History of youth movements in Russia. Sergey Komyakov - lost generations

In the era of perestroika, new youth movements began to appear in the Soviet Union, whose members we call informals. Informals existed even before the start of perestroika, but it was at that time that their number increased significantly, and in almost every big city in the USSR one could meet representatives different movements. This post will allow us to understand the diversity of informal societies.

The heyday of the movement based on music lovers, psychedelic and hardrock addictions, which gave rise to an all-Union system of registrations, forest and beach camps, home concerts, as well as hitchhiking, fell on the mid-70s. By the beginning of the 80s, the fashion for hippies swept the capitals, in Moscow hippie communication covered the Boulevard Ring, Arbat and Mayakovsky Square.

Hippie 1984

Hippie. Not far from Tourist, 1988

Hippie. At the entrance to Saigon, 1987

In the 1980s, the movement was revived due to the interest of young people in retro style. These groups appeared in Leningrad under the name of "secretists" in Leningrad, and in Moscow they were called "bravistists" (after the names of the Bravo and Secret groups)

Stilyagi. Anton Teddy and comrades, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Stilyagi. Rus Ziggel and Teddy Boys. Leningrad, 1984. Photo by Dmitry Konrad

Wide Stilyagi. Moscow, 1987

newwavers

The new wave movement received a rather vague manifestation in Soviet society. Initially based on music lovers in the form of electronic experiments and the aesthetics of post-punk "new romantics", domestic new wavers compiled their external aesthetics on the basis of "clean style", hairstyles of a certain type and make-up, with elements absorbed from other already established movements, ranging from breaking glasses, ending with post-punk "dark style"
After 1985, following the partial legalization of foreign non-radical styles, the popularization of disco and the rise of the metal wave, the general mass of the "new wave" was divided into two camps. Disco fans of foreign pop and branded items and labeled "poppers" because of the fascination with pop music of the 80s. And more advanced mods - new wavers, who were in close contact with the creative underground, experimenting within the framework of mod and post-punk traditions.

Newwavers. Leningrad, 1984

Newwavers. Newwave at MEPhI, 1983

Newwavers. At the Lighthouse, 1990

Breakers

In the early 80s, the echoes of the hip-hop movement reached the Soviet youth, they manifested themselves in the form of the "breakers" movement (according to the unauthorized local definition of the dance style). Originally a lifestyle that combined skateboarding and disco dancing, this style was represented by a small student fashion environment and the "golden youth" of the South-West of Moscow. But by the mid-80s, after the opening of youth cafes and the release of the film "Dancing on the Roof", the breakers were presented only as a dance subculture, with their experiments in the field of appearance.

Breakers. Arbat, 1986. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Breakers. Arbat, 1987. Photo by Yaroslav Maev

Break dance, 1987

rockabilly

The style itself became widespread thanks to the pan-European revival of classic rock and roll and the beginning of the psychobilly movement in the second half of the 80s. In the Soviet Union, this manifestation was superimposed on the New Waver costume fashion, but already after 1986 it became isolated, partly in the Kupchinsky underground (Leningrad), partly rocker (Moscow, Moscow Art Theater), and among the Elvis Presley fan club (Moscow) with party places at the station. metro Revolution Square and the Catacombs (the ruins of the Greek Hall)

Rockabilly. Hedgehog and Moor, 1987

Rockabilly. Leningrad, 1987

Rockabilly. Rockabilly on the Arbat, 1989

The term "rockers" appeared in the early 80s and was originally applied to Soviet fans of rock music. But, already since 1984, the label "rocker" has stuck with hard rock fans, who gravitate towards external styling similar to British "coffee bar cowboys" and American bike clubs. In September 1984 (Coverdale's birthday), the term was raised to the flag by a group of heavy rock fans at the TsPKO. Gorky, and later spread to the first moto gangs of Moscow "Black aces" and "Street wolfs", then to all moto associations until 1989

Rockers, 1987

Rockers, in the backyard of the Moscow Art Theater, 1988

Rockers, Night out, 1988

Metalworkers

Actually, the term “metal-worker” itself originated at philophonic parties in the early 80s, when at the turn of the decades the rhythms of the groups changed, which were previously known as “hard rock” by Soviet standards. The “heavy metal” slogan, traced from foreign magazines, initially applied to “kisomaniacs” and other fans of “hardrock” of the early 80s. Metal corrosion”, “E.S.T.” and other groups of fans began to be called "metalheads" /

Metalworkers from Gorky, 1987

Metalworkers. VDNH, 1986

Metalworkers. XMP-89, Omsk

The most ideological, and at the same time apolitical, movement received its first manifestations at the turn of the 80s. Not possessing the completeness of visual information about foreign analogues, but understanding the effectiveness of the artistic caricature lifestyle, this phenomenon manifested itself in the form of parodic street idiocy, artistic foolishness, gradually acquiring non-Soviet paraphernalia, music and art.
Being the most “offensive” social manifestations for the Soviet menclature (frankly discrediting the image of a Soviet citizen in front of foreign tourists), “Soviet punk” was subjected to the most intense pressure from the Komsomol, the police and gopots. All this led to radicalization; the fusion of punks and rockers, the formation of hardcore, krusty and cyberpunk styles, with the first "Iroquois" on deranged heads of carriers. To the surprise of the representatives of the Soviet punk underground, when information gaps were discovered in the Iron Curtain, it turned out that these manifestations coincided with the advanced global subcultural trends.

Punks. DK Gorbunovo, 1987

Punks. Leningrad, 1986. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Punks. Moscow, 1988

With the filing of the first "new dudes" and having received its starting impetus from the mod movement of the 60s, the USSR received a reverse vector of development from Soviet punk to vintage motifs of the past. At the same time, without losing radicalism at all, the Soviet “mod styling” of the period of avant-garde artistic movements of the 80s became a hallmark for many participants in musical and art projects, uniting diverse artistic people who gravitated towards music omnivorousness and let through all the latest innovations from fashion and music. Such characters, disparagingly referred to in the art environment as “mods”, participated in most key shows and performances, were carriers of the latest fashionable and near-cultural information and often shocked the population with costumes and punk antics parodying socio-menklotura costumes.

