleet is 32 years (for some types it exceeds 40 years - An-24, An-12, Il-38, Be-12). Approximately half of the Navy's aircraft and helicopters are in disrepair (in storage).

aircraft model	A photo	Producing country	Purpose	Modifications	Quantity

100 years have passed since the first victory of Russian naval pilots during the First World War. On July 17 (July 4, old style), 1916, four M-9 seaplanes from the Orlitsa aircraft carrier of the Baltic Fleet defended the Russian naval base on the island of Saaremaa (now Estonian territory) from a German air raid. Two Kaiser planes were shot down, Russian hydroplanes returned without loss.

Naval aviation- a branch of the Russian Navy, designed to search for and destroy the enemy, cover groupings of ships and objects from air strikes, as well as to conduct aerial reconnaissance.

Naval aviation is functionally divided into several types: naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine, fighter, reconnaissance and auxiliary purposes. Depending on the location, it is conditionally divided into deck-based and coastal-based aviation.

The Russian Navy currently has one aircraft carrier - the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov". It is based on:

carrier-based fighters Su-33, MiG-29K/KUB;

training aircraft Su-25UTG;

multi-purpose shipborne helicopters Ka-27, Ka-29 and Ka-31.

It is expected that Ka-52K Katran attack helicopters will be based on the cruiser in the near future. Projects of a promising aircraft carrier and universal amphibious assault ships-helicopter carriers are under development.

In service with the coastal aviation of the Russian Navy:

Tu-142 long-range anti-submarine aircraft (a modification of the Tu-95 strategic bomber);

anti-submarine aircraft Il-20 and Il-38;

fighter-interceptors MiG-31;

transport aircraft An-12, An-24, An-26;

helicopters Ka-52K, Mi-8, Mi-24, Ka-31 and others.

Fighter aviation

Su-33

Russian carrier-based fighter of the fourth generation, developed for the Russian Navy in the Sukhoi Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Petrovich Simonov, formerly known as the Su-27K (according to NATO codification: Flanker-D).

The first flight of the Su-27K took place on August 17, 1987, and on November 1, 1989, the Su-27K for the first time in the USSR took off and landed on the aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov.

Adopted on August 31, 1998, and since then it has been the main carrier-based aircraft of the Russian Navy.

The aircraft is controlled by one pilot, armed with a built-in 30-mm cannon GSh-30-1, guided air-to-air missiles, unguided rockets, and aerial bombs.

The maximum speed of the fighter is 2,300 km/h, the service ceiling is 17,000 meters, and the flight range is 3,000 km.

Of the 26 serial machines, 4 aircraft were lost in accidents.

Su-33s are part of the Admiral Kuznetsov cruiser.

MiG-29K

MiG-29K/KUB

Russian carrier-based multirole fighter of the fourth generation, which is a further development of the MiG-29 (according to NATO codification: Fulcrum-D).

Deck-based fighters are multifunctional all-weather vehicles of the 4++ generation. Their task includes air defense and anti-ship defense of a formation of ships, strikes against enemy ground targets.

MiG-29K can be based on aircraft carriers capable of receiving aircraft weighing more than 20 tons, equipped with a take-off springboard and landing arrester, as well as on ground airfields.

The aircraft are armed with RVV-AE and R-73E guided missiles for air combat, Kh-31A and Kh-35 anti-ship missiles, Kh-31P anti-radar missiles and KAB-500Kr guided air bombs to destroy ground and surface targets.

The maximum flight speed is 2300 km / h, the service ceiling is 17500 m, the flight range is 2000 km.

It is planned that in the future the MiG-29K/KUB aircraft will form the basis of Russia's carrier-based fighter aircraft.

The MiG-29K/KUB fighters have been introduced into the ship's carrier-based aviation regiment serving on the cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov, not instead of the Su-33 and Su-25UTG it has, but in addition to them and will be used in conjunction with them.

Attack and combat training aircraft

All-weather front-line bomber. Designed for delivering missile and bomb strikes against ground and surface targets, including at low altitudes.

The prototype (T-6) made its first flight on July 2, 1967. Adopted by the USSR Air Force February 4, 1975.

Serially built in 1971-1993 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Novosibirsk. In total, about 1400 aircraft were produced.

Maximum speed - 1400 km / h, practical range - 2850 km, practical ceiling - 11 thousand meters. Crew - 2 people.

Armament - a 23 mm cannon, on 8 suspension points the aircraft can carry air-to-surface and air-to-air missiles, unguided and corrected aerial bombs and projectiles, removable cannon mounts. It can carry tactical nuclear bombs on board.

About 120 modified units are planned to be replaced by Su-34s by 2020.

Su-25UTG fighter

Su-25UTG

Training aircraft based on the Su-25UB combat trainer. It differs from it in the absence of sighting equipment, control system units, a cannon mount with a cannon, beam holders and pylons, engine armor screens, a radio station for communication with the ground forces, blocks and elements of the defense system.

The first flying model was created on the basis of the Su-25UB (T8-UTG1) in early 1988.

In 1989-1990, the first batch of 10 aircraft was produced.

In 1991-1995, the second and last batch of five Su-25UTGs was built.

Maximum speed - 1000 km / h, practical range - 1850 km, practical ceiling - 7000 meters. Crew - 2 people.

