Raspberry common Latin name. medicinal plants

Auto 09.12.2020

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Common raspberry (lat. Rubus idaeus) or forest raspberry is a plant species from the genus Rubus (lat. Rubus), belonging to the Rosaceae family (lat. Rosaceae). The name comes from the Latin word meaning "red" and alludes to the color of the berries. The genus includes about 300 species, including plants familiar to everyone: blackberries, raspberries, cloudberries, kumanika, stone fruits. It is subdivided into sections, one of which is called Raspberry (lat. Idaeobatus), and it includes shrubs of the M. common species. AT natural environment plants are found in forests, thickets of shrubs, sometimes on the banks of rivers. M. forest frequent guest in many gardens.

An interesting fact: in Russian culture, raspberries are a symbol sweet life, sung both in songs and in verses.

Description

Common raspberry is a deciduous shrub with a woody rhizome with numerous adventitious roots. Aerial shoots 1.5-3.0 m high grow from it. Raspberry stalks are erect, grassy in the first year, green with a bluish bloom, their surface is covered with small thorns. In the second year, the stems become woody and turn brown. The leaves are oval, alternate, compound, dark green above, whitish and pubescent below. The flowers are white, up to 1 cm in diameter.

botanical illustration

The inflorescences are racemose, located on the tops of the shoots or in the axils of the leaves. Flowering is observed in June-July, in the southern regions - a little earlier. The fruits are hairy drupes, painted in different shades of red. There are types of raspberries and varieties with black, dark purple and yellow fruits. Most often, fruiting occurs in the second year (on biennial shoots). In the first year, buds are laid on the shoots, of which next year branches grow, on which fruits are tied. There are remontant varieties that bear fruit on the shoots of both the first and second years.

Species and varieties

M. vulgaris is one of the main berry crops, a huge number of varieties have been bred, many of which have been tested in various climatic zones. Varieties are divided according to the time of fruiting into early, middle and late. Remontants give a harvest twice during the summer season and are considered the most successful for breeding for agricultural purposes. Large-fruited varieties of raspberries are not the most frost-resistant, and are recommended for more southern regions.

The most popular and high-yielding remontant varieties: "Eurasia" (decorative leaves, yield up to 2.5 kg), "Hercules" (slightly spreading thorny bushes, yield up to 3 kg, resistance to most diseases), "Orange Miracle" (yellow-fruited variety with huge up to 5 cm with fruits, yield up to 2.5 kg).

M. seductive (R. illecebrosus)

M. seductive(lat. R. illecebrosus) or strawberry-raspberry - a species native to Japan, popular in many European countries, widely cultivated in Lithuania. Shrub grows up to 150 cm. Flowers up to 2 cm in diameter, white; pinnate leaves, large fruits up to 2 cm.

M. western(lat. R. occidentalis) is widespread in countries North America, often called black raspberry. The bushes are tall - they can be up to 2-3 m. The flowers are small, ripe black berries up to 1.5 cm long.

M. purple-fruited(lat. R. phoenicolasius) or M. Japanese - a weaving liana native to Japan and Korea with feathery leaves. Flowers are white on spiny pedicels. Flowering occurs in late spring. The fruits are red at first, and when ripe, turn dark purple. The species is cultivated in the gardens of Europe as an ornamental shrub. Likes moist soil and grows fast.

M. Cockburn "Golden Valley"(lat. R. cockburnianus ‘Goldenvale’) - an interesting variety with elegant leaves yellow color originally from China. Shrubs grow up to 3 m. Young branches are painted red-brown. The flowers are pinkish-purple, and the fruits are black. The variety is valued not only for summer, but also for winter decorativeness. In the cold season, the shoots of M. Cockburn are white. Plants grow quickly, they are not pruned to form thickets.

M. fragrant (R. odoratus)

M. elliptical(lat. R. ellipticus) - a species with yellow fruits, originating from South Asia. It has another name - golden Himalayan raspberries. It grows very quickly in nature, crowding out other plants. Shrubs grow from 1 to 3 m. Dense inflorescences are located at the ends of the stems. The flowers are large up to 1.5 cm, painted in pink or white. The leaves are interesting with a dense structure. Plants are grown both as fruit and as ornamentals.

M. fragrant(lat. R. odoratus) - a decorative species that came to us from North America. Shrubs can reach 3 m in height; in culture, they are not higher than 1.5 m. The surface of the shoots is shiny, the bark exfoliates. The view is distinguished by beautiful and large (up to 5 cm) flowers Pink colour with a pleasant smell. Plants are winter hardy. Foliage turns yellow in autumn. The fruits are sour and few in number.

Photogallery of species

cultivation

Landing place: well lit, light partial shade is acceptable. Soils are light and fertile. The distance between the bushes is 60-90 cm, between the rows from 60 cm. If ornamental cultivation is planned, then it is useful to install supports and stretch rows of wire along which raspberry shoots can be beautifully laid out. Tapestry will be needed for tall varieties.

Watering: Plants like abundant watering. The root system is sensitive to the drying of the earth, sometimes for this reason the bush may die.

Original wooden bed for raspberries

fertilizers: nitrogen-containing compounds are introduced in spring, potassium-phosphorus compounds are added at the end of summer. Raspberry aisles can be sprinkled with ash. Raspberries respond very well to organic fertilizing with a solution of quail manure.

M. forest and other types of subsection are winter-hardy, therefore they do not require wrapping, but it will not hurt to mulch the ground around the bushes: this will prevent the development of weeds and reduce the evaporation of moisture.

Wooden boxes can be used for zoning the site

pruning

Raspberries are usually pruned in the fall after the end of fruiting. At this time, biennial shoots are cut out so that in the spring the plant gives a new growth. In early spring, the tips of last year's shoots are cut if it is noticed that they are frozen. During the entire summer period, shoots can be removed so that the planting of raspberries does not thicken. At the age of 6-7 years, old bushes need to be rejuvenated: the old rhizome is dug up, and the young shoots are planted. The procedure is carried out in the fall.

Pruning guide

reproduction

Propagated vegetatively: plants give abundant root growth, which is separated along with the rhizome and planted in the fall. This method is the fastest and most efficient. In the spring (until the end of May), all shoots are removed, after that all nutrients will go to the formation of existing plants. At the end of summer, we separate the young plants from the mother plants and place them in a greenhouse for several weeks for rooting. After that, they are ready for transplanting to a permanent place.

Growing raspberries from seeds is a very time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Remontant varieties can be propagated by cuttings. Propagation by cuttings is carried out as follows: twigs up to 15 cm long are harvested in the fall, planted in the spring under a mini greenhouse, and the ground around is mulched.

Tip: Today, any, even the rarest, raspberry variety can be purchased as an excellent seedling, which is guaranteed to have all the varietal characteristics.