Fashion. Moscow, 1988

Fashion. Moscow, 1989. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

Fashion. Chelyabinsk, early 80s

hardmodes

A short-term manifestation of this intermediate foreign style of the 70s occurred at the end of the 80s, in connection with the rallying of radical informal circles during the opposition to pressure and the influx of a new wave of truly marginal elements, following the popularization of informal movements at the turn of 87-88 (accurately after a turning point in street battles with "lubers" and gopniks). It is worth noting that such manifestations in a caricatured ironic form were present in the expanses of our homeland, when radical informals dressed up in protoskinhead outfits, cut their heads bald out of harm, and crowded in crowded places. Frightening with your appearance police officers and townsfolk, who in all seriousness listened to Soviet propaganda that de all informals are fascist thugs. The hardmodes of the late 80s were a sublimation of the punk, rockabilly and militaristic style, and of course, having never heard about how they should be called according to the stylistic classification, they preferred the self-name "streetfighters" and "militarists".

Hardmodes. Red Square, 1988

Hardmodes. Moscow Zoo, 1988

psychobills

Psychobilly, being to a greater extent manifested itself in Leningrad at the turn of the 90s, together with the Swidlers and Meantreitors groups, when groups of young people formalized this direction musically, standing out from the rockabilly environment. But even before that, there were individual characters who fell outside the framework of the new subcultural leagues and preferred rock and roll polymelormania. In terms of dress code, this attraction was close to punk aesthetics.

Psychobills. In the courtyard of a rock club, 1987. Photo by Natalia Vasilyeva

Psychobills. Leningrad, 1989

Psychobills. Muscovites visiting Leningraders, 1988. Photo by Evgeny Volkov

During the clashes with gopniks and "lubers" in the period from 1986 to 1991, special active groups emerged in the rock and heavy metal environment, which at the turn of the 90s were transformed from motto gangs into the first motto clubs. With its visual paraphernalia, modeled on foreign bike clubs, and on heavy motorcycles, modernized by hand or even post-war trophy samples. Already by the 90th year in Moscow it was possible to distinguish the groups "Hell Dogs", "Night wolves", "Сossacs Russia". There were also less long-term motorcycle associations, such as "ms Davydkovo". The self-name bikers, as a symbol of the separation of this stage from the rocker past, was first assigned to the group rallied around Alexander Surgeon, and then spread to the entire motto movement, gradually covering many cities of the post-Soviet space

Bikers. Surgeon, 1989. Photo by Petra Gall

Bikers. Kimirsen, 1990

Bikers. Night Wolves on Pushka, 1989. Photo by Sergey Borisov

Bikers. Theme, 1989

A phenomenon no less multifaceted than the aesthetics of punk, Soviet beatnik originates from the distant 70s. When fashionable decadents visiting haunts, growing their hair below their shoulders and dressed in leather jackets and “beatlovki” fell under this term. This term also included “labukhs” - musicians playing music to order in Soviet restaurants, and simply people outside some kind of “leagues”, leading an isolated and immoral, from the point of view of Soviet aesthetics, lifestyle. This trend by the early 80s was aggravated by a casual appearance, defiant behavior and the presence of some kind of distinctive element in clothing. Be it a hat or a scarf or a bright tie.

Beatniks. Bitnichki, Timur Novikov and Oleg Kotelnikov. Photo by Evgeny Kozlov

Beatniks. Parade on the first of April, Leningrad-83

Beatniks. Chelyabinsk, late 70s

The movement, which originated in the late 70s and consisted of "kuzmichi" (simple stadium visitors) and traveling elite who accompanied teams to matches in other cities, by the beginning of the 80s had found its own regional leaders, acquired "gangs", merchandise and turned into football-related communication. Following the quick start of Spartak fans (the most famous center of the party in the early 80s was the beer bar "Sayany" at the Schelkovskaya metro station), who held their city actions and parades, "gangs" around other teams began to appear just as quickly

Fans. Moscow, 1988. Photo by Victoria Ivleva

Fans. Moscow-81. Photo by Igor Mukhin

Fans. Acceptance of a Zenith fan in Dnepropetrovsk-83

A peculiar direction formed at the junction of the bodybuilding hobby and the youth supervision program.
Initially assigned to a local group of people from Lyubertsy, who often stay in the capital in places of recreation for young people, since 87 the name "Lyubera" has been interpolated not only to heterogeneous groups that do not have connections with each other, but also to larger groups that concentrated during this period in the Central Park of Culture named after Gorky and Arbat. Zhdan, Lytkarinsky, state farm Moscow, Podolsky, Karacharovsky, Naberezhnye Chelnovskaya, Kazan - this is an incomplete list of the "brotherhood near Moscow" that tried to control not only the designated territories, but also other hot places and railway station squares. Initially encouraged by the authorities who hoped to place these formations in the canvas of the "people's squad" ", these groups did not have a common dress code except for sportswear, but they also had conflicting interests consolidated only as part of aggression against fashionistas and "informals".

Luber. 1988

Luber. Africa and Lubera, 1986 Photo by Sergey Borisov

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EAST KAZAKHSTAN STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER A.I. S. AMANZHOLOV

Report on social pedagogy and self-knowledge

Children's public organizations in the USSR and modern Russia

Performed:

Redkina Elena, 2nd year

Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2013

1.1 Scout organization

1. Children's public organizations in the USSR

1.1 Scout organization

Children's public organization - a voluntary amateur and self-governing association of children and adults, created for joint activities based on common goals and interests; form of children's movement.

In Russia, the first organizations for children and youth appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in Moscow: student organizations, May Unions (a movement to protect animals and birds), Artels of Workers, partnerships, and summer playgrounds were created. But the first mass children's movement in Russia was the scout movement.

The Scout Organization is a voluntary, non-political, educational Movement that helps young people learn to think independently.

The Scout method is simple and straightforward. In Scouting there are effective techniques and methods of organizing cooperation. These techniques socialize and expand the boundaries of the adolescent's self-awareness.

The first scout organizations in the Russian Empire arose in 1909. April 30, 1909 Captain O.I. Pantyukhov organized in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg the first patrol of Russian scouts of 7 boys.

The GOALS of scouting are aimed at the development of the body and spirit of children and adolescents, their acquisition of a common life and social experience, and the development of moral qualities.

Scouting teaches respect for nature and survival in natural conditions.

Scouting teaches socialization: overcoming difficulties, individual friendship and willingness to support a multi-million Scout troop: "Scouting is a huge family."

Scouting develops a value attitude towards the religion of its people.

Scouts learn to help each other, each other's families, neighbours, the people of their own country and people of all countries. Scouting teaches friendship, camaraderie.

Scouting builds the capacity for personal responsibility and prepares for social maturity.

Scouting comes from the joint life and activities of teenagers. In adolescence, as you know, communication with peers in all activities acquires exceptional significance. Mutual interest, joint comprehension of the surrounding world and each other become valuable in themselves. Therefore, Scouting responds to the adolescent's need for peers.

