Development and formation of youth organizations in Soviet Russia. The history of youth organizations in Russia: from Russian falcons to the Yunarmiya The history of the emergence of youth organizations

In the era of perestroika, new youth movements began to appear in the Soviet Union, whose members we call informals. Informals existed even before the start of perestroika, but it was at that time that their number increased significantly, and in almost every big city in the USSR one could meet representatives different movements. This post will allow us to understand the diversity of informal societies.

The heyday of the movement based on music lovers, psychedelic and hardrock addictions, which gave rise to an all-Union system of registrations, forest and beach camps, home concerts, as well as hitchhiking, fell on the mid-70s. By the beginning of the 80s, the fashion for hippies swept the capitals, in Moscow hippie communication covered the Boulevard Ring, Arbat and Mayakovsky Square.

Hippie 1984

Hippie. Not far from Tourist, 1988

Hippie. At the entrance to Saigon, 1987

In the 1980s, the movement was revived due to the interest of young people in retro style. These groups appeared in Leningrad under the name of "secretists" in Leningrad, and in Moscow they were called "bravistists" (after the names of the Bravo and Secret groups)

Stilyagi. Anton Teddy and comrades, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Stilyagi. Rus Ziggel and Teddy Boys. Leningrad, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Wide Stilyagi. Moscow, 1987

newwavers

The new wave movement received a rather vague manifestation in Soviet society. Initially based on music lovers in the form of electronic experiments and the aesthetics of post-punk "new romantics", domestic new wavers compiled their external aesthetics on the basis of "clean style", hairstyles of a certain type and make-up, with elements absorbed from other already established movements, ranging from breaking glasses, ending with post-punk "dark style"
After 1985, following the partial legalization of foreign non-radical styles, the popularization of disco and the rise of the metal wave, the general mass of the "new wave" was divided into two camps. Disco fans of foreign pop and branded items and labeled "poppers" because of the fascination with pop music of the 80s. And more advanced mods - new wavers, who were in close contact with the creative underground, experimenting within the framework of mod and post-punk traditions.

Newwavers. Leningrad, 1984

Newwavers. Newwave at MEPhI, 1983

Newwavers. At the Lighthouse, 1990

Breakers

In the early 80s, the echoes of the hip-hop movement reached the Soviet youth, they manifested themselves in the form of the "breakers" movement (according to the unauthorized local definition of the dance style). Originally a lifestyle that combined skateboarding and disco dancing, this style was represented by a small student fashion environment and the "golden youth" of the South-West of Moscow. But by the mid-80s, after the opening of youth cafes and the release of the film "Dancing on the Roof", the breakers were presented only as a dance subculture, with their experiments in the field of appearance.

Breakers. Arbat, 1986. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Breakers. Arbat, 1987. Photo by Yaroslav Maev

Break dance, 1987

rockabilly

The style itself became widespread thanks to the pan-European revival of classic rock and roll and the beginning of the psychobilly movement in the second half of the 80s. In the Soviet Union, this manifestation was superimposed on the New Waver costume fashion, but already after 1986 it became isolated, partly in the Kupchinsky underground (Leningrad), partly rocker (Moscow, Moscow Art Theater), and among the Elvis Presley fan club (Moscow) with party places at the station. metro Revolution Square and the Catacombs (the ruins of the Greek Hall)

Rockabilly. Hedgehog and Moor, 1987

Rockabilly. Leningrad, 1987

Rockabilly. Rockabilly on the Arbat, 1989

The term "rockers" appeared in the early 80s and was originally applied to Soviet fans of rock music. But, already since 1984, the label "rocker" has stuck with hard rock fans, who gravitate towards external styling similar to British "coffee bar cowboys" and American bike clubs. In September 1984 (Coverdale's birthday), the term was raised to the flag by a group of heavy rock fans at the TsPKO. Gorky, and later spread to the first moto gangs of Moscow "Black aces" and "Street wolfs", then to all moto associations until 1989

Rockers, 1987

Rockers, in the backyard of the Moscow Art Theater, 1988

Rockers, Night out, 1988

Metalworkers

Actually, the term “metal-worker” itself originated at philophonic parties in the early 80s, when at the turn of the decades the rhythms of the groups changed, which were previously known as “hard rock” by Soviet standards. The “heavy metal” slogan, traced from foreign magazines, initially applied to “kisomaniacs” and other fans of “hardrock” of the early 80s. Metal corrosion”, “E.S.T.” and other groups of fans began to be called "metalheads" /

Metalworkers from Gorky, 1987

Metalworkers. VDNH, 1986

Metalworkers. XMP-89, Omsk

The most ideological, and at the same time apolitical, movement received its first manifestations at the turn of the 80s. Not possessing the completeness of visual information about foreign analogues, but understanding the effectiveness of the artistic caricature lifestyle, this phenomenon manifested itself in the form of parodic street idiocy, artistic foolishness, gradually acquiring non-Soviet paraphernalia, music and art.
Being the most “offensive” social manifestations for the Soviet menclature (frankly discrediting the image of a Soviet citizen in front of foreign tourists), “Soviet punk” was subjected to the most intense pressure from the Komsomol, the police and gopots. All this led to radicalization; the fusion of punks and rockers, the formation of hardcore, krusty and cyberpunk styles, with the first "Iroquois" on deranged heads of carriers. To the surprise of the representatives of the Soviet punk underground, when information gaps were discovered in the Iron Curtain, it turned out that these manifestations coincided with the advanced global subcultural trends.

Punks. DK Gorbunovo, 1987

Punks. Leningrad, 1986. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Punks. Moscow, 1988

With the filing of the first "new dudes" and having received its starting impetus from the mod movement of the 60s, the USSR received a reverse vector of development from Soviet punk to vintage motifs of the past. At the same time, without losing radicalism at all, the Soviet “mod styling” of the period of avant-garde artistic movements of the 80s became a hallmark for many participants in musical and art projects, uniting diverse artistic people who gravitated towards music omnivorousness and let through all the latest innovations from fashion and music. Such characters, disparagingly referred to in the art environment as “mods”, participated in most key shows and performances, were carriers of the latest fashionable and near-cultural information and often shocked the population with costumes and punk antics parodying socio-menklotura costumes.

Fashion. Moscow, 1988

Fashion. Moscow, 1989. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

Fashion. Chelyabinsk, early 80s

hardmodes

A short-term manifestation of this intermediate foreign style of the 70s occurred at the end of the 80s, in connection with the rallying of radical informal circles during the opposition to pressure and the influx of a new wave of truly marginal elements, following the popularization of informal movements at the turn of 87-88 (accurately after a turning point in street battles with "lubers" and gopniks). It is worth noting that such manifestations in a caricatured ironic form were present in the expanses of our homeland, when radical informals dressed up in protoskinhead outfits, cut their heads bald out of harm, and crowded in crowded places. Frightening with their appearance the policemen and the townsfolk, who in all seriousness listened to Soviet propaganda, that de all informals are fascist thugs. The hardmodes of the late 80s were a sublimation of the punk, rockabilly and militaristic style, and of course, having never heard about how they should be called according to the stylistic classification, they preferred the self-name "streetfighters" and "militarists".

Hardmodes. Red Square, 1988

Hardmodes. Moscow Zoo, 1988

psychobills

Psychobilly, being to a greater extent manifested itself in Leningrad at the turn of the 90s, together with the Swidlers and Meantreitors groups, when groups of young people formalized this direction musically, standing out from the rockabilly environment. But even before that, there were individual characters who fell outside the framework of the new subcultural leagues and preferred rock and roll polymelormania. In terms of dress code, this attraction was close to punk aesthetics.

Psychobills. In the courtyard of a rock club, 1987. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Psychobills. Leningrad, 1989

Psychobills. Muscovites visiting Leningraders, 1988. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

During the clashes with gopniks and "lubers" in the period from 1986 to 1991, special active groups emerged in the rock and heavy metal environment, which at the turn of the 90s were transformed from motto gangs into the first motto clubs. With its visual paraphernalia, modeled on foreign bike clubs, and on heavy motorcycles, modernized by hand or even post-war trophy samples. Already by the 90th year in Moscow it was possible to distinguish the groups "Hell Dogs", "Night wolves", "Сossacs Russia". There were also less long-term motorcycle associations, such as "ms Davydkovo". The self-name bikers, as a symbol of the separation of this stage from the rocker past, was first assigned to the group rallied around Alexander Surgeon, and then spread to the entire motto movement, gradually covering many cities of the post-Soviet space

Bikers. Surgeon, 1989. Photo by Petra Gall

Bikers. Kimirsen, 1990

Bikers. Night Wolves on Pushka, 1989. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Bikers. Theme, 1989

A phenomenon no less multifaceted than the aesthetics of punk, Soviet beatnik originates from the distant 70s. When fashionable decadents visiting haunts, growing their hair below their shoulders and dressed in leather jackets and “beatlovki” fell under this term. This term also included “labukhs” - musicians playing music to order in Soviet restaurants, and simply people outside some kind of “leagues”, leading an isolated and immoral, from the point of view of Soviet aesthetics, lifestyle. This trend by the early 80s was aggravated by a casual appearance, defiant behavior and the presence of some kind of distinctive element in clothing. Be it a hat or a scarf or a bright tie.

