What is a sedentary lifestyle? Fertility, sedentary lifestyle and nutrition system.

There is a term "neolithic revolution". When you hear him, you imagine a mass of bearded, disheveled people in skins, armed with primitive axes and spears. This mass runs with warlike cries to storm the cave, where a crowd of exactly the same people, bearded, disheveled, with primitive axes and spears in their hands, has settled. In fact, this term denotes a change in the forms of management - from hunting and gathering to agriculture and cattle breeding. The Neolithic revolution was the result of the transition from nomadism to settled life. That's right, at first man began to lead sedentary life, then mastered agriculture and domesticated some types of animals, he was simply forced to master. Then came the first cities, the first states... Current state world - a consequence of the fact that a person once moved to a settled way of life.

The first permanent human settlements appeared about 10-13 thousand years ago. Somewhere they appeared earlier, somewhere later, depending on the region of the world. The oldest, the first - in the Middle East - about 13 thousand years ago. One of the first of those found and excavated by archaeologists is Mureybet in Syria, on the banks of the Euphrates. It originated about 12,200 years ago. It was inhabited by hunter-gatherers. They built houses in the style of nomadic rented dwellings - round, 3-6 meters in diameter, but much more solid: they used pieces of limestone, fastened them with clay. The roof was covered with reed stalks. The reliability of dwellings is the only thing in which the inhabitants of the settled Mureybeta surpassed the nomads. The more important factor is food. They ate in Mureybet more poorly than nomads. Depended on the case - wild beans, acorns and pistachios will be born this season, or the harvest will be insignificant, there will not be enough tribe; whether a herd of gazelles will pass nearby or not, whether there will be enough fish in the river. Domestication (or “domestication”, in scientific terms) of plant foods in Mureybet happened a thousand years after the settlement appeared: they learned to grow wheat, rye and barley on their own. The domestication of animals happened even later.

Shortly speaking, food reasons to create a settlement on the banks of the Euphrates was not. Permanent settlement, on the contrary, created regular food difficulties. The same in other regions - the inhabitants of the oldest settled villages ate more poorly than their nomadic contemporaries. If we take all the regions where the transition from nomadism to sedentism took place earlier than others - the Middle East, the regions on the Danube and in Japan - it turns out that from one to three thousand years passed between the appearance of settled settlements and the traces of the first domesticated plants (that is, in the Syrian Mureybet residents relatively quickly figured out how to grow their own grain). Currently, most paleoanthropologists believe that the inhabitants of the first stationary settlements lived much poorer and ate less varied and plentiful than wandering hunters. And food security, food security is one of the main reasons for the movement human civilizations. This means that food disappears - it is not because of it that people began to live settled.

An important point - the dead were buried in residential buildings ancient settlements. Previously, the skeletons were cleaned - they left the corpses on the trees, they were pecked by birds, or they independently cleaned the meat, soft tissues from the bones, - after that they were buried under the floor. The skull is usually separated. Skulls were kept separately from other bones, but also in a dwelling. In Mureybet they were put on shelves in the walls. In Tell Ramada (Southern Syria) and Beysamun (Israel), the skulls were placed on clay figures - stands up to a quarter of a meter high. For people 10 thousand years ago, it was probably the skull that symbolized the personality of the deceased, which is why there is so much reverence, so much respect for him. Skulls were used in religious ceremonies. For example, they were “fed” - food was shared with them. That is, all the attention was given to the dead ancestors. Perhaps they were considered indispensable assistants in the affairs of the living, they always kept in touch with them, they were addressed with prayers, with requests.

Based on the finds of burials in the most ancient settlements, the religious historian Andrei Borisovich Zubov deduces the theory that humanity began to move to a settled way of life because of its religious beliefs. “Such attention to ancestors, ancestors who continue to help the living in their temporary, earthly, and eternal, heavenly needs, such a sense of interdependence of generations could not but be reflected in the organization of life. The graves of the ancestors, the sacred relics of the family, had to be brought as close as possible to the living, made part of the world of the living. The descendants had to be conceived and born literally "on the bones" of the forefathers. It is no coincidence that burials are often found under those adobe benches of Neolithic houses on which the living sat and slept.