Reproduction of raspberries by root offspring

Diseases and pests

Unfortunately, raspberries are loved by various insects, from which all above-ground parts of the shrub suffer. Malicious pests considered: raspberry glass, stem fly, raspberry-strawberry weevil, damaging buds, raspberry beetle, eating fruit ovaries, various types of moths, aphids and mites. To protect the raspberries from insects at the stage of budding and after fruiting, the shrubs are sprayed with a solution of karbofos. You can use drugs like "Spark".

Raspberries are also sick with diseases, the main pathogens of which are various fungi:

anthracnose: single spots of white-gray color with a purple border appear on the stems, the leaves wither;
purple spotting: light purple spots with black dots appear on any parts of the raspberry, the stem collapses, the plant dries up, the affected areas turn brown;
white spotting: leaves, stems are affected by brownish spots, which turn white over time, the bark cracks, whitish spots appear near the buds;
rust: rusty spots most often appear on shoots and leaves in spring.

Raspberry anthracnose

The golden rule in the fight against any diseases, as well as insect larvae: we remove everything that is sick, cut it out and take it away from the site, then burn it. It is also worth acquiring disease-resistant varieties, timely thinning out plantings from overgrowth. For the prevention of diseases, a few weeks before the start of flowering (also after the end of fruiting), they spray it with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture.

Another raspberry disease with an unexplained nature of occurrence is bacterial cancer. dangerous disease, which is not detected immediately, the berries gradually lose their taste, the plant begins to grow more slowly. The tumor develops on the roots. Cancer is not curable. For prevention, raspberries are not grown for longer than 3-5 years in one place, and when transplanted, the roots are disinfected.

Use of M. Cockburn (R. cockburnianus ‘Goldenvale’) in site design

Usage

Raspberries do not need a description, they are healthy and tasty, great for freezing. processing and drying. Raspberries are no less known in medicine. In addition to fruits, leaves are used for teas and infusions. Also, the plant is considered a good honey plant.

Ornamental container growing

In landscape design, raspberries are used in group and single plantings. Raspberries are well suited for decorating gardens in a natural style. In the background of a large flower bed, decorative bushes look great. Plants are not bad for landscaping the space around water bodies, given the moisture-loving nature of raspberries. Planted in parks as undergrowth. The shrub can be beautifully planted in an originally designed flower bed, for example, lined with stones or wood. Sometimes plants are used for zoning the site and grown in containers. Quite often, when growing raspberries for landscaping, they do not cut them. In this case, the bushes, growing, form attractive thickets.

Common raspberry is one of the most popular berries among the people. It can also be found in the forest in the clearings, where it forms dense thickets of raspberries, and, of course, in summer cottages and household plots.

plant description

Common raspberry (Latin name Rubus idaeus) is a prickly, branchy semi-shrub plant belonging to the Rosaceae family (Latin name Rosaceae).

This plant has a perennial rhizome and erect numerous shoots 1.5-2 meters high. In the first year of life, raspberries produce green shoots, fluffy on top, and closer to the bottom covered with thin brown spines.

By the second year, these shoots become woody, thorns-thorns are less common on them, flowers and then fruits are formed on them, after which they die off, and the rhizome again throws out young shoots. Thus, raspberries have a two-year life cycle.

Raspberry leaves are alternate, compound, pinnate, with 3-7 leaves on long petioles, of which the upper ones are trifoliate, with stipules adhering to the petiole. Common raspberry blooms with small discreet white or whitish-pink flowers with five petals, with a gray-green pubescent calyx.

The flowers are collected in small corymbose-paniculate inflorescences, which grow from the axils of the leaves. Fruits of red or red-raspberry color are a complex berry consisting of many smaller drupes.

In wild raspberries, the fruits easily break up into small drupes, and in cultivated varieties they grow together, forming a dense juicy berry up to 2.5-4 centimeters long, similar to a cap-cap and easily separated from the conical receptacle.

Raspberry seeds are white-yellow in color, small, oval-round and hard. The flowering period for raspberries begins at the end of June, and by August the fruits-berries ripen.

Raspberry flowers are pollinated by insects, so the weather greatly affects the amount of the crop. Raspberries are propagated by seeds, rhizome, and cuttings.

AT natural conditions raspberries are more common on the slopes of mountains, along river banks, along ravines, in moist forests in clearings, clearings and clearings, where it sometimes forms almost impenetrable raspberry thickets.

Common raspberry is a plant widespread not only in our country, but throughout almost the entire globe. It is cultivated in home gardens and summer cottages in all regions, up to Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

Medicinal properties of raspberry

Common raspberry has long been famous among the people, and is recognized by traditional official medicine as an excellent medicinal plant. Raspberries owe their truly wonderful medicinal properties to their chemical and biological composition.

Fresh raspberries are rich in substances such as glucose, dextrose, levulose, fructose, sucrose. Contains various organic acids, such as citric, malic, tartaric, formic, salicylic, caproic, ascorbic and folic acids, as well as carotene, tannins, vitamin C, vitamins of group B, PP, coumarins, anthocyanins, pectin substances.

Raspberry seeds contain fatty oils, phytosterol and sitosterol, fatty acid.

Raspberry leaves contain a lot of ascorbic acid, as well as tannins, phytoncides, ash, macronutrients such as potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and trace elements - magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, aluminum, selenium, nickel , strontium, lead and boron.

Common raspberry berries have a pronounced diaphoretic property, which is due to the presence of weak organic acids that contribute to the pH shift towards an alkaline environment and the removal of uric acid salts from the body. Organic acids also promote urination and improve the entire digestive system.

The presence of salicylic acid in raspberry berries causes antipyretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and diaphoretic properties. In addition, raspberry leaves and flowers have excellent antitoxic and hemostatic properties. As a medicinal raw material, leaves and branches collected from young plant and, of course, raspberries.

Berries are harvested only when well ripened and used fresh, dried or frozen. Berries retain their properties in the form of jam, jam or confiture. Young raspberry leaves are also used as a substitute for tea.

Berries, young stems (shoots of the first year) and leaves are used as infusions for acute respiratory viral infections, influenza, malaria, scurvy, rheumatism, various colds, to improve performance gastrointestinal tract, with pain in the stomach, to improve appetite and with a breakdown. Fresh berries are simply necessary to eat all season with eczema.

Raspberry leaves, prepared in the form of an infusion, serve as a good medicine for gargling with sore throats, this infusion is also drunk for gastritis, diarrhea, enteritis, fever, cough, heavy menstruation and skin diseases. Raspberry flowers in the form of decoctions are an indispensable remedy for eye inflammation, skin rashes, erysipelas, acne (used as lotions). And when taken orally, this decoction relieves the condition of a patient with malaria and hemorrhoids.

Infusions, decoctions prepared from raspberry leaves are used separately and in the form of herbal preparations, as medicines for various neuroses, with neurasthenia, as a good antipyretic.