It is in service with the 279th naval fighter aviation regiment of the Northern Fleet, as well as the mixed wing of the 859th center for combat use and retraining of flight crews in Yeisk.

Anti-submarine aircraft

Be-12

Anti-submarine amphibious aircraft (according to NATO codification: Mail).

In October 1960, the aircraft made its first flight, and since 1963 it began to enter service with the Navy aviation. Created in the Design Bureau named after G. M. Beriev.

The amphibious aircraft is equipped with a set of target equipment that allows you to search for and fight enemy submarines.

Maximum speed - 550 km / h, practical ceiling - 12100 meters, maximum flight range - 4000 km.

As of 2015, the naval aviation of the Russian Navy is armed with 7 Be-12 aircraft.

Il-38N

Anti-submarine aircraft developed at the Design Bureau named after S. V. Ilyushin on the basis of the passenger Il-18V (according to NATO codification: May).

The aircraft is designed for independent or joint search and destruction of submarines with anti-submarine ships, naval reconnaissance, search and rescue operations and laying minefields.

Crew - 7 people. Maximum speed - 650 km / h, maximum flight range - 9500 km, practical ceiling - 8000 meters.

Armed with anti-submarine torpedoes, anti-submarine bombs and naval mines.

In 2015, the Ilyushin Aviation Complex completed a contract for the repair and modernization of five Il-38 aircraft to the level of Il-38N.

Tu-142M

Tu-142

Russian long-range anti-submarine aircraft (NATO codification: Bear-F).

It is used for long-range ocean reconnaissance, visual or radio engineering, for duty in the search and rescue service system, and only then, for searching and tracking nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles.

The first Tu-142 was produced by plant No. 86 in Taganrog in 1975. The last Tu-142M3 aircraft left the assembly shop in 1994.

In total, in 1968-1994, about 100 Tu-142s of various modifications were manufactured.

Crew - 9 people. Maximum speed - 855 km / h, practical ceiling - 13500 meters.

Armed with explosive drop sound sources, torpedoes, anti-submarine aircraft missiles, anti-submarine and practical bombs, and naval mines.

For defense, a rear gunnery installation with two AM-23 or GSh-23L guns, as well as a set of radio countermeasures, is used.

The Russian Navy is armed with one squadron each in the Northern and Pacific Fleets.

In 2013, it became known that a new anti-submarine aircraft was being developed in Russia to replace the Tu-142M3.

Transport aviation

Military transport aircraft, developed in the design bureau. O. K. Antonova (according to NATO codification: Cub - "Youngster").

The first An-12 took off in Irkutsk on December 16, 1957. The aircraft has established itself as a very reliable aircraft, capable of operating in difficult climatic conditions and unpretentious in maintenance.

The aircraft was actively used for military purposes, in emergency situations, for the transfer of military equipment and personnel, also for passenger and cargo transportation, search and rescue of space objects, crews of manned spaceships and aircraft in distress.

The artillery armament of the aircraft consists of cannon weapons PV-23U, which includes a DB-65U aft turret with two 23-mm AM-23 cannons, an electrical turret remote control system and an aiming and computing unit.

In addition, it can carry on board up to 70 high-explosive fragmentation or incendiary bombs of 100 kg caliber.

Maximum flight speed - 660 km / h, practical ceiling - up to 10,000 m, flight range - up to 5530 km.

An-26

Military transport aircraft, developed in the design bureau. O. K. Antonov (according to NATO codification: Curl - "Whirlwind", among the people - Humpbacked, Fantomas, Nastya, Nastenka).

It is a modification of the original An-24 model.

The crew of the aircraft - 6 people. It can carry on board 38 personnel or up to 30 paratroopers.

Maximum speed - 540 km / h, flight range - up to 2660 km, practical ceiling - 7300 m.

It can also be equipped with air bombs with a caliber of up to 500 kg.

Helicopters

Ka-27

Shipborne anti-submarine helicopter (according to NATO codification: Helix - "Spiral").

Designed to solve the problems of anti-submarine defense of the fleet based on ships of various classes, including aircraft carriers.

The helicopter is capable of detecting modern underwater and surface targets, transmitting data about them to ship and coastal tracking points, and attacking them using airborne weapons.

To destroy submarines, AT-1MV anti-submarine torpedoes, APR-23 missiles and PLAB free-falling anti-submarine bombs of 50 and 250 kg caliber can be suspended from the helicopter.

Crew - 3 people, maximum speed - 270 km / h, practical flight range - up to 900 km, practical ceiling - 5000 m.

A promising helicopter for naval aviation, which is being developed to replace the multi-purpose Ka-27, received the codename "Minoga".

Helicopter Ka-52K (ship)

Ka-52K

The Ka-52 is a multi-purpose attack helicopter, an upgrade of the Black Shark. Designed in Moscow design bureau JSC "Kamov"

Designed to destroy tanks, armored and unarmored military equipment, manpower and enemy helicopters in all weather conditions and at any time of the day.

Can provide fire support landing, to patrol and escort military columns.
The first flight was made on June 25, 1997. Serially produced since 2008.

Ka-52 is a helicopter with coaxial three-bladed rotors, two gas turbine engines, a straight wing, developed vertical and horizontal tail surfaces and a retractable tricycle landing gear in flight.

Ka-52K - ship-based helicopter.