Scouting has its own symbols. These are the Scout emblem, Scout insignia and symbols. Scouts wear insignia in the form of sleeve patches that signify their accomplishments. Scouts are required to wear a neckerchief (tie). Ties in various scout patrols and groups of a wide variety of colors - they can be close to the colors of the coat of arms of the region, city, area. Scouts wear a uniform - today the uniform is different, it depends on geographical conditions, national traditions, etc.

Adolescents are biased towards the reality of sign systems that exist in the human environment. They strive to delve into their essence, to know the mystery of their meanings and meanings. But since adolescents are psychologically oriented towards living and acting in a coveted association, in “We”, they are psychologically ready to accept their unifying system of their own signs that belong to them, which, as in the adult world, designate a hierarchy of relationships, symbolize nationality and much more.

In addition to signs of objects, Scouting invented signs-gestures.

Raised hand, palm open forward, three straightened middle fingers pressed together by the connected little finger and thumb. A Scout does this whenever he pronounces a Scout Promise and a Scout Law. Scout salute - to the national flag, as respect for one's state, to the scout leader, as a sign of respect for Scouting.

Scout handshake with the left hand - as a sign of friendliness and devotion. Gestures as signs exchanged between adolescents have a deep psychological appeal.

Ideology. It is important for Scouting to learn the Promise.

The promise is written in different words in different countries, but the essence of the promise is the same. "I promise to do everything to fulfill my duty to God and my country, to help others and to obey the law of the scouting group."

All words of the Promise are specially deciphered.

"I promise" means to keep my word.

“I will do everything in my power” means to make every effort so that the work that I have undertaken has a good result.

"To fulfill my duty to God" is to know the symbols of one's religion; follow her spiritual precepts; use the rites of their religion in everyday life; where and how to perform the rites of prayer.

"To fulfill my duty to my country" means to take care of my country; be proud of your country; protect your rights and the rights of others; respect the environment; know how your country differs from other countries; know the main events of the history of their country; know and obey the laws of their country.

“Helping other people” means helping even when it is not asked for; don't expect rewards for good deeds.

It is important for Scouting to remember and follow the Scout law.

Each of the eleven points of the Scout law is expressed briefly, but filled with a deep and clear meaning.

one). The scout's honor is to be trusted.

2). Scout is correct.

3). The Scout's duty is to be useful and to help others.

four). A Scout is a friend to all and a brother to every Scout.

5). Scout is polite.

6). Scout is a friend of animals.

7). Scout unquestioningly obeys his parents, as well as the orders of the leader: patrol, scoutmaster.

eight). Scout smiles and does not lose heart in any difficulties.

9). Scout is frugal.

ten). The Scout is pure in thought, word and deed.

eleven). A scout is faithful to God, devoted to his parents, Motherland and superiors.

The success of the method lies in the fact that from game situations, natural for the age of competition and testing oneself with physical difficulties, the teenager gradually moves to tests of a moral nature. He masters such concepts as honor, common sense, restraint, cleanliness, responsibility, confidence, will. Discussing these concepts among peers, he practically masters the qualities of character that stand behind these concepts. The Scout is oriented towards being ready for life. He must be collected, alert, must learn. Only he himself will determine the fullness of every moment of life. He should perceive life as a holiday and rejoice in the holiday of life. You should try to live fully every minute of your life.

After 1917, this movement began to be seen as hostile to Soviet power, although the ideology of the pioneer movement absorbed much from scouting. In 1922 scouting was banned in Russia.

1.2 Communist youth organizations (Octobers, Pioneers, Komsomol members)

The structure of the communist youth organizations of the USSR:

The October organization is composed of primary school students;

Pioneer organization - consists of middle school students;

Komsomol organization - young people aged 14 to 28 are included;

In the year when scouting was banned in Russia, the first detachments of young pioneers appeared in Moscow. In May, the first pioneer bonfire was lit in Sokolniki.

In 1924, the pioneer organization was renamed the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. The first All-Union meeting of pioneers took place in 1929 in Moscow. The first detachments of the children's communist organization were located at enterprises, or at the place of residence of the pioneers. Only in 1934 were the pioneer squads transferred to school, and the pedagogical position of the senior counselor-leader of the pioneer squad was introduced to work with them.

Modeled after the scouting movement, the pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: the system was all-inclusive state in nature and aimed at raising children as citizens completely devoted to the communist party and the Soviet state.

The structure of the pioneer organization.

Link - 5-10 pioneers, leader - link pioneer.

Detachment - 30-40 pioneers, usually a class secondary school, chairman of the council of the detachment and its flag - a pioneer elected by the detachment.

The team is the pioneer organization of the school, 300-400 pioneers, the chairman of the council of the team is a pioneer leader or a young teacher-Komsomol member, and his flag is a pioneer elected by the team.

The district pioneer organization - all detachments and squads of the educational institutions of the district, is headed by the chairman of the council of the district pioneer organization - the head of the district committee department or the third secretary of the district committee of the Komsomol. The regional pioneer organization - all detachments and squads, regional organizations of the region, is headed by the chairman of the council of the regional pioneer organization - the head of the department of the regional committee or the third secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol.

All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin - united all the pioneer organizations of the USSR, headed the organization of the Central Council, headed by the secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (the last chairman of the Central Council was the secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League Shvetsova L.I.).

The tasks of the pioneer organization were as follows:

1 - learn communism.

2 - fight for knowledge.

3 - to form an active position of a pioneer.

The working methods of the pioneer organization were largely borrowed from Scouting. The principles of organizing a pioneer organization coincide in their structure with the principle of building Scouting, but in ideology they are fundamentally different. The pioneer organization has its own symbols. A symbol in the pioneer movement is a symbol for a certain socio-political idea, which emphasizes the communist orientation of the activities of the organization of young pioneers. The main symbols of the pioneer movement are:

Name of a member of the children's communist organization;

Pioneer motto;

Pioneer's Solemn Promise Soviet Union:

Laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union;

Red banner of a pioneer organization or squad;

Red flag of the detachment;

Red tie and pioneer badge;

Pioneer salute;

The honorific name of a squad or detachment.

The whole set of symbols is united by a common name - the symbols of the pioneer organization Red Banner and Red Flag. The Communist Party and the Komsomol entrusted pioneer organizations and squads with the right to have the Red Banner, the detachment - the red pioneer flag. These were symbols of the young generation's loyalty to the cause of the October Revolution, the cause of the Communist Party, a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland, honor and unity of the pioneers.