Raspberry fruits contain a large amount of purine, so for patients with gout and kidney disease, it is better to limit the intake or not take drugs with raspberry fruits at all.

Procurement of medicinal raw materials

As a medicinal raw material, raspberries use berries, leaves, stems of shoots of the first year of life and rhizomes.

Raspberries are harvested in dry weather, after the dew has dried, carefully separating the berries from the cone-shaped receptacle.

Berries before processing for medicinal raw materials must be sorted out, removing spoiled berries and debris from them. Then the raspberry fruits are poured in a thin layer on a bedding or a fine mesh and dried. You can also dry the berries in a dryer at a temperature of 55-60 degrees. Properly dried fruits, when kneaded in the hands, do not leave colored spots. After drying, it is necessary to remove the blackened berries.
In wild-growing raspberries, the fruits retain their shape better and are more fragrant. The smell of finished raw materials is specific, but pleasant, dry berries taste sour-sweet. Store finished raw materials in a dry room in boxes. Shelf life of dry berries is not more than two years.

Leaves, flowers and stems are harvested during the flowering period of raspberries. Dry in the shade under a canopy, spreading a thin layer on a clean bedding or on a fine mesh. Ready raw materials are stored in a dry place for no more than a year. Harvesting of roots and rhizomes is carried out in the same period. The roots are thoroughly washed, cut into small pieces and dried in the same way as the rest of the raw materials. Keep no more than two years.

The use of common raspberry in folk medicine

AT traditional medicine Common raspberries have been used since time immemorial.

Herbal healers used various parts of this plant, preparing decoctions, infusions, using them as a component of herbal preparations.

Raspberry stalks - used as a decoction of the tops of the stems with flowers and with unripe fruits for influenza and SARS.

Raspberry leaves in the form of an infusion are used for heavy discharge during menstruation, as a means of relieving postpartum pain, as well as a means of preventing miscarriage.

Also, infusions from the leaves are drunk with erysipelas, with coughs, colitis, or with skin rashes. In the form of decoctions - for colds, coughs and sore throats (both drinking and gargling), with feverish conditions, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and stomach bleeding.

Outwardly, decoctions help with conjunctivitis (wash eyes), acne, stomatitis and other diseases of the oral cavity (rinse). Juice from fresh leaves Raspberry is a good antibacterial, wound healing agent.

Raspberry color in the form of decoctions and infusions is used to treat acute respiratory viral infections, for diseases of the respiratory system, as an antidote for snake and scorpion bites.

Raspberry flowers and leaves are used as an infusion for douching, lotions (tampons) for gynecological diseases and hemorrhoids. An infusion of raspberry flowers in olive oil (you can use good sunflower) oil is used for insect bites and for the treatment of dermatitis.

Raspberry leaves, flowers and berries are an excellent anti-inflammatory, anti-sclerotic, antipyretic and vitamin remedy that effectively helps with hypertension, atherosclerosis, influenza and SARS.

Raspberries (fruits) are one of the the best means helping with colds.

Raspberry roots and rhizomes are used as a decoction for ascites and as a diaphoretic.

Common raspberry is known in every home. Raspberry jam is eaten and drunk with hot tea for any colds, but not everyone knows how to use the rest of this wonderful useful plant.

Dosage forms

With sore throat, flu, colds drink infusion at night in a glass. The infusion is prepared as follows: take 100-120 grams of dry raspberries (preferably forest) and pour 3 cups of boiling water, leave for 30-45 minutes, filter and drink as a diaphoretic.
For burns, wounds, acne and skin rashes an ointment made from fresh juice squeezed from raspberry leaves and mixed with petroleum jelly or fresh butter in the proportion of 1 part juice: 4 parts oil. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin several times a day.
For the treatment of colitis use an infusion, which is prepared as follows: take 15-20 grams of dry leaves and pour a glass of boiling water, leave for 30-40 minutes. Drink 3 tablespoons 3-4 times a day before meals.
To cleanse blood vessels make an infusion of 1.5-2 tbsp. tablespoons of dry raspberries, poured over two glasses of boiling water. Wrap the dishes with infusion well and let stand for 8-9 hours. Drink this infusion should be half a glass 4-5 times a day.
Herbal collection for colds: Mix 1 table. A spoonful of dry raspberries and 1 table. l. linden flowers and all this is poured with boiling water (3 cups), put on fire and boiled over low heat for 5-7 minutes. Drink this decoction only in a warm form, half a cup 4-5 times a day.
Collection for colds- (all components in dry form) raspberry leaf 50g, strawberry leaf - 40g, goose cinquefoil 20g, linden blossom 40g, coltsfoot 10g, birch leaf 10g, meadowsweet 10g. Mix all the components well (you can grind), then take 2-3 tbsp. l. of this collection, pour into a thermos and pour half a liter of boiling water. Let it brew for 2 hours, and then you can drink half a glass during the day (add more honey if you have).
Collection for gastritis, enteritis, diarrhea- (all components in dry form) raspberry stems and leaves 50g, galangal root 20g, red root 10g, flaxseed 20g, meadow rank 20g, bergenia root 10g, burdock root 10g, blueberries 20g, bird cherry berries 10g., heather 10g. Mix everything, then 2 tbsp. l. pour this collection into a thermos and pour half a liter of boiling water. Infuse for 5-6 hours and drink this volume during the day, half a glass at a time.

Contraindications

Individual intolerance to medicinal raw materials of raspberry.

Botanical characteristic. ^ Great burdock- a large biennial herbaceous plant with a thick, fleshy taproot and an upright reddish ribbed stem 60-180 cm tall. Leaves are petiolate, gradually decreasing towards the top of the stem, cordate-ovate, serrated, with sparse short hairs above or glabrous, green, grayish-felt below, up to 50 cm long. The flowers are collected in spherical baskets 3-3.5 cm in diameter, forming a common inflorescence in the form of a corymb or corymbose panicle. Involucral leaflets glabrous or slightly cobwebbed, imbricate, linear, rigid, hook-shaped. The inflorescence bed is densely planted with stiff, linear-subulate bracts. All flowers are tubular, bisexual, with a lilac-purple corolla, a calyx in the form of a tuft. The fruits are large grayish-brown achenes 5-7 mm long, oblong, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous, the crest is shorter than the achenes. Blossoms in June - August, fruits ripen in July - September.

^ Burdockfelt(Fig. 11.9) differs from greater burdock in the cobwebby pubescence of the leaves of the involucre and stem; burdock small has smaller baskets (1.5-2.5 cm in diameter), devoid of cobweb pubescence, which are arranged in the form of a brush.

Rice. 11.9. Burdock felt - Arctium tomentosum Mill.

Spreading. Burdock large and l. felt are common in the European part of the country, in Western and Eastern Siberia. Lesser burdock is found in the European part of the country, in the southwest of Western Siberia and in the south of the Far East.