The crew consists of two people. Maximum speed - 300 km / h, practical range - 1 thousand 160 km, practical ceiling - 5.5 thousand meters.

Equipped with a 30 mm caliber gun, guided and unguided missiles up to 2 thousand kg on 4 hardpoints.

According to Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov, the Ka-52, which demonstrated its high combat qualities during the Syrian campaign, has a serious modernization potential.

In 2015, Russia signed a contract with Egypt for the supply of 46 Ka-52 Alligator helicopters. They can also supply shipborne Ka-52K Katran, designed for Mistral-type helicopter carriers.

The navy is historically distinguished by its higher political significance in comparison with other branches of the Armed Forces, approaching in this indicator the product of modern times - the strategic nuclear forces. The processes of rearmament of the fleet and its reorganization in this regard are closely monitored in all major powers - and Russia is no exception. The development of naval aviation, the most important component of the fleets throughout the world, can say much more about the military plans of the state than many other processes.

it was

Russian naval aviation in the post-Soviet era experienced one of the most difficult periods of its existence, when a formidable force of several hundred aircraft and helicopters of various classes was left with a few dozens of machines as part of disparate units with an unclear future. The revival of naval aviation today starts largely from scratch, and there is still a long way to go before bringing it back to normal.

In 2011, Russian naval aviation almost completely lost its strike component - its Tu-22M3 bombers, MiG-31, Su-27 fighters, Su-24 front-line bombers, as well as part of the transport aircraft were transferred to the Air Force. The only exception was the Su-24 bombers from the aviation of the Black Sea Fleet, which remained subordinate to the Navy due to the fact that the agreements between Russia and Ukraine allowed the deployment of only naval aviation in Crimea, but not the Russian Air Force.

Su-24

In addition to the squadron of the Black Sea Su-24s, the fleet’s aviation included Il-38 and Tu-142 anti-submarine aircraft, Be-12 seaplanes, Su-33 carrier-based fighters, Su-25 attack aircraft, Ka-27 carrier-based helicopters and a number of transport aircraft and helicopters.

IL-38

TU-142M3

Be-12

SU-33

The withdrawal of strike forces from the naval aviation was caused by the desire to simplify the management and maintenance of the relevant units and formations, as well as their very poor condition due to chronic underfunding - for example, out of several dozen Tu-22M3 missile carriers, no more than ten vehicles could perform combat missions.

TU-22M3

The 1990s were the time of a deep crisis in naval aviation.

By the time of the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the powerful naval aviation of the Soviet Navy consisted of 1,702 aircraft, including 372 long-range bombers equipped with anti-ship cruise missiles, 966 tactical combat aircraft and 455 helicopters. These aircraft constituted the combat power of 52 aviation regiments and ten separate squadrons and groups. The new Russian naval aviation inherited the lion's share of the Soviet legacy, but almost immediately began a series of large-scale reductions, removing obsolete aircraft from service.

By the beginning of 1995, the naval aviation included 63 Tu-22M2 long-range bombers (of which 52 were combat-ready), 82 Tu-22M3 bombers (52 combat-ready), 67 Tu-142 patrol aircraft (19 combat-ready), 45 Il-38 patrol aircraft (20 combat-ready), 95 Ka-27 helicopters (75 combat-ready) and 128 Mi-14 and Ka-25 helicopters (68 combat-ready).

By 1997, the level of combat readiness fell to 35%, but by 2000 the situation began to improve, and it rose to 45-50%. These indicators remain more or less stable to the present day.

But by the beginning of the new millennium combat capabilities naval aviation fell to a critical point due to insufficient flight training caused by limited fuel limits, which were 10 times less than needed. As a consequence, only one-third of the crews could be considered combat-ready, and even achieving this modest level required great effort.

The carrier-based aviation was also in a deplorable state: the only Russian aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" with an air group consisting of a dozen Soviet-built Su-33s, several Su-25UTG training aircraft and helicopters went to sea quite rarely, and the prospects for updating the fleet of carrier-based aircraft were more than foggy.

SU-25K

CHARACTERISTIC

Project 1143.5
Dimensions, crew
Length Length at the waterline Width at the waterline Draft Crew Flight personnel Headquarters	302.3 m 270 m 72.3 m 35.4 m 9.14 m 1,960 people 626 people 40 people
Displacement
Standard Full Maximum	43,000 t 55,000 t 58,600 t
Main power plant
Steam Turbine Steam Boilers Screw Turbine Generators Diesel Generators	4 x 50,000 l/s 8 4 fixed steps 9 x 1,500 kW 6 x 1,500 kW
Driving performance
Full speed Range at full speed Economic speed Range at economy speed Endurance	29 knots 3,850 miles 18 knots 8,500 miles 45 days
carrier-based aviation
Aircraft Helicopters

Air defense missile and artillery complex
Kinzhal 24 launchers 192 Kashtan vertical-launch missiles, 4 control modules, 8 combat modules 256 missiles and 48,000 30mm AK-630 rounds 8 x 6 anti-aircraft guns with 24,000 rounds
Anti-submarine weapons
"Boa-1" - 60 missiles
Control systems
Combat information center Aviation combat information center Fighter aircraft control system Navigation complex Radio communications complex Space communications complex Electronic countermeasures system Hydroacoustic complex with a torpedo detection channel
Radar stations
airborne early warning radar detection radar low flying targets control radar flights Navigational radars 4 air defense fire control radars

In such a state, it could be more about the elimination of naval aviation as a branch of the Navy, than about any prospects.

