The Perm Territory is located on the western slopes of the Northern and Middle Urals; almost all of its territory belongs to the European part of Russia, and only a small part is located in Asia. The region stretched from north to south for 600 kilometers: in terms of area, this is more than almost any European country. natural area Perm Territory- forest.

Climate

The natural zone of Perm is characterized by moderate continental climate With warm summer and cold winter. An important climate-forming factor is the barrier of the Ural Mountains. The coldest month is January, the average temperature is -18-20 degrees Celsius. Most warm month– July, from average temperature+18 degrees. Significant temperature fluctuations occur periodically. Three districts of the Perm Territory are located in the conditions of the Far North.

Maximum low temperature in the region was registered on December 31, 1978 and amounted to -47 degrees.

Rice. 1. There are severe frosts in the Perm Territory in winter

Relief

The plain occupies 80% of the territory of the region. The Ural Mountains, their western slopes make up 20% of the territory. There are several hills on the plain. The highest altitude here is 446 meters above sea level. This is Mount Belaya of the Tulvin Upland. The lowest part of the region is the valley of the Kama River. The highest height of the Ural Mountains within the region is 1469 meters above sea level, Mount Tulymsky stone.

The Perm Territory ranks first in the Urals in terms of water resources. There are 545 rivers and 800 lakes here.

Flora

Forests occupy 71% of the total area of ​​the region. Dark coniferous forests predominate here, occupying 80% of the total forest cover. The most common tree is spruce. Deciduous forests are represented by birches, lindens, maples. Tundra trees grow on elevated areas. For river valleys characterized by meadow vegetation. Forest-steppe begins in the southernmost part of the region.

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The Perm Territory is one of the main regions of the woodworking industry. The forest cover is regularly renewed. About 20% of the forests are young forests.

Fig.2. perm forest

Fauna

The fauna of the Perm Territory is quite rich:

• 68 species of mammals;
• 280 species of birds;
• 6 species of reptiles;
• 9 species of amphibians.

What animals are the main ones for the Perm region? Most often here you can meet bears, wolves, foxes. In the north of the region live wolverines and lynxes. AT mixed forests moose live. The most common birds are capercaillie, black grouse.

PERM STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER A M GORKY

DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

A. S. SHKLYAEV and V. A. BALKOV

PERM BOOK PUBLISHING HOUSE PERM - 1963

Knowledge climatic conditions of a particular territory is of more practical importance. Meteorological and climatic conditions must be taken into account in agriculture, aviation, railway and water transport, energy, construction, health care, etc. Thus, the study of the climate of any territory helps to conduct agro-climatic zoning of this territory for a more appropriate location of agricultural production, to establish the timing of basic agricultural work. In the timber industry, when logging, hauling, and rafting, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the occurrence of snow cover, the nature of ice-forming processes on rivers, and the conditions of snowmelt. For aviation, knowledge of areas with frequent repetition is important strong winds, thunderstorms, fogs, snowstorms, showers, ice and other phenomena that prevent flights. These phenomena greatly complicate the work of other types of transport - rail, road, river.

The examples given are quite sufficient to show how important the study of climate is for various areas of the national economy.

Meteorological observations within the Perm region have been conducted for a long time. To date, considerable primary material on climate has been accumulated, which makes it possible to make valuable generalizations. So, only in climatological handbooks (26-32) data on precipitation for more than 100 points and air temperature - for more than 50 points for 60-70-year periods are published. True, in these materials, the periods of observations for many meteorological stations are extended. However, the techniques used to lengthen the series give reason to believe that the materials are of good quality and can be used for climatological generalizations.

Among the works devoted to the climate of the Perm region, the most interesting are the studies of F. N. Panaev, especially his work “Climate of Perm and Kama Region” (38), published in 1928. In this work, F. N. Panaev generalized observations for all meteorological elements (except soil temperature) Perm weather station for the period 1881-1920. Of interest are the works of S. N. Kaplinsky and V. M. Kostomarov (24), M. V. Sitnov (40), E. F. Zubkov (19), and L. F. Melchakov (37). In addition, well-known generalizations on the climate of the region are given in works devoted to the climates of the USSR. Among them, the works of B.P. Alisov (2, 3) and A.N. Lebedev (35) are of the greatest value.

The above studies do not generalize all the available material on the climate of the Perm region: some of them, written two or three decades ago (38, 40, 24), are far from complete, others are devoted to special issues of climatology (19) or do not cover the entire territory of the region (37 ). As for the works covering the climate of the USSR (2, 3) or the European part (35), they give only the most general features of the climatic conditions of the Perm region.

This study mainly summarizes the materials of meteorological observations for a 65-75-year period, published in the reference literature. Thus, air temperature has been generalized since 1881, atmospheric precipitation - since 1891, etc. The end of the period for all meteorological elements falls on 1954, when a large reservoir was created in the central part of the region, which violated the homogeneity of the observation series for stations located near it. Meteorological elements with a shorter observation period are specially specified in the text and tables.

The basis for the work was the materials of climatological reference books (26-32), literature on the climate of various regions of the USSR, as well as materials of the Perm Hydrometeorological Bureau for 1951-1954. In the course of the work, the series of observations were lengthened, bringing them to a homogeneous series using modern methods climatological processing of materials (16). Thus, the lengthening of the series of observations on air temperature and precipitation for stations that do not have information for any period of time was carried out using the methods of differences and ratios, with a preliminary analysis using the connection curves of selected analogue stations. In those cases when comparisons were made of the average long-term values ​​of meteorological elements obtained for different periods observations, the results of these comparisons are included in the relevant sections. Such comparisons, for example, are placed at the beginning of the Precipitation section.

In work, in addition to the description general characteristics climatic conditions of the Perm region, an attempt was made to identify a number of patterns that have not been covered before. These include regularities in the distribution of air temperature and precipitation depending on the latitude and altitude of the place, the distribution of precipitation over the territory of the region depending on the trajectories of cyclones, the features of climate fluctuations, etc. The issue of seasons is being solved in a new way.

Introduction

The main climate-forming factors. There are several definitions of climate that do not contradict each other. Almost all of them consider climate either as a long-term weather regime in a given area, i.e., a cumulative and consistent change of weather, or as “a regular sequence of atmospheric processes created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface and causing in this area the weather regime characteristic of it” (33). In this case, the underlying surface is understood as vegetation cover, the top layer of soil and water, snow and ice cover. Thus, the climate is formed under the influence of physical (climate-forming) processes that occur in the atmosphere and the underlying layer. The climate is also affected by geographical factors that determine the nature of these processes in specific natural conditions.

The main climate-forming factors (processes) are: 1) solar radiation (inflow-expenditure of heat); 2) atmospheric circulation; 3) moisture circulation; 4) geographical conditions ( geographical position, distance from the oceans, relief, vegetation, etc.)

Climate-forming factors, acting in combination, continuously interact with each other. The arrival (and consumption) of radiant energy determines heat and moisture exchange. At the same time, moisture exchange significantly affects the supply and consumption of heat.

Solar radiation. Solar radiation plays a leading role in shaping the climate, since under its influence all physical processes in the atmosphere and on the earth's surface. The amount of solar energy reaching the earth's surface is not the same and depends on the geographic latitude. The largest amount of heat is received by the equatorial zone, the least - by the polar countries and regions of the poles.

The Perm region, located in the northeast of the European part of the USSR and stretching from north to south for almost 600 km (between 56° 06" N and 61° 39" N), receives different amounts of solar energy (Table 1). one).

During the year, the north of the region receives 14% less solar heat than the south. However, in some months this ratio varies greatly, which is explained by a significant difference in the height of the sun above the horizon at noon in winter time, which is smoothed out in summer (Table 2).

It follows from the table: 1) the ratio of the annual values ​​of the total solar radiation received in the north and south of the region is almost equal to the ratio of the height of the sun at noon, at the same latitudes on the days of spring and autumnal equinoxes; 2) on the day of the summer solstice, the ratio between the height of the sun at noon in the north and south of the region is almost twice as large as in the day winter solstice. The change in the ratio between the heat received in individual months in the north and south of the region is also affected by the length of the day. In winter in the north, the duration of the day is shorter than in the south, and in summer it is longer, which increases the duration of solar energy in the northern part of the region at almost the same midday height of the sun above the horizon.

Even greater changes in the values ​​of total solar radiation are observed seasonally. In December, the values ​​of total solar radiation are 13 (in the south) and 32 times (in the north) less than in June. This is due to both a decrease in the length of the day and the midday height of the sun above the horizon in winter, and the presence of snow cover, which reflects 80-85% of the solar radiation entering its surface. At the same time, in summer the reflection is no more than 15-20%. According to the tentative data of T. G. Berlyand (8), the north of the Perm region in the summer time belongs to the areas of the lowest albedo values. At this time, the underlying surface reflects only about 15% of solar energy, which can be explained by the presence of large arrays coniferous forests, which have low albedo values, and significant soil moisture. According to V. L. Gaevsky (10), the albedo of the tops of fir trees is 10%, pines - 14%, green grass - 26%, and the fallow field with a wet surface - 5-7%. Since forests occupy almost 62% of the territory of the region (39), in summer their surface reflects a small amount of solar energy.

The radiation balance of the earth's surface (representing the difference between the input and output of radiant energy absorbed and emitted by the earth's surface) varies from season to season. In the cold half-year (November - March) its values ​​are negative - less than 1 kcal/cm2. In April, due to a strong increase in the arrival of total radiation and a decrease in the albedo of the underlying surface (since the area occupied by snow is greatly reduced), the radiation balance becomes positive and varies throughout the region from 0.6-0.7 kcal/cm2 in the north , up to 2 kcal/cm2 - in the south. In June it reaches 7 kcal/cm2. From the second half of summer, the radiation balance begins to decrease and already in September it is about 2 kcal/cm2 (8).

atmospheric circulation. The circulation processes big influence on the climate. Atmospheric circulation is associated with transport air masses with different geographic origins. Since solar radiation is unevenly distributed on the surface of the earth, the heating of the air and the underlying surface occurs to an unequal degree. This causes differences in atmospheric pressure, which lead to the emergence of air currents that play a major role in the transfer of heat and moisture. Therefore, atmospheric circulation affects not only the precipitation regime, but also the thermal regime.

According to general scheme circulation according to B.P. Alisov (2) in winter, over the vast territory of the Asian part of the USSR, the region high pressure called the Siberian anticyclone. The spur of this region extends to the southern half of the European territory of the USSR approximately along the 50th parallel. The European spur is strengthened by arctic anticyclones coming from the northwest and north and stagnant in the southeastern regions. However, over the European territory of the USSR, including the Perm region, cyclonic activity often develops in winter, observed between periods of development of high-pressure areas over the mainland and Arctic air intrusions.