Habitat. They grow in garbage places, in wastelands, near housing, in vegetable gardens, orchards.

blank. Harvesting of roots is carried out in the fall in the first year of the plant's life. The roots are dug with shovels, shaken off the ground, the leaves are cut, washed in cold water. After drying and drying in air, thick roots are cut into pieces, damaged and dead parts are removed.

^ Drying. Dry in a room with good ventilation, spread out in a layer of 3-5 cm, or in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ºС.

Standardization. VFS 42-2878-97.

External signs. Whole or cut into pieces roots, up to 40 cm long, up to 3.5 cm thick. Roots are taprooted, slightly branched, cone-shaped, deeply longitudinally wrinkled, pieces of roots are sometimes spirally twisted. The break is uneven. The color is brown-brown on the outside, yellowish-gray on the break. The smell is weak, peculiar. Powdery taste.

Microscopy. When examining the transverse section of the root, the integumentary cork tissue is visible, represented by 2-3 layers of dark brown cells. The cells of the primary cortex are large, tangentially elongated, with slightly thickened walls. Among them, an even row of cells, sometimes with light yellow contents, stained orange-red with Sudan III, is clearly visible. Among these cells, there are secretory formations of a round or elliptical (in old roots) shape with brown contents. The cells of the inner cortex are smaller, rounded; in larger roots, the parenchyma of the cortex is loose. The conductive elements of the bast form small cone-shaped sections separated by core rays. Bast fibers are numerous, with thickened walls and a wide cavity, located in large or small groups among other elements of the phloem. The cambium line is clear. In the wood, single or radially located groups of vessels surrounded by tracheids, separate groups of tracheids are visible; parenchyma cells are small. There are vessels filled with brown contents and thyls. The core rays are single or multi-row, their cells are rounded. Parenchymal cells of the inner cortex, wood, and medullary rays contain inulin.

^ quality reactions. The authenticity of raw materials is also established by the absence of starch (test with iodine solution) and a positive reaction to inulin after applying a few drops to the cross section alpha-naphthol and concentrated sulfuric acid.

^ Chemical composition. The roots contain inulin (up to 45%), mucus, fatty acids, phytosterols, polyins (arctinal, etc.), sesquiterpenoids, lignans (arktiin), essential oil (0.06-0.18%), phenolic acids (1.9 -3.65%), salts of potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Storage. Raw materials are stored in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life 4 years.

^ Medicines.

1. Burdock roots, crushed raw materials. Diuretic, choleretic agent.

Diuretic, choleretic, anti-inflammatory agent.

^ Pharmacological properties. Preparations from burdock roots have a diuretic, choleretic, diaphoretic, moderate anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effect. They stimulate secretion proteolytic enzymes and production of insulin by the pancreas. They increase the amount of glycogen in the liver, regulate metabolism, improve the composition of blood and urine.

Application. A decoction of burdock roots is used as a diuretic, diaphoretic and choleretic agent for rheumatism, gout, cholecystitis, cholangitis and other diseases accompanied by congestion. Outwardly in the form of irrigation, washing, wet dressings - for furunculosis, eczema, acne, trophic ulcers, sluggish wounds and burns.

An infusion of burdock roots in olive or peach oil - burdock oil - is used as a means to strengthen hair. Fresh leaves of burdock in the form of compresses are used for diseases of the joints.

^ Numerical indicators. Extractive substances extracted by water, not less than 35%; humidity not more than 14%; total ash not more than 14%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, not more than 4.5%; roots darkened at the break, no more than 5%; residues of stems and other parts of burdock not more than 5%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ RASPBERRY FRUITS - FRUCTUS RUBI IDAEI

Common raspberry - Rubus idaeus L.

Sem. rosaceae - Rosaceae

Botanical characteristic. Root spiny prickly shrub with biennial above-ground shoots 0.5-1.8 m high. Shoots of the first year are barren, with spinules bent down, green with a bluish bloom, the second year are fruit-bearing, lignified, yellowish, with spines only on lateral green branches. The leaves are alternate, unpaired-pinnate with 3-5 (7) ovate, serrate leaflets along the edge, white-tomentose below from pubescence. Flowers in axillary few-flowered racemes collected in a paniculate inflorescence. Sepals recurved, gray-green, white corolla, numerous stamens and pistils, located on a convex receptacle. The fruit is a crimson-red spherical-conical polydrupe up to 2 cm in diameter, consists of numerous (30-60) drupes, easily separated after ripening from the conical white fruit-bearing plant (Fig. 11.10). Blossoms in June - July, fruits ripen in July - August.

Rice. 11.10. Common raspberry - Rubus idaeus L.

Spreading. It has a broken range, the main area of which is located in the forest and forest steppe zones European part of Russia and Western Siberia.

Habitat. In the forest zone, prefers rich moist soils. grows along forest edges, in clearings, burnt areas, forest clearings, along river banks, ravines, in clarified forests. It is widely cultivated as a food and medicinal plant.

blank. The fruits are harvested only in dry weather, fully mature, without stalks and conical white fruit. They are put in small shallow baskets or enameled buckets, shifting with leaves or twigs, and, if possible, are delivered to the place of drying as soon as possible. The collected fruits are cleaned of leaves, twigs, as well as unripe, overripe, wrinkled and spoiled fruits.

^ Security measures. Raspberries are actively propagated by rhizomes, as well as by seed. The plant bears abundant fruit in 3-4 years. When collecting raw materials, do not trample and break shrubs, especially annual shoots. It is advisable to actively introduce the plant into culture, including in natural conditions.

Drying. Dry the raw material, after preliminary drying, in dryers with a gradual increase in temperature (30-50-60 ºС), spreading it in a thin layer on cloth or paper and carefully turning it over. Dry fruits are elastic to the touch.

Standardization. GOST 3525-75.

External signs. The fruits are multidrupes, consisting of 30-60 drupes, round-cone-shaped, about 1 cm in diameter. Outside color greyish-pink. The flesh is pink, the bones are dark yellow. The smell is pleasant, characteristic. The taste is sour-sweet.

Microscopy. When examining the surface of the drupe fruit, polygonal epidermal cells with very thin walls are visible. Hairs of two types: glandular with a short unicellular stalk and an oval two-celled (rarely spherical unicellular) head and simple unicellular, with very thin walls. There are whole, often broken pistils with a stigma. The cells of the parenchyma of the fruit pulp are large, thin-walled, contain small druses of calcium oxalate. The mechanical tissue of the pericarp consists of stony cells arranged in layers.

^ Chemical composition. The fruits contain sugars up to 7.5%, organic acids (malic, citric, salicylic, tartaric, sorbic) up to 2%, pectin 0.45-0.73%, ascorbic acid up to 0.45 mg%, vitamins B 2, P, E, carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, catechins, triterpene acids, benzaldehyde, tannins and nitrogenous substances, sterols, mineral salts; seeds contain up to 15% fatty oil; concentrate manganese.