Carrier-based aviation: a new hope

The prospects for major changes began to dawn after a contract was signed in 2011 for the construction of Mistral-type amphibious assault ships for the Russian Navy. Obtaining even two such ships implies a serious modernization of the fleet's existing helicopter fleet and the construction of new machines. The main novelty was the Ka-52K carrier-based attack helicopters, designed to support the marines and special forces units during operations on the coast. In addition, they will be able to hit surface targets. This type of helicopter is currently being tested. On February 8, 2014, a contract was signed for the supply of 16 Ka-52Ks to the Russian Navy.

KA-52K

Following the renewal of the fleet of helicopters (expressed, among other things, in the arrival of the upgraded anti-submarine Ka-27M with digital equipment to the fleet), it was the turn of the modernization of the air wing of the only Russian aircraft carrier.

Ka-27M

The Ka-27 is designed to detect, track and destroy submarines at depths of up to 500 m at speeds of up to 75 km/h with sea waves up to 5 points day and night in simple and bad weather conditions.

The diameter of the rotors is 15.9 m, the fuselage length is 12.25 m, the width is 3.8 m, the height is 5.4 m. The mass of the combat load is 2 tons. The crew is 3-4 people. The maximum speed is 270 km/h. Flight range - 800 km.

It is planned that the Ka-27 will be based on Mistral-type helicopter carriers, which Russia will purchase from France in accordance with the concluded contract.

In addition to the overhaul of the remaining Su-33s, which can then be operated until the mid-to-late 2020s, Admiral Kuznetsov should receive new MiG-29K carrier-based fighters. As a result, its air wing will include 12-16 Su-33 and 24 MiG-29K fighters, which will significantly increase the capabilities of the aircraft carrier, bringing the composition of its air group closer to that originally planned back in the 1980s.

As a more distant perspective, a promising fifth-generation carrier-based fighter is being considered, created within the framework of the PAK KA program - a promising aviation complex ship aviation.

It is assumed that this machine will be a naval version of the "land" fifth-generation fighter T-50, which first took to the air in 2010 and is currently being tested. The appearance of a new deck carrier is possible in the first half of the 2020s, and it will have to replace the Su-33 on the overhauled Admiral Kuznetsov, and also form the basis of the air wing of the new Russian aircraft carrier, the project of which is currently being developed.

Multifunctional fighter Su-30SM

The main flight performance characteristics of the Su-30SM: crew - 2 people;

length - 21.9 m; height - 6.36 m;

maximum takeoff weight - 34500 kg;

Max. speed - 2125 km / h; combat radius of action - 1500 km.

Armament: 30-mm built-in gun GSh-30-1; suspension points - 12; combat load - 8000 kg.

After Crimea: the return of striking power

In 2014, the plans for the development of the armed forces in general and the Navy in particular had to be seriously adjusted taking into account the changing situation: the reunification with Crimea greatly changed the situation not only on the southwestern borders of Russia, but also in the world. The changes also affected naval aviation. In particular, strike forces will return to its composition. These plans were discussed even before the Crimean events, but they became a catalyst for the process.

In the next few years, the fleet will receive Su-30SM multirole fighters, which can provide effective support warships both in maritime theaters (in the Black, Japanese, Baltic Seas), and to increase the radius of air support in ocean theaters, operating from bases on the Kola Peninsula, Sakhalin and Kamchatka.
It is expected that by the end of 2015 a contract will be signed for the supply of 50 fighters of this type for the Russian Navy, in the future this number may increase. Su-30SMs are also supplied to the Air Force (60 aircraft under two existing contracts). The update will also affect anti-submarine aviation, the range of tasks of which will be significantly expanded. In most developed countries, with the development of on-board electronic equipment, anti-submarine aircraft began to turn into multi-purpose maritime patrol vehicles during upgrades. A striking example is the modernized P-3 Orion of the US Navy, peers and classmates of the Russian Il-38.

In the course of evolution over the past 30 years, Orions have learned to attack surface ships with anti-ship missiles, operate as an early warning and control aircraft, patrol the exclusive economic zone and territorial waters, searching for smugglers and poachers.

P-3"Orion"

A similar modernization is already underway on Russian anti-submarine vehicles - the first Il-38N was handed over to the fleet on July 15, 2014. But for the full range of tasks that Russia faces with its longest sea border in the world, combined with the steady melting of the polar ice, 28 Il-38s, which are planned to be modernized, are clearly not enough - for example, the United States has 130 machines of this class.

Il-38N

However, this number is many American specialists also considered insufficient.

A-42PE seaplane project

Russia cannot compete with the United States, catching up with them in terms of the number of naval aviation, but there are opportunities for significantly strengthening naval aviation with the purchase of new aircraft.

First of all, we are talking about the A-42 seaplane, which was created on the basis of the A-40 Albatross developed in the 80s of the last century.

A-40 "Albatross"

These machines, capable of landing on the water, among other tasks of maritime patrol aircraft, can be used in rescue operations.