Cyclones move both from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Arctic region. Therefore, they can move from the west, southwest and northwest.

In summer, the territory of the Perm region is exposed to three centers of atmospheric action: the Azores anticyclone, the Icelandic minimum and the maximum over the Arctic Ocean. The spur of the Azores anticyclone acts on the southern half of the Russian Plain. Because of this, in summer, as well as in winter, cyclonic activity is observed over the territory of the Perm region, with the development of which intensive precipitation is associated.

The frequency of occurrence of cyclones and anticyclones in the territory of the Middle Urals can be judged from the materials of Table. 3. The frequency calculation was carried out by K. V. Kuvshinova according to the assembly-kinematic maps compiled by B. L. Dzerdzeevsky for the period 1934-1948.

The table shows that in the warm part of the year (April - October) cyclones predominate, and in the cold period (November - March) - anticyclones. The exception is March, when cyclones also predominate. The alternation of cyclones and anticyclones determines the change of weather. In winter, clear frosty weather is most often associated with the development of anticyclonic activity, while in summer it is hot and dry. The development of cyclonic activity causes precipitation, and therefore the weather at this time changes to cloudy, rainy in the warm part of the year and warm with snowfalls, sometimes with strong winds and blizzards - in winter.

The geographical conditions of the territory, including the underlying surface, are also among the main climate-forming factors. Its character determines the characteristics of the climate of the area. The presence and absence of snow cover, water spaces, vegetation, lowlands and uplands leaves an undeniable imprint on the climate of a particular area. Therefore, the question of the influence of the underlying surface on the climate of the Perm region, as well as the question of the influence of geographical factors, will be considered in the relevant sections on climate features, characteristics of meteorological elements and individual seasons. General features of the climate. The climate of the Perm region is continental, as evidenced by significant annual and daily fluctuations in almost all meteorological elements. Air temperature fluctuates especially sharply. So, the amplitude of the oscillation average monthly temperatures air for Cherdyn (north of the region) is about 34 °, for Perm (middle part of the region) - more than 33 ° and for Kueda (south of the region) - more than 34 °. More large values reach absolute amplitudes (i.e., the difference between the absolute minimum and maximum), which are 88 ° for Krasnovishersk, and 82 ° for Perm.

The degree of climate continentality can be determined by the method proposed by N. N. Ivanov (22). This method is based on the calculation of the difference between the annual air temperature amplitude of a given point (A 1) and the average latitudinal annual air temperature amplitude for the parallel on which this point is located (A 0). This difference is determined by the formula: K \u003d A 1 - A 0, where K is the degree of climate continentality in degrees. It is quite natural that in maritime climate regions where oceanic influences predominate, A 1<А 0 , а поэтому значение К будет отрицательным; в районах континентального климата годовая амплитуда колебания температуры воздуха данного пункта (А 1) будет значительно превышать среднюю широтную годовую амплитуду (А 0) и значения К будут положительными. Наконец, в районах, где океанические и материковые воздействия одинаковы, значения К будут равны 0°. Мировой максимум континентальности находится в районе Верхоянска, здесь К=+33°, в Москве К = 0°, а в Ленинграде К = -5,5°

Within the Perm region, the values ​​of K vary from 0°.9 to 4°.7, i.e., they have a positive sign, which indicates the continentality of the climate (Table 6 and Fig. 3)

Atmospheric circulation has a great influence on the distribution of precipitation and temperature regime. Intrusions of cold Arctic air masses cause cooling in the warm part of the year, and the impact of the Siberian anticyclone causes severe frosts in winter. At the same time, warming and even thaws in winter are associated with the influx of warm air masses from the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, despite the continentality of the climate in almost all months of the warm part of the year, air temperatures can drop to negative values, and in the cold half of the year rise above zero. You can often observe cases when, after "crackling" frosts (especially at the end of December), a sharp warming sets in and the snow begins to melt; in May and early June, the heat can be replaced by snowfall.

The climate of the region is also influenced by the terrain, snow cover, which lasts up to 170-190 days, the distribution of water bodies (rivers and lakes), vegetation cover, etc. The distribution of air temperature, precipitation and other meteorological elements is affected by the nature of the surface structure of the region, especially Ural Mountains, located in the east. Therefore, the amount of precipitation gradually increases towards the east and northeast. In the same direction, the average annual air temperatures, the duration of the warm season, the average monthly air temperatures of spring, summer and autumn decrease, and the duration of winter increases.

The climate of the region is somewhat influenced by the Kama and the Kama reservoir. In winter, cold air stagnates in the river valley; in spring, a significant part of the heat is spent on melting ice. All this leads to a decrease in air temperature. In autumn, on the contrary, the Kama and the Kama reservoir act as a warming effect, as the slowly cooling water heats the air. At this time, in the valleys of large rivers, the number of days with fogs increases.

These are the general features of the climate of the Perm region.

The Perm Territory is located in the east of the European part of Russia, in the Cis-Urals, as well as on the western slopes of the Northern and Middle Urals. The Perm Territory is part of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The Perm Territory borders in the west with the Republic of Udmurtia and the Kirov Region, in the south with the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the east with the Sverdlovsk Region, in the north with the Republic of Komi. The length of the Perm Territory from north to south is about 650 km, from west to east - about 450 km. In the western part of the Perm Territory (Berezniki, Solikamsk, Chaikovsky, Kungur, Lysva, Krasnokamsk, Chusovoy, Dobryanka, Chernushka, Kudymkar), located on the Russian Plain, low-lying and flat relief prevails, the Ural Mountains pass in the eastern part, the highest point is Mount Tulymsky Stone, 1496 meters high.

The climate of the Perm Territory is temperate continental, with long snowy winters and moderately warm summers. Due to the moderating influence of the Ural Mountains, in the east and northeast of the region, the average annual temperatures are lower than in the west, and much more precipitation falls. The climate of the Perm region is characterized by distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Perm region begins in early November. Winter is long and snowy. A stable snow cover forms in late October - early November and lasts until the second half of April. The greatest amount of precipitation will fall in December, and the least - in February-March, with much more precipitation in the north than in the south. January is the coldest month, with average daily temperatures ranging from -19 in the northeast to -15 in the southwest. Frosts down to -40 degrees and below are observed every three or four years. Quite strong western and southwestern winds prevail in winter, with an average speed of up to 5 m/s. The thickness of the snow cover by the end of winter reaches 90 cm - in the north, 70 cm - in the south, and 50 cm - on the tops of the mountains.

Spring comes to the Perm Territory in early April and is characterized by unstable weather, with sharp fluctuations in air temperature, when both frosts down to -25 degrees and heat up to +25 degrees are possible. Snow melts in mid-April. Spring weather is characterized by strong winds, the average speed of which can exceed 10 m/s. The weather in May is usually warm and sunny, but cold returns often occur when temperatures below -5 degrees can re-establish snow cover.

Summer in the Perm region usually comes in mid-June and lasts until the end of August. The weather in summer is moderately warm, but there are sharp cold snaps and frosts associated with the invasion of Arctic air from the north. Once every three or four years in June-July, a cold snap occurs with temperature drops to negative values. The warmest month is July. The average temperature in July in the north-east of the Perm region is +24 degrees, and in the south-west - +26 degrees. The summer period is characterized by dangerous weather phenomena: thunderstorms, heavy downpours, hail and squalls. In the last days of August, the period of autumn frosts begins.

Autumn in the Perm region starts from the end of August and lasts until the beginning of November. In the first half of September, the weather is clear, but by the end of the month, heavy rains begin, accompanied by gusty winds, and the first snow falls. The average temperature in October ranges from -2 degrees in the north of the Perm Territory to +2 degrees in the south. Frequent temperature transitions through zero are the cause of such a dangerous weather phenomenon as ice, when wet snow can stick to wires and tree branches. In November, the average daily air temperature becomes negative, and a permanent snow cover forms.

The annual amount of precipitation in the Perm Territory increases from 450 mm in the southwest to 1000 mm in the mountains in the northeast. Most of the precipitation falls during the warm season.

Weather and Climate of Perm

The climate of Perm is temperate continental, but the proximity of the Kama reservoir increases the average air humidity. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of -13 degrees. The warmest month is July, with an average temperature of about +19 degrees. The annual precipitation is about 660 mm, with a maximum in June and a minimum in March.

Air masses: Mostly warm, Humid. Mostly warm, humid. They move from the ocean, significantly soften the local climate. They move from the ocean, significantly soften the local climate. The correct course of this process is constantly disturbed by the intrusion of air masses from the North and South in the form of cyclones. The correct course of this process is constantly disturbed by the intrusion of air masses from the North and South in the form of cyclones.

Solar radiation: Predetermines the latitudinal distribution of climatic zones (obeys the law of latitudinal zonality). Predetermines the latitudinal distribution of climatic zones (obeys the law of latitudinal zonality). In the region they are replaced from the North-East to the South-West. In the region they are replaced from the North-East to the South-West.

Winds of temperate latitudes dominate throughout the year. Atlantic air masses, reaching the territory of the Urals, turn into continental ones. Atlantic air masses, reaching the territory of the Urals, turn into continental ones. Also, air masses from the North and South invade here, there is a change in atmospheric pressure. Also, air masses from the North and South invade here, there is a change in atmospheric pressure. All this causes the change of cyclones and anticyclones. All this causes the change of cyclones and anticyclones.

Cyclones. Cyclones - fast and abrupt weather changes, heavy cloud cover, precipitation. Gusty wind. Cyclones - fast and abrupt weather changes, heavy cloud cover, precipitation. Gusty wind. Cooling in summer. Cooling in summer. Thaws in winter. Thaws in winter.

Temperature. Average t January -18* to N-E Average t January -18* to N-E -14* to S-W -14* to S-W Absolute min from 54* to 47* Absolute min from 54* to 47* Average July t +13* to N-E Average July t +13* to N-E +18* to S-W +18* to S-W Absolute max + 38* Absolute max + 38* Average air t in the region from +0.7* to +2.4* Average t of air in the region from +0.7* to +2.4*

The duration of the period with positive temperatures is from 170 (in the north) to 205 (in the south) days. The duration of the period with positive temperatures is from 170 (in the north) to 205 (in the south) days. With temperatures above +10* - 3 months. With temperatures above +10* - 3 months. Solar radiation - kcal / cm 2 Solar radiation - kcal / cm 2

The distribution of precipitation in the region is extremely uneven. S and SW - mm S and SW - mm NW 1000 mm NW 1000 mm Evaporation mm Evaporation mm 70% of precipitation falls from April to October. 70% of precipitation falls from April to October. Max precipitation falls - July-August. Max precipitation falls - July-August. min precipitation - February-March. min precipitation - February-March.

