Fertility, sedentary lifestyle and nutrition system. What is a sedentary lifestyle? Settled lifestyle: definition

SETTLEMENT

SETTLEMENT way of life of an animal, the whole life cycle which flows within its individual area (biocenosis). Wed Nomadic lifestyle.

Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989

See what "SETTLEMENT LIFE" is in other dictionaries:

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 Settlement (2) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

App., number of synonyms: 1 lander (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Philosophical sociological. category covering the population typical species life of an individual social group, society as a whole, which is taken in unity with the conditions of life. It provides an opportunity for a complex, interconnected ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

The lifestyle of an animal whose life cycle takes place in various biotopes. As a rule, animals move from breeding areas to wintering areas. Organisms leading a nomadic way of life, in terms of ecological and ethological status, are close to ... ... Ecological dictionary

SETTLEMENT, oh, oh; edl. Permanently residing in one place (about a people, a tribe); associated with such residence; opposite nomadic. Sedentary population. O. lifestyle. | noun settled way of life, and, wives. Pale of Settlement (in tsarist Russia: territory beyond ... ... Dictionary Ozhegov

Aya, oh. Permanently living in one place. O th tribes. Oh population. // Associated with living in one, permanent place. O. lifestyle. Oh, cattle breeding. Oh my life. ◁ Settled, adv. Live about. Settlement (see) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

settled- oh, oh. see also settled, settled a) Permanently living in one place. O th tribes. Oh population. b) resp. Associated with living in one, permanent place. Waste / long way of life. Oh wow... Dictionary of many expressions

Settlement - sedentary life associated with living in one place in settlements various types. Some of them are predominantly the focus of the rural agricultural population, others are larger urban ones; the latter usually perform ... ... human ecology

Birds of small and medium size belong to this family: the smallest are only a little more than 100 mm long and weigh only slightly more than 10 g, while large species reach 400 mm in length and weigh more than 200 g. Beak ... ... Biological Encyclopedia

For the term "Peregrine falcon", see other meanings. Peregrine Falcon ... Wikipedia

Books

• Palestine before the ancient Jews, Anati Emmanuel. The book is dedicated cultural heritage peoples who lived three hundred thousand years ago on a small piece of land called Palestine. The author tells about the unique Natufian culture, in…
• Palestine before the ancient Jews, Emmanuel Anati. The book is dedicated to the cultural heritage of the peoples who lived three hundred thousand years ago on a small piece of land called Palestine. The author tells about the unique Natufian culture, in…

There is a term "neolithic revolution". When you hear him, you imagine a mass of bearded, disheveled people in skins, armed with primitive axes and spears. This mass runs with warlike cries to storm the cave, where a crowd of exactly the same people, bearded, disheveled, with primitive axes and spears in their hands, has settled. In fact, this term denotes a change in the forms of management - from hunting and gathering to agriculture and cattle breeding. The Neolithic revolution was the result of the transition from nomadism to settled life. That's right, at first a person began to lead a sedentary lifestyle, then he mastered agriculture and domesticated some types of animals, he was simply forced to master it. Then came the first cities, the first states... Current state world - a consequence of the fact that a person once moved to a settled way of life.

The first permanent human settlements appeared about 10-13 thousand years ago. Somewhere they appeared earlier, somewhere later, depending on the region of the world. The oldest, the first - in the Middle East - about 13 thousand years ago. One of the first of those found and excavated by archaeologists is Mureybet in Syria, on the banks of the Euphrates. It originated about 12,200 years ago. It was inhabited by hunter-gatherers. They built houses in the style of nomadic rented dwellings - round, 3-6 meters in diameter, but much more solid: they used pieces of limestone, fastened them with clay. The roof was covered with reed stalks. The reliability of dwellings is the only thing in which the inhabitants of the settled Mureybeta surpassed the nomads. The more important factor is food. They ate in Mureybet more poorly than nomads. Depended on the case - wild beans, acorns and pistachios will be born this season, or the harvest will be insignificant, there will not be enough tribe; whether a herd of gazelles will pass nearby or not, whether there will be enough fish in the river. Domestication (or “domestication”, in scientific terms) of plant foods in Mureybet happened a thousand years after the settlement appeared: they learned to grow wheat, rye and barley on their own. The domestication of animals happened even later.

