§ 9. Global threat international terrorism(the ending)

Practical Conclusions

1. A modern person should be aware of the problem of international terrorism as one of the global threats to the modern world.

2. International terrorism uses the achievements of scientific and technical progress, Information Technology, psychological manipulation to influence youth and recruit supporters.

3. In the event of a terrorist threat, the instructions of state bodies and persons representing them should be strictly followed. For self-defense, follow the recommendations that you received in the Fundamentals of Life Safety (OBZh) course.

Document

From the report of the UN Secretary-General K. Annan "Unity in the fight against terrorism: recommendations for a global counter-terrorism strategy." 2006

The United Nations must proclaim a clear, principled and undeniable message that terrorism is unacceptable. Terrorists should never be allowed to create a pretext for their actions. Whatever cause they say they stand for, whatever grievances they say they respond to, terrorism cannot be justified. In this sense, the United Nations should not give up its position of moral superiority.

Groups resort to terrorist tactics because they believe that these tactics are effective and that a large number of people, or at least those on whose behalf they act, will approve of their actions. Therefore, our main task is to reduce the attractiveness of terrorism to those who might support it. In order to limit who might resort to terrorism, we must make it absolutely clear that no case, no matter how just, can justify terrorism. This also applies to the legitimate struggle of peoples for self-determination. Even this fundamental right, as defined in the Charter of the United Nations, does not justify the deliberate killing or maiming of civilians...

At the 2005 World Summit, UN member states united for the first time to strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purpose, as it is one of the most serious threats international peace and security.

Terrorists need the means to carry out their attacks. Terrorists need to receive and transfer funds, acquire weapons, recruit and train personnel, and maintain communications, in particular through the Internet. They seek unhindered access to their intended targets and increasingly expect more results - in terms of both death toll and media coverage. Denying them access to these assets and targets can help prevent future attacks.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. What are the UN principles in relation to global terrorism does the document proclaim? 2. What role can the media take in countering terrorism? 3. Explain why international terrorism is one of the most serious threats to international peace and security.

Questions for self-examination

1. Define international terrorism and list its main features. 2. Which of the signs of international terrorism do you consider the main one and why? 3. How are globalization and the emergence of international terrorism connected? 4. In what forms does technological terrorism manifest itself? 5. Name the financial sources of international terrorism. 6. Why is the ideology of violence dangerous? 7. Search the UN Fights Terrorism website (www.un.org) for the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy document. What areas of combating terrorism are named in it? 8. How to counteract international terrorism at the domestic level?

Tasks

1. Sometimes international terrorism is called "point war". Does this characterization correspond to the essence of the phenomenon?

2. Refute the notion that international terrorism acts in defense of oppressed peoples.

3. Opening the 65th session of the UN General Assembly, its President J. Deiss said: “We want to express our sympathy to all the victims of terrorist acts who died ... and our solidarity with them. We want to express our indignation at the cowardice of terrorism, to condemn it firmly and categorically, to reaffirm our readiness to fight against it and seek the punishment of those responsible.” Why terrorism can be called cowardice?

4. Write an essay on the topic "Ideology and International Terrorism".

Thoughts of the wise

"From fanaticism to barbarism is one step."

D. Diderot (1713-1784),
french educator

United Nations- is the largest - universal in terms of the problems considered and worldwide in terms of territorial coverage.

The name was proposed during World War II by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Created by 50 countries on October 24, 1945, By 2005, the UN united 191 countries.

In accordance with the UN Charter, its main objectives are:

• maintaining international peace and security;
• development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
• implementation of cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and observance of human rights;
• coordination of actions of nations in achieving common goals.

The main principles of the UN activities are: sovereign equality of all members, conscientious fulfillment of the obligations assumed, peaceful settlement of international disputes, refraining from the threat of force. The UN Charter does not give the right to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of an individual state.

The UN system has a complex organizational structure:

1. The main organs of the UN (the UN itself).
2. UN programs and bodies.
3. Specialized agencies and other independent organizations within the UN system.
4. Other organizations, committees and related bodies.
5. Organizations outside the UN system, but associated with it by cooperation agreements.

UNPO bodies

Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat.