Snow. Snow depth – cm. Snow depth – cm. Max snow depth observed in 1914 150 cm. Max snow depth observed in 1914 150 cm. Min - 50 cm. Min - 50 cm. . The snow cover lasts for days. The average date of snow appearance is October in the south, October 6-8 in the north. The average date of snow appearance is October in the south, October 6-8 in the north.

Fogs, blizzards, thunderstorms - special atmospheric precipitation have a huge impact on economic activity in the region. Fogs - most often occur in August-September, from days in the west and days to the east. Fogs - most often occur in August-September, from days in the west and days to the east.
Thunderstorm. The duration of days with thunderstorms varies from 27 to 19 in the direction from north to south. The duration of days with thunderstorms varies from 27 to 19 in the direction from north to south. Most often, thunderstorms occur in Cherdyn, Kizel, Chusovoy. Most often, thunderstorms occur in Cherdyn, Kizel, Chusovoy.

Sources. Photo from personal archive. Photo from personal archive. project.com/youkai/src/ jpg project.com/youkai/src/ jpg project.com/youkai/src/ jpg project.com/youkai/src/ jpg ada/news/tuman_0. jpg ada/news/fog_0. jpg ada/news/fog_0. jpg ada/news/fog_0. jpg geograf.at.ua/_ph/43/2/ jpg geograf.at.ua/_ph/43/2/ jpg

The climate of the Republic of Udmurtia

The climate of the Republic of Udmurtia is temperate continental. Udmurtia is quite far removed from the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, sea air masses, when moving over the surface of the mainland, lose a significant part of their moisture and warm up in summer and cool down in winter. At the same time, from the ocean deep into the mainland, the amplitude of average monthly temperatures increases, which is, on average, 33°. There are also intrusions of cold Arctic air masses from the Arctic Ocean. They are characterized by low temperature, low humidity and increased air transparency. In winter, they bring clear weather with severe frosts, and in spring and autumn - frosts. And the continental tropical air coming from the south and southeast has high temperature, low relative humidity and low transparency. On such days, hot weather sets in with dry and dusty air. All these air masses, without encountering obstacles in the relief, freely pass over the plains of Udmurtia.

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In Udmurtia, there is a pronounced seasonality of the seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The period with temperatures above 0° lasts from 190 days in the north of the republic to 200 days in the south. Spring and autumn transitions of air temperature through +5°C characterize the beginning and end of the growing season, which lasts from 157 to 166 days. And the transition of the average air temperature through + 10 ° C - the period of active vegetation of woody plants and shrubs, and many agricultural crops, lasts from 115 days in the north of the republic, to 130 days in the south.

Winter in the Republic of Udmurtia begins in the second half of November, with the establishment of a stable snow cover, and lasts 5 months. In general, the winter period of the year is characterized as moderately cold, with constant frosts, only on some days, when sea air from temperate latitudes enters from the Atlantic Ocean, cloudy weather sets in, the temperature rises and heavy snowfalls begin. During such thaws, the snow cover is compacted, which leads to the formation of an ice crust, under which plants often die. Winter days are very short, for example, on December 22, daylight hours are only 6 hours and 45 minutes.

The coldest month of the year is January. The average daily air temperature in January is - 15°С in the north (in Glazov), - 14°С in the south of the republic (in Mozhga). In the direction from the northeast to the southwest, the average January temperatures slightly increase. Some years are characterized by particularly cold winters with temperatures down to -30°C.

The number of days with snow cover reaches 160 - 165 days in the south of the republic, and 172 - 175 days in the northeast, that is, the snow cover lasts longer where it is the most powerful, and noticeably decreases in the southwest direction. The thickness of the snow cover, by the second half of March, reaches its maximum value, on average, from 50 to 60 cm. crops and other wintering plants, during severe frosts, and in general, sharp fluctuations in temperature. Also, snow cover is the necessary moisture reserves for the future harvest.

Spring in the Republic of Udmurtia comes in early April. It is at this time that the snow begins to melt. Clear weather sets in: warm, sunny during the day, frosty at night. At times there is windy and cloudy weather with rain, which is why the snow melts quickly and the rivers are cleared of ice. The snow cover usually melts in the second decade of April: in Sarapul and Izhevsk on April 16, in Glazov on April 19.

After that, there is usually partly cloudy weather with light to moderate winds, cumulus clouds appear during the day, nights remain clear, sometimes with light frosts. The transition of the average daily air temperature through +5°С is observed in the south - on April 23, in the north - on April 26. At this time, herbaceous vegetation and winter rye begin to develop. In late April - early May, mass sowing of early spring crops is carried out.

In the second decade of May, the average daily air temperature passes the mark of +10°С, and the intensive growth and development of woody vegetation and shrubs begins. In the south, this happens, on average, on May 8, in the north - on May 15. At this time, they start sowing more heat-loving crops: buckwheat and corn. In May, returns of cold weather are often observed, caused by intrusions of Arctic air masses. They are accompanied by strong winds and rains, a sharp drop in temperature, frost, and sometimes even snowfall. Frosts in Udmurtia are observed even in the first half of June.

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Summer in the Republic of Udmurtia begins, sometimes, in the second half of May, and sometimes only in the first half of June. The summer is warm, sometimes even hot, but this season is rather short, and the Udmurt summer lasts no more than three months. In summer, the weather is cloudy, with a predominance of northwestern, northern and western winds. Usually, in the morning it is quiet and clear; during the day, the wind appears, the air temperature rises, cumulus clouds appear. The nights are quiet and clear, but the air temperature drops to +10 - +15°C.

The warmest summer month is July. The average daily air temperature in July is +23°С. There are summer days when it is really hot, and the daytime air temperature reaches +35°C. In the fields, and in other open spaces, in summer there is a higher air temperature and a higher wind speed than in the forests. In low places, along river valleys, fogs are frequent, and abundant dew falls.

With the advent of sea air from temperate latitudes, precipitation and a decrease in temperature are associated, which are most often observed in August. Summer rains are usually of short duration, but there are thunderstorms with heavy showers. Rainy warm weather promotes the growth and development of winter rye, spring cereals, peas, flax, potatoes and vegetables. Precipitation falls mainly in the second half of summer, which greatly affects the harvesting work. In the third decade of August, a noticeable decrease in temperature is observed, the first light frosts on the soil are noticed. These frosts destroy heat-loving crops: cucumbers, tomatoes, green mass of unharvested corn.

Autumn in the Republic of Udmurtia comes in early September. From 10 to 15 September there is a transition of the average daily air temperature through +10°C. At this time, the vegetation of woody plants and shrubs stops: the leaves begin to turn yellow. Then comes the period of leaf fall. In the middle or in the second half of September, there are periods of heat return, which contribute to the harvesting of vegetables and the development of winter rye.

From October 2 to October 7, the average daily air temperature is below +5°C. As a result, the growth of winter rye and herbaceous plants stops. They go into winter dormancy. At this time, cloudy weather prevails with frequent drizzling rains, and when the Arctic air masses invade, the air temperature also drops sharply. From October 22 to October 26, the average daily air temperature drops below 0 ° C, as a result of which the soil freezes through, and sometimes a short-term snow cover is established. In November, the average daily air temperature reaches negative values, rains are replaced by snowfalls, and in the second half of November a stable snow cover forms. Winter is starting...

The territory of Udmurtia is located in a zone of sufficient moisture. The average annual precipitation in the area of ​​the sources of the Vyatka exceeds 600 mm. This is the wettest place in Udmurtia. In the middle zone of precipitation, about 500 mm falls per year, namely: in Syumsy - 561 mm, in Votkinsk - 524 mm, in Izhevsk - 488 mm, in Sarapul - 443 mm. Of the total precipitation, about 3/5 falls as rain, during the 5 months of the growing season. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in summer and autumn. Moreover, summer rains fall in the form of short-term showers, the water of which is not completely soaked into the soil - a significant part of it flows into rivers, forming short-term floods, and part of it evaporates. During the year, with precipitation there are from 178 days in Mozhga, up to 203 days in Glazov.

Due to the fact that the land and the lower layers of the air are greatly cooled in winter, the pressure of the atmosphere rises noticeably, and in the center of the Eurasian continent, in the region of Southern Siberia, an area of ​​high pressure is established - a maximum. From here, to the west, to the European part of the country, there is a high-pressure band that enters the southern regions of Udmurtia, where the pressure in January reaches 1021 Mb. To the north, the pressure drops to 1019 Mb. Air masses move from south to north. But due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, they deviate to the right, and the winds prevailing in winter on the territory of the republic blow from the southwest to the northeast. In summer, on the contrary, the land and ground layers of air heat up, and the pressure of the atmosphere noticeably decreases. The center of low pressure is located in Iran and India.

In Udmurtia in the summer, too, the pressure drops to 1009 Mb. However, the spur of the Azores extends to southwestern Europe, and therefore air masses rush from west to east, from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. They deviate significantly to the right, and on the territory of Udmurtia the prevailing winds take the direction from the northwest to the southeast.

When to go to the Republic of Udmurtia. The best time to travel to Udmurtia is the summer period, from June to September. In summer, the weather here is wonderful, and you can spend your time in an interesting and very diverse way. In summer you can go for mushrooms and berries, or go horse riding or hiking, play volleyball or badminton, or swim in the numerous lakes of the republic. Also, in the summer, sports such as rock climbing, mountain biking, water sports, skydiving, hiking, survival races, and much more are very popular here.

In addition, Udmurtia is an ecologically clean area, there are a large number of various rest houses and sanatoriums where you can not only relax, but also improve your health. An important therapeutic factor is the therapeutic mud from the Nylginskoe-1 deposit, which, in its composition, corresponds to the mud of the well-known Lithuanian health resort Palanga.

The winter season - the period from December to April - is also a good time of the year to relax in Udmurtia. Holidays in winter are excellent opportunities for skiing, skating, tubing. Winter sports such as ice climbing, skiing and snowboarding are widely developed here, and if you suddenly start to overcome the cold, you should definitely take a steam bath.

May and September are good months for sightseeing tours around Udmurtia, city trips, sightseeing. At this time, it is not so hot, and, as a rule, there is dry sunny weather, which sets you in a good mood.

The autumn months of October - November, and also, April are not the best time to travel to Udmurtia, autumn is slushy, gloomy and cold, with strong winds and constant rains. It is unlikely that you will enjoy the gray colors of the Udmurt nature. April is a month of spring, but still cold, and little predictable in weather conditions. It can either rain or snow, and besides, in April it is very dirty everywhere.