The nomadic way of life, characteristic of the Paleolithic, clashed with new religious values. If the graves of the ancestors should be as close as possible to the house, then either the house should be immovable or the bones should be moved from place to place. But the veneration of the giving birth element of the earth required stationary burials - the embryo of a new life, the buried body, could not be removed from the womb as necessary. And so the only thing left for a man of the protoneolithic age was to settle down on the ground. New system life was difficult and unusual, but the spiritual upheaval that took place in the minds of people about 12 thousand years ago required a choice - either to neglect the family, community with ancestors for the sake of a more well-fed and comfortable wandering life, or to bind oneself forever with the graves of ancestors with indissoluble bonds of unity earth. Some groups of people in Europe, in the Near East, in Indochina, on the Pacific coast South America made a choice in favor of the genus. It was they who laid the foundation for the civilizations of the new Stone Age,” concludes Zubov.

The weak point of Zubov's theory is again food impoverishment. It turns out that ancient people who stopped wandering believed that their ancestors and gods wished them a half-starved existence. To come to terms with their food disasters, food shortages, they had to believe. “Ancestors-skull-bones blessed us for starvation, for a thousand years of starvation,” parents taught their children. This is how it comes out of Zubov's theory. Yes, it could not be! After all, they prayed to the bones for the bestowal of great benefits: to save them from the attack of predators, from a thunderstorm, so that the upcoming fishing and hunting would be successful. Rock art of that period and earlier - a lot of wild animals on the walls and ceilings of the caves - is interpreted as a prayer for successful hunting, plentiful prey.

"Paleolithic Venuses" - they were used to get the support of the forces of Life. Incredibly, it is impossible that in the most different regions people of the world decided that the gods, higher power want them to settle down and starve. Rather, on the contrary: a settled tribe, burying the bones of their ancestors under the floors of their dwellings, understands that their diet has decreased, and decides that this is punishment from their ancestors - because they violated the way of life, nomadism, adopted by their ancestors, thousands of generations of ancestors back in time. Not a single tribe would settle voluntarily if this led to food problems. Voluntarily - no. But if they were forced, forced - yes.

Violence. Forcibly, some tribes forced others to settle. For the vanquished to guard the sacred bones. One tribe won, beat another, forced the vanquished to guard the skulls and skeletons of their dead ancestors as an indemnity. Bones in the ground, skulls on the shelves - the defeated, the oppressed "feed" the skulls, spend holidays for them - so that the dead fathers would not be bored in the next world. Where is the safest place to store the most valuable? At home, yes. Therefore, bones under the floor, skulls on the shelves of round dwellings.

Probably, the winners of the vanquished were used not only to protect the dead. In the oldest settled settlement in Europe - Lepenski Vir, in Serbia, on the banks of the Danube, it appeared about 9 thousand years ago - the oldest part of the settlement had a seasonal character. The beaten tribe, or the weakest of the tribe, were forced to settle for several months of the year in order to do some work in the interests of the strongest. They produced axes or spears, harvested wild plants. Worked in the interests of the strongest.

Over time, the winners, the strongest, also switched to settled life - most likely, when they realized that with the help of the vanquished, all their needs could be resolved in general. Of course, special dwellings were built for the owners of the settlement: larger in area, with altars, additional premises. Among the remains of one of the oldest settlements of Jericho, they found an 8-meter-high tower with a diameter of 9 meters. The age of the tower is about 11,500 thousand years. Ran Barkai, a senior lecturer in the Department of Archeology at Tel Aviv University, believes that it was built to intimidate. Vyacheslav Leonidovich Glazychev, professor at the Moscow Architectural Institute, is of the same opinion: “The tower is still a kind of castle that dominates the entire town and opposes its ordinary inhabitants to a power that is separate from them.” The Jericho Tower is an example of the fact that the strongest also began to move to settled life and control those whom they forced to work for themselves. The subordinates, the exploited, probably rebelled, tried to get rid of the rulers. And the rulers came up with the idea of ​​sitting in a powerful tower, hiding in it from an unexpected attack, from a night uprising.

Thus, coercion, violence - at the root of the origin of the settled way of life. A sedentary culture initially carries a charge of violence. And in its further development, this charge increased, its volumes grew: the first cities, states, slavery, more and more sophisticated destruction of some people by others, deformation of religious thinking in favor of submission to kings, priests, officials. At the root of settled life is the suppression of human nature, the natural need of man - nomadism.