General Assembly(GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. She is consists of representatives of all member countries having one vote. Decisions on issues of peace and security, the admission of new members, and budget issues are taken by a two-thirds majority. For other matters, a simple majority vote is sufficient. The sessions of the General Assembly are held annually, usually in September. Each time a new chairman, 21 vice-chairmen, chairmen of the six main committees of the Assembly are elected. The first committee deals with questions of disarmament and international security, the second with economy and finance, the third with social and humanitarian problems, the fourth with special political questions and decolonization, the fifth with administrative and budgetary questions, the sixth with legal matters. The post of chairman of the Assembly is occupied in turn by representatives of African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American (including the Caribbean), Western European states. Decisions of the GA are not legally binding. They express the world public opinion on one issue or another.

Security Council(SC) is responsible for maintenance of international peace. It investigates and recommends methods for settling disputes, including calling on UN members to apply economic sanctions to prevent aggression; takes military action against the aggressor; plans arms regulation; recommends the admission of new members; provides guardianship in strategic areas. The Council is made up of five permanent members- China, France, the Russian Federation (successor to the USSR), Great Britain and the United States of America - and ten members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. A decision on procedural issues is considered adopted if at least 9 out of 15 votes (two thirds) voted for it. When voting on substantive issues, it is necessary that out of 9 votes "for" all five permanent members of the Security Council vote - the rule of "unanimity of the great powers."

If a permanent member does not agree with the decision, then it can impose a veto (prohibition). If a permanent member does not want to block the decision, then it may abstain from voting.

Economic and Social Council coordinates Relevant issues and specialized agencies and institutions, known as the "family" of UN agencies. These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly.

The subsidiary mechanism of ECOSOC includes:

• nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, etc.);
• five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, etc.);
• four standing committees: Committee for Program and Coordination, Commission for settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Organizations;
• a number of expert bodies;
• executive committees and councils of various UN bodies: the UN Development Program, the World Food Program, etc.

Guardian Council supervises the trust territories and promotes the development of their self-government. The Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1994, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement, since all 11 originally trust territories acquired political independence or joined neighboring states.

international Court, located in The Hague (Netherlands), resolves legal disputes between states that are parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all members of the UN. Individuals cannot apply to the International Court of Justice. According to the Statute (the provision on rights and obligations), the Court uses international conventions; international custom as evidence of universal practice; general principles rights recognized by nations; judgments of the most qualified specialists different countries. The Court consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently. They are elected on the basis of qualifications, not citizenship. No two nationals from the same country may serve on the Court.

UN Secretariat has the most diverse functions. This is a permanent body that handles the entire document flow, including translations from one language to another, organization of international conferences, communication with the press, etc. The Secretariat staff consists of about 9,000 people from around the world. The UN Secretary General is the chief administrative executive- Appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of five years and may be re-elected for new term. Kofi Annan (Ghana) took office on January 1, 1997. On January 1, 2007, a new Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon ( former head MFA South Korea). He spoke in favor of reforming the UN for the sake of the future of this organization. The authority of the Secretary-General is essential for the implementation of preventive diplomacy in order to prevent the outbreak of international conflicts. All staff of the Secretariat have the status of international civil servants and take an oath, pledging not to follow instructions from any states or organizations other than the United Nations.

UN budget

The regular budget of the UN, excluding the specialized agencies and programs of the UN, is approved by the GA for a period of two years. The main source of funds are Member State contributions, which are calculated based on the solvency of the country, in particular according to criteria such as share in and per country. The assessment scale of contributions established by the Assembly is subject to change from 25% of the budget to 0.001%. Shared budget contributions are: USA - 25%, Japan - 18%, Germany - 9.6%, France - 6.5%, Italy - 5.4%, UK - 5.1%, RF - 2.9% , Spain - 2.6%, Ukraine - 1.7%, China - 0.9%. States that are not members of the UN, but participating in a number of its activities, can participate in the costs of the UN in the following ratio: Switzerland - 1.2%, Vatican - 0.001%. The revenue part of the budget fluctuates on average around 2.5 billion US dollars. Of the 13 expenditure items, more than 50% of the expenditure is for General policy implementation, leadership and coordination; general support and provision service; regional cooperation for development .

UN programs

However, the UN "family" or the UN system of agencies is wider. She covers 15 institutions and several programs and bodies. These are the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), as well as such a specialized organization as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly. They have their own budgets and governing bodies.

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as the main body of the GA on these issues, primarily to accelerate the commercial and economic development, which, having gained political independence, have significant problems in self-affirmation in world markets. UNCTAD has 188 member states. The Russian Federation and other countries are members of this organization. The annual operating budget, financed from the UN regular budget, is about $50 million. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

Organizational structure of UNCTAD

UNCTAD conference- the highest governing body. Conference sessions are held every four years at ministerial level to determine the main directions of work.