Shortly speaking, food reasons to create a settlement on the banks of the Euphrates was not. Permanent settlement, on the contrary, created regular food difficulties. The same in other regions - the inhabitants of the oldest settled villages ate more poorly than their nomadic contemporaries. If we take all the regions where the transition from nomadism to sedentism took place earlier than others - the Middle East, the regions on the Danube and in Japan - it turns out that from one to three thousand years passed between the appearance of settled settlements and the traces of the first domesticated plants (that is, in the Syrian Mureybet residents relatively quickly figured out how to grow their own grain). Currently, most paleoanthropologists believe that the inhabitants of the first stationary settlements lived much poorer and ate less varied and plentiful than wandering hunters. And food security, food security is one of the main reasons for the movement human civilizations. This means that food disappears - it is not because of it that people began to live settled.

An important point - the dead were buried in residential buildings ancient settlements. Previously, the skeletons were cleaned - they left the corpses on the trees, they were pecked by birds, or they independently cleaned the meat, soft tissues from the bones, - after that they were buried under the floor. The skull is usually separated. Skulls were kept separately from other bones, but also in a dwelling. In Mureybet they were put on shelves in the walls. In Tell Ramada (Southern Syria) and Beysamun (Israel), the skulls were placed on clay figures - stands up to a quarter of a meter high. For people 10 thousand years ago, it was probably the skull that symbolized the personality of the deceased, which is why there is so much reverence, so much respect for him. Skulls were used in religious ceremonies. For example, they were “fed” - food was shared with them. That is, all the attention was given to the dead ancestors. Perhaps they were considered indispensable assistants in the affairs of the living, they always kept in touch with them, they were addressed with prayers, with requests.

Based on the finds of burials in the most ancient settlements, the religious historian Andrei Borisovich Zubov deduces the theory that humanity began to move to a settled way of life because of its religious beliefs. “Such attention to ancestors, ancestors who continue to help the living in their temporary, earthly, and eternal, heavenly needs, such a sense of interdependence of generations could not but be reflected in the organization of life. The graves of the ancestors, the sacred relics of the family, had to be brought as close as possible to the living, made part of the world of the living. The descendants had to be conceived and born literally "on the bones" of the forefathers. It is no coincidence that burials are often found under those adobe benches of Neolithic houses on which the living sat and slept.

The nomadic way of life, characteristic of the Paleolithic, clashed with new religious values. If the graves of the ancestors should be as close as possible to the house, then either the house should be immovable or the bones should be moved from place to place. But the veneration of the giving birth element of the earth required stationary burials - the embryo of a new life, the buried body, could not be removed from the womb as necessary. And so the only thing left for a man of the protoneolithic age was to settle down on the ground. New system life was difficult and unusual, but the spiritual upheaval that took place in the minds of people about 12 thousand years ago required a choice - either to neglect the family, community with ancestors for the sake of a more well-fed and comfortable wandering life, or to bind oneself forever with the graves of ancestors with indissoluble bonds of unity earth. Some groups of people in Europe, in the Near East, in Indochina, on the Pacific coast South America made a choice in favor of the genus. It was they who laid the foundation for the civilizations of the new Stone Age,” concludes Zubov.

The weak point of Zubov's theory is again food impoverishment. It turns out that ancient people who stopped wandering believed that their ancestors and gods wished them a half-starved existence. To come to terms with their food disasters, food shortages, they had to believe. “Ancestors-skull-bones blessed us for starvation, for a thousand years of starvation,” parents taught their children. This is how it comes out of Zubov's theory. Yes, it could not be! After all, they prayed to the bones for the bestowal of great benefits: to save them from the attack of predators, from a thunderstorm, so that the upcoming fishing and hunting would be successful. Rock art of that period and earlier - a lot of wild animals on the walls and ceilings of the caves - is interpreted as a prayer for successful hunting, plentiful prey.

"Paleolithic Venuses" - they were used to get the support of the forces of Life. Incredibly, it is impossible that in the most different regions people of the world decided that the gods, higher power want them to settle down and starve. Rather, on the contrary: a settled tribe, burying the bones of their ancestors under the floors of their dwellings, understands that their diet has decreased, and decides that this is punishment from their ancestors - because they violated the way of life, nomadism, adopted by their ancestors, thousands of generations of ancestors back in time. Not a single tribe would settle voluntarily if this led to food problems. Voluntarily - no. But if they were forced, forced - yes.