The climate of the Perm region

The climate of the Perm Territory is temperate continental. Winters are snowy and long, and summers are moderately warm. Being on the path of the western transfer of air masses, the Basegi Ridge, like the Urals as a whole, despite its relatively low altitude, significantly restrains the spread of Atlantic air to the east. That is why the climate of the Perm Territory is characterized by a pronounced continentality, in which the Arctic air plays a significant role, invading here, most often in the spring. The cold air from the Kara Sea is characterized by low humidity, while the masses of the Atlantic air, on the contrary, are rich in moisture. Due to the barrier effect of the Ural Mountains in the east, and especially in the northeast of the region, the average annual air temperatures are somewhat lower than at the same latitude, in the west of the territory, and much more precipitation falls.

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The Perm Territory is located in the European part of the Urals, occupies the elevated eastern margin of the Russian Plain and the western foothills of the Ural Range. This is one of the largest subjects of the Federation in European Russia. Among the countries of Europe, the Perm Territory, in terms of area, is second only to France, Sweden and Poland. Forests cover 71% of the territory of the region; the predominant tree species are spruce and fir, and the proportion of deciduous trees increases in the direction from north to south. The Perm Territory is a unique natural region. There are 62 species of mammals, more than 270 species of birds, 39 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians.

The territory of the Perm Territory is notable for its huge water wealth, it can be considered the main "water tower" of European Russia. There are 2 large rivers (Kama and Chusovaya), 40 medium and about 29,000 small rivers, of which about 1,400 are over 10 km long. There are about 800 lakes, most of them are floodplain in origin.

The climate of the Perm Territory is characterized by distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Variability of weather conditions over time (frequent returns of cold weather in spring, frosts in the first half of summer, hail, insufficient rainfall at the beginning of the growing season, summer showers) greatly complicate agriculture in the region.

Winter in the Perm region begins in early November. Permian winter favorably differs from Europe with little snow, and from Siberia, with its extremely low temperatures. Winter in the Perm Territory is long, snow cover is established in late October - early November, and lasts until the third decade of April, that is, on average, 170 - 190 days a year. In winter, the weather in the Perm region is formed by the western spur of the Asian anticyclone. Atlantic cyclones, most often, pass north of 60°N, and have a greater impact on the weather in the northern part of the region, where more precipitation falls in winter than in the south. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in December (in Perm, on average, 41 mm), the least - in February-March (in Perm, on average, 27 mm).

January is the coldest month of the year, with average daily air temperatures ranging from -19°C in the northeast to -15°C in the southwest. Severe frosts (-40° and below) are observed in the Perm Territory 1 time in 3-4 years. The absolute minimum temperature sometimes reaches -53 °C. However, during all winter months, thaws are also possible, most often associated with the advection of warm air masses from the Atlantic. In winter, the winds of the western and south-western directions prevail, their average speed is quite high - from 4.1 to 5 m/s, it noticeably increases in the mountains, especially above the forest line.

The thickness of the snow cover by March reaches 80 - 90 cm in the north, and 60 - 70 cm in the south of the region. In the valleys, the depth of the snow cover can reach 1.5 or even 2 m, and on the tops of the mountains it does not exceed 50-70 cm.

Spring comes to the Perm Territory in early April. Moreover, the Permian spring is characterized by unstable weather, with extremely sharp fluctuations in air temperature, for example, in early April, temperatures up to -25 °C are possible, and at the end of April up to + 25 °C. The weather at this time of the year is extremely difficult to predict. The transition of air temperature through 0°, which determines the beginning of active snowmelt, usually occurs in the first ten days of April. The average air temperature in April varies from -2°С in the north to +3°С in the south of the region. Rooks, larks, buntings and finches are returning. The first flowers will also appear after the snow melts in the forest, on thawed patches.In spring, the maximum annual average wind speeds are recorded, which exceed 10 m/s.

May is a warm sunny month, real, spring, when everything around comes to life and blooms, the grass turns green, flowers bloom, birds sing like spring. But in May, there are often returns of cold weather with severe frosts down to -5 ° C and below, and the establishment of temporary snow cover (including in the third decade of the month). Such cold snaps cause serious damage to agriculture, flowering fruit and berry crops are especially affected.

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Summer in the Perm Territory begins, on average, in the second decade of June, lasts until the third decade of August, and is characterized as moderately warm. In summer, the weather in the Perm region is mainly formed by cyclones. However, in the summer months there are sharp cooling and frosts associated with the intrusions of the Arctic air. Frosts in June, in most of the territory of the region, occur once every 3-4 years and cause serious damage. In July, the temperature can also drop, in the north of the region - to negative values, in the south to +1°C.

The warmest summer month is July. The average daily air temperature in July is +24°C in the northeast of the Perm Territory, and +26°C in the southwest. In summer, northerly winds prevail. In the summer season, up to 40% of the total annual precipitation falls - both in the form of short-term showers and in the form of prolonged rains. The maximum amount of precipitation falls in July - from 70 mm in the south of the region, up to 100 or more - in mountainous areas. The summer period is characterized by dangerous weather phenomena associated with convective instability - thunderstorms, heavy showers, squalls and hail. In the Perm Territory, summer fogs are often observed, which sometimes last for several days.

At the beginning of the 3rd decade of August, the air temperature throughout the Perm Territory passes through +15°С. At the same time, the period of autumn frosts begins. In some years, frosts can occur earlier, for example, in the second decade of August. Sometimes, autumn frosts cause significant damage to agriculture.

Autumn in the Perm region begins in the third decade of August and lasts until the beginning of November. Autumn is perhaps the darkest time of the year. In the autumn season, the weather in the Perm region is most often formed by cyclones. The first half of September is still sunny, but a cold wind is already blowing, and the air smells of imminent winter. In the middle of the month, it begins to rain relentlessly, gusts of wind intensify, which pluck the last leaves from the trees, the weather is slushy and chilly.

Usually in October (and sometimes in the second decade of September) a temporary snow cover forms. Such cold snaps are often associated with dangerous weather events - significant damage can be caused by heavy precipitation in the form of wet snow (sticking of wet snow to wires and tree branches). The average air temperature in October varies from -2°С in the north to +2°С in the south of the region. In the 3rd decade of October, the transition of the average daily air temperature through 0°С is noted. November is characterized by negative average daily air temperature and the presence of permanent snow cover - this is already a real winter month.

The annual rainfall in the Perm Territory increases from 410 - 450 mm in the southwest to 1000 mm in the extreme northeast, in the highest mountainous part of the Kama region. Most of the atmospheric precipitation falls on the warm half of the year (from May to September they fall from 66 to 77%).

The climate features of the Perm Territory include a rather frequent occurrence of dangerous meteorological phenomena (fogs, thunderstorms, snowstorms). Fogs are observed throughout the year, but more often in the warm season (summer). In the eastern mountainous part of the region (Polyudova Kamen area) there are up to 195 foggy days a year. Winter fogs are associated with the phenomenon of temperature inversions, when dense cold air stagnates in closed valleys and mountain hollows.

Thunderstorms usually occur in summer, and sometimes at the end of winter, more often in the afternoon. The largest number of days with thunderstorms is also observed in the northeast of the region (near Polyudov Kamen - 27 days a year). Winter thunderstorms were recorded during sharp intrusions of Arctic air masses, against the general background of western transport, at a temperature of about 0°C. Usually they are accompanied by squally winds, heavy snowfalls and lightning discharges, and after them a sharp drop in air temperature occurs.

When to goin the Perm region. The best time to travel to the Perm Territory is, of course, summer! The territory of the Perm region is attractive for any kind of tourism. This includes active tourism, as well as ecological and rural types of tourism that are gaining popularity. Health tourism has always been in demand in the Perm region. Recently, in the Kama region, several dozen types of mineral waters have been discovered, many of which are of interest for resort construction. Iodine-bromine and hydrogen sulfide waters are most widely used in the resorts of Ust-Kachka, Klyuchi and in the hydropathic centers of the city of Perm.

Another wealth of the Perm Territory is the numerous rivers, of which there are more than 29,000, and the total length exceeds 90,000 kilometers, which is a little less than a quarter between the Moon and the Earth. In this regard, water tourism is extremely popular here: rafting on catamarans, rafts, kayaks along the rivers Usva, Chusovaya, Kosva, Vishera. And you can make a fascinating trip around the cities of the Perm Territory, get acquainted with the traditions and history, see local sights and visit interesting museums and exhibitions.

Recreation in the Perm region is very popular in the winter season - from November to the end of March. Fans of winter outdoor activities - skiing, snowboarding, ski touring, cross-country skiing and snowmobile walks - are attracted by the unusually beautiful winter Ural nature. The main treasure of the Perm Territory - the Ural Mountains are interesting for their steep ski slopes and their caves. The world-famous wonder of the world - the Kungur Ice Cave attracts many tourists to the Perm Territory. The grottoes of the Kungur cave are extraordinarily beautiful, and the route is recognized as the most convenient in Russia. Forbes magazine included the Kungur cave in the top 10 most picturesque caves in the world.

You should not come to the Perm Territory in autumn - in September and October. Cold dank weather, endless rain and incessant wind can spoil all your plans and trips, besides, the gray colors of nature preparing for winter are unlikely to make the proper impression.

April and May are spring months, extremely unstable, with large fluctuations in air temperature, so weather-sensitive people will suffer from changeable weather. In addition, April is still a cold month, and May also does not please with warm weather, but on the contrary, it can surprise with night frosts. Therefore, the spring months are not the best time to travel to the Perm Territory.

The climate of the Sverdlovsk region

The climate of the Sverdlovsk region is temperate continental. The continental climate of the region increases from the northwest to the southeast. Climatic conditions are formed under the influence of air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean. These air masses, passing over the vast territory of Europe, lose their moisture content, noticeably cool in winter and become very overheated in summer, acquiring continental features and properties. The low Ural Mountains are not a serious obstacle to air flows from the west, they only partially weaken their movement and the spread of cyclones to the east. In the Urals, weather variability in autumn, spring and even summer is associated with breakthroughs of cold Arctic air masses. Therefore, weather anomalies are observed here: sharp transitions from bitter frosts to thaw, or heat to a sharp cold snap. Also, a fairly common occurrence is late frosts (until the beginning of June) and short-term snow in May, or at the end of September.