Trade and Development Board— an executive body that ensures the continuity of work between sessions. Working groups on medium-term planning and program financing. Joint Advisory Group on the activities of the International Trade Center UNCTAD - WTO.

Standing Committees and Temporary Working Groups. Four standing committees have been established: on commodities; to reduce poverty; on economic cooperation between developed countries; on Development, as well as the Special Committee on Preferences and the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Restrictive Business Practices.

Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat. It consists of policy coordination and external relations services, nine departments(commodities, service development and trade efficiency, economic cooperation among developing countries and special programs, global interdependence, and , science and technology, least developed countries, program management and operations services) and integrated units working with regional commissions. Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC— The Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.

Under the auspices of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements have been concluded, research groups on commodities have been established with the participation of producing and consuming countries, the Common Fund for Commodities has been established, and dozens of conventions and agreements have been signed.

From July 14 to July 18, 2004 in Sao Paulo (Brazil) was held the XI session of the UNCTAD Conference - "Increasing the coherence between national strategies and global economic processes for, in particular, developing countries." showed their desire for full participation in international trade, relying on own forces, including through the expansion of South-South trade. Consolidation on the issue of agricultural subsidies used by developed countries allowed the "Group of 77" to express their joint position at the 6th WTO Conference. UNCTAD uses a group principle of work: member states are divided into groups according to socio-economic and geographical principles. Developing countries are united in the "Group of 77". As a result of the 11th session, a document was adopted - the Sao Paulo Consensus, aimed at facilitating the adaptation of national development strategies to the conditions of globalization and strengthening the potential of developing countries. The start of the 3rd round has been announced trade negotiations under the auspices of UNCTAD under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), which has been operating since 1971. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties by all industrialized countries (ICs) in trade with developing countries on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e. without requiring counter trade and political concessions. In practice, many industrialized countries have achieved various exceptions (exceptions) from their preferential schemes. Nevertheless, the Global System of Trade Preferences promotes the expansion of exports of processed products from economically weak states.

Standalone UN agencies

Independent specialized agencies operating within the UN system include International Labor Organization(ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (IMF), the World Organization intellectual property (WIPO), United Nations Organization for industrial development(UNIDO), etc.

Widening gap between poor and rich countries, the increased danger of global conflicts (the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States) stimulate the search for solutions to the problems of regulation and financing of development throughout the world. In this context in 2002, two forums were held under the auspices of the UN: World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa) - from August 26 to September 4 and international Conference Financing for Development in Monterrey (Mexico) from 18 to 22 March. As a result of the meetings, the Johannesburg Declaration and the Monterrey Consensus were adopted respectively. Meeting in South Africa special emphasis was placed on the collective responsibility for socio-economic development, ecology at all levels from local to global. The need for cooperation in areas such as water supply and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity was noted. Problem in Mexico sustainable development the world was considered in terms of its financing. It is recognized that there is a severe lack of resources needed to achieve the goals of overcoming poverty and inequality, as set out in the UN Millennium Declaration. Proposed corresponding to the liberal idea of ​​development, ways to solve the problem:

Mobilize the national financial resources of developing countries through increased efficiency and consistency and the fight against corruption at all levels.

Mobilization of international resources, including (FDI) and other private resources.

is the most important and often the only external source of development finance. The presence of serious trade imbalances caused by export subsidies from industrialized countries, the abuse of anti-dumping, technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures is recognized. Developing countries (DCs) and countries with economies in transition (CITs) are concerned about tariff peaks and tariff escalation from industrialized countries (IDCs). It has been recognized as necessary to include in trade agreements effective and functional provisions for special and differential treatment for developing countries.

Increasing international financial and technical cooperation for development means increasing official development assistance (ODA). The Conference urged the CPs to make concrete efforts to reach the target of ODA allocation to developing countries of 0.7% of and 0.15-0.2% of their GNP of developed countries for the needs of the least developed countries.

It is an element of resource mobilization for public and private investment. It is recognized that debtors and creditors should be jointly responsible for preventing and managing unsustainable debt situations.

Perfection global economic governance systems involves expanding the circle of participants in the decision-making process on development issues and eliminating organizational gaps. It is necessary to strengthen the involvement of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the decision-making process in and , in the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Forum

Critics of the Monterrey Consensus point out that, as in the case of the Washington Consensus, developed countries proceed from a liberal development model, emphasizing the need to find resources for development within developing countries and with the help of the private sector. The developed countries themselves do not make any clear commitments regarding the redistribution of resources. Accordingly, it is almost impossible to bridge the gap between poverty and wealth.