Storage. Stored in a dry, well-ventilated area, protected from pests, loosely packed in bags. Shelf life 2 years.

^ Medicines.

Raspberry fruits, raw materials. Diaphoretic.
As part of fees (sweatshop fees No. 1-2).

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Diaphoretic.

pharmacological properties. Raspberries have a diaphoretic effect. Due to the presence of weak organic acids, fruits contribute to the excretion of uric acid salts from the body, stimulate urination, and improve digestion. Salicylic acid contained in the fruit has an antiseptic, antipyretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammatory effect. Currently, raspberry leaves are being actively studied, their hemostatic property has been established. Raspberry leaf extract has a hormone-like effect in experimental animals.

Application. Raspberry fruits are used in the form of infusion as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds alone and as part of diaphoretic fees. Raspberry juice has a diuretic and expectorant effect. A syrup made from the fresh fruit has been used to improve the taste of medicines. Fresh fruits are recommended as a vitamin and dietary product for anemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, eczema, to improve appetite and digestion.

Infusion of raspberry leaves is used in folk medicine as an astringent, anti-inflammatory and expectorant for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, cough, fever, diarrhea, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and also as a hemostatic agent.

^ Numerical indicators. Moisture not more than 15%; total ash not more than 3.5%; blackened fruit no more than 8%; fruits stuck together in lumps, no more than 4%; fruits with unseparated stalk and fruiting not more than 2%; leaves and parts of raspberry stems not more than 0.5%; crushed fruit particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 2 mm, not more than 4%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity not more than 0.5%.

Botanical characteristic.

Spreading. Grows in Ukraine and adjacent regions of Russia, Belarus and Lithuania.

Habitat.

blank.

^ Security measures.

Standardization. FS 42-2385-85.

External signs.

Microscopy.

^ Chemical composition.

^ Medicines.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group.

pharmacological properties.

Application.

^ Numerical indicators.

^ FRESH STEDONE HERBA - HERBA SEDI MAXIMI RECENS

Stonecrop large - Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm.

Sem. Crassulaceae - Crassulaceae

Other names: hare cabbage, creaker

Botanical characteristic. Perennial succulent herbaceous plant up to 80 cm high with a shortened rhizome and thickened fusiform roots. The stem is often solitary, erect, 40-80 cm tall. The leaves are alternate and opposite on one plant, sessile, elliptical with a cordate-stem-embracing base, entire, sometimes with 1-2 teeth at the base, fleshy. The flowers are small, whitish-pink, collected in a wide (6-10 cm in diameter), dense corymbose-paniculate inflorescence. The fruit is a multi-leaflet of straight greenish leaflets. Seeds oblong-ovate, about 0.5 mm long (Fig. 11.13). Blossoms in July - October, the fruits ripen from mid-summer to late autumn.

Rice. 11.13. Stonecrop large - Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm.

Spreading.

Habitat. Among shrubs, along fields, forest edges, slopes of ravines, gullies, rocks, mainly on dry sandy and stony soils.

blank. The herb is harvested fresh during the flowering period (August) mainly in areas located near the drug manufacturer. By this time, the plant reaches its largest size and accumulates the maximum amount of biologically active substances. It is collected only in dry weather, best of all in the morning, after the dew has disappeared. Grass is cut with knives or secateurs and immediately sent for processing.

^ Security measures. Uprooting of plants is not allowed.

Standardization. FS 42-2385-85.

External signs. The raw material consists of leafy shoots with or without buds, flowers and immature fruits.

Microscopy. In microscopic examination of the leaves, special “giant” cells filled with mucus, located among the cells of the upper and lower epidermis, have diagnostic value. Stomata are located on both sides of the leaf, with three parotid cells (anisocytic type).

^ Chemical composition. The plant is considered an accumulator of organic acids. Oxalic, citric and malic acids, as well as flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin and their glycosides), traces of alkaloids were found in the aerial part and in the juice from it.

^ Medicines.

1. Biosed, solution for injection and external use (aqueous extract from the herb of stonecrop). Biostimulator; general tonic, anti-inflammatory agent.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Anti-inflammatory, general tonic. Tissue regeneration stimulator.

pharmacological properties. An aqueous extract from the herb stonecrop has biostimulating properties. It enhances the processes of metabolism and regeneration, has a general tonic and anti-inflammatory effect. Biosed, administered repeatedly intramuscularly, increases the level of total protein in the blood, restores the normal ratio of albumin and globulin fractions, normalizes the content of residual nitrogen and increases the level of fibrinogen in the blood. Stonecrop infusion stimulates the regeneration of tubular bones. In an experimental study of the action of phenolic compounds isolated from stonecrop, an increase in the content of adrenaline in the blood was found, which is explained by a delay in the oxidation of adrenaline by flavonoids.

Application. A large medical industry produces an aqueous extract from the stonecrop herb - the Biosed preparation, which is used as a biogenic stimulant for sluggish diseases, as well as after severe injuries and blood loss. It is prescribed as a means of stimulating metabolic processes and tissue regeneration in case of burns of the cornea of the eyes, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, in surgery to accelerate the healing of bone fractures, in periodontal disease, etc. The drug is contraindicated in malignant neoplasms.

^ Numerical indicators. The content of phenolic compounds is not less than 4%; moisture not less than 87%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Herba Sedi maximi exiccata, dried stonecrop herb (VFS 42-1564-85), in which the content of phenolic compounds should be at least 3.5%, is similarly used as a medicinal raw material for obtaining Biosed; humidity not more than 12%.

^ FRESH STEDONE HERBA - HERBA SEDI MAXIMI RECENS

Stonecrop large - Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm.

Sem. Crassulaceae - Crassulaceae

Other names: hare cabbage, creaker

Rice. 11.13. Stonecrop large - Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm.

Spreading. Grows in Ukraine and adjacent regions of Russia, Belarus and Lithuania.

Habitat. Among shrubs, along fields, forest edges, slopes of ravines, gullies, rocks, mainly on dry sandy and stony soils.

^ Security measures. Uprooting of plants is not allowed.

Standardization. FS 42-2385-85.

External signs. The raw material consists of leafy shoots with or without buds, flowers and immature fruits.

^ Medicines.

1. Biosed, solution for injection and external use (aqueous extract from the herb of stonecrop). Biostimulator; general tonic, anti-inflammatory agent.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Anti-inflammatory, general tonic. Tissue regeneration stimulator.

^ Numerical indicators. The content of phenolic compounds is not less than 4%; moisture not less than 87%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ LEAVES - FOLIA PRIMULAE VERIS

Spring primrose - Primula veris L.