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The total area of ​​the Sverdlovsk region is almost 195,000 km². This geographical position predetermines the diverse relief of the region. The western part is mountainous, the central and eastern parts are flat. From north to south, the Sverdlovsk region is crossed by the Main Ural Range, which serves as a watershed between the Volga and Ob river basins. Peaks, passes and plateaus are completely covered with rocky tundra, which begins at an altitude of more than 800 m above sea level, and the slopes of the mountains, which are below 600 m, are covered with dark coniferous northern taiga forests, dominated by spruce, fir and cedar. As you move away from the ridge and move south, the amount of positive temperatures increases and the amount of annual precipitation decreases.

The foothills and the extreme north of the Trans-Urals belong to the moderately cold zone. The mountainous part of the Northern and Middle Urals lies in a cold zone with limited farming opportunities, and the southeastern and, partially, southwestern parts of the Sverdlovsk region are already included in the temperate zone, with the most favorable climatic conditions for agriculture.

Approximately one seventh of the Sverdlovsk region is swamps. They act as natural flow regulators on most local rivers. The longest swamps are located in the northeast, in the basin of the Tavda River.

Winter in the Sverdlovsk region begins, on average, from the second half of November. The cold period, with an average daily air temperature below 0 ° C, and the presence of snow cover, lasts about six months. A stable snow cover usually forms in the first and early second ten days of November, however, in some years, snow cover can be established as early as October.

In December, winter fully comes into its own. At this time, the shortest daylight hours are observed, and on the day of the winter solstice it is only 6 hours and 45 minutes. The average daily air temperature in December is -11 - -16°C, and in the north-east of the region it drops to -18°C. However, during the arctic invasions of cold, very severe frosts are observed when the air temperature is -43 - -49°C, and in the northern regions of the region even up to -50 - -55°C. Cold waves are the longest in the second decade. But in December there are also thaws, when the daily air temperature rises to +3 - +8°C.

January is the coldest month of the year in the Sverdlovsk region. The average daily air temperature is -14 - -17°C, in the northern regions and all -19°C. Also, as in December, there are sharp intrusions of air from the Arctic basin, and then the air temperature drops to -48 - -50°C, in some areas to -55°C. A thaw is also possible, when the daytime air temperature reaches +8°C, but in January this happens extremely rarely, once every 5-6 years. In the second half of January, cold waves have the longest duration.

In February, the number of hours of sunshine increases, and the duration of daylight hours. The average daily temperature in February is higher than in January and is -12 - -15°C, and in the northern regions -16°C. On days with arctic air intrusions, the temperature drops to -40 - -51°C, and on days with a predominance of air masses from the Mediterranean, the air temperature rises significantly, and is, in the daytime, +3 - +8°C. The duration of heat and cold waves is, as a rule, 2-7 days, but in some rare years it can reach two weeks or more. Frequent and heavy snowfalls in February, snowstorms and drifts are a serious obstacle to the operation of land transport, the operation of pipelines, the construction of industrial and civil facilities. By the end of February, everywhere in the region, there is a maximum accumulation of snow. The height of the snow cover, at this time, reaches 50-60 cm in the foothills, 50-40 cm on the flat part, and less than 40 cm in the southeastern part of the region.

March marks the beginning of the turn of winter into spring. Due to the increase in the length of the day and the number of hours of sunshine, the air temperature, compared to February, rises noticeably, and the daytime temperature is only -5 - -7 ° C, but at night, as a rule, it drops to -12 - -18°С. However, during the intrusions of arctic air, the temperature is greatly reduced, and can reach -26 - -35°C in the daytime, and sometimes reaches -40 - -45°C. Also, in March there are thaws, when the daily air temperature can reach +11 - +18°С. The periods of warming and cooling have the greatest frequency at the beginning of March, and the longest in the second half of the month. The height of the snow cover in mid-March begins to decrease, due to the compaction of snow and its melting in the daytime.

Real spring comes to the Sverdlovsk region only in April. April is a month of rapid awakening of nature. The duration of daylight hours and the number of hours of sunshine, compared with March, increases. The average daily air temperature ranges from +6 - +9°C during the day, and to -2 - -6°C at night. Sometimes, during the intrusions of arctic air, the temperature can drop sharply to -23 - -27°C, and in the mountains to -30 - -35°C. And with the intrusions of warm air, the temperature rises sharply and can reach +25 - +30 ° C during the day. Heat waves in April are much more frequent than cold waves, and are characterized by a long duration, and are most often observed in mid-April. The destruction of the snow cover occurs during April, the snow finally melts on April 20-25, and in the mountains and in the north of the Sverdlovsk region - in early May. Being dry and sunny, April is often the start of the wildfire season. In some years, the snow cover disappears by the end of the month.

May is much warmer than April. Its average daily air temperature is +13 - +17°C. In the first decade of May, frosts are observed almost daily, in the rest of the time, the number of days with frosts ranges from 7 to 12. districts at the end of May. The increase in the average daily air temperature from the beginning of the month to the end is often disturbed by waves of heat and cold, sometimes very strong. When the cold returns, the air temperature can drop to -9 - -15 ° C, snow often falls. With the invasion of very warm and dry air from the regions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the air temperature can suddenly rise to +33 - +37 ° С. By summer, the average air temperature rises quite rapidly.

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Summer in the Sverdlovsk region begins in June, lasts about three months, and is characterized by moderately hot weather. In the mountain zone, summer is much cooler than on the plain; in the taiga zone of the flat Urals, summer is relatively warm, and in the steppe zone, it is even hot. The average daily air temperature in June is +14 - +16°C, and in the mountains, only +12 - +14°C. When the cold returns, at the beginning of the month the air temperature may drop to -1 - -6°C. And when warm and dry air masses come from the regions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the air temperature rises sharply to + 32 - + 36 ° С. In the first decade, in the north of the region, frosts are observed almost every year, and in some years they also spread to the southern regions. Rains in June are equally probable, both continuous and torrential.

July is the warmest month of the year. The average daily air temperature is usually +21 - +26°С, and in the mountains it is only +14 - +16°С. On some days, when very warm and dry air enters from the regions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, into the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, the daytime air temperature rises sharply and can reach +35 - +40 ° С, and with the invasion of arctic air, at night, slight frosts are observed. Rains in July fall, as a rule, of a torrential nature, and are often accompanied by thunderstorms, squalls, and hail. The greatest amount of precipitation falls along the Ural Range.

August is the last month of summer. The air temperature noticeably decreases, compared with July, due to a decrease in the duration of daylight hours. The average daytime air temperature in August is +20°C, and at night it drops to +8 - +13°C. With the intrusions of warm air, the daytime temperature in August can rise to +33 - +38°C. And with sharp intrusions of arctic air, weak negative temperatures are sometimes noted. Frosts are most likely in the third decade, and in the mountainous regions of the region, already in the first decade of August. The greatest amount of precipitation is observed along the Ural Range.

Autumn in the Sverdlovsk region begins in early September. The air temperature, compared with August, in September noticeably decreases and amounts to +12 - + 15 ° С during the daytime, and only +3 - + 8 ° С at night. With the invasion of warm air masses from the south, the air temperature can reach +28 - +33°C. Such warmings usually occur in the first half of September. During the month there are 9-11 days with precipitation, rains, mostly of a continuous nature. Frosts and sharp cooling in September are a common occurrence. The average date of the first frost in the air falls on the first decade of September, and in the northern regions - on the third decade of August. Already in the second half of September, snow may fall, which, as a rule, quickly melts.

In October, deep autumn comes to the territory of the Sverdlovsk region. The air temperature drops significantly and is, in the daytime, only +2 - +8°C. With sharp intrusions of cold from the Arctic, the air temperature drops sharply and reaches -21 - -26°C, and in the northern regions of the region it reaches -33°C. Sometimes "Indian summer" steps far beyond its calendar terms, and then in the first decade of October there is sunny warm weather, and the air temperature can reach +25°C. Compared to September, the intensity of precipitation in October decreases. At the beginning of the month, precipitation often falls in the form of rain, and from the second half of October - almost always in the form of snow. However, stable snow cover is formed, as a rule, only in November.

November closes autumn, and the second half of the month already belongs to the winter period. The average daily temperature in November is -6 - -8°C, and in the northern regions of the region -9 - -10°C. Heat waves and cold waves have the longest duration in the third decade of the month. With sharp intrusions of cold from the Arctic, sometimes the air temperature reaches -39 - -45°C, and in the northern regions of the region -50°C. With the active removal of heat from the southern seas, the air temperature, on the contrary, rises and reaches +10 - +18°C. In the second half of November, as a rule, everywhere, a stable snow cover falls on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, and the long and long Sverdlovsk winter begins ...

The amount of precipitation is determined by the course of synoptic processes and the features of the relief. The distribution of precipitation by the seasons of the year, throughout the territory, is uneven. On the tops and slopes of the mountains, the amount of precipitation reaches 900 mm per year, in the valleys 600 - 750 mm, on the plain 650 - 450 mm, the least amount of precipitation falls in the southeast of the Sverdlovsk region 400 - 450 mm. Approximately 60 - 70% of precipitation falls on the warm period of the year (May - September). The number of hours of sunshine per year ranges from 1400 to 2000.

When to go in the Sverdlovsk region. The best time to travel to the Sverdlovsk region is, of course, the summer period, from June to September. Summer vacation in the region exceeds all expectations! Favorable natural conditions, the unique mountain range of the Ural Mountains, an extensive infrastructure, a dense network of cities, the wealth of mineral springs of the Ural land, led to the emergence of a network of sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses and tourist centers. Nature stands here in its untouched primordial nature, and silence and clean air attract a person to enjoy the harmony of nature. This area is especially suitable for outdoor enthusiasts. Sverdlovsk region can offer tourists unique nature reserves and hiking trails along the peaks of the Ural mountains, fishing, hunting, river rafting, and much more.

Those who want food for thought should definitely go to the major cities of the Sverdlovsk region, see their temples and monasteries, visit museums, get acquainted with the culture and traditions. A special pearl in the necklace of cities in the Sverdlovsk region is, of course, Yekaterinburg. Here you can visit the unique Shigir idol - the oldest wooden sculpture in the world, the Shartash stone tents, the Temple-on-the-Blood, and many other "visiting cards" of Yekaterinburg.

The winter season - from December to the second half of March, attracts lovers of winter sports. There are 15 ski centers in the Sverdlovsk region. Good slopes, developed infrastructure, modern equipment, and trails for various levels of training, from beginners to professionals, have established themselves as a very successful ski destination for a vacation. There are slopes for skiers, snowboarders and just for riding donuts. Skiing has a beneficial effect on health - it trains the heart muscle, develops joints and spine, and simply involves being in the fresh air.