Beatniks. Bitnichki, Timur Novikov and Oleg Kotelnikov. Photo by Evgeny Kozlov

Beatniks. Parade on the first of April, Leningrad-83

Beatniks. Chelyabinsk, late 70s

The movement, which originated in the late 70s and consisted of "kuzmichi" (simple stadium visitors) and traveling elite who accompanied teams to matches in other cities, by the beginning of the 80s had found its own regional leaders, acquired "gangs", merchandise and turned into football-related communication. Following the quick start of Spartak fans (the most famous center of the party in the early 80s was the beer bar "Sayany" at the Schelkovskaya metro station), who held their city actions and parades, "gangs" around other teams began to appear just as quickly

Fans. Moscow, 1988. Photo by Victoria Ivleva

Fans. Moscow-81. Photo by Igor Mukhin

Fans. Acceptance of a Zenith fan in Dnepropetrovsk-83

A peculiar direction formed at the junction of the bodybuilding hobby and the youth supervision program.
Initially assigned to a local group of people from Lyubertsy, who often stay in the capital in places of recreation for young people, since 87 the name "Lyubera" has been interpolated not only to heterogeneous groups that do not have connections with each other, but also to larger groups that concentrated during this period in the Central Park of Culture named after Gorky and Arbat. Zhdan, Lytkarinsky, state farm Moscow, Podolsky, Karacharovsky, Naberezhnye Chelnovskaya, Kazan - this is an incomplete list of the "brotherhood near Moscow" that tried to control not only the designated territories, but also other hot places and railway station squares. Initially encouraged by the authorities who hoped to place these formations in the canvas of the "people's squad" ", these groups did not have a common dress code except for sportswear, but they also had conflicting interests consolidated only as part of aggression against fashionistas and "informals".

Luber. 1988

Luber. Africa and Lubera, 1986 Photo by Sergey Borisov

Before talking about youth organizations, let's agree that by organization we will understand a social system that is generated, by design, in accordance with a certain ideology, common goal and particular tasks. The organization is created in accordance with the charter, regulation or instruction that prescribes its goals, objectives, principles of structure and functioning; has an administrative-administrative and executive mechanism (apparatus).

Socio-economic and socio-political processes in the Russian Federation, which led to the weakening of state control over society as a whole and the individual in particular, led to the differentiation of the children's and youth movement, significantly changed its essence. This process, with all its contradictions, could be observed in our country in the 1980s, when more than 60,000 different kinds of youth associations arose instead of the single and only communist youth union. First of all, the number and role of informal associations is growing, since it was precisely with informal movements - various political circles, clubs, the movement of bards, and then the rock movement - that the concept of a genuine social movement in the USSR was associated. Among the emerging informal associations, one can single out asocial (“majors” or high-lifeists, hippies, rockabilly), anti-social (“gangs”), pro-social (“green”, animal protection society).

In September 1991, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union ceased to exist. Komsomol lost its position as the only youth organization in the country that controls the entire youth movement. In January 1993, the Komsomol was recreated by the activists and patriots of the former youth movement. The legal successor of the regional organization of the Komsomol (LKSM RSFSR) was the regional organization of the RSM - the Russian Union of Youth. At the congress of the renewed youth communist organization, cardinal changes were made to the Program and the Charter of the Komsomol. But that's a completely different story.

The history of modern youth movements began in May 2005, when the newly emerged pro-Kremlin movement Nashi, which positioned itself as anti-fascist, held its mass action. 60 thousand young people who took to the streets of Moscow in honor of the 60th anniversary of the Victory gave red carnations to veterans of the Great Patriotic War. Such a scale of the action was intended to show that a new force has appeared in our society, which will become an important part of political life. The movement's manifesto says: “History is the change of generations. Every generation has a chance to go unnoticed or change the world. We are those who believe in the future of Russia and believe that its fate is in our hands.” Today in Russia there are more than 427 thousand youth and children's public associations. Among them are all-Russian, international, interregional, regional, local. According to sociologists, more than half of young people support their existence, while half as many would like to join them. In reality, 4% of Russian youth are members of youth public associations.

With the proclamation of the principles of pluralism in all spheres of public life, a turbulent process of creating new and reviving old, pre-revolutionary public formations children and youth, designed to become an alternative to the official organizations that are in deep crisis. In addition, a great many specialized associations of children and youth are being created according to their interests: Junkor, environmental, etc. Resurgent scout organizations are rapidly gaining strength. The emergence of such a wide range of public associations and programs they implement instead of a single ideology and methodology of educational work determines the differentiation of the youth movement in Russia. And although their quantitative growth is not adequate to their qualitative composition, the importance of youth public organizations in the process of the formation of the Russian state should be especially noted. Uniting on the grounds of common interests, children's and youth organizations contribute to the implementation of the main strategy of youth policy - the oriented solution of the problems of a particular person, group, community. Despite the growth trend in the number of organizations and their members, they are still not massive. In the authorities and in the media, there are remarks about the impotence of even the largest youth organizations, their artificiality, weak connection with the youth and inability to work. But many experts note that this is an inaccurate position, since youth and children's associations are a necessary link in the self-realization of the individual, the socialization of young people, and, ultimately, the formation of the rule of law and civil society.

Youth organizations that exist in modern Russia can be classified on various grounds.

With respect to politics and political structures These organizations can be divided into 4 groups:

• 1) Apolitical - their activities are politically indifferent (creative, sports organizations, associations of interest).
• 2) Ideological - leaders and leaders who are silent about any relation to politics, political structures or reject the very possibility of participating in the political process. They are created "in the interests of protecting the rights and realizing the interests of youth, the development of the personality, its civic formation." Such organizations, for example, include civil-patriotic, search associations.
• 3) Political - youth organizations created under certain political associations and operating within a strictly defined ideological framework. Examples include the Fatherland youth union, the all-Russian organization Youth Unity, and other youth wings of political parties.
• 4) Political and educational - public associations aimed at training future representatives of the Russian political elite. The peculiarities of the activities of such formations are: firstly, the lack of orientation towards the doctrine of a particular political party; secondly, orientation to the political enlightenment of the members of the association; thirdly, non-professional political activity of adolescents and young men, internships in government structures, participation in the work of public commissions, committees, foundations, voluntary work as assistants to deputies, politicians, etc.

The range of activities includes:

• 1) Organizations that single out priority areas in their activities - creative, search, military-patriotic, socio-political, sports, religious, cultural and leisure, historical, professional (Youth Union of Lawyers), social orientation.
• 2). Organizations that organize activities within the free time of young people without allocating priority areas- Headquarters and unions of student youth, student organizations.
• 3). Organizations that implement a wide range of activities are usually the largest. Such youth public associations in Russia are:
  • - All-Russian Association of Public Associations "National Council of Youth and Children's Associations of Russia";
  • - All-Russian public organization "National system for the development of scientific, creative and innovative activities of the youth of Russia "Integration";
  • - All-Russian public organization "Russian Union of Youth",
  • - All-Russian public organization "Children's and Youth Social Initiatives" (DIMSI);
  • - All-Russian public organization "Union of WWC of Russia";
  • - All-Russian public organization "Youth Union of Lawyers of the Russian Federation",
  • - All-Russian public organization "National Youth League",
  • - All-Russian public organization "Youth Unity".

Among these, one of the largest all-Russian youth organizations today is the Russian Union of Youth. Today RSM is the largest all-Russian youth organization in Russia. Territorial RSM organizations operate in 76 regions of the Russian Federation, about 5 million young people participate in RSM programs. Since its inception in 1990 to this day, the organization's activities have been aimed at developing and developing the personality of a young person, at implementing programs that allow boys and girls to realize their potential, express themselves, and find their place in life. Legally and structurally, the RSM is the legal successor of the Russian Komsomol, but since 1991 it has been a non-political, non-state, non-profit, independent organization, which works in all spheres of life and activity of young people: career guidance and employment, education and culture, leisure and sports.

According to the regional coverage, organizations are divided into:

• 1) Regional - city, district, regional, regional, etc. An important characteristic of the modern social movement is its uneven distribution throughout the country. Most of the unions of children and youth are concentrated in large cities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Volgograd, Saratov, in some other large economic centers, in the capitals of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation. Registers of children's and youth public associations are being formed at the regional level as the basis for their state support.
• 2) Interregional. Often such organizations are created on the basis of association of several youth organizations.
• 3) International. Currently, branches of such international youth organizations as the Christian Association of Young People, scout organizations in different regions, the branch of the World Fellowship of Orthodox Youth "Syndesmos" and others operate in the Russian Federation.

According to the level of interaction with the state, we can distinguish:

• 1) Included in the Registers of organizations supported by the state. This means the possibility of interaction with the state at the level of partial financing of the programs of these organizations. As of December 31, 1997, the Federal Register included 48 organizations, 32 of which were youth organizations. In 2003, there were 61 public organizations in the Federal Register, of which 44 were youth and 17 were children's.
• 2) Not included in the Registers, but registered with the justice authorities. For example, according to the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, at the beginning of 2002, 79 all-Russian and international youth and children's public associations were registered in the Russian Federation.
• 3) Not registered with the justice authorities of the Russian Federation, but carrying out their activities on the basis of constituent documents and not pursuing anti-state goals. Unfortunately, most of the youth organizations remain such, as the procedure for registering public associations is constantly becoming more complicated.

There is currently a discussion about whether youth organizations should be large and massive, or whether they should be small, but free from pressure from the state or any political forces, in order to prevent a return to the universality and inclusiveness of a single youth movement. So, V.I. Skorobogatova, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Union of Youth, believes that: “we must part with the ideas of creating federal organizations from above, uniting all young people like the Komsomol, which from time to time arises in different minds: officials, politicians, scientists, heads of subjects of the federation.”

In our region, the active development of the children's and youth movement began in 1996, when the first regional program "Youth of the Trans-Urals" was adopted. From that moment on, state support for associations began to be systemic and stable. Young people realized that from now on they are considered not only as a demographic category, but also as an important part of society, without which the full development of all spheres of public life is impossible. Young people also realized that their initiatives, ideas and projects are interesting and necessary for the Trans-Urals, and received a guarantee of support.

State support for youth and children's public associations on the territory of the Kurgan region is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of June 18, 1995 No. 98-FZ "On State Support for Youth and Children's Public Associations" and the Law of the Kurgan Region of February 10, 1997 No. 12 "On State support of youth and children's public associations in the Kurgan region”.