“Without Coercion, no settlement could be founded. There would be no overseer over the workers. The rivers would not overflow,” a quote from a Sumerian text.

Feb 16, 2014 Alexander Rybin

There are things in historical science that lead people into a stupor. They are said to be intuitive, do not require decoding. It doesn't make it any easier for pupils and students. For example, what is a “settled way of life”? What image should arise in the head when this expression is used in relation to peoples? Do not know? Let's figure it out.

Settled lifestyle: definition

It must be said at once that our expression concerns (so far) history and the natural world. Remember what characterized the society of the past, what do you know about the ancient tribes? People of old moved for their prey. Such behavior was then natural, since the opposite left people without food. But as a result of the progress of that time, man learned to produce the necessary product himself. This is the reason for the transition to a settled way. That is, people stopped wandering, began to build houses, take care of the land, grow plants and raise livestock. Previously, they had to follow the animals with their whole family, to move to where the fruits ripened. That is the difference between nomadic and settled way of life. In the first case, the people do not have permanent stationary houses (all sorts of huts and yurts are not considered), cultivated land, well-maintained enterprises, and similar useful things. The sedentary way of life contains all of the above, or rather it consists of it. People begin to equip the territory that they consider their own. In addition, they also protect her from aliens.

Animal world

We have dealt with people in principle, let's look at nature. Animal world is also divided into those who live in one place, and move after food. The most obvious example is birds. In autumn, some species fly south from the northern latitudes, and in the spring they travel back. or migratory birds. Other species prefer settled life. That is, no rich overseas countries attract them, and it's good at home. Our city sparrows and pigeons live permanently in one specific area. They build nests, lay eggs, feed and breed. They divide the territory into small zones of influence, where strangers are not allowed, and so on. Animals also prefer settled life, although their behavior depends on their habitats. Animals go where there is food. What makes them lead a sedentary lifestyle? In winter, for example, there are not enough stocks, therefore, you have to vegetate from hand to mouth. So their instincts, transmitted by blood, command. Animals define and defend their territory, in which everything "belongs" to them.

Movement of peoples and settled way of life

Don't confuse nomads with settlers. Settlement refers to the principle of life, and not to any particular event. For example, peoples in history often moved from one territory to another. Thus, they won new zones of influence from nature or competitors to their society. But such things are fundamentally different from nomadism. Moving to a new place, people equipped and improved it as best they could. That is, they built houses and cultivated the land. Nomads don't do that. Their principle is to be in harmony (by and large) with nature. She gave birth - people took advantage. They have little effect on her world. Settled tribes build their lives differently. They prefer to influence natural world, customizing it for you. This is the fundamental, fundamental difference between lifestyles. We are all settled now. There are, of course, separate tribes that live according to the precepts of their ancestors. They do not affect civilization as a whole. And most of humanity consciously came to settled way of life, as a principle of interaction with the outside world. This is a consolidated solution.

Will the sedentary lifestyle continue?

Let's try to look into the distant future. But let's start by repeating the past. People chose settled way of life because such a way of life made it possible to produce more products, that is, it turned out to be more efficient. We look at the present: we are consuming the planet's resources at such a rate that they do not have time to reproduce, and there is practically no such possibility, everywhere human influence dominates. What's next? Eat the whole earth and die? Now we are talking about nature-like technologies. That is, progressive thinkers understand that we live only at the expense of the forces of nature, which we use excessively. Will the solution of this problem lead to the rejection of the settled way of life as a principle? What do you think?

Lifestyle of gobies. The biology of gobies is not well understood. Gobies are inhabitants of the bottom, for the most part leading a sedentary lifestyle and, if they make migrations, then for a very short space. In the Caspian Sea, there is some periodicity in their approaches to the shore and leaving the sea from the coast. Some gobies are fish that live permanently in the sea and spawn there; the other part - the inhabitants of brackish and highly desalinated waters, not avoiding even entering the mouths of rivers; finally, the third are inhabitants fresh water.[ ...]

Lifestyle. They switch to a sedentary lifestyle in early spring, when winter flocks gradually break up into pairs.[ ...]