Spring months (April, May) and autumn months (September, October, November) are not the best time to travel to the Sverdlovsk region. This is a transitional time when the weather is extremely unstable, usually cold, often with precipitation (rain or snow), and gusts of strong wind. Sharp fluctuations in temperature will be especially difficult for weather-sensitive people to endure.

The climate of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The climate of the Republic of Bashkortostan is temperate continental. The Republic of Bashkortostan is located on the border between two continents - Europe and Asia, far from large water areas and near the semi-deserts of Kazakhstan, and this determines its continental climate, with prevailing anticyclones.

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The Ural Range, being relatively low, does not prevent the penetration of cold air masses of Siberia into the Cis-Urals in winter. At the same time, it is a watershed of two large river systems (the Belaya and the Urals), but, at the same time, a climate-separating boundary. On the one hand, Bashkiria falls under the influence of the warm and moisture-saturated air masses of the Atlantic Ocean penetrating here, on the other hand, under the influence of the harsh continental climate of Siberia. Humid air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean bring warmth in winter and coolness in summer. The intrusion of arctic air in summer and continental air from Siberia in winter causes severe cooling. It often happens that the heat rises above +35°C, and frosts reach -50°C.

A feature of the climate of Bashkiria is the sharp variability and inconstancy of the weather. Sometimes, in January, thaws can be observed, in April there can be frosts of -15--20 ° C, in May it snows, and in August frosts begin. In addition, heavy rains with thunderstorms can occur for several days in a row, and when the direction of the wind changes, dry winds come to the territory of the republic - southeast winds that cause severe drought in the summer. However, there are 4 distinct seasons in the republic: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Republic of Bashkortostan begins in the second half of November, and lasts almost five months, and in the mountains, winter is even longer, depending on the height of the area. Bashkir winter is snowy and cold. In the second half of November, everywhere in Bashkiria, a solid establishment of snow cover is observed. In winter, the air is usually cold due to the influence of an anticyclone from Asia, but sometimes winters here are abnormally warm, this happens when warm, moist air comes from the west. In December, the most unstable weather is observed, and thaws are most often observed.

January is the coldest month of winter. The average daily temperature in January is -18°C, although in recent decades there has been a trend towards a decrease in the average temperature. A characteristic feature of the Bashkir winter is strong winds with a speed of 15 m/s or more. Quite often, snowfall is added to strong winds, and then a blizzard forms on the street. During the winter, the number of days with a snowstorm reaches 32 - 36, and in the northern regions of the republic - 54 - 62. Most snowstorms are observed in February.

The height of the snow cover reaches its maximum in the second decade of March. The snow cover on the territory of Bashkiria is quite thick, in some places the thickness of the snow cover reaches 1.5 m. the development of plants in their initial stage of growth depends on this supply of moisture.

Spring in the Republic of Bashkortostan begins in late March - early April. The Bashkir spring is short, lasting no more than 2 months. At the end of March, the snow begins to melt, and at the beginning of April, a steady transition of the average daily temperature through 0°C is observed. By April 15 - 20, the snow on the fields melts, stale only on the mountains, in forests and ravines. After the disappearance of the snow cover and the opening of the rivers, the air temperature rises rapidly, reaching +15°C in early May.

In spring, the weather in Bashkiria is unstable. This time of the year is characterized by sharp temperature fluctuations, for example, at the end of April, cold weather can come again and even snow can fall, and frosts are not uncommon in May. This happens mainly in mountainous and northern regions. In general, the Bashkir spring is quite sunny and warm.

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Summer in the Republic of Bashkortostan begins in late May - early June, and in mountainous Bashkiria about 10 days later. June is a warm sunny month with relatively little rainfall. The warmest month of summer is July, the average daily air temperature of which is +25°С. The temperature, reaching its maximum in mid-July, remains at a considerable height for a relatively long time, and in some years, even in August, there are rather hot days. Sometimes real heat comes to Bashkiria, when the daily air temperature rises to +30 - +35 ° С, southeast winds blow - dry winds, which bring hot dry air to the republic, and on such days a real drought can begin.

As a rule, the first perceptible decrease in temperature occurs in the second half of August, when the heat subsides and, gradually, cool weather sets in. At the end of summer there are often frosts, all open places are covered with frost; leaves begin to turn yellow and fall from the trees, the cold breath of autumn is felt.

Autumn in the Republic of Bashkortostan begins in early September, and in the mountains - in the second half of August. The first half of the month is characterized by stable sunny and relatively warm weather during the daytime. Steady frosts begin in the second half of September. Every day the air temperature drops, and in October the sunny golden autumn is replaced by rainy cloudy and inclement weather.

Gloomy gray skies and incessant heavy rains are typical October weather. The first frosts usually come in the second half of October, snow cover falls quite often, which, however, does not persist for a long time. In early November, the average daily air temperature passes the mark of 0°С, downwards. There is almost no rain, instead it is snowing. Frequent snowfalls contribute to the formation of a stable snow cover in the second half of November, and it is from this time that the winter period begins in Bashkiria.

The distribution of precipitation over the territory of Bashkiria is extremely uneven. Annual amounts range from 270 - 300 mm (Akyar, Bath Lake, Mryasovo), to 600 - 700 mm (Zigaza, Inzer, Tukan, Krasnousolsk, Makarovo). An increase in precipitation is observed from the southwest to the north and northeast, which indicates the dependence of their distribution on the terrain, the western slopes of the mountainous forest regions of the republic are most humid. Of the annual precipitation, 60 - 70% falls from April to October, during the warm season. The number of sunny days per year ranges from 287 in Aksenovo and Beloretsk to 261 in Ufa.

When to goto the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is called "Russian Switzerland". Lakes, mountains, alpine meadows - everything is available. You can come to rest here at any time of the year, it all depends on how you prefer to relax.

Winter time - from December to the end of March - is a paradise for winter sports. There are many ski resorts on the territory of the republic, there are even three international level complexes in Ufa itself. Excellent infrastructure, a variety of trails with different levels of difficulty, many hotels and guest houses will delight tourists and travelers. Fans of ice fishing can safely go to Lake Bannoe. This is the deepest lake on the territory of Bashkiria, the fish in it feel great and could live and live in peace, if not for the fishermen ...

In the warm season - from May to September - there are plenty of opportunities for outdoor activities. There are excellent conditions for water tourism. There are many rivers in Bashkiria - both calm plains and stormy mountains. Their shores are very picturesque, so water tourism in the republic has long been very popular. Do not forget about the beautiful mountain landscape. The Ural Mountains have created a unique ecosystem, which you can get acquainted with in several natural reserves of the republic, and the best time for this is summer. In addition, you can go on an independent trip, there are many routes for trekking of different difficulty levels in the mountains. Luxurious forests of Bashkiria attract hunters and mushroom pickers, and numerous rivers and lakes await avid fishermen.

Year-round lovers of speleology are attracted to Bashkiria by several large caves, the change of seasons is not felt underground. One of the most popular places is Shulgan-Tash, or Kapova Cave. Not so long ago, cave paintings from the Paleolithic era were discovered here.

In addition, Bashkiria is a wonderful natural health resort, famous for its unique springs and mud, which can also be visited all year round. For example, hot gases and vapors near Mount Yangan-Tau are the only resort in the world with a completely original method of treatment. And at the foot of the mountain flows the zealous river Kurgazak. Both in winter and in summer the temperature of its water is +16.5°C, therefore, even in January, grass turns green on its banks. There is a lot of radon in the water of this river, which makes it healing. Right there, nearby, there are hydrogen sulfide sources. A little further away there are so many of them that they form healing hydrogen sulfide mud.

The climate of the Orenburg region

The climate of the Orenburg region is temperate continental. The climate is most influenced by the geographical position of the region and the intrusion of air masses of various properties. The main features of the climate are determined by the remoteness of the Orenburg region from the ocean. Like other deep regions of Eurasia, it is devoid of the softening influence of sea air masses, so aridity is a characteristic feature of the region's climate. Summer precipitation does not have time to soak into the soil, as high air temperatures contribute to its rapid evaporation.

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The climate of the Orenburg region is characterized by warm summers and cold winters, with stable snow cover, as well as high annual temperature amplitudes that grow eastward. The difference between the average temperatures of the coldest and warmest months is 36 - 37°C, and the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures is 85 - 89°C. Such features of the continental climate are explained by the rapid and strong heating of the mainland during the day and summer and its equally rapid and strong cooling at night and winter. The absence of high mountain ranges that could serve as an obstacle makes possible significant intrusions into the territory of the region, both by very cold air masses from the north, and by dry and hot air currents from the south. Climatic seasons differ here very clearly, according to the change in the regime of heat and moisture.

Winter in the Orenburg region begins in the second half of November and lasts until early April. The Orenburg winter is characterized by constant negative temperatures and severe frosts, reaching -40 - -45°C. Snow cover forms in most of the territory of the Orenburg region at the end of November, in Kuvandyk and Tulgansky district - in mid-November. In winter, the Orenburg region is under the influence of a high pressure area, which is formed due to the strong cooling of the mainland - over the territory of Mongolia and Siberia. From the territory of Mongolia, the area of ​​high pressure, in the form of a strip, spreads through Kazakhstan to the south of the Russian Plain, and beyond. The axial line of this band runs along the line Kyzyl - Uralsk - Saratov - Kharkov - Chisinau, it was called by the Russian climatologist A.I. Voeikov "the main climatic axis of the mainland", and subsequently became known as the Voeikov axis.

The Orenburg region is located entirely along the Voeikov axis. In the winter months, the Voeikov axis serves as the most important windshed: to the north of it, western and southwestern winds blow, humid and relatively warm, to the south, dry and cold northeastern winds prevail. Usually, over the territory of the region there is a high frequency of anticyclones of Siberian origin. During the passage of cyclones, warming occurs, accompanied by heavy snowfalls. In the first half of winter, thaws often occur, accompanied by rain and snow melt.

The coldest month of the year is January. Its average daily temperatures vary from west to east, ranging from -15°C in the west to -18°C in the east. Sometimes, in winter there are weak thaws or severe colds down to -40 ° C. In January, blizzards are often observed. Blizzards are most often associated with the origin of western and southern cyclones. Stormy winds, heavy and sleet snow, and sometimes even rain in the middle of winter characterize local blizzards. On the territory of the region, the number of days with snowstorms varies up to 50 days a year. The period with stable snow cover lasts 140-150 days. The snow cover reaches its greatest height in the second decade of March. During the winter, the thickness of snow in the northwestern and northern regions reaches 35 - 50 cm, and in the southern and southeastern regions - 20 - 25 cm. Frosts and low snow cover contribute to deep freezing of the soil, penetrating 80 -85 cm or more.