The pioneer badge is an image of a five-pointed red star (a symbol of unity, the workers of the five continents) with the profile of V.I. Lenin in the center of the star, above the upper rays of the star is a pioneer bonfire with three flames (a symbol of the unity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers), the lower rays of the star are intertwined with a ribbon with the words "Always ready!" (a symbol of a pioneer's readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party).

Pioneer salute. The salute of a pioneer means that for him the interests of society, his communist organization, squad and detachment are higher than personal ones. The pioneer gave a salute, lifting the bent at an angle right hand with tightly clenched fingers above the head.

Symbolism and attributes gave a revolutionary-romantic mood to the life and work of the pioneers, helped organizationally and ideologically strengthen the team of members of the communist organization of children and adolescents, bring emotional and solemn elation to pioneer affairs, and create the aesthetics of the life of the team. They expressed the socio-political ideas of public life, the pathos of the struggle for the construction of socialism and communism.

Ideology. The leader is at the center of ideological and psychological influence. Portraits of V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin were a mandatory attribute.

Thus, starting with the portrait of the leader and the education through him of love and respect for V.I. Lenin and his cause, from the first years of life, children were instilled with an attitude towards the national cause - building a communist tomorrow, and the personality of a Soviet person was formed.

The motto of the pioneer is one of the most important symbols and ideologies of the pioneer organization. He expressed the most important idea of ​​the pioneer movement. To the call: “Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” the pioneer answered: "Always ready!"

The solemn promise of the pioneer of the Soviet Union is the oath of a young Leninist, which sounded during the ritual of handing him a red pioneer tie. At the Red Banner, in front of the Communists and Komsomol members, counselors and teachers, in front of their comrades in the pioneer organization, everyone joining the ranks of the organization made a solemn promise: “I, full name, joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise and swear: love your Motherland, live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party of the Soviet Union teaches, always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.

The laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union revealed to adolescents the content of the basic ideological and moral norms of behavior and activities of a member of the communist organization of children and adolescents of the country:

The Pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, communism;

Pioneer is preparing to become a member of the Komsomol;

The pioneer keeps alignment with the heroes of struggle and labor;

Pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become the defender of the Motherland;

The pioneer is persistent in learning, work and sports;

The Pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly stands for the truth;

Pioneer - comrade and leader of the Octobrists;

Pioneer is a friend to pioneers and children of working people of all countries.

Rights and obligations of members of the children's pioneer organization.

Members of the children's pioneer organization have equal rights:

Nominate candidates, elect and be elected to elected bodies;

To enjoy the support, protection and assistance of the organization;

Discuss and make proposals at the training camps for the development of the organization's activities;

Receive full information about the activities of the organization;

Freely join and leave members of the organization.

Team members are required to:

Observe the Laws of young pioneers;

Participate in the activities of the organization;

Obey the decisions of the self-governing bodies of the organization;

Protect the interests of the children's pioneer organization, take care of its authority, if necessary, defend the rights of the organization at any level.

The Pioneer Organization encourages pioneers, detachments, squads for success in studies, work and social work. Distinguished pioneers, the best detachments and squads are awarded with Certificates of Honor. The names of those who have particularly distinguished themselves are entered in the Pioneer Organization's Book of Honor.

Penalties are applied to pioneers who violate the Laws: discussion at a detachment gathering, squad gathering, reprimand, reprimand or warning, and as a last resort exclusion of the pioneer from the organization.

Members of a children's pioneer organization may be expelled for activities that are contrary to the goals and objectives of the organization.

Exclusion from the membership of a children's pioneer organization is made by the Council of the squad by a majority vote of the total number of votes that members of the Council have. The decision on exclusion may be appealed to the meeting, the decision of which on the specified issue is final.

Working with Octobrists:

An important task for the pioneer organization is to prepare a worthy replacement for itself, to acquaint the children with the laws of the pioneers, to strive for every Octobrist to join the pioneer organization. Under the pioneer detachment, an October group was created. The detachment singled out leaders of the October stars, but each pioneer of the detachment participated in the work with the October stars, tried to make the kids interesting and fun. Involved them in pioneering affairs, helped to fulfill the rules of October.

Pioneer activities:

Since the pioneer movement was formed by people from scoutism, then, according to the original idea, pioneer life was supposed to resemble scout life, with lectures by the fire, learning songs, games, etc. However, as the pioneer movement formalized and merged with the school, the pioneer life also acquired a formal character. life, often reduced to a set of events "for show". These were mainly parades (especially popular were “reviews of formation and songs” with drill), concerts, sports competitions, and more rarely trips. The paramilitary children's game Zarnitsa gained great popularity.

In general, pioneering practice boiled down to the following:

Collection of waste paper, scrap metal,

Watching the formation and songs,

Help for pensioners (Timurov movement),

Military sports "Zarnitsa",

All-Union competitions of yard teams in football "Leather Ball", in ice hockey "Golden Puck",

Team ball game Pionerball, "Sniper",

Young assistant traffic inspectors,

Youth Volunteer Fire Brigade

- "Blue Patrol" (security water resources) and "Green Patrol" (protection of forests),

Young naturalists.

The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. Up to 40,000 summer and year-round pioneer camps functioned in the USSR, where about 10 million children rested annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League "Artek", founded in 1925 and having an international status. The second place in terms of prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Eaglet" (Krasnodar Territory, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps "Ocean" (Primorsky Krai, RSFSR), "Young Guard" (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and "Zubrenok" (Minsk region, BSSR).

After the collapse of the USSR and the loss of the attractiveness of communist ideas, the abolition of the de facto mandatory entry of children into ideological organizations, pioneer organizations for the most part disbanded on their own.

2. Children's organizations in modern Russia

Children's organizations in modern Russia are a combination of various public organizations, associations and informal communities of citizens of the Russian Federation under the age of 18.

Children's organizations can be conditionally divided into public (formal) and informal.

Currently in Russia big number children's public associations of various types and forms. In terms of territorial coverage, one can single out all-Russian, interregional, regional and local associations. School-based children's organizations are widespread: student committees, unions, associations, "republics", etc. Also, modern children's associations can be conditionally divided according to their areas of activity.

pioneer movement. In its modern form, it is represented by the International Union of Pioneer Organizations - the Federation of Children's Organizations, the Interregional Organization "Pioneer Commonwealth", regional, local updated pioneer organizations, individual squads, detachments.

Scout movement. In 1990, with the support of foreign organizations, the revival of the scout movement in Russia began. However, the scouts turned out to be split: at present, three all-Russian scout organizations operate in parallel - National organization Russian Scout Scouts, the All-Russian National Scout Organization and the Russian Association of Scout Navigators. They differ in form, ideology, method of work and structural organization.