The issue of equitable representation in the Security Council and expansion of its composition, submitted for discussion by the UN General Assembly, was not resolved.

The Russian position is to support any expansion option, provided that a broad agreement is reached between all interested countries.

Thus, there are several mutually exclusive approaches to reforming the UN Security Council, which implies an indefinite duration of the reform process.

The United Nations is the center for solving problems that all of humanity faces. These activities are carried out jointly by more than 30 related organizations that make up the United Nations system. Day by day, the United Nations and other organizations of its system work to promote human rights, protect the environment, fight disease and reduce poverty.

The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945 by fifty-one countries determined to preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security. To date, 191 countries are members of the United Nations, that is, almost all countries of the world. When states become members of the United Nations, they accept the obligations set out in the Charter of the United Nations, which is an international treaty that reflects the basic principles of international relations.

According to the Charter, the United Nations pursues four goals in its activities: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to carry out international cooperation in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and also to be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.

History of the United Nations

The emergence of the UN was due to a number of objective factors of the military-strategic, political, economic development of human society at the end of the second millennium. The creation of the UN was the embodiment of the eternal dream of mankind for such a device and organization of international community that would save mankind from the endless series of wars and ensure peaceful living conditions for peoples, their progressive advancement along the path of socio-economic progress, prosperity and development, free from fear for the future. .

The beginning of the discussion and development of the problem of the general organization of labor and security was laid by the Atlantic Party, signed by US President F.D. the first formulated an extremely important task facing the peace-loving states, namely "to determine the ways and means for organizing international relations and the post-war order of the world."

The first intergovernmental document adopted during the Second World War, which put forward the idea of ​​creating a new international security organization, was the Declaration of the Government Soviet Union and the Government of the Polish Republic on Friendship and Mutual Assistance, signed in Moscow on December 4, 1941. It pointed out that a lasting and just world could only be achieved by a new organization of international relations, based not on the unification of democratic countries in a lasting alliance. When creating such an organization, the decisive moment should be "respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all Allied States."

January 1, 1942 In Washington, the Declaration of the United Nations was signed by 26 member states of the anti-Hitler coalition, including the USSR, on joint efforts in the fight against Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan. The name "United Nations" was later proposed for the new organization by US President R.D. Roosevelt and was officially used for the UN Charter.

At the suggestion of the US government in August - September 1944 in Dumbarton Oaks, on the outskirts of Washington, a conference of four powers - the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and China was held, at which the agreed text of the final document was signed: "Proposal for the creation of the General International Security Organization". These proposals served as the basis for the development of the UN Charter.

During the work of the Conference in San Francisco on April 25, 1945. The text of the UN Charter was prepared, which was signed on June 26, 1945. From the day the UN Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, when the last 29th instrument of ratification of the USSR was deposited with the US Government, the beginning of the existence of the UN is officially counted. By decision of the General Assembly, adopted in 1947. The day of entry into force of the UN Charter was officially declared "United Nations Day", which is solemnly celebrated annually in the countries - members of the UN.

The UN Charter embodies democratic ideals, which finds expression, in particular, in the fact that it affirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equality of men and women, and enshrines the equality of large and small peoples. The Charter of the United Nations establishes as its main objectives the maintenance of international peace and security, settlement by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes and situations. It determines that the UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members, that all members faithfully fulfill their obligations under the Charter in order to provide them all in the aggregate with the rights and benefits arising from membership in the Organization, that all members must resolve by and refrain from the threat of force or its application, and that the UN has the right to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State. The UN Charter emphasizes the open nature of the Organization, whose members can be all peace-loving states.

How the UN functions

The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it provides tools that help resolve international conflicts and develop policies on issues that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States, big and small, rich and poor, with different political views and social systems, - have the right to express their opinion and take part in voting within the framework of this process.

The United Nations has six principal organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The sixth body, the International Court of Justice, is located in The Hague, the Netherlands.

United Nations General Assembly

It is a body in which all UN member states are represented. The General Assembly is endowed with a number of very important functions: the authority to consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles that determine armaments, as well as to discuss a wide range of problems of cooperation between states in the political, economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical and other areas and make recommendations on them.