A-42RE

The military department has already announced plans for the purchase of the A-42. In particular, in 2008 it was reported about the intention to purchase four such aircraft in the search and rescue version by 2010, and then move on to the purchase of multi-purpose vehicles capable of carrying weapons. However, these plans have not yet been implemented. According to the former commander of the Air Force and Air Defense of the Navy, Lieutenant General Valery Uvarov, the Russian Navy would need 15-20 new seaplanes to cover the need for search and rescue vehicles and significantly strengthen the fleet of anti-submarine aircraft. It is hardly possible to talk about the complete replacement of old machines with the A-42 - given the state of the Taganrog plant where these machines are produced, as well as the smaller Be-200, purchased by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, it may take about 20 years to complete an order for at least 40 of these machines .

Be-200

Another option that would make it possible to completely replace the fleet of old aircraft within an acceptable timeframe is the purchase of Tu-214P aircraft. This machine, created on the basis of the Tu-204/214 airliner, is roughly equivalent in ideology to the latest American P-8 Poseidon patrol aircraft, created on the basis of the B-737 airliner.

H-8 Poseidon

D Landing ship "Mistral"

Deployment of serial production of such machines by order of the Navy is a more realistic task than launching a large series of A-42s, and, among other things, this will support the production of Tu-204 aircraft, for which there are practically no commercial orders today. The production of 50-60 such machines over ten years, combined with a small series of A-42s, oriented primarily to rescue missions, could generally alleviate the problem and lay the foundation for the further development of naval aviation. Finally, it is possible to support an aviation group in the near zone by ordering Il-114 aircraft in a patrol modification. Such machines can quite effectively provide patrols in closed maritime theaters, releasing the modernized Il-38N and, if ordered, Tu-214P, for ocean theaters.

Assessing the prospects for changes in naval aviation in general, we can say that the key task of this type of naval force remains to ensure the fleet's ability to protect its own maritime frontiers. Nevertheless, some attention is also paid to the possibilities of force projection - the modernization of the Admiral Kuznetsov air wing, the planned overhaul of the aircraft carrier itself, the construction of two landing ships of the Mistral type will allow the Navy to form a core of forces capable of conducting local operations at a great distance from bases with a full-fledged aviation support.

The performance characteristics of Mistral

T about tonnage (standard) 16,500 tons Tonnage (full) 21,300 tons
Tonnage (limit) 32,300 tons
Overall length 199 m Beam at waterline 32 m Height 64.3 m Draft (with HAS) 6.3 m
Booking no
Power point:
- 3 diesel generators "Vyartsilya" 16 V32 (6.2 MW)
- 1 Vartsila diesel generator 18V200 (3.3 MW)
- 2 Alstom Mermaid propellers (7 MW)
Power 20 400 l. With. (15 MW)
Propellers 2 x 5-bladed
Maximum speed 19 knots Cruise speed 18 knots
cruising range:
- 10,800 km (5,800 miles) at 18 knots (33 km/h)
- 19,800 km (10,700 miles) at 15 knots (28 km/h)
Autonomy of navigation 30 days
Crew 160 (20 officers) + 450 Marines
Armament
Radar armament: 2 DRBN-38A Decca Bridgemaster E250 navigation radars, MRR3D-NG target detection radar
Anti-aircraft armament: 2x2 Simbad SAM launchers, 2 Breda-Mauser 30mm gun mounts, 4 12.7mm Browning machine guns
Aviation group: 16 heavy helicopters or 32 light helicopters

A further increase in such opportunities depends primarily on the prospects for the country's economic development.

By analogy with the ground forces of the Russian Federation, naval aviation dramatically increases the capabilities of the fleet. A subdivision of the MA of the Navy was created to solve several problems:

search, destruction of sea, air and land targets;
aerial reconnaissance and ship guidance;
making/destruction of minefields;
electronic warfare;
search / rescue of victims;
transportation and landing of special forces.

The main part of aviation is based on the shore, the smaller part of it - ship aviation is located on the only aircraft-carrying cruiser in the Russian Federation "Admiral Kuznetsov". The structure includes only helicopters and aircraft, previously used hydroplanes are now used by the Ministry of Emergency Situations for transportation and fire fighting.

Formation of naval aviation

The Russian Air Force, which is part of the Aerospace Forces, celebrates Aviation Day on August 12. The naval aviation units of the Russian Navy celebrate their "Birthday" almost a month earlier - on July 17th. This type of troops is very specific, it protects the borders of two elements at once - water and sky. The history of the development of naval aviation can be represented by the following dates:

1910 - in the summer the Antoinette-4 aircraft was purchased for the Maritime Department, the first flight on it was made by Lieutenant Dorozhinsky from the Kulikovo airfield in Sevastopol;
1912 - Vice-Admiral Grigorovich signed an order in May on the creation of air squadrons in the fleet, in August the first hydroplane was launched on Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg;
1914 - The First World War prevented the deployment of air squadrons in the Pacific Fleet, and the existing units were transferred by order to the communications service;
1916 - On July 17, four Russian aircraft repulsed an attack by the same number of German aircraft in the Baltic, which is considered to be the Russian Navy's MA Day;
1916 - the structure of divisions was formed - a detachment of 4 - 8 aircraft, a division of 2 - 4 detachments, a brigade of 2 - 4 divisions, a division - at least 2 brigades, the relationship between the chiefs / commanders of aviation and naval aviation);
1916 - the creation of the Van flotilla (Lake Van, Turkey) from two seaplanes M-5 under the command of midshipman Ivanov to support the Baku detachment, the Peipsi hydro-aviation detachment (Lake Peipsi);
1917 - the formation of a special-purpose brigade with the authority of a division to support the flotilla of the Arctic Ocean;
1917 - for the management of fleet aviation, the department of UMAiV headed by A. A. Tuchkov was created;
1917 - V.I. Lenin appoints A.P. air force UVOFLOT, out of control;
1918 - The Baltic division is evacuated to the Volga, the command changes its status to a special brigade (three divisions of eight detachments);
1918 The Black Sea division ceases to exist after the loss of personnel and equipment;
1920 - the subordination of naval aviation to the Red Army Air Fleet, M.F. Pogodin, then A.P. Onufriev becomes an assistant in hydroaviation.