According to the Department of Justice in the Kurgan region, about 40 youth and children's public associations are registered, of which 17 have state support (Appendix 15). There are about 500 children's and youth public associations that have not been officially registered. About 46,000 young people participate in the programs and projects of public associations. The main directions in their work: prevention of asocial phenomena; environmental education; patriotic education; organization of employment of children and youth; solution of social problems of youth; development of sports and tourism.

In Shadrinsk, work with youth is organized by the Youth Policy Committee. The main activities of the committee are civil-patriotic, moral formation and self-determination of youth, solving socio-economic problems of youth, social support for youth and young families, aesthetic education, intellectual, creative and physical development youth. The target complex program of youth policy "Youth of the city of Shadrinsk 2008-2009" is being implemented in the city. Within the framework of which are implemented: the program of interdepartmental interaction with the media "Interaction", the program for identifying and developing talented youth in the city of Shadrinsk "Rodnik", the program for the prevention of socially negative phenomena among children and youth "Leader", a program aimed at on the integration of difficult teenagers into society "Vector of Success", the program for organizing leisure and employment of teenagers "Men", the project for employment "Our City" and the program aimed at preventing negative phenomena in the youth environment "Perspektiva". For more than 10 years, the city has been hosting a hockey tournament among children's and youth yard teams "Golden Puck", a family sports festival "Dad, Mom, I am a sports family", a football tournament among children's and youth teams for the prize of the "Leather Ball" club, the festival of young performers "Living Spring" and the City season of KVN games. Such events as the amateur art festival among educational institutions of the city “Colors of Life”, the festival of contemporary music “City on the Iset” have become permanent. The work of the “Our City” detachment is being organized, which is engaged in the improvement and gardening of the city, organizing leisure activities for children, helping the disabled and veterans.

In Shadrinsk, according to statistics for 2008, there are 21,815 young people from 14 to 30, which is 28.5% of the total population, of which more than 2,400 people are members of youth public associations of the city of Shadrinsk, which is more than 11% of all Shadrin youth. In total, 15 youth public associations have been created in our city, 8 of which are registered with the justice authorities and 7 are not registered. The directions of work in these associations are very different. The Weightlifting Federation promotes a healthy lifestyle, trains athletes, improves sportsmanship.

“Sports Club “Junior” promotes motorcycling among the youth of the city, and “City Club of Tourists” organizes leisure activities, promotes and implements a healthy lifestyle, and implements a program for the organization and development of sports and health tourism. The main direction of the work of the Public Organization of the Shadrinsk City Aviation Sports and Technical Association is the military-patriotic education of the younger generation, pre-university training of students for admission to aviation educational institutions. The activity of the sports boxing club "Medved" is to promote a healthy lifestyle. Physical training and improvement of sportsmanship. Children's and Youth Center. Poddubny development and popularization of Greco-Roman wrestling. The Union of Youth of JSC SHAAZ is engaged in local history, charitable, patronage, health-saving, artistic and aesthetic work. The youth movement "Leader" is engaged in promoting a healthy lifestyle, preventing drug addiction, HIV infection, antisocial behavior and developing leadership skills.

Having become acquainted with the activities of urban youth organizations, I am convinced that they not only create a field for social activity, but also an opportunity for the manifestation of social and civic feelings, common experiences, and the desire for transformation.

Fund poll results Public opinion» 69% of the Russian population recognizes the importance of the fact that young people should participate in the public life of the country, however, 75% could not name a single youth movement that exists in Russia.

To find out the opinion and attitude towards the youth movement among the young people of our city, a sociological survey was conducted. A total of 178 people took part in the survey. Among the respondents there are 64 students of gymnasium No. 9, 43 students of PU-15, 48 students of the Financial College and 23 students of the Pedagogical Institute. The results of the survey showed that only 18% were able to name all-Union youth organizations. The most famous were the Nashi and Young Guard movements. It is worth noting that the students of gymnasium No. 9 and PU-15 turned out to be the most knowledgeable. Almost 8% of respondents still included the Komsomol in the number of all-Russian youth organizations. Almost 57% of respondents know the city movement "Leader". To the question: “How do you feel about youth movements?” more than 50% answered positively, 48.5% neutrally and only 1% negatively. Among the respondents, only 7% are members of youth organizations, and only 9% are going to join them. In one of the questions, respondents were asked to indicate the reasons why they do not join youth organizations. Among the main reasons, 36% named lack of time, 32% have no desire, and 21% noted laziness. 33% of respondents believe that young people join various organizations and movements for self-realization, 39% to do something and 27% to defend their ideas. The results of the survey showed that, in general, young people have a positive attitude towards youth organizations, but they have little interest in and know about public youth movements at the all-Russian and regional level. Among the youth organizations of our city, they are mainly called "Leader" and they know nothing about other associations at all.

Today it is important to realize that in order to build a state of law, changes in the political culture of society are necessary. Therefore, the active involvement of young people in the social process is becoming increasingly important. Despite the fact that in our city a lot of work is being done with young people by the Youth Policy Committee and youth public organizations, this is not enough. We, young people, need to be taught to understand political problems, to instill a culture of political discussions, to acquaint us with social and political activities, while protecting us from extremist actions, focusing on upholding the interests of young people within the legal framework.

1.1 Development and formation of youth organizations in Soviet Russia

At the beginning of the 20th century, due to the increased attention of society to children, the idea of ​​creating a harmoniously developed personality gained popularity. It was also not lost sight of the fact that young people educated in this way would eventually be able to overcome class antagonism. State structures were also interested in a healthy, full-fledged younger generation - after all, this is the future workforce, the army reserve.

Serious shifts have taken place in the theory and practice of upbringing and education. The reduction in the length of the working day for children and adolescents has led to an increase in their free time and the problem of its constructive employment. Education has become a matter of national importance. Compulsory education laws have been introduced in many countries. The state took on some of the burden of education. The problem of juvenile delinquency began to be solved quite differently.

The socio-economic situation (living and working conditions, isolation of estates), traditions of education (patriarchy), school officialdom (rules for students), control by the Russian Orthodox Church did not allow children and adolescents to go beyond the established system.

One of the attempts to create public youth organizations in pre-revolutionary Russia was the emergence of scouts. Having arisen at the beginning of the 20th century, this movement used and combined bit by bit the experience of pre-existing children's and youth organizations, some gymnastic societies and sports clubs.

The year 1917, which split Russia into reds and whites, went through a deep crack in scouting as well. Most of the scouts chose the side of the whites, but there were also red scouts. Yesterday's patrol brothers sometimes became mortal enemies.

The new government was wary of the existing scout detachments, and then, by the hands of the Komsomol and law enforcement, began the targeted destruction of scouting in Russia. It can be said that the state tried to subjugate youth organizations.

Part of the scoutmasters was forced to start organizing detachments of a "new type", so the first groups began to appear, later called "pioneer".

The pioneer organization was born and developed in our country in the conditions of revolutionary transformations in Russia, in the world as a whole, associated with the spread of the ideas of communism, socialism, the aggravation of class contradictions in the capitalist countries and especially in Russia.

Pioneer organization - part of the pioneering - branches children's movement, a specific socio-pedagogical, cultural phenomenon of the XX century.

Unlike other directions, types, forms of the children's movement, the pioneer movement basically has several sources.

The first source is the international working-class, revolutionary, communist movement, in which children were also drawn.

The second source is the children's movement itself (in the world and in Russia), manifested in the experience of creating and operating a wide variety of children's communities (scouts, falcons, amusing, student organizations, agricultural unions, amateur clubs, circles of various content orientations).

The third source is the specific socio-political conditions in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (after the events of 1917).

The birth and development of pioneering reflected in the originality of its structures, forms, the nature of its relations with state and socio-political institutions, contributed to its transformation into an organic part of the Soviet state, its political system and its history.

It was the new ideology of the movement, its goals, principles, direction of content that became the subject of heated discussions of the Komsomol, the party, educational authorities, and the pedagogical community during these years. To study these issues, a special state-public commission was created, which included N. K. Krupskaya, E. M. Yaroslavsky, V. A. Zorin, V. F. Vasyutin and others.

An important role in the creation of the children's organization was played by the III Congress of the Komsomol (1920), at which V. I. Lenin made a keynote speech, defining the tasks of youth unions.

The children's movement was seen as "an urgent need for the self-organization of proletarian children", which aims to unite, educate and prepare the masses to fight for the interests of the proletariat.

All groups united in the "organization of young pioneers" at the local organization of the Russian Komsomol Union of Youth (RKSM), headed by a council appointed by the committee of the RKSM. In order to implement amateur performances, children were asked to elect various commissions from among themselves, and even a comrades' court.

In the materials of the V Congress of the RKSM, the provision on the pioneers - the change of the Komsomol - was fixed. The temporary bureau was transformed into the Central Bureau of Children's Communist Groups of Young Pioneers (TsB UP). It included S. Tarkhanov, V. Zorin, I. Zhukov, A. V. Lunacharsky, N. K. Krupskaya. The number of pioneers is growing. Serious discussions continue on important issues: about leadership, about the target orientation of activities, about basing detachments, etc. .

The assignment of the organization of young pioneers named after V. I. Lenin in 1924 (before that, the detachments of young pioneers were named after Spartak) gave a powerful impetus to the growth of its ranks.

By 1924, pioneer organizations had been created in all the Union republics. A single “Organizational position of the Children's Communist Organization of Young Pioneers named after comrade was adopted. Lenin” (August, 1924), which consolidated the fact of the creation and organizational design of a single pioneer organization, as a means of educating a new generation of builders of a socialist society.

In March 1926, the pioneer organization became known as the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V.I. Lenin. The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at the Komsomol cells of factories, factories, institutions; participated in subbotniks, helped in the fight against child homelessness, in the elimination of illiteracy.