Sem. primroses - Primulaceae

Other names: primrose officinalis, primrose officinalis

^ Botanical characteristic. Perennial herbaceous plant. The rhizome is short vertical, 6-8 cm long, with numerous succulent cord-like roots. Leaves in a basal rosette, oblong-obovate, wrinkled, crenate along the edge, softly pubescent, the central vein is light, juicy, turning into a winged petiole. The stem is leafless, juicy, 15-30 cm high, ends with an inflorescence - a simple one-sided umbrella with drooping bright yellow tubular flowers. The fruit is an ovoid multi-seeded box (Fig. 11.14). Blossoms in May - June, fruits ripen in July - August.

Rice. 11.14. Spring primrose - Primula veris L.

Spreading. Forest and forest-steppe zone of the European part of the country. In the Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Urals, in the south of Western Siberia, spring primrose is replaced by a close species - large-cup primrose - Primula macrocalyx Bunge. It is distinguished by a larger broadly bell-shaped swollen calyx and is used along with spring primrose.

Habitat. In deciduous and mixed forests, among shrubs, woodlands, forest meadows, clearings.

impurities. In the form of an impurity, a medicinal letter can be found - Betonica officinalis L. from the family. labial - Lamiaceae. The initial letter grows together with the primrose. Stem up to 80 cm high, tetrahedral, oppositely branched. The leaves are opposite, crenate-serrated on the edge. Inflorescence - spicate thyrsus. Flowers bilabiate, pink-red. The fruit is a coenobium, consisting of four nut-like lobes (erems).

blank. The leaves are harvested by hand at the beginning of flowering, breaking off or cutting them off with scissors, knives.

^ Security measures. You should not pull out plants with roots, collect beautifully blooming primrose for bouquets.

Drying. They dry quickly in dryers at a temperature of 100-120 ° C in order to preserve ascorbic acid, less often in the shade under a canopy and in attics with frequent stirring of the raw material, spread out in a thin layer. The end of drying is set by the fragility of the petioles.

Standardization. GOST 3166-76.

External signs. The raw material consists of grayish-green oblong-obovate leaves up to 10 cm long, 5-8 cm wide, with winged, flat and light petioles. The smell is specific. The taste is sweet and pungent.

Microscopy. In the anatomical study of the leaves, the diagnostic value is: highly sinuous cells of the upper and lower epidermis, often with distinctly thickened walls; folded cuticle around the base of the hairs and near the stomatal cells; stomata on the underside of an anomocytic leaf; capitate hairs of two types - with a spherical unicellular head on a short unicellular stalk and with an oval unicellular head on a multicellular stalk of 2-5 cells, usually glandular; loose mesophyll - aerenchyma.

^ Chemical composition. Spring primrose leaves contain up to 5.9% ascorbic acid, flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpene saponins. The underground organs contain up to 10% triterpene saponins, as well as flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oil.

Storage. In a dry place, packed in bags. Shelf life 1 year.

^ Medicines.

Herbion primrose syrup. Expectorant, anti-inflammatory agent.
Sinupret, dragee; drops for oral administration (component - extract of primrose flowers). Expectorant, secretolytic, anti-inflammatory agent.
Bronchicum, elixir; cough syrup (component - tincture of rhizomes with roots). Expectorant, anti-inflammatory agent.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Expectorant, anti-inflammatory agent.

pharmacological properties. Preparations from the plant, when taken orally, due to the content of saponins, increase the secretion of the bronchial glands, providing an expectorant and anti-inflammatory effect. The presence of a large amount of vitamin C in the leaves of primrose makes it possible to use them in case of deficiency of this vitamin.

Application. Spring primrose leaves in the form of tea are used as a vitamin antiscorbutic agent. Preparations based on rhizomes with primrose roots are used as an expectorant for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, accompanied by sputum difficult to separate and paroxysmal cough.

^ Numerical indicators. Ascorbic acid not less than 2.3%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 12%; yellowed and browned leaves no more than 2%; crushed parts of leaves passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 1 mm, not more than 3%; flowers no more than 8%; organic impurities not more than 0.5%; mineral impurity not more than 0.5%.

Currently, this type of raw material is not harvested in Russia.

^ PUMPKIN SEEDS - SEMINA CUCURBITAE

Pumpkin ordinary - Cucurbita pepo L.

Large pumpkin - Cucurbita maxima Duch.

Muscat pumpkin - Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) Poir.

Sem. Cucurbitaceae - Cucurbitaceae

Other names: bulba, garbuz, tavern, kipeika

Synonym: forest raspberry.

Root-shooting deciduous, strongly branched subshrub with straight twig-like or arcuate shoots covered with sharp thorns. It is widely cultivated as a valuable food and medicinal plant for the sake of edible fruits rich in biologically active substances that have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, antispasmodic properties. Good honey plant.

Ask the experts

flower formula

Raspberry flower formula: *CH5L5T∞P∞.

In medicine

In official medicine, fresh and dried raspberries are used, less often leaves. Fresh raspberry syrup is used to improve the taste of medicines. Infusion and tea from dried raspberry fruits has a good diaphoretic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, is used for colds and viral infections (flu, tonsillitis), fevers in the postpartum and postoperative periods, and is also recommended as an antiscorbutic (to strengthen the gums). ) and vitamin (tonic) remedy. An infusion of raspberry leaves in gynecology is used for hyperpolymenorrhoea and excessively heavy menstruation. In addition, fresh raspberries are a dietary product, they are recommended for atherosclerosis, anemia, chronic rheumatism, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, they also improve digestion, stimulate appetite, and alleviate the condition of patients with eczema of various origins. Dried raspberries are part of many diaphoretic teas and "Fragrant Tea" collection, as well as anti-cold preparations. Raspberry leaves are part of the kidney and gynecological fees.

Contraindications and side effects

The use of raspberry preparations is contraindicated in gout and nephritis due to the content of purine bases. Take raspberry decoctions and teas, especially in childhood, with caution, as they can cause allergies.

In cosmetology

In cosmetology, fresh raspberries are mainly used. Raspberry juice is used externally for vitiligo, oily porous skin dotted with acne, abundant freckles, to stimulate hair growth in baldness.

In dermatology, fresh fruits, juice, a decoction of raspberry fruits, flowers and leaves are used orally as a dermatonic remedy for psoriasis, a tonic, anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic agent for pyoderma. Fresh fruits and juice, a decoction of their dried raspberry fruits are used for ichthyosis, baldness, vitiligo, pustular and viral diseases skin. A decoction of leaves and flowers is used for hyperkeratosis, food allergies with itching.

For food purposes

Fresh raspberries have been eaten since time immemorial. They have high nutritional qualities and are very fragrant. The fruits are eaten processed and fresh with milk and cream, they are used to make jam, kissels, syrups, marmalade, marshmallows and other products. Raspberry wines, tinctures, liqueurs have high palatability. The leaves and flowers are used as a tea.