Historical-cultural and tourist-local lore associations. Their activities are aimed at reviving the traditions and customs of national culture, studying the history of the country, mastering the experience healthy lifestyle life, local history expeditions. Represented by such organizations as "Massolit", "Young for the revival of St. Petersburg", the programs "The Way to the Origins", "Springs", etc.

Military-patriotic movements are focused on studying and reviving the military and heroic traditions of the peoples of the country, preparing young people for military service, and civic and patriotic education. The movement is represented by search associations and detachments, military-patriotic associations and organizations, the Association of military-patriotic clubs "Stag", clubs of young paratroopers, border guards, headquarters of participants in the revived military sports games "Zarnitsa", "Eaglet", "Perekop" and others.

Environmental associations are engaged in environmental protection activities and environmental education. Today, regional and local children's environmental organizations are widespread in Russia. With the support of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Children's Telecommunications Project "Ecological Commonwealth" was created.

Social rehabilitation and volunteer organizations - a wide range of community-oriented movements that are engaged in voluntary, charitable activities, assistance to the disabled, veterans and orphans, Timurov's work.

Professional training associations are aimed at building a professional career. These are young journalists, fashion designers, theatergoers, pilots, geographers, astronauts, etc. Children's economic organizations are noticeable - for example, the Interregional Public Organization "Children's Business Club", unions of young entrepreneurs, children's banks, etc.

Religious children's associations are organizations whose activities are aimed at the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation. For example, such is the children's Orthodox movement "Vestniki", the Brotherhood of Orthodox Pathfinders, etc.

Perspectives. Experts see serious problems in the development of the children's movement in modern Russia: the lack of a unified methodological service, the small number of new children's public associations, the loss of established systems for training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, problems of financial support. At the federal level, there is no single executive body that unites representatives of all or most of the current organizations.

By order of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of Russia in 2009, a sociological study "Children's social movement in Russia as a tool to influence the quality of future human capital" was carried out. As a result, it turned out that 83% of students in grades 4-11 are not involved in any children's organizations. 7% of children are members of tourist associations, 5% are members of children's public organizations, and another 5% are members of informal movements.

3. Methods and technologies for the activities of children's organizations

The method of a long game is the basis of scouting, as well as the role modeling movement, the communard methodology, and the Timur movement. (MDI is characterized by a longer duration, a priority focus on solving the problems of socialization). The essence of the method:

Adolescents are offered a role-playing game that can last for several years”;

As part of the game, children and adolescents take on certain images (for scouts - “beavers”, “wolf cubs”, “scouts”);

In these images, the players must follow certain rules and comply with the norms proposed by adults.

Conditions for the effectiveness of the method:

Correct goal-setting - orientation to adult life;

Creation of an environment in which the freedom of creativity is sufficient; the right tone of the relationship: sincere enthusiasm, democracy, but without flirting (remember the "overplaying" adults).

Role play method. Role-playing game - a game of entertainment purpose, a type of dramatic action, the participants of which act within the framework of their chosen roles, guided by the nature of their role and the internal logic of the action environment; Together they create or follow an already created plot. The actions of the game participants are considered successful or not in accordance with the accepted rules. Players are free to improvise within the chosen rules, determining the direction and outcome of the game.

Education through corporate norms. The goal is to form positive attitudes towards the values ​​of the association. Examples of corporate norms:

Laws, promise and traditions of Scouts,

pioneer laws,

- "The moral code of the builder of communism."

Forms of work:

- "awareness": essays and reports on the topic, disputes,

Suggestion (speaking in chorus, placing texts in a conspicuous place, etc.).

Method of public order. With the help of assignments, children are taught to do positive things. The assignments are of a varied nature: to visit a sick friend and help him in his studies; to make toys for the sponsored kindergarten; decorate a classroom for the holiday, etc. Instructions are also given in order to develop the necessary qualities: the unorganized are given the task of preparing and holding an event that requires accuracy and punctuality, etc. Moreover, there is no need to explain in detail how to carry out assignments, especially the older kids. Control can take various forms: checks in progress, progress reports, etc.

Competitions - a method of education, which is aimed at providing conditions for the social development of the individual, a form of mastering skills and abilities through healthy competition in certain types collective activity. The competition is collective and individual. An example of a collective competition is the struggle of pioneer detachments for the honor of being right-flanked, an individual competition for the best story about a campaign in Lenin's places. By the time of action, competitions are divided into long-term and episodic. March "Always ready!" - long competition, labor landing - episodic.

In the process of organizing and holding the competition, it is necessary to observe the Leninist principles: openness, concreteness, comparability of results, the possibility of practical use of advanced experience.

The method of collective creative activity is, first of all, the full-blooded life of seniors and juniors, educators and pupils, and at the same time their common concern for improving surrounding life, in which teachers act as senior comrades of the children, acting together with them and ahead of them. Key principles are based on encouraging initiative and self-government:

We plan ourselves

We organize ourselves

We analyze ourselves.

Plus - a tense emotional environment (emotions are a catalyst for creativity): romance as the basis of corporate culture ("candles" and "bonfires", songs with a guitar). Soviet pioneer Komsomolets

The method of persuasion (by word and positive example) actively influences the consciousness and feelings of the pioneers.

This method is used, as a rule, in conjunction with the methods of pioneer assignments, competitions, games, which are closely connected with the socially useful activities of detachments. The method of encouragement and punishment is a way of stimulating the activities of detachments and individual pioneers. All methods of pioneer work are interconnected, and only their complex application provides an educationally effective method of pioneer work.

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Children's public association - an association of citizens, which includes citizens under the age of 18 and adult citizens who have united for joint activities. It is necessary to distinguish between the nature and purpose of a children's public association, on the one hand, and an association of children (students) according to interests in the system of additional education for children, as well as a children's public association and a student self-government body.

All children's public associations carry out their activities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on public associations. It is possible to have a fixed membership in an association and registration with the justice authorities, in which case this association is called a children's association. public organization. There are other types of children's public associations: movement, association, union, etc. The association may be registered in in due course in the bodies of justice and other state executive bodies registering public associations, to have their own seal, current account in a credit institution and have other rights legal entity. It is possible to operate without registration, but in this case it does not have the rights of a legal entity.

A children's association can be: all-Russian, interregional, regional, at the place of residence of children, created in an educational institution, etc. The state ensures the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of children's public associations and guarantees the conditions for the fulfillment of their statutory tasks. They receive material and financial support. Children's organizations are granted the right to use on a contractual basis the premises of schools, institutions of additional education for children, clubs, palaces and houses of culture, sports and other facilities free of charge or on preferential terms;

In our opinion, the wording of “DOO” would sound more correct as an association of young citizens of the Russian Federation, united not only by a common goal, but also by common interests, value orientations and hobbies, as well as joint activities to promote them, public recognition and popularization.