Spring in the Orenburg region comes in late March - early April. In general, the Orenburg spring is short, stormy, with a rapid increase in temperatures (up to 5 ° C per decade) and frequent winds; in spring, the earth's surface warms up very quickly. At the end of March, thawed patches appear.

In early April, you can already hear the songs of larks, the snow begins to melt. During this period, there is an alternation of areas covered with snow, with areas freed from snow. Until April 10, the snow cover almost completely disappears, from the fields, small rivers open up. At this time, the migration of geese takes place and the white wagtail arrives. Then, plants wake up, sap flow begins at maple and birch, reservoirs are freed from ice, the soil in the fields thaws and dries out, early-flowering plants bloom. Every day it gets warmer, and soon cereals begin to grow. In the third decade of April, they start sowing spring crops. At the end of April, the first leaves appear on the birches.

In early May, birch groves turn green, there is a mass blooming of foliage on other trees. Then cherry blossoms and cherry blossoms. Schrenk and Bieberstein tulips bloom. In the steppe, cereals grow rapidly: martuki and bluegrass. The meadows are covered with yellow scatterings of flowering buttercups. Irises bloom on the slopes of the hills. White, yellow and pink astragalus are blooming. The flowering of the vegetable kingdom and the rise in temperatures cause the mass appearance of insects. Insectivorous birds arrive. The steppe is gradually covered with gray hairs of feather grasses. At the end of May, the return of cold weather is often observed. Frosts, especially in spring, bring great harm to gardens and garden crops. Thunderstorms usually occur in May (up to 4 days). Sometimes, in May, there is almost no rain, and sultry, dry weather sets in, often accompanied by hot winds - dry winds. During the year there are from 9 to 20 days with dry winds.

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Summer in the Orenburg region begins in early June and lasts until early September. In general, the Orenburg summer is hot and dry. Hot and dry winds from Kazakhstan and Central Asia successfully compete with western and southwestern warm streams in summer, bringing a real breath of a desert climate to the region. In summer, temperatures can rise to +40 °C, or drop to +5 °C.

In June, the steppe is most colorful, most species of herbs flourish. The air is filled with the aromas of ether-bearing plants: thyme, meadowsweet, bedstraw, sage. The beginning of summer is often dry, and in late June - early July, cloudy and rainy weather sets in. The wind regime is determined by the western, southwestern winds, with a characteristic diurnal course for them: the wind intensifies in the middle of the day and subsides by night.

The warmest month of the year is July. Its average daily air temperatures range from +25 to +27°С. On some days, the daily air temperature rises to +35 - +40°С. At the beginning of the month, the feather grass completely fades and the steppe begins to burn out. Precipitation in July is slightly higher than in June. Precipitation falls in the form of showers accompanied by thunderstorms and strong winds. Often, within one day, falls from 30% to 50% of the entire norm of the growing season. Fallen precipitation does not have time to soak into the soil. Thunderstorms, on the territory of the Orenburg region, are observed, on average, for a year for 20 -30 days. The amount of moisture fluctuates sharply from year to year, it can be 8-10 times less than the norm, or more than 2 times. In August, the steppe turns completely yellow, only rare plants continue to grow.

Autumn in the Orenburg region begins in early September. The rapid decrease in the heat inflow from the south leads to an increase in the temperature contrast between the air masses that form to the north and south of the axial part of the steppe zone. An increase in temperature contrast makes the weather less stable in autumn than, for example, in winter or summer.

In mid-September, and sometimes later, in the Orenburg region, there is an "Indian summer" - a fertile time for harvesting. These days, the air warms up to +20 - +25°С. In late September - early October, there is a mass flight of birds. Yellow leaves fall from the trees, gray clouds cover the sky, and cold drizzling rain continues day and night. On very cold days, it snows instead of raining. The end of October is a gloomy dreary time, slightly negative air temperatures are frequent, and it snows more and more often. During this period, the autumn migrations of birds stop, and the ice regime is established on lakes and small rivers. The second half of November pleases with frosty weather, at this time, a steady snow cover falls on most of the region, winter begins ....

The Orenburg region belongs to the zone of insufficient moisture, in addition, precipitation is distributed unevenly. The uneven distribution of precipitation is due to the fact that in the northwestern part of the region there are more often Atlantic air masses, and the relief here is more elevated. The south and southeast, on the other hand, are influenced by the deserts and semi-deserts of the Caspian lowland and Central Asia. The amount of precipitation decreases from the northwest (450 mm per year) to the southeast (260 mm per year). The maximum amount of precipitation falls on the Small Nakas Ridge (up to 550 mm per year), while the possible evaporation exceeds 600 - 800 mm. About 60 - 70% of the annual precipitation falls on the warm period of the year, which slightly smoothes the aridity of the climate, but the low moisture supply of the Orenburg steppes often leads to drought.

When to goin the Orenburg region. The best time to travel to the Orenburg region is the warm season - from May to mid-September. The Orenburg region is one of those regions of Russia where nature strikes with its virginity and beauty. Feather-grass steppes, unique ornaments and patterns emerging on the surface of mountains of red rocks, vast forests - all this is the Orenburg region, the land of an amazing variety of natural conditions, which can be fully appreciated precisely in the summer.

In summer, the most diverse outdoor recreation awaits here. A favorite place to visit among tourists is the Iriklinskoe reservoir. Swimming in clean warm water, sailing, surfing, water skiing, scootering, boating and boating, fishing - you can’t imagine anything here! The swimming season in the Orenburg region usually lasts at least 70 days; climatic indicators so favorable for recreation in Russia are available only in the North Caucasus!

Rest here is also wonderful in the winter season - from December to the second half of March. Skiing and snowmobiling, sledding and skating, as well as walking through the silent winter forest - all this will give an unforgettable experience. Winter nature is a fairy tale in which you need to plunge without a trace. In numerous rest houses and camp sites, there are all conditions for a good winter holiday, and after a busy day in the winter nature, it's time to take a steam bath! But remember: often in winter, there are especially frosty days here, you should always dress very warmly, the Orenburg downy shawl will definitely come in handy for you.

April - May, and relatively dry September is a good time for sightseeing tours around the cities of the region, and the environs of Orenburg. Dry, not hot, and moderately sunny weather encourages sightseeing and sightseeing, and there is an opportunity to see the architectural riches of the region in all its glory.

October - November is the worst time to travel to the Orenburg region. Cold dank gray autumn months will create such weather conditions that you won't stick your nose out of the house. In addition, gray autumn will not allow you to adequately appreciate the unique beauty of the Orenburg region.

The climate of the Chelyabinsk region

The climate of the Chelyabinsk region is continental. The continentality of the climate increases from the northwest to the southeast. The Chelyabinsk region is located in the depths of Eurasia, at a great distance from the seas and oceans. The formation of the climate is significantly influenced by the Ural Mountains, which create an obstacle to the movement of western air masses. The territory of the Chelyabinsk region, in the north-west, includes part of the mountainous zone of the Southern Urals with a ridge-hilly relief, up to a height of 300 - 500 m, eastern foothills, up to a height of 100 - 200 m, and a wide strip of leveled, in some places hilly spaces, spread out on the spot destroyed mountains.

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The region is characterized by cold and long winters and hot summers with recurring droughts. The features of the relief determine the presence of a clearly defined latitudinal zonality in the Trans-Urals, and vertical zonality in the mountains. The annual amplitude of air temperature on the Trans-Ural Plain is quite large, and reaches 80 - 85°C, on the tops of the mountains it decreases to 75°C, and in the valleys and basins it increases to 90°C. The seasons in the Chelyabinsk region differ significantly from each other, and are quite clearly manifested.

Winter in the Chelyabinsk region begins in mid-November. It was at this time that negative air temperatures set in most of the territory and a stable snow cover lays down. Chelyabinsk winter is very cold and long. The meridional strike of the Ural Mountains and the openness of the Trans-Urals towards the Arctic Ocean contribute to the frequent intrusion of Arctic air, which is characterized by low temperatures and low moisture content.

November and December are characterized by fairly heavy snowfalls, sometimes with snowstorms. The coldest month of winter is January. The average daily temperature in January reaches, as a rule, -16°C. But, sometimes, really severe frosts come to the region, when the air temperature is -46 - -48°C, and in low places it reaches -50°C. Severe frosts, as a rule, occur on clear, sunny days. The coldest place in the Chelyabinsk region can be called the village of Polovinnoye in the Oktyabrsky district, where the average daily temperature in January is -18°C.

A characteristic feature of the Chelyabinsk winter is quite intense snowstorms, which can be most often observed in February and March. Blizzards are observed for 30 - 35 days, with a total duration of 220 - 270 hours. During snowstorms, the maximum wind speed increases to 16 - 28 m/s.

The most powerful snow cover, up to 44 - 48 cm, occurs in the mountain-forest zone. The moisture obtained from snow is at least 30% here. In the forest-steppe zone, the average thickness of the snow cover reaches 34 - 38 cm, and the moisture from the snow is about 25%. In the steppe zone, the average thickness of the snow cover is only 24 - 30 cm, and the moisture from the snow does not exceed 22% of the annual precipitation. The depth of soil freezing ranges from 90 to 130 cm.

Spring in the Chelyabinsk region comes only in early April. The date of transition of the average daily air temperature through 0°C falls on the first ten days of April. At the same time, intensive snow melting begins, which ends in mid-April. By April 15, as a rule, the snow melts from most of the territory of the Chelyabinsk region. Precipitation is quite heavy in the first half of April, rain is often replaced by sleet and vice versa. In the third decade of the month, the average daily air temperature passes the mark of + 5 ° C, and the vegetation of winter crops, perennial grasses begins, the movement of sap near the birch is actively going on, and the flowering of coltsfoot is observed. In May, the rapid development of vegetation begins.

Summer in the Chelyabinsk region begins in the second decade of May. At this time, the average daily air temperature is above +10°C. Unstable weather persists almost until mid-June. Arctic air masses come here from the Barents and Kara Seas, and tropical air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia move from the south. With the entry of continental tropical air, hot and dry weather sets in, and westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean bring wet and unsettled weather. There are cold snaps, even frosts, mainly on the soil.

In mid-June, as a rule, there is a cessation of frost, and really hot summer days begin. The hottest and wettest month of the summer season is July, it is no coincidence that it is called the peak of summer. The average daily temperature in July is +25°С. For several days during the summer, real hell is kept, when the daytime air temperature reaches +38 - +40 ° С, most often such hot days are observed in July. The warmest place in the Chelyabinsk region is Bredy, where the average annual air temperature is 2°C higher.