By the end of the 30s. the restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was completed according to the so-called school principle: the class is a detachment, the school is a pioneer team. Military defense work was launched in the pioneer collectives; circles of young shooters, orderlies, signalmen were created, military sports games were held.

In the late 40s - early 50s. The All-Union Pioneer Organization participated in the restoration of destroyed cities and villages, the pioneer movement "Let's Decorate the Motherland with Gardens" began, and all-Union expeditions to study the native land were held. The plenum pointed out that the main task of the Pioneer organization is the wide involvement of Pioneers in active social and political work and, above all, in socially useful work. The plenum emphasized that the forms and methods of activity of a pioneer organization should differ from the forms and methods of educational work at school; the activities of pioneer squads should not be limited to the framework of the school.

In 1962, the All-Union Pioneer Organization was awarded the Order of Lenin for its great work in the communist upbringing of children and in connection with its 40th anniversary.

The 16th Congress of the Komsomol (1970) adopted an appeal to all the pioneers of the USSR in connection with the preparations for the 50th anniversary of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V. I. Lenin. The address, the resolution of the congress, and the recommendations of the section "Komsomol, Pioneer Organization and School" give a specific program for the activities of the Pioneer Organization at the present stage, and outline ways to increase the role of Pioneer groups in improving the educational process at school. The congress gave Special attention issues of training pioneer workers.

A concrete embodiment of the amateur character of a pioneer organization is pioneer self-government (council of a detachment, teams, district, city headquarters of young pioneers, periodically held rallies). Each detachment had its representatives in the assets of the squad, the squad - in the city and district headquarters.

A very noticeable phenomenon in the field of children's leisure in the late 30s and early 40s was the "Timur movement". It unfolded in the USSR among pioneers and schoolchildren in the early 1940s. under the influence of A.P. Gaidar's story "Timur and his team". Timurovites provided assistance to the families of military personnel during the Great Patriotic War, the elderly, collective farms and state farms in agricultural work, kindergartens, improvement of settlements, points, care for the graves of dead soldiers, etc.

According to the researcher of the Timurov movement V.P. Tatarova, the Timurov team was conceived by A.P. Gaidar as "an alternative to the pioneer organization, then, in the 30s, already tightly fastened to the school, bureaucratic, dull. He, by his own admission , prepared - and prepared! - a "bomb" for her.

The methodology proposed by A.P. Gaidar to children (in the form of a story) for organizing an amateur initiative association of “children themselves” who take care of their elders looked suspicious for the late 1930s. However, the story was published thanks to N. A. Mikhailov, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, who took responsibility.

During the war years there was a mass movement. In 1942, the Moscow Bolshevik newspaper wrote that in Moscow the Pioneer organization was disbanded, and its role was actually replaced by Timur's teams. The Komsomol was concerned about the situation. According to the memoirs of N. A. Mikhailov, the movement acquired such a broad character that the Komsomol organizations had to think about how to make this movement organically flow into the work of the pioneer organization?

The Timurovites themselves did not feel any particular desire to “join” the pioneer organization, but the Komsomol tried to use this movement as a “form of work”. As Tatarova writes, “Komsomol, pioneer bodies hurried to take them into their hands. Drive them into pioneer formations, chain them to the school; hand them over to those descending from above with circulars and “scientific recommendations.” And, alas, it worked out. Hopes for a revival sparked during the "thaw" of the 50-60s, when the Timurovites broke out, it was from schools to courtyards ... ".

The Timur movement did not die at the end of the 1950s, but "passed on the baton" to the communard movement.

The communitarian movement is an informal association that arose in the 60s of the XX century, linking communitarian clubs - informal groups, to one degree or another, are followers of a certain pedagogical methodology, which is known in the pedagogical literature under the names: communitarian methodology, the methodology of collective creative affairs, the methodology of I .P. Ivanov, Orlyat method, etc. The term "communard movement" appeared in the press around 1963, when hundreds of "sections of the club of Young Communards" appeared in the country (club of the YUK, KUK). The "incubation period" of this movement began much earlier - in the mid-1950s. On the initiative of the Leningrad philosopher and teacher-researcher I.P. Ivanov, in 1956 a small youth initiative subcultural association of teachers "Union of Enthusiasts" ("SEN") was created in Leningrad. Initially, it was a circle of predominantly pioneer leaders (L. G. Borisova and others), who were extremely dissatisfied with their contemporary domestic pedagogy, which dominated the system of educational work in the pioneer organization.

The "incubation period" lasted until March 1959, i.e., until the time when the "SEN" created a consolidated regional pioneer squad at the House of Pioneers of the Frunzensky District of Leningrad, called the "Community of Young Frunze Citizens" (KYUF).

The term "commune" was taken to designate a new type of out-of-school educational group. From the very beginning, the KYUF has become an amateur initiative self-governing subcultural association of children and their "older friends". In essence - an informal association, although it was officially considered a "district school of pioneer activists."

But in essence, the KYuF has become the antipode of "schools of pioneer activists", which "trained" "elected pioneer activists" by the usual methods of "educational practice" for general education schools. KYUF, first of all, provided the conditions for "life practice", the conditions for self-realization. Not without reason, the "Kyufites" liked to emphasize that "no one ever teaches in a commune, they live in a commune."

Objectively, both upbringing and training took place in the KYuF, but this was carried out in accordance with the principle of a "hidden pedagogical position" and was done not by means of "open educational influence", but indirectly through the organization of "educational situations", through an educational "collective creative activity" .

“There was the experience of the Young Frunze community in Leningrad - a good school for the ideological hardening of the pioneer and Komsomol activists. However, other communes created following its example turned into peculiar sections within the school Komsomol organizations, opposed themselves to them, tried to almost completely replace the school Komsomol. Members sections of young Communards, not trying to improve the content of the work of school Komsomol organizations, indiscriminately criticized them. This led to an incorrect, simplified understanding of the charter of the Komsomol. Instead of it, their own laws, distinguished by empty phraseology, the absence of specific content. It is quite natural that this form of work died so as soon as she was born..."

The leading Komsomol functionaries were more and more inclined to regard the YUK Club as a "form of work of the school Komsomol", as a "school of Komsomol activists". Attempts began to be made to declare the entire "school Komsomol" Communards. The leaders of the movement began to resist the attempts of the Komsomol to subdue it and formalize it. The leaders of the student youth department of the Komsomol Central Committee insisted on the unification of the forms of life of communal associations. Most of the leaders of the unification movement did not agree and it was announced to them that in this case further fate communard associations will depend on their relationship with the local Komsomol organs. The "thaw" was ending, and by the end of the 1960s, there was less and less desire to be a "guard of the Komsomol" among young Communards.

An important event not only for the “communard movement”, but for the entire “social-pedagogical movement” was the January 1968 meeting of the Sverdlovsk South Caucasus Club " scarlet sail". The participants of the gathering came to the conclusion that the experience of the "communard movement" contributes to the prevention of alienation and versatile education. However, for greater efficiency in the development of culture, it was considered expedient to introduce a number of changes into the traditional "communard methodology".

We can say that there was a process of pedagogization. If the first decade of the “communard movement” was marked by a sharp opposition of “life practice” to “educational practice”, education mediated by education to “open”, then its new decade was assumed, predicted and projected as a combination of “life practice” with “educational practice”, a combination of pedagogy " hidden pedagogical influences" with the pedagogy of "open pedagogical position".

Indeed, the 1970s were marked by a "movement of pedagogical detachments," which was later joined by those who at first opposed the "open pedagogical position." The transition from the communitarian movement" to the "sub-detachment movement" was not simple, painful, but necessary under the conditions of the "era of stagnation". This "transitional period" was in relation to the "pedo-detachment movement" and a kind of "incubation period" during which a kind of "laboratory" (experimental) work to transform the "model" of the "communard association" into the "model" of the "teaching team".

At the end of 1970, when the first generation of "cult army commissars" was raised, the young "Orion" cultural soldiers were invited by the Department of Pedagogy and the Komsomol Committee of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin to create the first "Experimental Pedagogical Detachment" in Moscow and the country. Of the three "outposts" of this ESPO, created in the "red corners" of different Moscow microdistricts, one "survived" (and celebrated its 30th anniversary). And he "survived", probably primarily because of the most consistent implementation of "commander's pedagogy" and "cultural methods".

ESPO "laid the foundation" of a mass movement of student pedagogical teams.

At the very beginning of the movement of the pedagogical detachments, on the initiative of the Moscow ESPO, regular meetings of the pedagogical detachments and the Leningrad KIM began, at one of which it was decided to name (at the suggestion of I.P. Ivanov) this community "Kommunarsky-Makarenkovskiy Commonwealth" (KMS). Under this name (and with the support of the Pedagogical Society of the Russian Federation), the CCM held 13 all-Russian rallies and several more after changing the name to "Creative Commonwealth of Makarenko's Komsomol Pedagogical Detachments."

The subsequent history of the movement of pedagogical detachments showed that it was precisely those detachments that retained "commander pedagogy" that lived longer than others. But KIM himself turned out to be for a long time in a deep crisis, ceased to exist as a student commune and has "aftereffect" in a completely different capacity - in the form of the association "Pedagogy of Social Creativity". This public organization is of great importance as "the custodian and interpreter of the scientific and methodological heritage of IP Ivanov." But in this capacity, the "Kimovtsy" community has largely lost its role as a "school of organizing teachers" and, even more so, as a "team of communist education enthusiasts."

After the Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League on the creation of pedagogical detachments was adopted in 1976, they began to be created without fail everywhere. The Komsomol undertook to lead the organization of rallies of pedagogical detachments. Soon the amateur movement was "formalized" and compromised. A few years later, nothing remained of the pedagogical detachments organized by the command of the Komsomol. Some detachments (that arose even before the Decree) continued to work.