Violence. Forcibly, some tribes forced others to settle. For the vanquished to guard the sacred bones. One tribe won, beat another, forced the vanquished to guard the skulls and skeletons of their dead ancestors as an indemnity. Bones in the ground, skulls on the shelves - the defeated, the oppressed "feed" the skulls, spend holidays for them - so that the dead fathers would not be bored in the next world. Where is the safest place to store the most valuable? At home, yes. Therefore, bones under the floor, skulls on the shelves of round dwellings.

Probably, the winners of the vanquished were used not only to protect the dead. In the oldest settled settlement in Europe - Lepenski Vir, in Serbia, on the banks of the Danube, it appeared about 9 thousand years ago - the oldest part of the settlement had a seasonal character. The beaten tribe, or the weakest of the tribe, were forced to settle for several months of the year in order to do some work in the interests of the strongest. They produced axes or spears, harvested wild plants. Worked in the interests of the strongest.

Over time, the winners, the strongest, also switched to settled life - most likely, when they realized that with the help of the vanquished, all their needs could be resolved in general. Of course, special dwellings were built for the owners of the settlement: larger in area, with altars, additional premises. Among the remains of one of the oldest settlements of Jericho, they found an 8-meter-high tower with a diameter of 9 meters. The age of the tower is about 11,500 thousand years. Ran Barkai, a senior lecturer in the Department of Archeology at Tel Aviv University, believes that it was built to intimidate. Vyacheslav Leonidovich Glazychev, professor at the Moscow Architectural Institute, is of the same opinion: “The tower is still a kind of castle that dominates the entire town and opposes its ordinary inhabitants to a power that is separate from them.” The Jericho Tower is an example of the fact that the strongest also began to move to settled life and control those whom they forced to work for themselves. The subordinates, the exploited, probably rebelled, tried to get rid of the rulers. And the rulers came up with the idea of ​​sitting in a powerful tower, hiding in it from an unexpected attack, from a night uprising.

Thus, coercion, violence - at the root of the origin of the settled way of life. A sedentary culture initially carries a charge of violence. And in its further development, this charge increased, its volumes grew: the first cities, states, slavery, more and more sophisticated destruction of some people by others, deformation of religious thinking in favor of submission to kings, priests, officials. At the root of settled life is the suppression of human nature, the natural need of man - nomadism.

“Without Coercion, no settlement could be founded. There would be no overseer over the workers. The rivers would not overflow,” a quote from a Sumerian text.

Feb 16, 2014 Alexander Rybin

There are things in historical science that lead people into a stupor. They are said to be intuitive, do not require decoding. It doesn't make it any easier for pupils and students. For example, what is a “settled way of life”? What image should arise in the head when this expression is used in relation to peoples? Do not know? Let's figure it out.

Settled lifestyle: definition

It must be said at once that our expression concerns (so far) history and the natural world. Remember what characterized the society of the past, what do you know about the ancient tribes? People of old moved for their prey. Such behavior was then natural, since the opposite left people without food. But as a result of the progress of that time, man learned to produce the necessary product himself. This is the reason for the transition to a settled way. That is, people stopped wandering, began to build houses, take care of the land, grow plants and raise livestock. Previously, they had to follow the animals with their whole family, to move to where the fruits ripened. That is the difference between nomadic and settled way of life. In the first case, the people do not have permanent stationary houses (all sorts of huts and yurts are not considered), cultivated land, well-maintained enterprises, and similar useful things. The sedentary way of life contains all of the above, or rather it consists of it. People begin to equip the territory that they consider their own. In addition, they also protect her from aliens.

Animal world

We have dealt with people in principle, let's look at nature. The animal world is also divided into those who live in one place and move after food. The most obvious example is birds. In autumn, some species fly south from the northern latitudes, and in the spring they travel back. or migratory birds. Other species prefer settled life. That is, no rich overseas countries attract them, and it's good at home. Our city sparrows and pigeons live permanently in one specific area. They build nests, lay eggs, feed and breed. They divide the territory into small zones of influence, where strangers are not allowed, and so on. Animals also prefer settled life, although their behavior depends on their habitats. Animals go where there is food. What makes them lead a sedentary lifestyle? In winter, for example, there are not enough stocks, therefore, you have to vegetate from hand to mouth. So their instincts, transmitted by blood, command. Animals define and defend their territory, in which everything "belongs" to them.