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The Chelyabinsk summer is characterized by long rainless periods - from 10 - 15 to 30 days. Drought disrupts the water regime. In some years, lakes and rivers become shallow, which negatively affects vegetation, animals, especially the steppe zone. Snowstorms and dust storms are frequent here.

In August, the nights become cooler, the morning dews are more intense. There are even frosts and frosts. It rains more often, although the daytime air temperature is still quite high. In summer the wind blows from the west and north-west, and during thunderstorms there is a short-term squally wind increase up to 16-25 m/s. At this time, low pressure prevails in the region.

Autumn in the Chelyabinsk region begins in the second decade of September. The air temperature is slowly but surely dropping. Autumn frosts are not uncommon, and on the ground they are more frequent and stronger than in the air. In the third decade of September, as a rule, there is a sharp warming - "Indian Summer". This is the arrival of warm air from Central Asia. For several days, very warm and summer-like sunny weather sets in in the region, although at night it is still very cold.

Dry October is less common than rainy October. Long October rains, at times, disrupt the harvest. A gloomy gray sky, a strong wind tearing the last leaves from the trees - this weather is typical for the Chelyabinsk region in October. The transition of temperature through 0°C falls on the third decade of October. Nature is preparing for winter. At the end of the second decade of November, snow cover often sets in, and from that time a cold and long winter sets in in the region ...

Atmospheric precipitation on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region is distributed extremely unevenly.The mountain-forest zone is an area of ​​excessive moisture, the forest-steppe zone is of moderate moisture, and the steppe zone is of insufficient moisture. The eastern slopes of the mountains receive 500 - 600 mm of precipitation per year. In the flat Trans-Urals, annual precipitation decreases from north to south, from 500 to 300 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation falls on the summer season. In the warm half of the year, 75 - 78% of the annual precipitation falls. The wettest places in the Chelyabinsk region are Asha, with rainfall up to 761 mm per year, and Zlatoust with rainfall up to 704 mm per year. And if Moscow is called the "heart" of Russia, then Chrysostom is its "bladder"!

The Chelyabinsk region receives plenty of sunlight and heat. The sun shines over the territory of the Chelyabinsk region for 2066 hours, which is 481 hours more than over the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. And the sunniest place in the region - Troitsk, receives 2218 hours of sunshine per year, which is more than in Sochi (!).

When to go to the Chelyabinsk region. The best time to travel to the Chelyabinsk region is the warm season, from May to October. Constantly meeting reserved places where you can pick up mushrooms and delicious berries, the cleanest air and beautiful nature make summer holidays here unforgettable. On the picturesque shores of the Chelyabinsk lakes there are many sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest houses. The lakes of the Chelyabinsk region offer recreation to fishing enthusiasts; perch and carp, burbot and catfish, crucian carp and bream, and many other species of fish are found here.

Sanatoriums and boarding houses specializing in treatment are available all year round. Those wishing to improve their health should pay attention to the huge resort resources of the Chelyabinsk region, which mainly include therapeutic mud and mineral waters. The mineral lakes Podbornoye, Gorkoye-Khomutinskoye, Olenichevo, Chekirevo and Krugloye contain large reserves of therapeutic mud. Big and Small Bugodak, Akachkul, Sabanai and Bolshoi Bolyash are rich in sapropel deposits. Significant reserves of radon mineral waters are located in the Uvildy resort area.

The winter months - from December to April - are a great time for active sports in the Chelyabinsk region. The mountain slopes of the Southern Urals attract fans of skiing and snowboarding. Climatic and balneological resorts, developed infrastructure of modern ski centers have made the Chelyabinsk region an interesting and in many ways a unique recreational area.

April, October and November are unstable transitional months, the weather is capricious and unpredictable, gloomy skies, and frequent rains are what awaits travelers during these months here. Caught off guard by heavy rain, a snowstorm, or a cold wind, travelers are unlikely to see and feel the beauty of these places.

The climate of the Kurgan region

The climate of the Kurgan region is sharply continental. The Kurgan region is located in the depths of a huge continent, it is remote from the warm seas of the Atlantic Ocean, fenced off from the west by the Ural Range, completely open from the north side, and very little protected from the south. Because of this, both arctic cold masses and warm dry masses from the steppes of Kazakhstan easily penetrate into the territory of the region. Also, continental air masses of temperate latitudes coming from Eastern Siberia have a great influence on the climate. Therefore, often the annual amplitudes between the lowest and highest temperatures reach very large values ​​- up to 50° in winter, and up to 40° in summer.

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Climate conditions also have a great influence on the river network. The water regime is uneven, with stormy spring floods causing floods, and partial drying up of some rivers (Kurtamysh, Yurgamysh) in the summer. The lack of moisture in summer and recurring droughts make the territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals a zone at risk for agriculture.

In the Kurgan region, the actual seasons do not coincide with the calendar ones. The longest period is winter, and the transitional seasons, spring and autumn, are very short.

Winter in the Kurgan region begins in the second decade of November, and is the longest of all the seasons of the year. The Kurgan winter is characterized as very cold and with little snow. Snow cover is established at the end of the first - beginning of the second decade of November, and on average, lasts from 150 to 160 days.

December is characterized as a month with rather unstable weather. Frosty weather often alternates with thaws, with a sharp decrease in atmospheric pressure. But, as a rule, fairly stable frosty weather sets in from January. January is the coldest month of the year. At this time, the territory of the region is significantly supercooled under the influence of the Asian anticyclone, and the average daily air temperature in January ranges from -16ºС in the northwest to -18ºС in the southeast. Precipitation in January is extremely small, often, for a whole month they do not happen at all.

In February, the air temperature drops slightly, and there is much more precipitation. Thaws in February are a rare and infrequent phenomenon, but quite possible. March does not please with warm days, especially the first half of the month, when frosts rage in most of the region and it often snows. The maximum height of the snow cover reaches in mid-March, on average, 38 cm in the north, and 26 cm in the south, but varies significantly in different years.

Spring comes to the Kurgan region only in April. Spring is the shortest season of the year, lasting, on average, no more than one month. In early April, the winter cover is destroyed, and by the end of the second decade, the snow finally melts throughout the entire region. The air temperature is rapidly gaining momentum, and already in the second decade of April it rises above 0 ºС. During this period, the weather is extremely unstable - there are summer-like warm and sunny days, and suddenly waves of cold “roll” again. A characteristic feature of the Kurgan spring are very strong winds, which often spoil a clear sunny and rather warm spring day. Every day of spring is especially dear to the inhabitants of the Kurgan region, because it is during this period that active work begins in the fields, orchards and orchards.

Summer in the Kurgan region begins in the first half of May, when the average daily air temperature exceeds +10ºС, and continues until mid-September. Generally, summers are dry and hot. Sunny hot weather heats the surface of the territory of the Kurgan region up to +25 - +28ºС in summer. There are also real hot days, when the daily air temperature rises to +35 - +40ºС. In the absence of precipitation, a real drought begins in the region, which often comes to the region in July and August, which makes farming in the region extremely risky.

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Summer is characterized by the most stable weather. The heat begins to subside only at the end of August, but this is noticeable mainly at night. Summer warm weather lasts until mid-September, and only in the middle of the month you feel the cold breath of autumn.

Autumn in the Kurgan region begins in mid-September. The second half of autumn, as a rule, is still dry and warm, this period is popularly called "Indian summer" - these are the last warm days of the year. At the beginning of autumn, the weather is especially important, since it is during this period that the harvest takes place.

Things have changed dramatically since October. Solar heat becomes two times less than in summer. The air temperature at this time, as a rule, is slightly higher than in spring, since there is still no snow in October. But the sky is increasingly covered with clouds, it is pouring rain, a cold wind is blowing, frosts begin. By the end of the month, the rains are replaced by snowfalls, not very heavy, wet and rather intermittent. In general, autumn lasts only 6 weeks, and ends at the end of October. In November, a stable snow cover forms, and this month should already be attributed to the winter period.

The Kurgan region belongs to a zone with an insufficient level of moisture. The average annual amount of precipitation in the region varies from 320 mm to 470 mm, while the amount of precipitation decreases from northwest to southeast. Summer precipitation significantly prevails over winter precipitation, the maximum falls on July, and reaches 70 - 80 mm in the west, 50 - 60 mm in the southeast.

Atmospheric pressure in the Kurgan region varies depending on the air temperature and the passage of cyclones and anticyclones. During the passage of cyclones, the pressure decreases, and during the passage of anticyclones, on the contrary, it increases. On average, per year, the pressure is 756.6 Mb. Most often, low pressure is observed in the warm season, from 749.4 Mb to 721.6 Mb. In winter, the pressure rises, on average, from 764.5 Mb to 791.5 Mb.

When to goin the Kurgan region. The best time to travel to the Kurgan region is from May to October. In the Kurgan region, ecological tourism is very developed. Nature lovers are attracted here by calm and smooth rivers, travel along which leaves an indelible impression. Good fishing here too! In rivers and lakes there are crucian carp, pike, bream, perch, ruff. Tourists are interested in the largest lakes of the region, among them Saltosaray, Black, Polovinnoye, Small Donki. Hunting is also popular here! In the forests of the Kurgan region, there are many elk, roe deer, foxes, badgers, hares and squirrels.

In summer, recreation centers located near water bodies are in particular demand. In summer, at some bases you can ride yachts, jeeps, play tennis, football, volleyball. Do not forget that the summer in the Kurgan region is very hot, sometimes the daytime air temperature simply does not allow you to be in the sun, therefore, you should plan your vacation so that in the middle of the day there is as little as possible in the open sun. Be sure to use sunscreen as sunburn and bumps are common here.

May and September are a great time for spiritual food, at this time the sun does not bake so much, and as a rule there are beautiful sunny days. For the curious, there are many historical places and monuments of material culture in the Kurgan region. And the greatest value of the Kurgan region is Dalmatovo, which includes the complex of the Holy Assumption Monastery, the Assumption Cathedral, the Gate Church, the chapel and the Church of All Who Sorrow.

At any time of the year, you can come to the Kurgan region in order to improve your health. Medical tourism is the medicinal waters of numerous lakes - another "trick" of the Kurgan region. Turbannoe, Gorkoe-Kureinoe, Setovskie lakes have incredibly healing waters, and people come here for treatment from many regions of Russia all year round.

Winter time - from November to April - the time of complete unity with nature, a quiet, relaxing holiday. And sometimes this serenity can be diluted with winter fun: skating, skiing, snowmobiling. It is worth remembering that the winter in the Kurgan region is harsh, you need to dress as warmly as possible.

October and April are transitional months and are not conducive to travel. The weather during these months is extremely unstable and changeable and quite difficult to predict. Bad weather can spoil all your plans and leave unpleasant impressions.