Later, from 1920, for 18 years, the Russian Naval Aviation Fleet was subordinate to the Red Army Air Force. In the 1930s, Polar Aviation was formed from MA pilots. Then the People's Commissariat of the Navy again allocates Naval Aviation in December 1937, the further development of this type of troops continues:

1937 - S. F. Zhavoronkov became the head of the Navy Aviation (Aviation Marshal of the USSR since 1944);
1941 - the formation of three detachments from civil aviation at the end of June for transport within the fleets, giving units attack aircraft and combat aircraft of the Border Troops belonging to the NKVD;
1941 - creation of a strike special group of 15 DB-3T aircraft by decree of the People's Commissar of the Navy of the USSR N. G. Kuznetsov;
1941 - in the fall, units and formations that had lost military equipment, crews sent to the rear.

In 1942, the 1st, 5th and 13th regiments of the Baltic, the 72nd regiment of the Northern Fleet were awarded the title of Guards. A little later, the 2.5, 6 and 8 regiments of the Black Sea Fleet were added to them. After giving naval aviation in the next two years, bombers and attack aircraft Pe-2 and Il-2, the corresponding units of the Navy MA were added.

In 1943, instead of floating boats, foreign bombers and fighters Boston, Airacobra P-39, Kittyhawk, Tomahawk and P-40 began to be used in reconnaissance units.

In the last years of the war, the 14th division of the SAD was added to the Northern Fleet, the Pacific 15th and 15th SAD, the Black Sea 13th PAD. After the Victory, the assault units of the Navy aviation were eliminated, but three divisions were created - 17th, 18th SAD in the Pacific Fleet, 19th MTAD of the Navy Civil Code. Taking into account the effectiveness of hostilities during the Second World War, further development of naval aviation took place as follows:

1946 - the abolition of the Civil Code of the Navy, subordination to the Minister of the Armed Forces, renaming the Air Force of the Navy into the Naval Aviation, transition to peacetime staff;
1946 - disbandment of all flying units due to decommissioning of MBR-2 flying boats;
1947 - the division of the TF into 5 and 7 Pacific Fleets, the Baltic Fleet into 4 and 8 Baltic Fleets.

Until 1950, 3 divisions were reduced, the flotillas lost bases, defensive areas and aviation itself. Starting next year, fighter pilots began retraining on MiG-15 and MiG-17 jet aircraft. The reform of 1951 re-equipped units with torpedo bombers instead of mine-torpedo aircraft. In 1953, the Pacific Fleet became united again, and in 1956 this happened to the Baltic Fleet.

In 1953, the Aviation of the Fleets was again renamed the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet, Northern Fleet, Baltic Fleet and Black Sea Fleet, respectively. At the same time, helicopters entered service:

Ka-15s were based on ships;
Mi-4s were formed into separate squadrons on land.

Later in 1958 they were reorganized into regiments of the OAPV. Part of the fighter aviation was reassigned to the air defense forces, for whose commanders pilots in vests became a headache. A completely new division, the MRA Naval Missile-Carrying Aviation, emerged in 1961. As new combat vehicles appeared, they were equipped with naval aviation units of the fleets:

1962 - reconnaissance supersonic Tu-22R;
1963 - modification of the reconnaissance aircraft Tu-95RTs;
1965 - Be-12 amphibious aircraft;
1967 - Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft;
1969 - Tu-142 (long-range complex);
1972 - Ka-27 helicopter for long-range patrols from the shore and on board the vessel.

In the 70s, the development of distant airfields outside the USSR by naval aviation took place:

Pacific Ocean - Vietnam;
Atlantic Ocean - Angola, Guinea and Cuba;
Indian Ocean - Yemen, Somalia, Ethiopia;
Mediterranean Sea - Syria and Egypt.

Since 1974, the Tu-22M2 missile carrier with variable geometry wing entered the MRA of the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet.

Six years later, he became a standard armament of the Pacific Fleet. Aircraft-carrying cruisers TAVKR, suitable for Yak-38 vertical take-off aircraft, were launched in the mid-70s. For the Northern Fleet, the cruiser TAVKR Kyiv was built, for the Pacific Fleet Novorossiysk and Minsk.

In 1975, coastal assault units with Su-17M aircraft were created. In 1979, for the needs of ekranoplans of the Eaglet MDE type, the 11th air group of the Navy was created, which was directly subordinate to Moscow.

In 1980, the AVMF was once again renamed the Air Force of the Navy. The only aircraft-carrying heavy cruiser to date, Admiral Kuznetsov, was commissioned in 1991.