The General Assembly holds annual regular sessions, which are only interrupted in December of each year and continue until the beginning of the next session. Plenary sessions open on the Tuesday after the second Monday in September. Such special (from 1946 to 2000 there were 24) and emergency special (from 1946 to 1999 there were 10) sessions are convened. The provisional agenda for a regular session is drawn up by the Secretary General and communicated to the UN members at least 60 days before the opening of the session.

A characteristic feature of the activities of the General Assembly in recent years is that all big values in its work, and indeed in the work of all UN bodies, acquires the first applied in 1964. in the Security Council and the method widely used in the General Assembly for the development and adoption of resolutions based on the principle of agreement (consensus), i.e. reaching a general agreement without a vote on the relevant decision.

Resolutions of the General Assembly are not legally binding on states, but neither can they be qualified as mere appeals or wishes. States must carefully and conscientiously consider General Assembly resolutions.

Resolutions and declarations of the General Assembly are the most important standard for the formation of international law. The UN has developed the following practice of developing international legal documents. First, a declaration is adopted on some issue (for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), and then on the basis of such declarations, international treaties and conventions were developed (two International Human Rights Acts, the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, etc.).

The General Assembly is a truly democratic representative body of sovereign states. Each member of the General Assembly, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power has one vote. Decisions of the General Assembly on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting.

The work of the General Assembly may be attended by states - not members of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them. In addition, representatives of a number of international organizations (UN specialized agencies, the OAS, the Arab League, the OAU, the EU, the CIS, etc.) also received the right to participate as observers of Palestine.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members of the Council are permanent (Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - “non-permanent”) are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter.

Decisions on procedural matters in the Security Council are considered adopted if at least nine of any members of the Council vote for them. The main form of recommendations adopted by the Security Council is a resolution. More than 1300 of them have been accepted for more than half a century.

In the course of many years of activity of the Security Council, well-defined methods and forms of its response and influence on certain events in the world have developed. One of these methods is the condemnation by the Council of a state for unlawful acts committed by it in violation of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. For example, the Council has repeatedly condemned South Africa in its decisions for pursuing the criminal policy of apartheid. Quite often the Security Council resorted to such a method as stating a political fact, one situation or another. This is precisely how the situation in southern Africa, created by Pretoria's aggressive actions against the "front-line" African states, was defined in numerous resolutions of the Security Council.

The most commonly used technique, the appeal to states, is the Security Council's way of settling conflicts. He has repeatedly called for a cessation of hostilities, respect for the ceasefire, withdrawal of troops, and so on. In the course of considering a complex of problems of the Yugoslav settlement, the Iran-Iraq conflict, the situation in Angola, Georgia, Tajikistan and along the Tajik-Afghan border.

The Security Council often performed the functions of reconciliation of the parties in disputes and conflicts. To this end, the Council has appointed intermediaries, especially often instructing the Secretary-General or his representative to perform the functions of facilitating good offices, mediation and conciliation of the parties. These functions were used by the Council when considering the Palestinian and Kashmir issues, the situation in the former Yugoslavia, and others.

Since 1948 The Security Council began to resort to such a method as sending groups of military observers and monitoring missions to observe the implementation of the requirements for a ceasefire, the terms of the Io truce agreements, a political settlement, etc. Until 1973, military observers were recruited almost exclusively from among the citizens of Western countries. For the first time in 1973 Soviet observer officers were included in the Palestine Truce Supervision Authority (UNTSO), which still performs useful functions in the Middle East. Observation missions were also sent to Lebanon (UNOGIL), India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), Uganda and Rwanda (UNOMUR), El Salvador (MONEO), Tajikistan (UNMOT) and others.

An important sphere of activity of the Security Council is its interaction with regional organizations. Such cooperation takes place in various forms, including through regular consultations, the provision of diplomatic support through which a particular regional organization can take part in UN peacekeeping activities (for example, CFE in Albania), through the parallel operational deployment of peacekeeping missions (for example, the UN Observation Mission in Liberia ( UNOMIL) was deployed jointly with the Ecological Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Monitoring Team (ECOMOG) in Liberia, and the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) operates in cooperation with the CIS peacekeeping force in Georgia) and through joint operations (for example, UN/OAS International Civil Mission in Haiti (ICMG).

The Security Council plays an important role in early detection and identification of emerging conflicts. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to create early warning systems for the emergence of hotbeds of tension, the danger of a nuclear accident, environmental threats, mass movements of the population, natural disasters, the threat of famine and the spread of diseases and epidemics. This kind of information could be used to assess whether there was a threat to peace and to analyze what actions could be taken by the United Nations to reduce it and what preventive actions and measures could be taken by the Security Council and other UN bodies.