Sedentary animals have such specific features of territoriality as adaptation, which allows them to optimally use the conditions they need and reduce competition. At the same time, a sedentary lifestyle is fraught with the danger of increased competition and rapid depletion of food resources. As an adaptation for delimiting habitats between individuals, families or colonies, individual or group sites appear, protected either directly or by warning signaling. In birds, such signals are the songs of males, in mammals - usually marking the occupied territory, more often with odorous marks (excrement, urine or the secret of special glands - anal, hoofed, interhorn, eye, etc.). At normal population density, the occupied areas do not exceed those limits at which the connection between neighboring individuals or groups is completely broken. Individual sites may partially overlap, which is ecologically necessary for contact between individuals of different sexes or interrelationships in the colony. In some insects with diffuse territoriality, to maintain communication between the sexes, there are special odorous glands that secrete pheromones to attract individuals of the opposite sex.[ ...]

There are significant biological advantages to a sedentary lifestyle. In particular, free orientation is facilitated in a familiar territory, the animal spends less time searching for food, finds shelter from the enemy faster, and can also create food supplies (squirrels, marmots, field mice) if necessary. At the same time, a sedentary lifestyle threatens to rapidly deplete food resources if, for example, the population density becomes excessively high.[ ...]

The pike leads a sedentary lifestyle. She does not migrate, but lives in the selected area and protects it from other pikes. If the individual hosting the site is caught, then another one appears in its place. The pike moves and feeds only during daylight hours.[ ...]

Fish leading a sedentary lifestyle are called tu-aquatic (residential). These include perch, pike, crucian carp, tench, etc.[ ...]

With the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, a person began to transplant flowers from fields and meadows to his home, to take care of them. In new, more favorable conditions, they became more magnificent, more beautiful. The best specimens were multiplied and improved from generation to generation.[ ...]

Species that are characterized by a sedentary lifestyle, as a rule, are characterized by an intensive type of territory use, in which individual individuals or their groups (mainly family groups) exploit resources in a relatively limited space for a long time. Species characterized by a nomadic way of life are characterized by an extensive type of territory use, in which cord resources are usually used by groups of individuals (sometimes very numerous), constantly moving within a vast territory.[ ...]

Farming meant the transition of large nomadic groups to a settled way of life. The minimum energy costs for movement during the cultivation of the land were ensured by the distribution of farmers on individual plots with the formation of farms or small villages. At first, the communities were small, up to 20 people or a little more.[ ...]

In the Neolithic age, man began to move away from the herd way of life. This time dates back to the invention of ceramics, the transition to a settled way of life, the formation of differentiated social cells. From gathering and hunting, he began to move to agriculture (growing plants and breeding animals). Started on the European continent Agriculture, accompanied by the domestication of plants and animals, as well as Neolithic technology, date back to 9-6 millennia BC.[ ...]

In general, the behavior of the majority of traced fish reflects a sedentary lifestyle, a commitment to limited areas, and not to constant “wandering” over a vast area. Separate individuals, as was established during observations of the behavior of bream in river beds, can remain in a small area (several tens of meters) for up to 2 days. .[ ...]

The discovery of agriculture and the transition of large nomadic groups of people to a sedentary lifestyle made it possible for man to increase the share of consumption of plant foods from cultivated areas to values ​​comparable to all primary production by growing edible monocultures. At the same time, competing types of consumers were being squeezed out. As a result, the required fodder area has been reduced to a few hectares per person. On arable land, a person consumes such a share of biomass at which its natural reproduction is no longer possible. Therefore, a person was forced to take over the functions of reproduction by annual cultivation, fertilization and sowing of arable land, spending on this energy that was previously used to bypass the fodder territory of the gatherer.[ ...]

During the day, the sabrefish is in constant motion, but at the same time it leads a sedentary lifestyle: individuals of one flock usually stay within a certain section of the reservoir. At night, it hides in various shelters or uneven bottoms.[ ...]

According to the type of use of space, all mobile animals are divided into sedentary and nomadic. A sedentary lifestyle has a number of biological advantages, such as free orientation in familiar territory when looking for food or shelter, the ability to create food supplies (squirrels, field mice). Its disadvantages include the depletion of food resources with excessive high density populations.[ ...]

Birds (Aves). They were domesticated much later than the horse and dog, during the transition to a sedentary lifestyle and primitive agriculture. Domestic chickens are descended from wild bankers that were domesticated in India. They came to Europe through Iran. The wild ancestor of ducks of modern breeds are mallard and musky ducks. The domestic goose descended from the gray wild goose and the dry goose, the guinea fowl - from the wild guinea fowl.[ ...]