Movement of peoples and settled way of life

Don't confuse nomads with settlers. Settlement refers to the principle of life, and not to any particular event. For example, peoples in history often moved from one territory to another. Thus, they won new zones of influence from nature or competitors to their society. But such things are fundamentally different from nomadism. Moving to a new place, people equipped and improved it as best they could. That is, they built houses and cultivated the land. Nomads don't do that. Their principle is to be in harmony (by and large) with nature. She gave birth - people took advantage. They have little effect on her world. Settled tribes build their lives differently. They prefer to influence natural world, customizing it for you. This is the fundamental, fundamental difference between lifestyles. We are all settled now. There are, of course, separate tribes that live according to the precepts of their ancestors. They do not affect civilization as a whole. And most of humanity consciously came to settled way of life, as a principle of interaction with the outside world. This is a consolidated solution.

Will the sedentary lifestyle continue?

Let's try to look into the distant future. But let's start by repeating the past. People chose settled way of life because such a way of life made it possible to produce more products, that is, it turned out to be more efficient. We look at the present: we are consuming the planet's resources at such a rate that they do not have time to reproduce, and there is practically no such possibility, everywhere human influence dominates. What's next? Eat the whole earth and die? Now we are talking about nature-like technologies. That is, progressive thinkers understand that we live only at the expense of the forces of nature, which we use excessively. Will the solution of this problem lead to the rejection of the settled way of life as a principle? What do you think?

"Our Earth"

Settling and domestication are not only technological changes, but also changes in worldview. The land has ceased to be a free commodity available to everyone, with resources arbitrarily scattered across its territory - it has become a special territory, owned by someone or a group of persons, on which people grow plants and livestock. Thus, the sedentary lifestyle and the high level of resource extraction leads to the emergence of property, which was rare in previous gathering societies. Burials, heavy goods, permanent housing, grain handling equipment, and fields and livestock tied people to their place of residence. human influence on the environment became stronger and more visible after the transition to a settled way of life and the growth of agriculture; people began to change the surrounding area more seriously - to build terraces and walls to protect against floods.

Fertility, sedentary lifestyle and nutrition system

The most dramatic consequence of the transition to a sedentary lifestyle are changes in female fertility and population growth. A number of different effects combined led to an increase in population.

Birth Distribution Intervals

Among modern foragers, female pregnancy occurs every 3-4 years, due to the long period breastfeeding characteristic of such communities. Duration does not mean that children are weaned at 3-4 years of age, but that feeding will last as long as the child needs it, even in cases of several times per hour (Shostak 1981). This feeding stimulates the secretion of ovulation-suppressing hormones (Henry 1989). Henry points out that “the adaptive value of such a mechanism is evident in the context of nomadic foragers because one child who needs to be cared for for 3-4 years creates serious problems for the mother, but a second or third during this interval will create an unsolvable problem. for her and endanger her health…”.
There are many more reasons why feeding lasts 3-4 years in foragers. Their diet is high in protein, also low in carbohydrates, and lack soft foods easily digested by infants. In reality, Marjorie Shostak noted that among Bushmen, modern foragers in the Kalahari desert, food is coarse and difficult to digest: “To survive in such conditions, the child must be over 2 years old, preferably much older” (1981). After six months of breastfeeding, the mother has no food to find and prepare for the infant in addition to her own milk. Among the Bushmen, infants over 6 months of age are given solid, already chewed or ground food, complementary foods that begin the transition to solid foods.
The length of time between pregnancies serves to maintain long-term energy balance in women during their reproductive years. In many foraging communities, increasing the caloric intake of feeding requires mobility, and this style of feeding (high in protein, low in carbohydrates) can leave the mother's energy balance low. In cases where food supply is limited, the period of pregnancy and lactation can become a net waste of energy, resulting in a sharp decline in fertility. Under such circumstances, this gives the woman more time to regain her fertility. Thus, a period when she is neither pregnant nor nursing becomes necessary to build her energy balance for future reproduction.