Thus, it can be noted that all youth organizations in the Soviet era were created to educate the younger generation and were considered as part of the communist education system. This system included pioneers, communards and pedagogical detachments. But, in order not to grow an ideology alien to politics, and in order for the country to have a single system of education and the communal movement, the Komsomol tried to subjugate the pedagogical detachments. Thus, the main youth organizations that existed in the USSR remained pioneering and the Komsomol, whose activities were regulated by the Communist Party.

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Report on social pedagogy and self-knowledge

Children's public organizations in the USSR and modern Russia

Performed:

Redkina Elena, 2nd year

Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2013

1.1 Scout organization

1. Children's public organizations in the USSR

1.1 Scout organization

Children's public organization - a voluntary amateur and self-governing association of children and adults, created for joint activities based on common goals and interests; form of children's movement.

In Russia, the first organizations for children and youth appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in Moscow: student organizations, May Unions (a movement to protect animals and birds), Artels of Workers, partnerships, and summer playgrounds were created. But the first mass children's movement in Russia was the scout movement.

The Scout Organization is a voluntary, non-political, educational Movement that helps young people learn to think independently.

The Scout method is simple and straightforward. In Scouting there are effective techniques and methods of organizing cooperation. These techniques socialize and expand the boundaries of the adolescent's self-awareness.

The first scout organizations in the Russian Empire arose in 1909. April 30, 1909 Captain O.I. Pantyukhov organized in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg the first patrol of Russian scouts of 7 boys.

The GOALS of scouting are aimed at the development of the body and spirit of children and adolescents, their acquisition of a common life and social experience, and the development of moral qualities.

Scouting teaches respect for nature and survival in natural conditions.

Scouting teaches socialization: overcoming difficulties, individual friendship and willingness to support a multi-million Scout troop: "Scouting is a huge family."

Scouting develops a value attitude towards the religion of its people.

Scouts learn to help each other, each other's families, neighbours, the people of their own country and people of all countries. Scouting teaches friendship, camaraderie.

Scouting builds the capacity for personal responsibility and prepares for social maturity.

Scouting comes from the joint life and activities of teenagers. In adolescence, as you know, communication with peers in all activities acquires exceptional significance. Mutual interest, joint comprehension of the surrounding world and each other become valuable in themselves. Therefore, Scouting responds to the adolescent's need for peers.

Scouting has its own symbols. These are the Scout emblem, Scout insignia and symbols. Scouts wear insignia in the form of sleeve patches that signify their accomplishments. Scouts are required to wear a neckerchief (tie). Ties in various scout patrols and groups of a wide variety of colors - they can be close to the colors of the coat of arms of the region, city, area. Scouts wear a uniform - today the uniform is different, it depends on geographical conditions, national traditions, etc.

Adolescents are biased towards the reality of sign systems that exist in the human environment. They strive to delve into their essence, to know the mystery of their meanings and meanings. But since teenagers are psychologically oriented to live and act in a coveted association, in “We”, they are psychologically ready to accept their unifying system of their own signs that belong to them, which, as in the adult world, denote a hierarchy of relationships, symbolize nationality and much more. .

In addition to signs of objects, Scouting invented signs-gestures.

Raised hand, palm open forward, three straightened middle fingers pressed together by the connected little finger and thumb. A Scout does this whenever he pronounces a Scout Promise and a Scout Law. Scout salute - to the national flag, as respect for one's state, to the scout leader, as a sign of respect for Scouting.

Scout handshake with the left hand - as a sign of friendliness and devotion. Gestures as signs exchanged between adolescents have a deep psychological appeal.

Ideology. It is important for Scouting to learn the Promise.

The promise is written in different words in different countries, but the essence of the promise is the same. "I promise to do everything to fulfill my duty to God and my country, to help others and to obey the law of the scouting group."

All words of the Promise are specially deciphered.

"I promise" means to keep my word.

“I will do everything in my power” means to make every effort so that the work that I have undertaken has a good result.

"To fulfill my duty to God" is to know the symbols of one's religion; follow her spiritual precepts; use the rites of their religion in Everyday life; where and how to perform the rites of prayer.

"To fulfill my duty to my country" means to take care of my country; be proud of your country; protect your rights and the rights of others; respect the environment; know how your country differs from other countries; know the main events of the history of their country; know and obey the laws of their country.

“Helping other people” means helping even when it is not asked for; don't expect rewards for good deeds.

It is important for Scouting to remember and follow the Scout law.

Each of the eleven points of the Scout law is expressed briefly, but filled with a deep and clear meaning.

one). The scout's honor is to be trusted.

2). Scout is correct.

3). The Scout's duty is to be useful and to help others.

four). A Scout is a friend to all and a brother to every Scout.

5). Scout is polite.

6). Scout is a friend of animals.

7). Scout unquestioningly obeys his parents, as well as the orders of the leader: patrol, scoutmaster.

eight). Scout smiles and does not lose heart in any difficulties.

9). Scout is frugal.

ten). The Scout is pure in thought, word and deed.

eleven). A scout is faithful to God, devoted to his parents, Motherland and superiors.

The success of the method lies in the fact that from game situations, natural for the age of competition and testing oneself with physical difficulties, the teenager gradually moves to tests of a moral nature. He masters such concepts as honor, common sense, restraint, cleanliness, responsibility, confidence, will. Discussing these concepts among peers, he practically masters the qualities of character that stand behind these concepts. The Scout is oriented towards being ready for life. He must be collected, alert, must learn. Only he himself will determine the fullness of every moment of life. He should perceive life as a holiday and rejoice in the holiday of life. You should try to live fully every minute of your life.

After 1917, this movement began to be seen as hostile to Soviet power, although the ideology of the pioneer movement absorbed much from scouting. In 1922 scouting was banned in Russia.

1.2 Communist youth organizations (Octobers, Pioneers, Komsomol members)

The structure of communist youth organizations USSR:

The October organization is composed of primary school students;

Pioneer organization - consists of middle school students;

Komsomol organization - young people aged 14 to 28 are included;

In the year when scouting was banned in Russia, the first detachments of young pioneers appeared in Moscow. In May, the first pioneer bonfire was lit in Sokolniki.

In 1924, the pioneer organization was renamed the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. The first All-Union meeting of pioneers took place in 1929 in Moscow. The first detachments of the children's communist organization were located at enterprises, or at the place of residence of the pioneers. Only in 1934 were the pioneer squads transferred to school, and the pedagogical position of the senior counselor-leader of the pioneer squad was introduced to work with them.

Modeled after the scouting movement, the pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: the system was all-inclusive state in nature and aimed at raising children as citizens completely devoted to the communist party and the Soviet state.

The structure of the pioneer organization.

Link - 5-10 pioneers, leader - link pioneer.

Detachment - 30-40 pioneers, usually a class of a comprehensive school, the chairman of the council of the detachment and its flag - a pioneer elected by the detachment.

The team is the pioneer organization of the school, 300-400 pioneers, the chairman of the council of the team is a pioneer leader or a young teacher-Komsomol member, and his flag is a pioneer elected by the squad.

The district pioneer organization - all detachments and squads of the educational institutions of the district, is headed by the chairman of the council of the district pioneer organization - the head of the district committee department or the third secretary of the district committee of the Komsomol. The regional pioneer organization - all detachments and squads, regional organizations of the region, is headed by the chairman of the council of the regional pioneer organization - the head of the department of the regional committee or the third secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol.

All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin - united all the pioneer organizations of the USSR, headed the organization of the Central Council, headed by the secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (the last chairman of the Central Council was the secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League Shvetsova L.I.).

The tasks of the pioneer organization were as follows:

1 - learn communism.

2 - fight for knowledge.

3 - to form an active position of a pioneer.

The working methods of the pioneer organization were largely borrowed from Scouting. The principles of organizing a pioneer organization coincide in their structure with the principle of building Scouting, but in ideology they are fundamentally different. The pioneer organization has its own symbols. A symbol in the pioneer movement is a symbol for a certain socio-political idea, which emphasizes the communist orientation of the activities of the organization of young pioneers. The main symbols of the pioneer movement are:

Name of a member of the children's communist organization;

Pioneer motto;

The solemn promise of the pioneer of the Soviet Union:

Laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union;

Red banner of a pioneer organization or squad;

Red flag of the detachment;

Red tie and pioneer badge;

Pioneer salute;

The honorific name of a squad or detachment.

The whole set of symbols is united by a common name - the symbols of the pioneer organization Red Banner and Red Flag. The Communist Party and the Komsomol entrusted pioneer organizations and squads with the right to have the Red Banner, the detachment - the red pioneer flag. These were symbols of the young generation's loyalty to the cause of the October Revolution, the cause of the Communist Party, a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland, honor and unity of the pioneers.

The pioneer badge is an image of a five-pointed red star (a symbol of unity, the workers of the five continents) with the profile of V.I. Lenin in the center of the star, above the upper rays of the star is a pioneer bonfire with three flames (a symbol of the unity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers), the lower rays of the star are intertwined with a ribbon with the words "Always ready!" (a symbol of a pioneer's readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party).

Pioneer salute. The salute of a pioneer means that for him the interests of society, his communist organization, squad and detachment are higher than personal ones. The pioneer gave a salute, lifting the bent at an angle right hand with tightly clenched fingers above the head.

Symbolism and attributes gave a revolutionary-romantic mood to the life and work of the pioneers, helped organizationally and ideologically strengthen the team of members of the communist organization of children and adolescents, bring emotional and solemn elation to pioneer affairs, and create the aesthetics of the life of the team. They expressed the socio-political ideas of public life, the pathos of the struggle for the construction of socialism and communism.

Ideology. The leader is at the center of ideological and psychological influence. Portraits of V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin were a mandatory attribute.