One of the tools most frequently used by the Security Council is preventive diplomacy. Preventive diplomacy is an action of a political, diplomatic, international, legal and other nature, aimed at preventing the emergence of disputes and disagreements between the parties, preventing them from escalating into conflicts and limiting the scale of conflicts after they arise. Cooperating with the Secretary General, the Council actively used the means of preventive diplomacy, provided conditions for reconciliation, mediation, good offices, establishment and other preventive actions.

The most commonly used tool, especially in recent times, are peacekeeping operations (PKO), which have been carried out only through the UN since 1948. more than 50. Peacekeeping operation - a set of actions taken with the consent of the conflicting parties, interconnected in goals, tasks, place and time, with the participation of impartial military, police and civilian personnel in support of efforts to stabilize the situation in areas of potential or existing conflicts, carried out in accordance with mandated by the Security Council or regional organizations and aimed at creating conditions conducive to a political settlement of the conflict and the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security.

The Security Council has very often, especially in recent years, used such an instrument as sanctions - economic, political, diplomatic, financial and other coercive measures not related to the use of armed forces, carried out by decision of the Security Council in order to induce the state concerned to stop or refrain from actions. Constituting a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression.

A number of subsidiary bodies have been established by the Council to oversee the implementation of the sanctions, such as the Board of Governors of the Compensation Commission and the Special Commission on the Situation between Iraq and Kuwait, the Yugoslav, Libya, Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Sierra Leone and others. The results of the Council's application of sanctions against them are far from unambiguous. So, adopted by the Council against the racist regime of Southern Rhodesia, economic sanctions contributed to a certain extent to the elimination of the racist regime, the achievement of independence by the people of Zimbabwe, the accession of this country in 1980. to UN members. The value of sanctions as a means of settling conflicts was also clearly manifested in the settlement of other conflicts, for example, in Angola, Haiti, and South Africa. At the same time, it must be admitted that in most cases the application of sanctions was associated with a number of negative consequences for the population and economy of the countries that were the objects of sanctions and resulted in huge material and financial damage to neighboring and third states that comply with the decisions of the Sanctions Council.

According to the UN Charter, the Security Council must function continuously and take "prompt and effective" action on behalf of the members of the UN. To this end, each member of the Security Council must at all times be represented at the seat of the United Nations. According to the rules of procedure, the interval between meetings of the Security Council should not exceed 14 days, although in practice this rule was not always respected. On average, the Security Council held 77 formal meetings per year.

The Economic and Social Council operates under the general direction of the General Assembly and coordinates the activities of the United Nations and the institutions of its system in the economic and social fields. As the main forum for discussing international economic and social issues and making policy recommendations in these areas, the Council plays an important role in strengthening international development cooperation. It also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), thus maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil society.

The Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for three years. The Council meets periodically throughout the year, meeting in July for its substantive session, during which critical economic, social and humanitarian issues are discussed at a high-level meeting.

The subsidiary bodies of the Council meet regularly and report to it. For example, the Commission on Human Rights monitors the observance of human rights in all countries of the world. Other bodies deal with social development, the status of women, crime prevention, drug control and sustainable development. Five regional commissions promote economic development and cooperation in their regions.

The Trusteeship Council was established to provide international oversight of the 11 Trust Territories administered by the seven Member States, and to ensure that their governments make the necessary efforts to prepare these Territories for self-government or independence. By 1994, all of the Trust Territories had become self-governing or independent, either as independent states or by joining neighboring independent states. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), administered by the United States, was the last to go into self-government and became the 185th Member State of the United Nations.

Since the work of the Trusteeship Council has been completed, it currently consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. Its rules of procedure have been amended accordingly to enable it to meet only when the circumstances so require.

International Court

The International Court of Justice - also known as the World Court - is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. Its 15 judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently and simultaneously. The International Court of Justice deals with the settlement of disputes between states on the basis of the voluntary participation of the states concerned. If the State agrees to participate in litigation, it is bound to comply with the decision of the Court. The Court also prepares advisory opinions for the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

Secretariat

The Secretariat carries out the operational and administrative work of the United Nations in accordance with the instructions of the General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies. It is headed by the Secretary General, who provides general administrative direction.

The Secretariat is made up of departments and offices with approximately 7,500 regular budget funded staff representing 170 countries worldwide. In addition to United Nations Headquarters in New York, there are United Nations offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi and other duty stations.