In the population of common perch in the lake. Windermere (England), the vast majority of individuals lead a sedentary lifestyle, and in the pike population of the same reservoir, the proportion of mobile individuals was much larger. note the opposite trend in Behavior in representatives of this species.[ ...]

Some species and groups of insect species that have been sedentary for at least several generations, such as beetles of the genus Tachigatia (Arnoldi, 1941), aphids (Aphidodea), and many coccid eids (Coccodea), keep colonially, and colonies can reach an extremely high density (coccids and aphids can, for example, cover significant areas of plants in a continuous layer, without gaps) (Fig. 17).[ ...]

Modern man has mastered almost all regions of the planet, and for the last 8-10 thousand years it has been characterized by a sedentary lifestyle. Wherever a person lives, the natural and social conditions of life at a particular point in the biosphere determine his health and are his environment.[ ...]

Banking chickens were first domesticated by the Malay tribes, probably during the Neolithic period. When in ancient india agriculture (a settled way of life) arose, domestic animals were already bred there, including chickens. There is a mention of domestic chickens in the "Vedas" of the ancient Hindus, compiled 2 thousand years before our era. Chickens were brought to Europe much later (500-400 years BC) from Persia (Iran) under the name "Persian birds".[ ...]

In the Neolithic era, which refers to the post-glacial period, man already had earthenware, finer, sharpened and polished stone tools and led a sedentary lifestyle. Neolithic deposits are famous Lake Ladoga; many of them were found in other places of the USSR (in the black earth zone, in Ukraine, the Urals, the Caucasus, in Siberia, in Far East), as well as in Western Europe (in particular, in Switzerland). The bones of both wild and already domesticated animals were found in these deposits. Excavation data show that, following the dog, in the Neolithic era, man tamed and domesticated first the pig, then the sheep, goat and cattle (this sequence apparently changed in different places). The horse was domesticated much later.[ ...]

Char in the Lake Saimaa system can be caught with pike-perch tackle or with the help of a "mirror bullet". It is necessary to know the habitats of char (it belongs to salmon fish leading a sedentary lifestyle). Hooks must be especially sharp, as the char takes very carefully when the lure moves slowly.[ ...]

Couples of different ages are quite common. It has been shown, for example, that winter flocks of tits (Parus montanus, P. cristatus) are formed in autumn, after the end of migrations of young birds. The latter, moving to a settled way of life, are grouped with adult unrelated local birds. Considering that breeding pairs are formed from the composition of winter flocks, the probability of formation of unrelated and uneven-aged pairs is quite high. In some cases, there is an active preference for a sexual partner of a different age group. Thus, the age cross turned out to be quite common in the Moscow population of rock pigeons Columba livia (S.I. Pechenev, 1985). In experiments with the same species, a sexual preference was established for individuals who were more experienced (having more broods) and younger; at the same time, young birds that had no breeding experience were preferred to old ones (more than 7 years old), although they were experienced (N. Burley, N. Moran, 1979).[ ...]

The policy of the USSR towards the indigenous peoples of Chukotka was mainly associated with a forced transfer from tribal relations to the socialist path of development. Ethnic settlements were organized in the district, the indigenous people were forced to lead a settled way of life.[ ...]

Starting from the 8th millennium BC. e. in Western Asia begin to practice various methods tillage and cultivation of agricultural crops. In countries Central Europe this kind of agrarian revolution took place in the 6th-2nd millennium BC. As a result, a large number of people switched to a settled way of life, in which there was an urgent need for deeper observations of the climate, in the ability to predict the change of seasons and weather changes. By the same time, people discovered addiction weather phenomena from astronomical cycles.[ ...]

The history of animal husbandry is inseparable from the history of man, the first traces of which, as is known, date back to the end of the Tertiary period (the Cenozoic era, 500-600 thousand years ago). The domestication of animals began much later (8-10 thousand years BC) and coincides with the new stone age (Neolithic period), when humanity began to move towards a more sedentary lifestyle. Domestication occurred as a result of several reasons: the depletion of hunting grounds, the unification of communities and tribes, the concentration a large number people and increasing their need for food.[ ...]