Thus, starting with the portrait of the leader and the education through him of love and respect for V.I. Lenin and his cause, from the first years of life, children were instilled with an attitude towards the national cause - building a communist tomorrow, and the personality of a Soviet person was formed.

The motto of the pioneer is one of the most important symbols and ideologies of the pioneer organization. He expressed the most important idea of ​​the pioneer movement. To the call: “Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” the pioneer answered: "Always ready!"

The solemn promise of the pioneer of the Soviet Union is the oath of a young Leninist, which sounded during the ritual of handing him a red pioneer tie. At the Red Banner, in front of the Communists and Komsomol members, counselors and teachers, in front of their comrades in the pioneer organization, everyone joining the ranks of the organization made a solemn promise: “I, full name, joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise and swear: love your Motherland, live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party of the Soviet Union teaches, always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.

The laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union revealed to adolescents the content of the basic ideological and moral norms of behavior and activities of a member of the communist organization of children and adolescents of the country:

The Pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, communism;

Pioneer is preparing to become a member of the Komsomol;

The pioneer keeps alignment with the heroes of struggle and labor;

Pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become the defender of the Motherland;

The pioneer is persistent in learning, work and sports;

The Pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly stands for the truth;

Pioneer - comrade and leader of the Octobrists;

Pioneer is a friend to pioneers and children of working people of all countries.

Rights and obligations of members of the children's pioneer organization.

Members of the children's pioneer organization have equal rights:

Nominate candidates, elect and be elected to elected bodies;

To enjoy the support, protection and assistance of the organization;

Discuss and make proposals at the training camps for the development of the organization's activities;

Receive full information about the activities of the organization;

Freely join and leave members of the organization.

Team members are required to:

Observe the Laws of young pioneers;

Participate in the activities of the organization;

Obey the decisions of the self-governing bodies of the organization;

Protect the interests of the children's pioneer organization, take care of its authority, if necessary, defend the rights of the organization at any level.

The Pioneer Organization encourages pioneers, detachments, squads for success in studies, work and social work. Distinguished pioneers, the best detachments and squads are awarded with Certificates of Honor. The names of those who have particularly distinguished themselves are entered in the Pioneer Organization's Book of Honor.

Penalties are applied to pioneers who violate the Laws: discussion at a detachment gathering, squad gathering, reprimand, reprimand or warning, and as a last resort exclusion of the pioneer from the organization.

Members of a children's pioneer organization may be expelled for activities that are contrary to the goals and objectives of the organization.

Exclusion from the membership of a children's pioneer organization is made by the Council of the squad by a majority vote of the total number of votes that members of the Council have. The decision on exclusion may be appealed to the meeting, the decision of which on the specified issue is final.

Working with Octobrists:

An important task for the pioneer organization is to prepare a worthy replacement for itself, to acquaint the children with the laws of the pioneers, to strive for every Octobrist to join the pioneer organization. Under the pioneer detachment, an October group was created. The detachment singled out leaders of the October stars, but each pioneer of the detachment participated in the work with the October stars, tried to make the kids interesting and fun. Involved them in pioneering affairs, helped to fulfill the rules of October.

Pioneer activities:

Since the pioneer movement was formed by people from scoutism, then, according to the original idea, pioneer life was supposed to resemble scout life, with lectures by the fire, learning songs, games, etc. However, as the pioneer movement formalized and merged with the school, the pioneer life also acquired a formal character. life, often reduced to a set of events "for show". These were mainly parades (especially popular were “reviews of formation and songs” with drill), concerts, sports competitions, and more rarely trips. The paramilitary children's game Zarnitsa gained great popularity.

In general, pioneering practice boiled down to the following:

Collection of waste paper, scrap metal,

Watching the formation and songs,

Help for pensioners (Timurov movement),

Military sports "Zarnitsa",

All-Union competitions of yard teams in football "Leather Ball", in ice hockey "Golden Puck",

Team ball game Pionerball, "Sniper",

Young assistant traffic inspectors,

Youth Volunteer Fire Brigade

- "Blue Patrol" (security water resources) and "Green Patrol" (protection of forests),

Young naturalists.

The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. Up to 40,000 summer and year-round pioneer camps functioned in the USSR, where about 10 million children rested annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League "Artek", founded in 1925 and having an international status. The second place in terms of prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Eaglet" (Krasnodar Territory, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps "Ocean" (Primorsky Krai, RSFSR), "Young Guard" (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and "Zubrenok" (Minsk region, BSSR).

After the collapse of the USSR and the loss of the attractiveness of communist ideas, the abolition of the de facto mandatory entry of children into ideological organizations, pioneer organizations for the most part disbanded on their own.

2. Children's organizations in modern Russia

Children's organizations in modern Russia are a combination of various public organizations, associations and informal communities of citizens of the Russian Federation under the age of 18.

Children's organizations can be conditionally divided into public (formal) and informal.

Currently in Russia there are a large number of children's public associations of the most different types and forms. In terms of territorial coverage, one can single out all-Russian, interregional, regional and local associations. School-based children's organizations are widespread: student committees, unions, associations, "republics", etc. Also, modern children's associations can be conditionally divided according to their areas of activity.

pioneer movement. In its modern form, it is represented by the International Union of Pioneer Organizations - the Federation of Children's Organizations, the Interregional Organization "Pioneer Commonwealth", regional, local updated pioneer organizations, individual squads, detachments.

Scout movement. In 1990, with the support of foreign organizations, the revival of the scout movement in Russia began. However, the scouts turned out to be split: at present, three all-Russian scout organizations operate in parallel - National organization Russian Scout Scouts, the All-Russian National Scout Organization and the Russian Association of Scout Navigators. They differ in form, ideology, method of work and structural organization.

Historical-cultural and tourist-local lore associations. Their activities are aimed at reviving the traditions and customs of the national culture, studying the history of the country, mastering the experience of a healthy lifestyle, local history expeditions. Represented by such organizations as "Massolit", "Young for the revival of St. Petersburg", the programs "The Way to the Origins", "Springs", etc.

Military-patriotic movements are focused on studying and reviving the military and heroic traditions of the peoples of the country, preparing young people for military service, and civic and patriotic education. The movement is represented by search associations and detachments, military-patriotic associations and organizations, the Association of military-patriotic clubs "Stag", clubs of young paratroopers, border guards, headquarters of participants in the revived military sports games "Zarnitsa", "Eaglet", "Perekop" and others.

Environmental associations are engaged in environmental protection activities and environmental education. Today in Russia, regional and local children's environmental organizations. With the support of the Ministry natural resources The Russian Federation created the Children's Telecommunications Project "Ecological Commonwealth".

Social rehabilitation and volunteer organizations - a wide range of community-oriented movements that are engaged in voluntary, charitable activities, assistance to the disabled, veterans and orphans, Timurov's work.

Professional training associations are aimed at building a professional career. These are young journalists, fashion designers, theater-goers, pilots, geographers, astronauts, etc. Children's economic organizations- for example, the Interregional Public Organization "Children's Business Club", unions of young entrepreneurs, children's banks, etc.

Religious children's associations are organizations whose activities are aimed at the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation. For example, such is the children's Orthodox movement "Vestniki", the Brotherhood of Orthodox Pathfinders, etc.

Perspectives. Experts see serious problems in the development of the children's movement in modern Russia: the lack of a unified methodological service, the small number of new children's public associations, the loss of established systems for training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, problems of financial support. At the federal level, there is no single executive body, which brings together representatives of all or most of the current organizations.

By order of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of Russia in 2009, a sociological study "Children's social movement in Russia as a tool to influence the quality of future human capital" was carried out. As a result, it turned out that 83% of students in grades 4-11 are not involved in any children's organizations. 7% of children are members of tourist associations, 5% are members of children's public organizations, and another 5% are members of informal movements.

3. Methods and technologies for the activities of children's organizations

The method of a long game is the basis of scouting, as well as the role modeling movement, the communard methodology, and the Timur movement. (MDI is characterized by a longer duration, a priority focus on solving the problems of socialization). The essence of the method:

Adolescents are offered a role-playing game that can last for several years”;

As part of the game, children and adolescents take on certain images (for scouts - “beavers”, “wolf cubs”, “scouts”);

In these images, the players must follow certain rules and comply with the norms proposed by adults.

Conditions for the effectiveness of the method:

Correct goal-setting - orientation to adult life;

Creation of an environment in which the freedom of creativity is sufficient; the right tone of the relationship: sincere enthusiasm, democracy, but without flirting (remember the "overplaying" adults).

Role play method. Role-playing game - a game of entertainment purpose, a type of dramatic action, the participants of which act within the framework of their chosen roles, guided by the nature of their role and the internal logic of the action environment; Together they create or follow an already created plot. The actions of the game participants are considered successful or not in accordance with the accepted rules. Players are free to improvise within the chosen rules, determining the direction and outcome of the game.

Education through corporate norms. The goal is to form positive attitudes towards the values ​​of the association. Examples of corporate norms:

Laws, promise and traditions of Scouts,

pioneer laws,

- "The moral code of the builder of communism."

Forms of work:

- "awareness": essays and reports on the topic, disputes,

Suggestion (speaking in chorus, placing texts in a conspicuous place, etc.).

Method of public order. With the help of assignments, children are taught to do positive things. The assignments are of a varied nature: to visit a sick friend and help him in his studies; make toys for the sponsor kindergarten; decorate a classroom for the holiday, etc. Instructions are also given in order to develop the necessary qualities: the unorganized are given the task of preparing and holding an event that requires accuracy and punctuality, etc. Moreover, there is no need to explain in detail how to carry out assignments, especially the older kids. Control can take various forms: checks in progress, progress reports, etc.