United Nations system

The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and 13 other independent organizations, referred to as "Specialized Agencies", are linked to the United Nations through their respective cooperation agreements. These institutions, including the World Health Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization, are independent bodies established through intergovernmental agreements. They have a wide range international functions in the economic, social and cultural fields, as well as in the field of education, health and others. Some of them, such as the International Labor Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the United Nations itself.

In addition, a number of United Nations offices, programs and funds, such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Children's Fund United Nations Organization (UNICEF), - is engaged in improving the social and economic situation of people in all regions of the world. They are accountable to the General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council.

All of these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. Together they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance in virtually all economic and social fields.

Outline of a lesson in social studies in grade 10 topic:

"Global Threat of International Terrorism".

Textbook edited by L.N. Bogolyubov, A.Yu. Lazebnikova, M.Yu. Telyukina, M. Enlightenment 2014

The purpose and objectives of the lesson: 1. Awareness of the danger of this threat. 2. What is the difference between the concepts of "terror" and "terrorism"? 3. Why is terrorism becoming a global threat to humanity? 4. What are the origins and causes of terrorism? 5. Raising a negative attitude towards radicalism, violence, terror.

During the classes

Outline of a new topic.

1.International terrorism: concept and signs.

In the 20th century, many scientists considered terrorism as a kind of crime along with the trade in weapons and drugs. Now we see that international terrorism is a special type of the most dangerous criminal activity.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Counteracting Terrorism" defines terrorism as the ideology of violence and the practice of intimidating the population "in order to influence the adoption of a decision by state authorities, local governments or international organizations."

Terror is a method of governing society based on intimidation. International terrorism is an anti-state activity carried out in modern conditions by organizations seeking to achieve political goals. International terrorism is violent actions in which not only politicians, but also ordinary citizens of the country become victims, since for terrorists human life is of no value. The number of terrorist attacks is on the rise. The Middle East, Russia, the USA, India, European countries and other states have been subjected to terrorist attacks more than once. In the Russian Federation from 1995 to 2006, there were 55 terrorist attacks, more than 20,000 people were injured, 1,802 people died. These statistics include the victims of apartment bombings in Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk on September 4-16, 1999, the hostage-taking in the Moscow Theater Center on Dubrovka in October 2002, and in School No. 1 in Beslan on September 1, 2004.

On September 11, 2001, the tower of the World Trade Center was blown up in New York. 2977 people became victims.

2.Globalization and international terrorism.

The process of transition to the information society increases the uneven development of countries. The gap in the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the "North" and "South" is increasing. Scientific and technological progress poses a threat to humanity of global catastrophes - nuclear, environmental, informational, etc.

Contradictions in the ethno-national and religious spheres are aggravated. The conflict of values ​​of different civilizations is aggravated.

Scientific and technical progress contributed to the emergence of "technological" terrorism: biological, informational, aimed at state information resources and secret information. An exceptional danger is nuclear terrorism (the desire to acquire weapons mass destruction). Many terrorist attacks are carried out using Vehicle, suicide bombers are used as performers, which indicates the suppression of consciousness and the manipulation of people's behavior.

The financial sources of terrorism are the income of the shadow economy (drug trade, arms trade, prostitution…). Separate corrupt states, individuals, organizations often use terror as a tool to achieve their goals).

3. The ideology of violence and international terrorism.

Modern ideology uses extreme extremist views and teachings, both left (radicalism) and right (fundamentalism). Terrorists use such ideological means as religious and ethnic values, mythologizing and creating the image of the enemy. The leaders of terrorist organizations recruit their supporters with the help of the image of a "just society", which is "prevented by enemies" from developing. Often, even educated, outwardly quite prosperous young people, but most often inexperienced hotheads, fall into the ranks of terrorists. One of the reasons that prompted people to terrorism is the crisis of cultural, moral and humanistic values, national intolerance, religious fanaticism, separatist sentiments.

4. Countering international terrorism.

One of the coordinators of anti-terrorist activities at the international level is the UN, which develops legal norms, coordinates anti-terrorist activities and participates in the fight against terror. In 2008, 192 UN member states adopted the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. In 2012, 16 agreements were developed against various types of terrorist activities. It is important to solve socio-economic problems in a timely manner, reduce the level of socio-political tension, and develop the economy.

It is necessary for every person to realize humanistic values: rejection of violence, striving to solve social problems through dialogue and compromise.

New concepts:

North-South relations, radicalism, fundamentalism.