Classification

Raspberry ordinary or forest (lat. Rubus idaeus) - the most known species genus raspberries (lat. Rubus) subfamilies pink (lat. Rosoideae) families rosaceous or rosaceous (lat. Rosaceae). The genus is one of the largest among the Rosaceae, according to various estimates, including up to several hundred (250 or more) or thousands of species distributed throughout globe especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Most representatives of the genus reproduce apomictically (seeds are tied without fertilization). The generic name comes from the Latin "ruber" - the color of the fruit, and the specific epithet - from the name of the mountain or mountain range of Ida.

Botanical description

A branched prickly shrub up to 1.5-2 meters tall with a long creeping rhizome developing above-ground biennial shoots. In the first year of life, the shoots are barren, green, with a bluish bloom, herbaceous, twig-like, planted with thin sharp prickly spines, woody by winter. The shoots of the second year form inflorescences, bear fruit, after which they dry up and die. The leaves are alternate, compound, odd-pinnate with 5 (7) leaflets, trifoliate on fruit-bearing shoots. Leaflets ovate, glabrous above, gray tomentose below from dense silky pubescence. Petioles 2-6 cm long with small stipules. The flowers are white (1-1.5 cm in diameter) on long pedicels, with sepals bent back, remaining with the fruit and rapidly falling petals, collected in few-flowered terminal corymbose-paniculate or axillary drooping inflorescences - brushes. Perianth double, actinomorphic. The formula of the wild raspberry flower is *CH5L5T∞P∞. The fruits are red prefabricated drupes (1-2 cm in diameter). Mature fruits are easily separated from the white conical receptacle. Blossoms in June-July, sometimes in September, the fruits ripen from late July to September.

Spreading

Wild raspberries are widely distributed throughout the European part of Russia (more often in the non-chernozem zone), except for the extreme north. Light-loving species, nitrophil - prefers soils rich in nitrogen. It occurs in various types of forests in lighted places, edges, clearings, clearings and burnt areas, often grows strongly, forming extensive thickets. In the mountains it comes out on rocks and talus.

At present, raspberries as a valuable food and medicinal plant are widely cultivated in the forest and steppe zones of Russia. Raspberry cultivars are descended from the wild common raspberry and from the closely related American black-haired raspberry (R. melanolasius).

Distribution regions on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

For therapeutic purposes, mainly the fruits of wild-growing forest raspberries are used. The fruits are harvested as they ripen, without pedicels and receptacles, in dry weather, dried, and then dried in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C, scattering a thin layer (2-3 cm) on paper or cloth. Can also be dried in the oven. The smell of dried fruits is pleasant, the taste is sweet and sour. Store dried fruits for 2 years. Raspberry leaves and flowers are harvested in May-June and dried under a canopy in the open air.

Chemical composition

Fresh raspberries contain up to 11% sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose), traces of essential oils, organic acids (malic - up to 2.2%, tartaric, citric, salicylic, formic), pectin, protein and mucus substances, vitamins of group A , B, C, PP, nicotinic and folic acids, alcohols (tartaric, isoamyl), carotene, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins, coumarins, sitosterol, cyanine chloride, ketones (acetoin, diacetyl), benzaldehyde, micro and macro elements. Leaves and flowers contain tannins, flavonoids, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and various mineral salts. Seeds contain fatty oil (up to 22%) and phytosterol - 0.7%. Leaves accumulate manganese.

Pharmacological properties

Common raspberry fruits have diaphoretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiscorbutic, astringent, tonic and mild diuretic effects, preparations from leaves and young shoots have hemostatic, antispasmodic, blood-purifying and antitoxic properties, they are used to normalize metabolism.

Application in traditional medicine

In folk medicine, all parts of the plant are used. Fruits are eaten in any form (fresh and dried) for flu, loss of strength. Dried fruits, jam and decoction of young branches are used for colds, coughs, sore throats, high temperature as a diaphoretic and antipyretic. In folk medicine, the fruits are also used as an anti-hangover and antiemetic agent. Raspberry leaves are used for diseases of the respiratory system (with suffocation) and digestion. A decoction of flowers and roots is used for leucorrhoea, menstrual disorders, influenza with intestinal manifestations, to strengthen the gums, purify the blood, gastrointestinal diseases, hemorrhoids, erysipelas and fever. The flowers are also used as an anti-toxic in bites. poisonous snakes and scorpions and as an anti-inflammatory in eye diseases (conjunctivitis). In folk medicine, raspberry syrup has long been used for pain in the stomach, to improve appetite and heart function. An infusion of leaves and fruits was used as a cosmetic remedy for cleaning the face from acne, skin rashes, they also treat dermatosis and gum disease.

4. V. N. Vekhov et al. Cultivated plants of the USSR / Ed. ed. T. A. Rabotnov. M.: Thought, 1978. p. 144, 336.

5. Gubanov I. A. et al. Rubusidaeus L. Common raspberry, or forest // Illustrated plant guide Central Russia In 3.t. M.: M.: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, In-t technologist. issl., 2003. V. 2. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). With. 406.

6. Elenevsky A.G., M.P. Solovyova, V.N. Tikhomirov // Botany. Systematics of higher or land plants. M. 2004. p. 420.

7. Plant life (under the editorship of A.L. Takhtadzhyan) 1982. V. 5(1). With. 425.

8. Kyosev P.A. Medicinal plants: the most complete guide

Moscow: Eksmo. 2011. p. 944.

9. Skvortsov V.E. Flora of Central Russia. M. 2003. p.483.

10. Shantser I.A. Plants of the middle zone of European Russia. 2007. p. 469.

Rubusidaeus L.
Taxon: family Rosaceae or Roses (Rosaceae)
Folk names: red raspberry, raspberry.
English: Raspberry

Description:
Common raspberry is a branchy prickly shrub with a perennial rhizome and erect shoots up to 2 m in height. Shoots of the first year are green, fluffy, covered with thin brownish thorns in the lower part. In the second year of life, they become woody, lose their thorns, bear fruit and dry up after fruiting, and new annual shoots form from the rhizome. The leaves are alternate, the lower ones are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets on the petioles, the upper ones are trifoliate with wide stipules adhering to the petiole. The flowers are white, small, inconspicuous, with a pubescent greenish-gray calyx, the lobes of which are bent down in fruits, collected in small, paniculate-corymbose inflorescences emerging from the axils of the leaves. Corolla of 5 petals. The fruit is a combined drupe, raspberry-red (in cultivated varieties it is yellow). In wild raspberries, the drupes easily disintegrate, in cultivated raspberries they grow together tightly. Seeds are small, hard, rounded.
Blossoms in June - July, fruits ripen in July - August. Fruiting over the years is unstable. Its yield is strongly affected by rainy weather. cold weather during flowering, preventing the flight of pollinating insects. Propagated mainly vegetatively (by division, rhizomes, cuttings) and seeds.