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a qualitative leap in the development of childhood, its transformation from an object of adult influences into a relatively independent subject capable of influencing the life of society.

L.V. Aliyeva writes that the rise of the children's movement in Russia is historically objective and logical. She considers the children's movement as a socio-pedagogical reality - the result of two processes:

• - the objective process of the natural development of the child and his self-manifestation, self-realization in society;
• - a subjective socially, professionally - pedagogically organized process of understanding, understanding the capabilities of the child - the subject of the surrounding life and his own.

The periodization of the children's movement in Russia by researchers (T.V. Trukhacheva, L.V. Alieva, I.V. Rudenko, A.G. Kirpichnik, V.A. Kudinov, etc.) is based on the periodization of the history of the state, those events of its life which in one way or another influenced the development of the children's movement. Researchers distinguish the following periods in the development of the children's movement:

• - Dopioneersky;
• - Pioneer;
• - Post-pioneer.

L.V. Aliyeva gives the following periodization:

• Stage 1: the 10s of the twentieth century - the emergence of a children's movement as a specific social reality;
• Stage 2: 20s - early 30s of the twentieth century - the formation of a children's movement in the form of pioneering - a socio-pedagogical reality, a new means of targeted social education.
• Stage 3: 30s - 80s - the development of the pioneer movement as a mass monopoly public children's organization - a specific educational system, a link in the system of communist education of the younger generation.
• Stage 4: 90s of the XX century - 10 years of the XXI century - self-development and self-determination of the domestic children's movement in the new socio-economic, historical conditions Russian society.

The authors of another periodization T.V. Trukhachev and A.G. Kirpichnik connect the stages of development of the children's movement with the state of institutionalization of children and adolescents, the form of their associations. M.V. Boguslavsky connects the stages of development of the children's movement with the personality of an adult - leader, showing how the image of an adult changes in the history of the children's movement in Russia - from dreamers, romantics to workers - production workers and from them to professional organizers of the children's movement, class teachers able to work with pioneers.

Let's give brief description the main periods of development of the children's movement in Russia.

pre-pioneer period.

The beginning of this period can be considered the end of the nineteenth century. It was a period of formation on a legislative basis of associations (societies, unions) of various activities. It is assumed that teenagers also participated in them. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Russia, voluntary associations of adolescents were created in general educational institutions - schools, colleges. The first scout groups appear. Various children's groups appear in different cities. They are called differently: Izhevsk - the House of the young proletarian, in Perm - an anthill, etc. An attempt to adapt the scouting educational system to the new socio-political conditions can be considered the detachments of "young communists", created since 1918 with the active participation of many former scoutmasters.

In the variety of directions of the children's movement (in 1917 there were more than 17 significant children's organizations), the ideology of the children's proletarian movement gradually took shape - an ally of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The development of the children's movement in the pre-pioneer period, according to Trukhacheva T.V. characterized by the following features:

• - the choice of a group, both a child and an adult;
• - the choice of goals, objectives, laws, customs, symbols, rituals, programs, insignia by children together with adults, the children themselves, the adults themselves;
• - the multiplicity of the composition of the groups and the diversity of their locations;
• - lack of control over their activities by bodies specially created for this purpose and the absence of the bodies themselves;
• - voluntariness of joining the group, both an adult and a child.

The variety of structures, variety of forms, methods of work of children's formations during this period testifies to the facts of the presence in society in the 10-20s of a unique socio-pedagogical phenomenon, characterized, in contrast to the school, by dynamism, social orientation, a new position of the child and adult.

However, gradually the children's movement in Russia acquires a class-political orientation, gradually unifying, narrowing the scope of the movement - from a wide range forms to a single mass organization.

The pioneer organization has been born and developed since the beginning of the 20th century in our country in the conditions of revolutionary transformations in Russia, in the world as a whole, associated with the spread of the ideas of communism, socialism, the aggravation of class contradictions in the capitalist countries and especially in Russia.

Pioneer organization - part of the pioneer - a branch of the children's movement, a specific socio-pedagogical, cultural phenomenon of the XX century. Unlike other directions, types, forms of the children's movement, the pioneer movement basically has several sources.

The first. The international workers', revolutionary, communist movement (Russian - part of it), in which children were also drawn. Second. Actually, the children's movement (in the world and in Russia), manifested in the experience of creating and operating a wide variety of children's communities (scouts, falcons, amusing, student organizations, agricultural unions, amateur clubs, circles of various content orientations).

Third. Specific socio-political conditions in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (after the events of 1917). The nature of pioneering (its birth, development) was reflected in the originality of its structures, forms, the nature of its relations with state and socio-political institutions, which contributed to its transformation into an organic part of the Soviet state, its political system and its history.

Thus, the pioneer period was the longest period in the history of the children's movement in our country. The duration (70 years) of this period required an understanding of the different stages of its development, which was what the researchers tried to do - Gordin I.G., Alieva L.V. and etc.

Hello, dear friend!
Today, many publications devote time to stories about youth movements both in pre-revolutionary Russia and during the Soviet era. The Internet newspaper "Dni.ru" has prepared a large-scale material on this topic, covering the history of youth education in our country from the Russian Empire to the present day. I will try with the help of this publication to tell you about it in a short but interesting way.
So, let's begin. As noted by "Days. ru”, actively engaged in the education of youth in the world began at the end of the 19th century, when the first children's and youth movements appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century, they also came to Russia.
Before the revolution of 1917, youth organizations in the Russian Empire were mostly religious, and they were initiated by the missionaries of the World Christian Union of Young People, who appeared in Russia in 1900. Quite quickly, the Christian Union of Young People was transformed into an independent society called "Lighthouse". Only in St. Petersburg in 1908-1909 there were 1,615 Mayak members, most of whom were between the ages of 17 and 25, but the Mayak society existed in Russia until 1923.
In November 1906, the Russian Empire registered Moscow society"Settlement", which can be called the first children's club in Russia, where a workshop, a kindergarten, a school, a small observatory operated. Similar Settlement clubs were opened all over Russia, because the children were left to themselves, but they were asked to take care of the garden, cook food, clean their rooms, and cultural, educational and sports and recreational work was carried out with children. But the Settlement society club also did not last long and was closed by the police in December 1908 "for promoting socialism among children."