Examination of the document “From the report of the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan “Unity in the fight against terrorism: recommendations for a global counter-terrorism strategy” 2006 pp. 98-99

Questions and tasks for the document.

1. What UN principles in relation to global terrorism does the document proclaim? 2. What role can the media take in countering terrorism? 3. Why is international terrorism one of the most serious threats to international peace and security?

From the heading "Thoughts of the Wise" we will analyze the meaning of the statement of the French educator Denis Diderot "From fanaticism to barbarism is one step." Why do extreme ideas sooner or later lead to the belief in the possibility or necessity of violence for the realization of one's ideas?

Questions to fix the topic:

1. Define international terrorism and list its main features.

2. Which of the signs of international terrorism do you consider the most important and why?

3. How are globalization and the emergence of international terrorism connected? 4. In what forms does technological terrorism manifest itself?

5. Name the financial sources of international terrorism. 6. Why is the ideology of violence dangerous?

7. Find the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy document on the UN Fights Terrorism website. What areas of combating terrorism are named in it?

8. How to counteract international terrorism at the domestic level?

HomeworkP.9 pp. 93-100. Complete the tasks on page 100.

Write an essay on the topic "Ideology and international terrorism."

Learn the basic concepts, give their definitions.

29. United Nations: history of creation, goals and principles. Structure and content of the UN Charter

The UN was created during the Second World War, when humanity was seriously thinking about how to prevent such terrible wars in the future.

On August 14, 1941, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed a document where they pledged to "work together with other free peoples both in war and in peace." The set of principles for international cooperation in the maintenance of peace and security was subsequently called the Atlantic Charter. The first contours of the UN were drawn at the Washington Conference at the meetings held in September - October 1944, where the United States, the United Kingdom, the USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions of the future organization. On April 25, 1945, delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference and adopted a Charter consisting of 19 chapters and 111 articles. On October 24, the Charter was ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council, by a majority of signatory states, and entered into force. Since then, October 24 int. calendar is called United Nations Day.

The UN is the most authoritative universal int. intergovernmental organization. UN - universal int. organization created to maintain peace and international. security and development of cooperation between states. The UN Charter is binding on all states.

UN goals.

Support int. peace and security.

To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples.

Carry out international cooperation in resolving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.

To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in the pursuit of these common goals.

UN principles:

Sovereign equality of all its members;

Conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the Charter;

Permission intl. disputes by peaceful means;

Renunciation of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state;

Ensuring that non-member states of the UN act in accordance with the principles of the UN, when necessary to maintain international peace \l security;

Non-intervention in the internal affairs of states;

Respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms;

Equality and self-determination of peoples;

cooperation and disarmament.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice.

The structure and content of the UN Charter: the purposes and principles of the UN; members of the organization; bodies, peaceful resolution of disputes; action against a threat to peace; self-governing territories; regional agreements; int. guardianship system.

30. UN General Assembly. United Nations Security Council. Economic and Social Council of the United Nations

General Assembly (GA)- the most representative body of the UN, has the widest competence. GA is a democratic body. Each member, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power, has one vote. Decisions on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the GA members present and voting. Non-member states of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them, can take part in the work of the GA. The GA is headed by the Secretary General.

Competence.

Discusses any questions or matters within the Charter.

Examines the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of peace, including the principle of disarmament, and makes appropriate recommendations.

Considers any questions related to the maintenance of peace.

Promotes international cooperation in the political field and the progressive development of the MP and its codification.

Forms UN bodies, receives reports from them on their activities.

Together with the Security Council elects a member of the Int. court.

Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent - Russia, China, France, Great Britain, USA - and 10 non-permanent - elected by the GA for a period of 2 years. It has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. The Council acts on behalf of the UN member states and is the main executive body of the UN, it is assigned the main role in the peaceful resolution of disputes. Decisions on procedural matters in the Council are taken by a majority of 9 votes. For other issues, a majority of 9 votes is required, but this number must include the votes of the permanent members.

Competence.

Monitoring the implementation of UN principles by states.

Preparation of plans for the regulation of weapons.

Determination of the presence of a threat to the peace, violation of the peace or acts of aggression.

Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) - is responsible for the implementation of the functions set forth in Chapter IX of the UN Charter. Consists of 5 members elected annually by the GA for a period of three years.

Competence.

Undertakes research and reports on int. issues in the field of economy, social sphere, culture, education, health care and similar areas. \

Concludes agreements with specialized institutions and coordinates their activities, receives reports from them.

Liaises with non-governmental int. organizations.