Change in the structure of the MA of the Navy

At the beginning of the year following the creation of air squadrons in the fleets of the Russian Empire, that is, January 1913, the Black Sea Fleet was armed with 5 hydroplanes, and the Baltic Fleet was armed with 2 wheeled airplanes and one hydroplane. A unit of 3 officers was introduced into the General Staff of the Navy - the aviation department.

At the beginning of World War I, 10 officer pilots were trained in the fleets, and 20 already had diplomas, there were 10 and 8 seaplanes in the Baltic and Black Seas, respectively. By 1915, the Black Sea and Baltic Fleets had 30 and 47 hydroplanes, respectively, and had 859 lower ranks and 78 officers in the state.

By 1917, the number of airplanes reached 264 units:

29 aircraft - Baku and Petrograd aviation schools;
88 aircraft and 20 seaplanes Grigorovich M-11, M-12 - Baltic;
152 aircraft, 4 controlled small balloons, 61 hydroplanes M-11 and M-12 - Black Sea Fleet.

There were 1339 privates, non-commissioned officers and conductors, 96 officers in the Baltic Fleet. On the Black Sea - 1039 and 115 people, respectively. M. I. Fedorovich with the rank of captain of the 1st rank became the head of the Black Sea division, and B. P. Dudorov in the same rank of the Baltic Sea. Before the October Revolution, the Russian MA included a division and 2 brigades of the Black Sea Fleet, a detachment and 2 brigades of the Baltic, with a total of 169 aircraft.

After the revolution, there were 9 Nieuport-17 fighters and 104 M-5, M-9, M-11 and M-15 seaplanes on the Black Sea for 74 pilots, on the Baltic Sea 24 Nieuport-21 fighters, 74 boats flying M-15, M -16 and M-95 for 87 pilots. Schools of aerobatics and air combat worked in Krasnoselsk (25 pilots), Oranienbaum (50 pilots), Baku (180 cadets) with 75 training aircraft.

In the autumn of 1918, the Naval Aviation of the USSR consisted of the Onega, Caspian, Volga and Belomorsky air squadrons. There were 9 fighters left (Swan and Nieuport), only 18 M-9 seaplanes, 14 aircraft remained in the Baltic.

Then, in two years, this branch of the military was developed, in 1920 it had 4 fighter and 10 hydroair squadrons with a fleet of 75 aircraft.

Since 1921, naval aviation subordinated to the Air Force of the Red Army of the USSR existed in the form of units:

VF Baltic - a separate fighter detachment, 2 reconnaissance detachments, an equipment division;
VF of the Azov and Black Seas - a fighter detachment, 2 reconnaissance detachments, a hydroaviation division.

In the summer of 1937, aviation schools were opened in Nikolaev and Yeisk, and an aviation technical school in Perm. MA bombers appear, using torpedoes and mines. By 1940, the Navy Aviation consisted of 38 reconnaissance aircraft and bombers (Pe-2 and Che-2, respectively), 51 fighters (Yak-1 and MiG-3), 2824 combat aircraft.

During the Finnish War, naval aviation operated exclusively over land, disrupting road and rail transport. Due to the significant distance of deployment points from the borders with Germany, in the first days of the war, this branch of service, unlike the USSR Air Force, did not suffer losses either in equipment or in manpower. But later, naval aviation was attracted to cover the ground forces, and the crews were not ready for such tasks, the losses were very significant.

Immediately after the formation of a special strike group, DB-3T aircraft dropped bombs on Berlin and returned to the base without loss. The special operation was commanded by Colonel E. N. Preobrazhensky. During the next 7 sorties of torpedo bombers converted into bombers, the unit lost 7 crews and 18 aircraft. After that, such sabotage behind enemy lines was no longer undertaken.

At the end of 1943, the Navy MA had 12 formations:

Pacific Fleet - 12 ShAD, 10 dietary supplements, 7 IAD, 2 MTAD;
BF - 9 ShAD, 8 MTAD, 3 IAD;
Black Sea Fleet - 11 ShAD, 4 IAD, 1 MTAD.

Thus, at the beginning of the Second World War (1941 - 1942), the structure of the USSR naval aviation looked like this:

aviation fleets - Pinsk, Onega, Ladoga, Caucasian, Volga, Azov and Amur;
Air Force fleet - Pacific, Northern, Black Sea, Baltic;
Air Force Flotilla STO;
2 AGGUSMP;
3 AGVMF;
parts of subordination to the central administration - Astrakhan LIS, 64 OAP, 13 AP, 3 ZAP, 2 ZAP, 1 ZAP, AB schools, VMAU Levanevsky and Stalin, KUNS.

The management of these units was located in the capital of the USSR. Combat flights to Japan were made by aviation units of the Amur Flotilla, the Pacific Fleet and the Pacific Fleet. In 1946, the Naval Aviation had 145 aircraft in schools, 330 hydroplanes, 482 attack aircraft, 727 torpedo bombers and bombers, 1159 fighters and 1059 imported aircraft.

From 1961 to 1985, the MA structure looked like this:

a missile-carrying division - in each fleet, two in the TFO at once;
reconnaissance regiment - one in each fleet;
squadron or regiment of helicopters - 1 - 2 for each fleet of the USSR;
transport regiment - one in each fleet;
anti-submarine regiment - one in each fleet.

Special forces squadrons were created in the fleet to solve various problems in the required quantity.