Birth Rate Changes

In addition to the effects of breastfeeding, Allison notes the age, nutritional status, energy balance, diet and exercise of women in a given period (1990). This means that intense aerobic exercise can lead to changes in the interval between periods (amenorrhea), but less intense aerobic exercise can lead to poorer fertility in less obvious but important ways.
Recent studies of North American women whose occupations require a high level of endurance (distance runners and young ballet dancers, for example) have indicated some changes in fertility. These data are relevant to a sedentary lifestyle because the activity levels of the women studied correspond to the activity levels of women in contemporary foraging communities.
The researchers found 2 different effects on fertility. Young, active ballerinas experienced their first menstruation at age 15.5, much later than the inactive control group, whose members experienced their first period at age 12.5. A high level of activity also appears to affect the endocrine system, reducing the time a woman is fertile by 1-3 times.
Summing up the impact of foraging on female fertility, Henry notes: “It seems that a number of interrelated factors associated with the nomadic gathering lifestyle exert natural birth control and may explain the low population density in the Paleolithic. In nomadic forager communities, women seem to experience as long periods of breastfeeding while raising a child as high energy drains associated with foraging and occasional nomadism. In addition, their diet, which is relatively high in protein, leads to low fat levels, thereby reducing fertility.” (1989)
With the increase in the settled way of life, these boundaries of female fertility were weakened. The period of breastfeeding was reduced, as was the amount of energy expended by the woman (Bushman women, for example, average 1,500 miles a year, carrying 25 pounds of equipment, collected food, and, in some cases, children). This does not mean that a sedentary lifestyle is physically undemanding. Agriculture requires its own hard work, from both men and women. The difference lies only in the types of physical activity. Walking long distances, carrying heavy loads and children were replaced by sowing, cultivating the land, collecting, storing and processing grain. A diet rich in cereals has significantly changed the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates in the diet. This altered prolactin levels, increased positive energy balance, and led to faster growth in children and earlier onset of periods.

The constant availability of grains allowed mothers to feed their children soft, high-carbohydrate cereals. Analysis of children's feces in Egypt showed that a similar practice was used, but with root vegetables, on the banks of the Nile 19,000 years ago ( Hillman 1989). The influence of cereals on fertility is noted Richard Lee among the settled Bushmen, who have recently begun to eat cereals and are experiencing a marked increase in their birth rate. Rene Pennington(1992) noted that the increase in Bushmen's reproductive success may be due to a decrease in infant and child mortality.

The drop in food quality

The West has long regarded agriculture as a step forward from gathering, a sign of human progress. Although, however, the first farmers did not eat as well as the gatherers.
Jared Diamond(1987) wrote: “When farmers focus on high-carbohydrate crops such as potatoes or rice, the mixture of wild plants and animals in the hunter/gatherer diet provides more protein and a better balance of other nutrients. One study noted that Bushmen consumed an average of 2,140 calories and 93 grams of protein per day, well above the recommended daily allowance for people their size. It is almost impossible that the Bushmen, eating 75 species of wild plants, could die of starvation, as happened to thousands of Irish farmers and their families in 1840.”
In studies of skeletons we will come to the same point of view. Skeletons found in Greece and Turkey dated to the Late Paleolithic averaged 5'9" for males and 5'5" for females. With the adoption of agriculture, the average height of growth has decreased - about 5000 years ago, the average height of a man was 5 feet 3 inches, and a woman about 5 feet. Even modern Greeks and Turks are not, on average, as tall as their Paleolithic ancestors.

Increasing danger

Roughly speaking, agriculture first appeared, probably in ancient southwestern Asia, and possibly elsewhere, to increase the amount of food available to support an increasing population under severe resource stress. Over time, however, as reliance on domesticated crops increased, so did the overall insecurity of the food supply system. Why?

Share of Domesticated Plants in Food

There are several reasons why early farmers became more and more dependent on cultivated plants. Farmers were able to use previously unsuitable land. When such a vital necessity as water could be delivered to the lands between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the land for which wheat and barley are native, was able to grow them. Domesticated plants also provided more and more edible plants and were easier to collect, process, and cook. They are also better in taste. Rindos listed a number of modern food plants that were bred from bitter wild varieties. Finally, an increase in the yield of domesticated plants per unit of land led to an increase in their proportion in the diet, even if wild plants were still in use and were as available as before.
Dependence on a Few Plants.
Unfortunately, depending on fewer and fewer plants is quite risky in the event of poor harvests. According to Richard Lee, the Bushmen living in the Kalahari Desert ate over 100 plants (14 fruits and nuts, 15 berries, 18 edible resins, 41 edible roots and bulbs, and 17 leaves, beans, melons and other foods) (1992). In contrast, today's farmers rely mainly on 20 plants, of which three - wheat, corn, rice - feed most of the world's people. Historically, there were only one or two grain products for a specific group of people. The decline in the yield of these crops had catastrophic consequences for the population.