Real ways The formation of such groups has been traced, for example, in the course of rodent control in natural foci of infections. Thus, the Mongolian gerbils Meriones unguiculatus, which survived after the treatment of large territories with raticides, left their territories and switched to non-directional movements, during which they met with other animals and already in groups again switched to a sedentary lifestyle. Characteristically, during the period of migrations between gerbils, peaceful, contact forms of behavior clearly prevailed (D.P. Orlenev, 1981; D.P. Orlenev, S.V. Pereladov, 1981). Craving for contacts has also been shown in experiments with rodents, although in general this issue has not yet been studied clearly enough. It is possible that this property is not equally expressed in representatives of different sexes and ages. In experiments with the tree lizard Urosausus ornatus in natural populations, the removal of females caused a sharp increase in the mobility of males: only 5% of them remained in their territories; under the same conditions, the removal of males did not cause an increase in the mobility of females.[ ...]

Pigs are omnivores and herd animals. wild boars came close to human habitation. They were caught, trained to eat leftover food and used for meat. Later they began to catch pregnant queens. In captivity, they brought offspring, which people fattened and killed. So, gradually there was a domestication of pigs. The domestication of cattle proceeded much later, during the period of man's transition to a more settled way of life. The horse was domesticated later than cattle.[ ...]

Natural and climatic features had a significant impact on the development of the territory of Chukotka by Russian explorers. For the indigenous population, the ability of the territory to feed the people living on it, as well as the presence of natural and biological resources. In the future, natural and climatic features began to be taken into account only when choosing a site for the construction of a new locality during the period of economic development of the region and during the forced transfer of the indigenous population to a settled way of life (Research Final Report, 2000).[ ...]

If the rate of change and energy flux can be calculated from abundance and biomass data, a more reliable estimate of the value of a population in its community can be obtained. This is a relatively simple case: Ogske-Ntit are strictly herbivorous insects, are sedentary and have only one generation per year; the herbage consists of only one type of plant, which serves as the only source of food and shelter for insects. The number and biomass of individuals per 1 m2 were determined at time intervals of 3-4 days. With the help of these data, population growth, or productivity, was determined, for which the weight of those individuals that died during the population count period was added to the weight gain of living individuals. Productivity was expressed in kcal/m2 per day. Then, the oxygen consumption (respiration) of adults and nymphs of different sizes was determined in the laboratory depending on temperature. On the basis of these data, for each time period, the respiration of the population was calculated in relation to the average wet biomass and these data were reduced to the actual temperature of the environment. Using the appropriate coefficient (Ivlev, 1934), oxygen consumption was converted into calories. The overall rate of assimilation in the population was obtained by adding the values ​​of production and respiration.

I love history very much, and this event in the development of human society could not but interest me. I am happy to share my knowledge about what is settledness, and talk about the consequences that were caused by a change in lifestyle.

What does the term "settled" mean?

This term means the transition of nomadic peoples to living in one place or within a small area. Indeed, the ancient tribes were very dependent on where their prey was going, and this was quite a natural phenomenon. However, over time, people moved to production of the desired product, which means that there is no need to move after the herds. This was accompanied by the construction of dwellings, housekeeping, which required the creation of things necessary in everyday life. Simply put, the tribe equipped a certain territory, while considering it their own, and therefore was forced to protect it from uninvited guests.

Consequences of the transition to settled life

The transition to this way of life and the domestication of animals radically changed the lives of people, and we still feel some of the consequences today. Settlement is not only a change in lifestyle, but also significant changes in the very worldview of a person. In fact, the land began to be valued, ceasing to be a common property, which led to the beginnings of property. At the same time, everything acquired, as it were, tied a person to one place of residence, which could not but affect the environment- plowing fields, building defensive structures and much more.

In general, among the many consequences of the transition to settled life, the most striking examples can be distinguished:

• increase in the birth rate- as a result of increased fertility;
• drop in food quality- according to research, the transition from animal to plant foods has led to a decrease in the average height of mankind;
• increase in incidence- as a rule, the higher the population density, the higher this indicator;
• Negative influence on the environment - clogging of soils, rivers, deforestation and so on;
• load increase- Maintenance of the economy requires more labor than just hunting or gathering.

One of the paradoxes of the transition to a settled way of life is the fact that with an increase in productivity, the population increased and dependence on agricultural crops. As a result, this began to present a certain problem: in the case of a poor supply of food, the load on all spheres of life increases.