During the Soviet era, naval aviation included the following units:

special - ambulance, towing, corrective aircraft, communications, minesweepers, air tankers;
transport - transportation of ground transport and manpower;
search and rescue - Ka-27 helicopters;
anti-submarine - designed to combat submarines;
fighter - escorting bombers, destroying enemy air targets;
assault - targeted destruction of land and sea targets;
missile-carrying - armed with air / surface shells.

From 1950 to 1954, the structure also included aviation training squadrons in each division of mine-torpedo and fighter units. For example, there were 10 training squadrons in the Pacific Fleet. They were disbanded after the retraining of the flight crew on the Il-28 and MiG-15 vehicles.

Armament and equipment

For aviation of the Russian Navy, the purchase of aircraft equipment abroad is used, which was not the case in the days of the USSR in principle. Basically, these are Czech combat training aircraft L-39. The units include combat aircraft:

Electronic intelligence:
Anti-submarine aviation:
Transport and long-range aviation:
Fighter aircraft:
Helicopters:

Land and ship-based naval aviation was involved in military operations in Syria in 2016-2017. At the same time, TAVKR Admiral Kuznetsov lost two aircraft, the crews remained alive.

combat composition

Until 2008, the structure of naval aviation looked like this:

Pacific Fleet - transport squadron No. 71, Knevichi base, composition of Tu-134, An-26, An-24 and An-12; fighter regiment No. 865, Yelizovo base, MiG-31; mixed regiment No. 568, base Kamenny Ruchey, composition of Tu-142M3, Tu-142MR and Tu-22M3; mixed regiment No. 317, Yelizovo base, composition of An-26, Mi-8 and -38; anti-submarine regiment No. 289, Nikolaevka base, composition of Ka-29, Ka-27, Il-18 and Il-38;
Black Sea Fleet - assault regiment No. 43, Gvardeyskoye base, composition of the Su-24MR and Su-24; mixed regiment No. 917, Kacha base, composition of Be-12, An-26 and An-2; anti-submarine helicopter regiment No. 25, Kacha base, Mi-8, Mi-14 and Ka-27;
Northern Fleet - anti-submarine squadron No. 73, Kipelovo base, Tu-142 composition; rocket-carrying guards regiment No. 924, base Olenegorsk, composition of Tu-22M3; anti-submarine helicopter Red Banner Regiment No. 830, Severomorsk-1 base, Ka-29 and Ka-27; mixed regiment No. 403, Severomorsk-1 base, composition of Tu-134, Il-38, An-26 and An-12; fighter regiment No. 279, Severomorsk-3 base, MiG-29KUB, MiG-29K, Su-25UTG and Su-33;
BF - transport squadron No. 398 Khrabrovo base, composition of An-26 and An-24; anti-submarine helicopter squadron No. 396, Donskoye base, Ka-29 and Ka-27; helicopter squadron No. 125, Chkalovsk base, Mi-24 and Mi-8; fighter regiment No. 689, Chkalovsk base, Su-27; Assault Guards Regiment No. 4, Chernyakhovsk base, Su-24 composition.

Since the only TAVKR in Russia is assigned to the Northern Fleet, carrier-based aviation of the Russian Navy is available only in the Northern Fleet. This ship does not fall under the category of an aircraft carrier; in comparison with the US strike groups, the following situation has developed:

one Russian carrier cruiser against 10 full-fledged American aircraft carriers;
out of the design 50 combat units on board Admiral Kuznetsov there are 4 MiG-29KUB, 10 MiG-29K, 2 Su-25UTG and 14 Su-33, i.e. 30 pieces;
due to the lack of encirclement ships, the TAVKR will not be able to use its main advantage - the P-700 Granit and P-1000 Vulkan.

However, for 2017-2020, it is planned to equip the naval aviation units with 100 units of new aircraft.

Naval Aviation of the Russian Navy

After numerous transformations, name changes and changes in the tasks to be solved, the naval combat aviation of the Russian Navy restored its combat capability and developed. At present, I.S. Kozhin, commander of naval aviation of the Russian Navy, who took up that position in 2010, in August. Combat vehicles have their own identification marks, and the personnel have a standard uniform for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and mixed ranks.

Dress

Since the aviation of the Russian Navy does not belong to special units, several types of uniforms have been adopted for personnel:

everyday - camouflage of the latest reform (jacket and trousers);
flight technical - tropical or blue, overalls, suit, jacket;
front - black epaulette with a blue edging and a gap of the same color.

Navy cockades with anchors are used on headdresses, an additional emblem is provided for caps, attached to the left.

Identification marks

Currently, the aviation of the Russian Navy wears tricolor stars - red circled in bold blue and a thin red line - and license plate type FR-00000. The inscription may look like MA of the Russian Navy" or "Russian Navy". The plans of the command are to restore the stars of the USSR model without edging in blue.

Military ranks

Since the aviation of the Russian Navy simultaneously belongs to two types of troops, military personnel have the ranks:

colonel general, lieutenant general and major general;
colonel and lieutenant colonel;
major;
captain, senior lieutenant and lieutenant;
senior warrant officer and warrant officer;
foreman;
senior sergeant, sergeant and junior sergeant;
senior sailor and sailor.

Thus, at present, naval aviation is a branch of the Russian Navy, understaffed with equipment and personnel, therefore it solves a limited range of tasks, is inferior to similar units of a potential enemy.