In 1908, after the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (in 1904-1905), the Amusing Troops youth organization appeared. This name was taken in memory of the boys with whom Peter the Great played war, and then he created the best guard regiments from them - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky. The initiative to create them belonged personally to Emperor Nicholas II. In the Amusing Troops, retired non-commissioned officers taught boys to march, sing marching songs, and perform tricks with wooden guns. The outbreak of the First World War and the revolution prevented the wide spread of the movement.
Since 1908, the Scout movement, which came to Russia from Great Britain, has also become widespread in Russia. Its main goal was to prepare the younger generation to serve the Fatherland (not the military, but in general). Tsar Nicholas II ordered that Baden Powell's book Scouting for Boys be translated into Russian and suggested that schools try out the method of educating boys in accordance with it. After 1917, the Scouting movement began to be seen as hostile to the Soviet regime, although the ideology of the Pioneer movement absorbed much from Scouting. In 1922, scout organizations were banned in Soviet Russia.
There were many youth associations in the USSR, but mostly they were with a certain ideological orientation.

I will quote "Dni.ru »: « The main role in the defeat of pre-revolutionary youth associations was played by the Russian communist union Youth (RKSM). In 1924, it was renamed the Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union (RLKSM), and in 1926 - the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM). On October 29 - November 4, 1918, the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth was held, at which the creation of the RKSM was proclaimed.

The Komsomol was created by the Bolsheviks to support the activities of the Bolshevik Party at the youth level. If in October 1918 the RKSM consisted of 22 thousand people, then by the III Congress of the Komsomol (1920) the movement already had almost half a million members. The Komsomol played a large role in fulfilling the tasks set by the Party. In 1941 there were more than ten million Komsomol members in the USSR. 3.5 thousand members of the Komsomol became Heroes of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, 3.5 million were awarded orders and medals. In the future, the social base of the Komsomol expanded, in the 1960-1980s almost all older students became Komsomol members. Komsomol participated in almost all spheres of life in the Soviet Union. During these years, the Komsomol actively promoted the participation of members of the organization in all-Union or regional "shock Komsomol construction projects."
Under the wing of the Komsomol, a sponsored movement was created - a pioneer organization. Her appearance took place against the backdrop of the fight against scouting and was due to the realization that it was necessary to create our own, communist, organization to work with children. At the same time, a number of scout elements, albeit in a modified form, were borrowed by the ideologists of the pioneers. This is how her symbols appeared: a red tie (instead of green), a white shirt (instead of green), and the Scout motto "Be ready!" transformed into the pioneer slogan "Always ready!" The final formation of the pioneer organization took place on May 19, 1922, when a resolution was adopted at the All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol to create an organization for children from ten to 15 years old. The organization was named "Young Pioneers named after Spartak", and two years after the death of the leader of the revolution, it was named after Vladimir Lenin.

It should be noted that the main goal of the pioneer movement in the USSR was to educate children in the Soviet spirit, the younger generation was instilled with communist ideals, patriotism, diligence, collectivism. Pioneers participated in all events of great importance for our country.
Over the entire period of its existence, more than 200 million people have been members of the pioneer movement.
It should also be noted that the guys, before becoming pioneers, were ordained on October, and after the pioneer organization they joined the Komsomol.
After 1991, the VLKSM officially ceased to exist, and together with the parent organization, the pioneers with the Octoberites also became a thing of the past.
On May 31, 1990, just before the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Youth Union (RSM) appeared in the country when it declared its independence from the central union leadership of the Komsomol Central Committee.
To date, it has more than 70 territorial organizations with over 150,000 members.
RSM implements a huge number of different programs and projects. It is thanks to RSM that such projects as Student Self-Government, Russian Intellectual Resources, Art-Profi Forum, the international camp Be-La-Rus, the Kadry program and others have appeared in the life of Russian youth. The Russian Youth Union is represented in the Public Chamber, the State Duma, its members participate in the expert councils of the parliament and government bodies.
In the early 2000s, the youth movement Walking Together appeared. In March 2000, the youth organization Walking Together held its first action on Tverskaya Street in Moscow. And on May 7, 2000, on the day of Vladimir Putin's inauguration as president, Marching Together held a rally in Moscow, in which up to 15,000 people took part.
On April 15, 2005, the youth democratic anti-fascist movement Nashi was established. Vasily Yakemenko became its leader, who resigned as leader of the Marching Together organization and headed Ours.
One of the most notable projects of the Nashi movement was the annual summer camp on Lake Seliger in the Tver region. The main task of the forum is team building, meetings with prominent political figures, journalists, experts in various fields, government officials, active recreation, work in various areas.
The forum is very popular to this day. Russian President Vladimir Putin also visits him.
As noted by "Dni.ru", "received new life forum "Seliger", which was transformed into several youth events at the federal level. Every year, hundreds of thousands of young people gather at professional venues from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka to discuss the most pressing issues on the widest range of problems. The central forum is the "Territory of Meanings" on Klyazma, which gathers more than six thousand participants to discuss political, economic and socially significant topics. For the second year in a row, the Tavrida Forum invites representatives of creative youth to Crimea: artists, musicians, journalists (about 3.5 thousand people over the summer). Smaller scale forums are also held. In Kaliningrad, the Baltic Artek is visited by about 600 participants who discuss issues of Russian identity, culture, literature, interaction between government and society. And at the other end of the country - in the Kuril Islands - the Iturup forum is being held, gathering about 200 boys and girls. At each of the four federal forums, there is a “Project Conveyor”, in which participants present their projects to experts, the best of which receive support in the form of grants.”
In 2015, our President Vladimir Putin signed a decree establishing the all-Russian children's and youth organization "Russian Movement of Schoolchildren". The purpose of its creation is to improve the state policy in the field of educating the younger generation and to promote the formation of personality on the basis of the system of values ​​inherent in Russian society. Branches of the organization will soon appear in all regions of the country. From the state, the founder of the movement is Rosmolodezh. During the movement, the Russian Children and Youth Center will be created, which will ensure the interaction of the movement with executive authorities and local self-government.
By and large, the new youth school organization should, since the collapse of the USSR, unite all schoolchildren into one movement. And it is right. Society is strong by unity, and not by an atomized mass of people who do not trust each other.
Read more about the history of youth movements in Russia here: http://story.dni.ru/?p=1645
In conclusion, I want to say that society must educate its children, otherwise the state will collapse, as our children will be educated by someone else. Who else? Yes, the same Internet, which is full of foreign content. For example, a lonely student, Varvara Karaulova, after communicating with ISIS representatives on the Internet, went to fight in ISIS herself. We must not allow the minds of our young people to be manipulated by foreign organizations, so society must be united, not atomized! Patriotic youth movements- this is what the state should give priority to. Thank God, there are more and more such movements in Russia!