Competitions - a method of education, which is aimed at providing conditions for the social development of the individual, a form of mastering skills and abilities through healthy competition in certain types of collective activities. The competition is collective and individual. An example of a collective competition is the struggle of pioneer detachments for the honor of being right-flanked, an individual competition for the best story about a campaign in Lenin's places. By the time of action, competitions are divided into long-term and episodic. March "Always ready!" - long competition, labor landing - episodic.

In the process of organizing and holding the competition, it is necessary to observe the Leninist principles: openness, concreteness, comparability of results, the possibility of practical use of advanced experience.

The method of collective creative activity is, first of all, the full-blooded life of seniors and juniors, educators and pupils, and at the same time their common concern for improving the surrounding life, in which teachers act as older comrades of the children, acting together with them and ahead of them. Key principles are based on encouraging initiative and self-government:

We plan ourselves

We organize ourselves

We analyze ourselves.

Plus - a tense emotional environment (emotions are a catalyst for creativity): romance as the basis of corporate culture ("candles" and "bonfires", songs with a guitar). Soviet pioneer Komsomolets

The method of persuasion (by word and positive example) actively influences the consciousness and feelings of the pioneers.

This method is used, as a rule, in conjunction with the methods of pioneer assignments, competitions, games, which are closely connected with the socially useful activities of detachments. The method of encouragement and punishment is a way of stimulating the activities of detachments and individual pioneers. All methods of pioneer work are interconnected, and only their complex application provides an educationally effective method of pioneer work.

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It was originally intended as a way to create normal housing and social, cultural and living conditions for young families in the USSR. In fact - a large-scale socio-economic experiment, a new social technology. The experiment, which had a positive assessment among the people and gave a positive resonance in the public life of the country.
According to experts, “…the MZhK movement… was qualitatively different from many socialist construction projects and Komsomol initiatives (development of virgin lands, construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and others). It was devoid of many of their shortcomings, had a wide range of advantages ... It reflected and defended the fundamental need of a person for his own home, personal material well-being. At the same time (and this is probably the most important!) - in combination with spiritual development, taking into account the interests of the family and society as a whole ... The MZhK movement largely adopted the experience of the 1950-1980s of the SSO movement - student construction teams.

Stagnation and stagnation in the USSR during the 1960s-1980s led to an aggravation of crisis phenomena, including in the food, inventory and housing provision of citizens. The XXVII Congress of the CPSU noted that the lack of housing most acutely affects young people and young families, while in the country there are low rates of construction, a shortage of personnel at the construction industry enterprises (at the beginning of the 1980s it was about 500,000 people in the country) and numerous house-building factories (DSK), unloaded, underutilized capacities of the house-building base. It became obvious that one of the conditions for changing the situation is immediate assistance to young people.

A good example, when young people took the initiative to create housing and social conditions, was discovered in the city of Kaliningrad near Moscow (now the science city of Korolev). Here in 1968, among young scientists (space industry), a group of enthusiasts appeared who wished to try to build houses with elements of a new collectivist way of life. To implement the idea, a Komsomol-youth construction team was created (50% - young scientists, 50% - working youth) and in 1971 the first pile of the first MZhK in the country was driven in. The house was built and occupied in 1976, a team of residents began to implement social projects at the place of residence. The city consciously embarked on an experiment, "... the essence of which was to actively support progressive forms of life and cultural leisure, contribute to the harmonious development of children ...". In the floor halls of the houses of the Kaliningrad MZhK there are extended day rooms for schoolchildren, an evening kindergarten, a nursery, a library, a hall for family celebrations, sports facilities, etc. The team formed at the place of residence organized joint events for all residents, subbotniks and holidays, which led to an increase in the level of consciousness, socialization of citizens and a decrease in the number of offenses in the microdistrict. The experience began to be actively popularized.

The experience of MZhK-1 was approved by the VII Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (November 1980) and the XIX Congress of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. This MZhK was awarded the Lenin Komsomol Prize (1976). The Central Committee of the CPSU held a meeting on the theme of the MZhK. The January (1977) article in Komsomolskaya Pravda about the experience of Kaliningrad youth was enthusiastically studied in Sverdlovsk. Evgeny Korolev immediately gathers a group of his friends in the movement of student construction teams (SSO) - “... then about 20 former commanders, commissars, foremen of the MTR, young employees of the Ural Polytechnic Institute and the Ural scientific center... "and soon their landing went on a business trip to Kaliningrad to study experience, achievements and failures. In 1980, the construction of MZhK-1 in the city of Sverdlovsk began. The main goal of the experiment was formulated by the chairman of the organizing committee of the Sverdlovsk MZhK Evgeny Korolev as follows: "A person builds a house - a house builds a person." The experience of the Sverdlovsk SWC was studied by a field meeting of the section of the Union of Architects of the USSR in May 1983 (a whole range of issues on the problem of designing and functioning of the SWC was considered); questions of the MZhK were submitted for discussion in the All-Union TsNIIEP housing. In 1985, the MZhK-1 team was awarded the Lenin Komsomol Prize. Since 1982, the ideas of the SWC have taken on a mass character - in many regions, supporters of the idea of ​​creating a habitat worthy of modern man have appeared. In Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Arkhangelsk, Leningrad, the organizing committees of the first WWC were formed...
The future socio-economic youth movement was born against the backdrop of a shortage of everything material, against the backdrop of an acute housing problem - the queues of people on the waiting list (not counting the parallel queues of "beneficiaries" and "veterans") at enterprises were decades ahead, and the lion's share of housing construction accounted for the creation temporary housing - various kinds of hostels - dull multi-story boxes of future slums.
At such a time, the successful experience of the MZhK in Kaliningrad and Sverdlovsk near Moscow has truly become a ray of hope. The experience was actively popularized in the national youth press, in particular, in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper and on the Yunost radio station of the USSR State Radio and Television.

MZhK were created at large industrial enterprises, but under the control and coordination of the regional bodies of the Komsomol; had the status of territorial shock Komsomol construction projects (UKS). SRCs were built depending on local conditions - this is either a new microdistrict in a new location, or the integration of SRCs into an existing microdistrict, or the restoration of a complex of old and historical buildings. Basically, MZhK were created according to special, experimental, specially developed projects, different from standard series houses.
The construction of MZhK houses and social and cultural facilities in 1980-1987 was carried out in terms of unused and unclaimed funds for the construction, renovation and reconstruction of the enterprise (including housing and social and cultural facilities for workers), previously allocated by the State Planning Committee of the USSR. After 1987, funds for SWC began to be planned by the state as a separate line, the recipient of funds - the basic enterprises and enterprises-shareholders of the project. “Regulations on the Youth Residential Complex”, approved by the 2nd Plenum of the Central Committee of the Komsomol on December 12, 1987, defined the MZhK: “The Youth Residential Complex (MZhK) is residential buildings, social, cultural, community and sports facilities intended for living and maintenance of workers and employees who were directly involved in their construction. The regulation notes that "... The main goal of creating the SWC is to improve the housing and social conditions of young families, increase the labor and socio-political activity of young people, develop the principles of collectivism, further improve progressive forms of social coexistence, labor, moral and physical education ...". The regulation regulated the creation and activities of the organization of the SWC, the construction of the complex (both through the participation of a building contractor, and by “economic means”), the labor participation of members of the SWC in the construction of the complex, the housing stock (“... the entire living area in the houses of the youth residential complex is provided to young workers and employees who have completed the program of labor participation in the design and construction of the complex and working at enterprises, institutions, organizations for whose employees this complex is being built ... (!) ”), financial and economic activities, the procedure for monitoring the activities of the MZhK (local authorities - paradise - city executive committees, as well as district committees and city committees of the Komsomol), the procedure for reorganization or termination of activities.

The steady progress of society in its cultural development (the definition given at the interregional conference of the WWC of the USSR in Novosibirsk, 1988) grew into an all-Union “social movement”, which has been widely developed since 1984 and is jokingly called “the creation of communism conditions in a single microdistrict”. In 1980-1985, decisions on the creation of the MZhK were taken by the regional authorities independently. The first all-Union regulatory document was Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 5, 1985 No. 628. The SWC movement fully corresponded to the popular slogans of the CPSU at that time - the creation of harmonious living conditions, the creation of conditions for the healthy and physical education of children and young people, the education of patriotism, strengthening families, increasing fertility, raising the cultural and educational level of citizens, reducing street crime and hooliganism. The idea is based on creating conditions for young families, where there are conditions creative development both children and their parents. In the period from pregnancy, childbirth and the subsequent growing up of children here, they could get the opportunity for all-round harmonious development, with the direct participation of their parents and a specially created social infrastructure (within the microdistrict). Parents could realize themselves in creativity, in the work of various structures of the microdistrict, get conditions for sports, improve health and recreation. The found form of solving the problem gave confidence that in the new complexes life would go in a new way. With this hope, people with an active life position went to the Komsomol youth construction teams of the MZhK. The factor of mass involvement of scientists in the process of designing a new type of life has become unique.
Despite the many difficulties that arose, the SWC movement throughout the country got on its feet in 1984-1986. Largely due to the presence in the regional power systems of leaders who looked to the future, thought strategically, and, among other things, actively supported the youth initiative.