Selective Breeding, Monocultures and the Gene Pool

Selective breeding of any plant species reduces the variability of its gene pool by destroying its natural resistance to rare natural pests and diseases and reducing its long-term chances of survival by increasing the risk of severe harvest losses. Again, many people depend on specific plant species, risking their future. Monoculture is the practice of growing only one type of plant in a field. While this increases the efficiency of the crop, it also leaves the entire field unprotected from being destroyed by disease or pests. The result can be hunger.

Increasing Dependence on Plants

As cultivated plants began to play an increasing role in their diet, humans became dependent on plants, and plants in turn became dependent on humans, or more specifically, on man-made environments. But humans cannot fully control the environment. Hail, flood, drought, pests, frost, heat, erosion, and many other factors can destroy or significantly affect a crop, and they are all beyond human control. The risk of failure and hunger increases.

Increasing number of diseases

The increase in the number of diseases, especially associated with the evolution of domesticated plants, for which there were several reasons. First, before the sedentary lifestyle, human waste was disposed of outside the residential area. With the increase in the number of people living nearby in relatively permanent settlements, the disposal of waste became more and more problematic. A large amount of feces has led to the appearance of diseases, and animals and vegetable waste feed on insects, some of which are disease carriers.
Secondly, a large number of people living nearby serve as a reservoir for pathogens. Once the population becomes large enough, the likelihood of disease transmission increases. By the time one person has recovered from the disease, another may have reached the infectious stage and infect the first person again. Therefore, the disease will never leave the settlement. The speed with which a cold, flu, or chickenpox spreads among schoolchildren is a perfect illustration of the interaction between a dense population and disease.
Thirdly, sedentary people cannot simply walk away from the disease, on the contrary, if one of the gatherers becomes ill, the rest can leave for some time, reducing the likelihood of the disease spreading. Fourth, an agricultural type of diet can reduce disease resistance. Finally, population growth provided ample opportunity for microbial development. Indeed, as discussed earlier in Chapter 3, there is good evidence that land clearing for farming in sub-Saharan Africa has created an excellent breeding ground for malaria mosquitoes, resulting in a spike in malaria cases.

environmental degradation

With the development of agriculture, people began to actively influence the environment. Deforestation, soil deterioration, clogging of streams, and the death of many wild species all accompany domestication. In a valley on the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates, the irrigation waters used by the early farmers carried large amounts of soluble salts, poisoning the soil, rendering it unusable to this day.

Work Increase

The growth of domestication requires much more labor than gathering. People must clear the land, plant seeds, take care of young shoots, protect them from pests, collect them, process seeds, store them, select seeds for the next sowing; in addition, people must care for and protect domesticated animals, select herds, shear sheep, milk goats, and so on.

(c) Emily A. Schultz & Robert H. Lavenda, excerpt from the college textbook Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition Second Edition.

Adverb, number of synonyms: 2 settled (1) permanent (101) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

settled- see sedentary; adv. Live settled... Dictionary of many expressions

Settled agricultural … Spelling Dictionary

App., number of synonyms: 1 settled agricultural (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

App., number of synonyms: 1 settled industrial (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

settled agricultural - … Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

settled agricultural- wasp / dlo agricultural / lchesky ... merged. Separately. Through a hyphen.

I is one of the largest in Russia, occupying, according to Schweitzer, an area of ​​​​2211590 square meters. miles and second in size only to the Yakutsk region. The area of ​​its territory is equal to the sum of the areas of European Turkey, Austria, Germany, Sweden and Norway ...

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Borders, composition, space, population size and density. Nature and relief. Waters, seashores, rivers, lakes, artificial irrigation. Climatic conditions. Vegetation, forests, animal world, fishing. Ethnographic composition ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Oh, in the old days he, the fifteenth (vowel) letter; in writing, it is repeated more often than anyone else, and in Moscow dialect it is almost inaudible in its full voice, hiding on a, or even turning into a semivowel. In common parlance, in the north and in ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

• Cultures of nomads in the megastructure of the Eurasian world. In 2 volumes, Chernykh Evgeny Nikolaevich. The Eurasian continent, when it is divided into the main geo-ecological zones, resembles a three-layer "pie", in which different layers successively cover each other from north to south. ...
• Nomad cultures in the megastructure of the Eurasian world (set of 2 books), . The Eurasian continent, when it is divided into the main geo-ecological zones, resembles a three-layer "pie", in which different layers successively cover each other from north to south. Mid…