Lost Generations

History of children's and youth organizations of the USSR

Sergey Komyakov

Take care of honor from a young age

© Sergey Komyakov, 2017

ISBN 978-5-4485-8083-3

Created in intellectual publishing system Ridero

Introduction

Citizens' organizations are an attribute of civil society. But in undeveloped, proto-civil societies, the function of organizing citizens does not belong to themselves, but to the supreme institutionalized structure, which is the state. Such an organization has very specific features and has both positive and Negative influence to the development of social relations. A characteristic example of such an organization of citizens is the system of organization of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, which has mobilization features. And here the experience of domestic organizations that arose under the influence of the Soviet state and the Communist Party is interesting. But if the communist party was a specific governing body, then secondary organizations, primarily youth, the Komsomol and pioneers, show the features of the mechanism for organizing the population of an authoritarian state with the aim of its political socialization in a channel pleasing to the ruling regime. Russia is still experiencing the influence of this process, and will continue to experience it for a long time to come. Therefore, the problem of the development of youth and youth organizations in the USSR in 1918-1991 is one of the most topical and controversial in modern Russian history. The achievements of youth movements in the Soviet Union are very contradictory - on the one hand, this is a high level of organization and spending of leisure time for young people, great achievements in youth sports, on the other hand, the suppression of free thought, the dogmatization of communication between young people. All this indicates the complexity of studying the history of youth and youth organizations in the USSR in 1920-1991.

That is why it seems relevant to consider in the study the history of youth and youth organizations in the USSR in 1920-1991, to assess the advantages and disadvantages of youth organizations in the USSR.

The importance of studying this problem increases, given that in modern Russia the search for optimal models and systems of work with youth continues, and the role and importance of the systemic and methodological socialization of the younger generation in the modern world is constantly increasing.

1. Forever Young: Russian Scout Organizations

1.1 Formation of scout organizations

Russia met the dawn of the 20th century in a state of capitalist transformation. The Russian monarchy coexisted with a society that developed along the Western European path, but retained serious vestiges of class. The latest trends coexisted with the institutions of the Middle Ages. This situation had an impact on Russian youth. As the most flexible, receptive to change, youth was the vanguard of social development.

Assessing the institutionalization of youth, it should be noted that before the Manifesto of 1905, there could not be any legal youth organizations in Russia. Even participation in a small circle whose members studied biology, economics or history could be fraught with young people. Expulsion from an educational institution, exile, and even prison were punishment for participating in a youth organization. The 1905 manifesto, which allowed social and political movements, allowed the youth to begin the process of self-organization.

At that time, there were three trends in the youth movement that coincided with the social structure of Russian society. The first was associated with the offspring of aristocratic and noble families. These families were guided by the classical education of children, home education, learning to ride, fencing, in other words, everything that was considered necessary for a young nobleman.

The second trend was associated with young men from families of representatives of industrial and commercial capital, skilled workers. The level of development of the Russian economy at that time had already led to the formation of a fairly significant stratum of merchants, industrialists, doctors, teachers, officials, skilled workers, and clerks (which accounted for 3-5 percent of the population of the Russian Empire). These people had the economic opportunities to educate their children, but they were shackled by class remnants and could not claim to be accepted in high society, to be members of riding clubs, yacht clubs, and various elite societies.

Russian merchants and industrialists were guided by other values ​​than the nobility and aristocracy. It also manifested itself in the organization of leisure. So, in contrast to aristocratic horse races, bicycle races, Russian entrepreneurs boxing and football, popular in the UK, were brought to Russia, they organized competitions in classical wrestling, skiing and ice skating.

Also, young people from this social group did not have economic opportunities to receive an education equivalent to the education of the elite, they could not organize their leisure time at the same level, but at the same time they were not bound by class norms and ideas, which allowed them to choose the forms of organizing their free time. .

The third trend was associated with the institutionalization of the youth of the working class and the peasantry, who constituted the vast majority of Russian youth. In this direction, everything was quite simple - most of the young people, the children of workers and peasants, had neither time nor money for leisure. This group was characterized by early alcoholization, the early beginning of working life. But an insignificant part of the urban youth among the workers was included in the political struggle. She campaigned, participated in strikes, strikes and terrorist acts.

All these trends had the right to exist, but the logic of historical development had to preserve the most adequate for the historical path of Russia.

Let us first consider the organizations of aristocratic and noble youth. Oddly enough, they didn't actually exist. This was due to the fact that it was relatively small, and career and life were predetermined from birth. The framework that society put in front of young aristocrats and nobles was very strong. First, home education followed, then classical education - a gymnasium or lyceum, and then training in a military or civilian educational institution. At the beginning of the 20th century, the organization of the educational process in Russia was such that it actually left no free time for students. Moreover, the golden youth was knitted by participating in various social events of their circle - balls, receptions, visiting relatives, etc.

True, some informal organizations that imitated the English organizations of graduates of elite educational institutions existed, but this form of self-organization of young people in Russia was not widely used. It should also be noted here that the creation of youth organizations of the Russian elite was hindered by a direct ban on the military and civil servants of imperial Russia to be members of political parties, and in fact to be interested in politics and express their own opinion on political problems, which were considered the prerogative of the Emperor. When, after February Revolution, this ban was lifted, there was no time left for the youth of the elite that survived the First World War to organize - a civil war began.

Significantly greater opportunities for self-organization were given to young people, the children of the emerging middle class. The middle class in any country has certain institutional features. These features were manifested in the emerging middle class of the Russian Empire. Of course, he was influenced by long-term political lack of rights, as well as the possibility of exercising economic rights, which arose only after the judicial reform of 1864. However, the interests of the middle class in relation to their offspring were obvious. They wanted to see children educated, literate enough for a career that often continued the career of a parent, as well as physically healthy, not drinking. Such an opportunity was provided by paramilitary youth organizations of scouts.

Scout organizations in Russia arose at the same time as in Western Europe and the USA. At the beginning of the twentieth century, European countries and the United States were covered by a broad youth movement, which was voluntary and focused on broad sections of youth.

The emergence of scout organizations is associated with several foreign policy events, among which are the operations of the colonial troops against the rebellious peoples and the Anglo-Boer War. What they had in common was that they showed an extremely low level of physical fitness of young officers who came from the upper and middle strata of society. It turned out that the average English officer shoots poorly, gets tired quickly even while riding a horse, does not know how to navigate the terrain, does not know how to make a fire, etc. This was a consequence of education in closed military schools, where they taught general dressage in the arena, and not what was needed in a real combat situation.