In many regions, the new socio-economic housing movement of youth has encountered resistance from the conservative part of the leading bodies of the party and state administration. A clear contradiction arose between the ideology of creating normal living conditions for a young family and the populist ideology sounding in the speeches of some leaders of trade union and party committees. "Compromise" was found in an increase in labor service, an increase in the number and terms of working off. This affected the delay in the construction of the MZhK, often creating difficulties in the procedure for providing housing. There were many who demanded a complete cessation of this social experiment, as a potential threat to the building of communism. The MJK factor caused constant discussions about what is "communist" and what is an ideological bias. This was observed in many cities of the country.
In the conditions of mass manifestations of pressure, the leaders of the MZhK in different cities of the USSR could not but begin to develop a system of counter-resistance. Conferences were held in Novosibirsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Tomsk, Sverdlovsk, Novokuznetsk, Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kyiv, and the Moscow region in 1986-1990, where the ideology of the MZhK movement was developed. At business games, ways of conducting discussions and getting chances for business success were developed. Among other things, the ideologists of the MZhK movement clearly defined their understanding of the implementation of the communist slogan, creating conditions for the all-round development of a creative harmonious personality.
The emerging ideology of the SWC movement was based on the basic principles of creating a full-fledged living environment, habitat, namely:
- each MZhK has its own, thoroughly thought-out social program associated with the creation of appropriate elements of the infrastructure of the microdistrict - with their own hands, the fighters of the KMSO create not only residential buildings (the basis of the complex), but also objects of social and cultural life, sports, leisure, education, culture and upbringing; self-government at the place of residence or in the form of housing cooperatives, or in the form of condominiums with its own governing body - the Council of the SWC
— good neighborliness and mutual assistance, including the organization of joint holidays and sports, children's and family clubs, health centers, hobby centers, technical creativity clubs, etc.;
- joint, harmonious and comprehensive upbringing and development of children;
- priority of free time (outside production) for cultural development and self-improvement of a person, his self-realization in creativity and hobbies;
— fixing the youth and the younger generation at the base enterprise.

The process of self-organization began to disturb the party leadership, and in 1987 the Komsomol tried to take the MZhK movement under its final and complete control, to create a central body of the MZhK (similar to the "central committee"). The Central Committee of the MZhK could become a new body, by analogy with the vertical structures of power, politics and administration in the USSR. However, discussions, brainstorming, business and organizational games, seminars, trainings have been going on in the regions for 2 years already, a thorough rethinking of the situation has been going on. An assessment of the environmental factors influencing the processes of the movement of the SWC, at first gave an unexpected and seemingly surprising result - the main opposition comes precisely from the regional party bodies. It would seem a paradox: on the one hand, an attempt to implement the main beautiful slogans of building communism, on the other hand, the ideologists of the party are clearly not interested in this, the unacceptability of all this for the party bureaucracy. Demographers, lawyers, teachers, doctors, ecologists, culturologists, philosophers, sociologists, specialists in system analysis, specialists in control systems, etc. were involved as an asset of SWC organizations in order to find a rational solution to the problem. Scientists helped to understand the main thing, that “the ideology of communist construction” and “the power of the party” are completely different things. Awareness of the need to confront the party-bureaucratic forces led the movement of the MZhK to real self-organization, to building their own regional and inter-regional structures, formed on the principle of "bottom-up". At business games and inter-regional conferences of the WWC, an attempt was made to re-develop the modern theory of communism in the conditions of the realities of the late 20th century. Such ideological and methodological work was carried out, in particular, in the MZhK organizations of the cities of Tomsk, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Arkhangelsk, and others. This led many Emzhekovites to conclude that they did not trust the ideologies of modern leftist movements.

The most developed organizations of the SWC came to the need for a systematic, comprehensive understanding of common problems and the development common ways development of the SWC movement. An attempt to control "from top to bottom" through a certain Central Committee of the MZhK, expressed by the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League in 1987, was already too late. In 1986-1993, conferences devoted to various aspects of reality began to be organized and held on their own initiative in the country. As a result of a series of interregional conferences of the leaders of the SWC movement in the USSR, at a conference in Novosibirsk, the Siberian Treaty organization was created (11/19/1988) - this is an inter-republican, interregional association of SWC organizations to strengthen business and social contacts, to exchange experience., open for joining various held IWCs. The agreement regulated economic relations of cooperation, as well as mutual assistance in consultations and joint activities on issues common to all. One of the grounds for concluding the “Siberian Treaty” was the disagreement of the regional SWC with the proposal of the central Moscow structures to create a single, vertically integrated, centralized all-Union structure for managing the movement of the SWC under the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. The Novosibirsk, Ural, Leningrad and Naberezhno-Chelnin conferences decided that the creation of a Central Committee of the WWC was inexpedient.
After the All-Union Conferences of 1988 in Leningrad and 1989 in Naberezhnye Chelny, the idea of ​​creating a unified structure at the national level was initiated to communicate with the central authorities, the ability to influence lawmaking in the country. The structure, which is not a body in command of all the SWC of the country, but a consultative and coordinating body. Since 1988, the issue of adopting a new, more specific "Regulation on the SWC in the USSR" at the state level has also been acute. The text of 1987 clearly did not satisfy the participants in the SWC movement. In 1989, through the delegates of the XXI Congress of the Komsomol, it was possible to carry out several important proposals for youth entrepreneurship as legislative initiatives of the USSR. It should be noted that at that time the “Law on the SWC” being developed was supposed to be part of the nationwide youth policy that was being formed. XXI Congress of the Komsomol, within the law legislative initiative, proposed and soon the country adopted the law "On the General Principles of the State Youth Policy in the USSR."

The idea of ​​the "Siberian Treaty" found support in the cradle of the MZhK movement - Sverdlovsk, the recognized flagship of the movement. In one form or another - in the cities of the Urals, the Volga region, in Leningrad, in the science cities of the Moscow region, in Tallinn and Riga. Until 1989, the idea of ​​"improved Marxism", "socialism with a human face", the idea of ​​building the rudiments of communism in a single microdistrict remained the main idea in the MZhK movement. The organs of the party and the trade unions proved to be little help along this path. The initiative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League for a single centralized body was realized only in the form of the creation of the All-Union Center of the All-Union Young Communist League under the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. Its main activities were auxiliary functions - an information bureau; center for assistance in the design and scientific development of social initiatives; body for the promotion of best practices. Self-organization, research in the field of the theory of communism, in the theories of the development of societies, contributed to the development of various new social initiatives. Thus, in 1988, the Moscow WWC came up with an initiative (of course, not supported by the authorities) on the need for the state to delegate part of the authority to the “Council of the WWC,” the governing body of the collective at the place of residence. In particular, granting the rights of the microdistrict executive committee. That is, for the first time it was announced the possibility of citizens exercising the functions of local self-government in the microdistrict. Self-government at the place of residence, self-organization of residents (now it is called HOA - a partnership of homeowners and "condominiums") - has still remained a dream that has not yet been realized, and the nationwide campaign to create HOA, which has been going on since 2002, is not helping at all. in another country.

By the next (as it turned out, the last), XXI Congress of the Komsomol (1989), representatives of the Komsomol youth construction teams, organizing committees and councils of the WWC of all regions of the country came with specific socio-economic proposals. It should be noted that in the 1990s some of the Emzhekovites returned to the positions of the communist ideology, not accepting the wild capitalism that had been created. MZhK after the Komsomol congresses continued the creation of their all-Union organization - the MZhK Union (registered only in 1993), and practically decided already in 1990 to create an all-Union satellite television MZhK. However, the country has already plunged into economic collapse and subsequent political kink...

Initially, the social experiment that the leadership of the Soviet state embarked on assumed the solution of fairly simple issues - the possibility of creating for the advanced part of the youth to improve living conditions and, through pedagogical innovations, as well as other objects of social and cultural life, to help these young families grow up from their children a new, educated and educated youth, the basis of a stable economy and the country's defense capability in the future.
The project of creating the SWC for them was an opportunity to make a new, better life pattern - comfortable living conditions combined with the development of the spirit of collectivism, community, and in a full-fledged living environment (including environmental, transport, social, pedagogical aspects). This exceeded the initial expectations of the authorities - to create neighborhoods with a minimum level of anti-social phenomena and the backbone of a healthy society. The experiment, through the creative efforts of the Emzhekovites, spilled over to new levels. The social programs of the SWC were formed on the basis of unique creative, original projects of teachers, doctors, trainers, ecologists, culturologists, television people, theatrical figures, etc. The combination of several social innovations in one place could not but lead to a synergistic effect - the SWC itself became a unique social experiment. It was not just a set of objects of social and cultural life, but an integral, living system.
As it was understood later, the social experiment also took place in latent planes. For example, the communist ideology was tested for strength and truth. An experiment was held to reveal the creative qualities of people, the SWC revealed creative, business and organizational potential, scientific and technical (rationalization and invention, innovation) abilities. The energy of young people who have realized themselves in pedagogy, culture (theater, television, poetry), technical creativity, and entrepreneurship has been released. The complex effect of the SWC movement turned out to be much wider than expected.
The experiment also had clearly expressed political consequences - the activists of the MZhK movement for the most part became the basis of the bearers of democratic ideology in society. Since 1986, SWC organizations have actively used the methods of brainstorming, open discussions and system analysis to develop solutions to the problems they face. This tactic turned out to be effective and made it possible to find extraordinary, sometimes unexpected results. Most importantly, it allowed not to quarrel between the SWC and the surrounding society. It allowed organizations of the SWC to often become the locomotive of this society.
A comprehensive solution to a number of social problems - the creation of harmonious living conditions, the creation of conditions for the healthy and physical education of children and young people, the protection of the environment, the education of patriotism, the strengthening of the family, the increase in fertility, the increase in the cultural and educational level of citizens (and, as a result, the reduction of street crime and hooliganism), under conditions creativity various MZhK in the regions of the country has become a truly global social experiment, not yet fully comprehended by contemporaries.

The change in the state system led to the fact that since 1991 the SWC system has completely lost its material base - the basic enterprises in the last stage of the era of socialism, in 1989-1990. lost all funds for social programs. Including funds for the construction of housing and social and cultural facilities. Youth associations also did not have the opportunity to receive such large funds anywhere on their own. Many established SWC organizations, as legal entities, were able to survive, but the construction of residential complexes was delayed. After 1993, there is no information about the creation of full-fledged residential complexes anywhere in the country, the era of the MZhK is curtailed. The time of "sleeping microdistricts" and dense building has begun...