Spreading:
In the wild, distributed in the European part of the CIS, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, in the Urals and the Caucasus. It is found even in the mountain tundra. It grows along the edges of damp shady forests, clearings, burnt areas, forest clearings and clearings, along the banks of rivers and ravines. Prefers moist, humus-rich soils. It is grown up in industrial gardens and on household plots as a fruit and berry plant.

Collection and preparation:
Raspberry fruits and leaves are mainly used as medicinal raw materials. Fruits (Fructus Rubi idaei) are harvested in dry weather and after the dew has dried, separating them from the cone-shaped receptacle. The collected raw materials are cleaned of leaves, branches, unripe, overripe, crumpled and spoiled fruits, then, after preliminary drying, they are dried, spreading out in a layer 2-3 cm thick on paper, cloth or nets in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C. Drying in ovens is possible. Well-dried fruits do not stain the hands when kneading. After drying, blackened berries are removed from the raw material. The shelf life of raw materials is 2 years. The smell of raw materials is specific, pleasant, the taste is sweet and sour.
Leaves and flowers are collected in June - July, dried in the air. Their shelf life is 1 year.

Chemical composition:
Fresh raspberries contain fructose (up to 8.1%), glucose (up to 4.2%), sucrose (up to 6.5%), malic, citric, formic, caproic and salicylic acids, a small amount of ascorbic acid (up to 45 mg %), carotene and B vitamins (traces); seeds contain fatty oil (up to 15%) and about 0.7% phytosterols; leaves - ascorbic acid (up to 300 mg%), tannins and phytoncides.
The leaves contain: ash - 5.57%; macroelements (mg/g): K - 19.30, Ca - 10.00, Mn - 3.40, Fe - 0.20; trace elements (mcg/g): Mg - 340.00, Cu - 7.80, Zn - 28.90, Co - 0.10, Mo - 1.00, Cr - 0.40, Al - 67.60, Se - 0.20, Ni - 1.44, Sr - 8.48, Pb - 1.10, B - 77.20. He detected Cd, Ba, V, Li, Au, Ag, I, Br. Concentrates Mn.

Pharmacological properties:
Raspberries have diaphoretic properties. Due to the presence of weak organic acids, fruits contribute to a shift in pH to an alkaline environment, the removal of uric acid salts from the body, stimulate urination, and improve digestion. Salicylic acid contained in the fruit has an antiseptic, antipyretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammatory effect. Raspberry leaves and flowers are also characterized by hemostatic and antitoxic properties.
Medicinal infusion of raspberry leaves is advised for heavy menstruation, premenstrual syndrome, as a remedy that relieves postpartum pain and prevents miscarriages.
Traditional medicine recommends using decoctions and infusions of leaves for respiratory diseases, coughs, fevers, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and stomach bleeding.
For rinsing the throat, mouth, with tonsillitis, stomatitis, for washing with conjunctivitis and acne, raspberry leaves are used externally.

Application in medicine:
Roots. In Bulgaria, a decoction is a diaphoretic, for ascites.
Wood. In Tibetan medicine - for acute and chronic infections, neurasthenia, neuritis, as an antipyretic.
Branches. In Tibetan medicine, they are used similarly to wood. In Buryatia - with a fever. Decoction - for respiratory infections. Tops of branches (with flowers, immature fruits) - "raspberry tea" - for acute respiratory diseases.
Leaves. In Tibetan medicine, they are used similarly to wood. Infusion or decoction (externally) - with erysipelas. Infusion (inside) - for colitis, cough, skin rashes. Decoction (inside) - for coughing, sore throat. Fresh - wound healing; in the form of an ointment - for acne, burns, skin rashes. In Bulgaria, the infusion is used for diarrhea, gastritis and enteritis, hemorrhages, menorrhagia, bronchopneumonia and dermatitis. Outwardly - with diseases of the throat and oral cavity. Water, alcohol and acetone extracts and juice - antibacterial. Aqueous extracts excite the central nervous system.
Leaves, flowers. Infusion (lotion, douching) - for hemorrhoids and gynecological diseases.
Leaves, flowers, fruits. Anti-sclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and high-vitamin remedy for hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute respiratory diseases.
flowers. Decoction, infusion - with gastralgia, respiratory infections; externally - for acne, eye diseases, erysipelas. Tincture - hemostatic; with diseases of the respiratory system; It was considered an antidote for snake and scorpion bites. In Bulgaria, an infusion of olive oil is used to treat dermatitis from insect bites.
Fruit. Dried - diaphoretic. In Tibetan medicine, the powder is used for pneumonia and acute respiratory diseases. In folk medicine - to improve appetite and bowel activity; antiemetic, hemostatic in gastric and intestinal bleeding, menorrhagia, expectorant; with chronic rheumatism and measles; externally - with eczema, acne and conjunctivitis. Infusion - with diarrhea, anemia; tincture and decoction - for diabetes.
Juice - for gastritis, colitis. Raspberries are part of diaphoretic, vitamin, anti-inflammatory, antitussive collections.

Medicinal preparations based on the medicinal plant of common raspberry:
The berries of the medicinal plant raspberry are part of many diaphoretic fees. Below are recipes for decoctions and infusions for home use.

Infusion of raspberry flowers for sore throat.
20 g of flowers pour 250 ml of boiling water and leave for half an hour. Then strain, and squeeze the raw material. Take 1 tablespoon three times a day.

Infusion of dried raspberries as a diaphoretic.
Pour 2 tablespoons of raspberries into 250 ml of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter, and squeeze out the raw materials. Take a hot infusion of 2 cups at a time.
Infusion of raspberry flowers and leaves for external use in hemorrhoids.
10 g of leaves and 10 g of flowers, pour 250 ml of boiling water, leave for half an hour, then strain, and squeeze the raw materials. Use infusion for douching.

Infusion of raspberry leaves for colitis.
Pour 4 teaspoons of crushed leaves with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for half an hour, strain, and squeeze out the raw materials. Take half a glass 4 times a day before meals.

A decoction of raspberry leaves for external use.
10 g of crushed raspberry leaves pour 250 ml of hot water, bring to a boil over low heat and simmer for 10 minutes. Then cool and filter. Use in the form of baths and lotions for acne or erysipelas.

Raspberry fruit juice for stomach pain or.
Half a glass of juice three times a day inside.

Raspberry juice for sclerosis.
Drink 1 glass of raspberry juice every day.

Juice of fresh raspberry leaves for freckles.
Apply the juice of fresh leaves to lubricate the skin of the face in order to ease freckles.

Contraindications:
Raspberries, due to the content of purine bases, should not be used for gout and nephritis. May cause an allergic reaction in the form of itching, swelling, skin diseases.

Photos and illustrations: