Telephone radio communication. Computer telephony What is the difference between mobile radiotelephony and cellular

Radiotelephony refers to wireless telephone systems that do not require complex engineering work for laying expensive telecommunications and maintaining them in working order.

Communication can be organized quickly and regardless of the terrain and weather conditions(although weather conditions and terrain may have a direct impact on the quality of communication).

At the present stage of development of engineering and technology, radiotelephone communication is becoming an alternative to the use of wired telephony and significantly increases the efficiency in making managerial decisions and the overall efficiency of the functioning of tourism industry enterprises.

A wireless telephone system has the following advantages compared to a conventional wired telephone system:

lower capital costs for its creation;

the ability to create regardless of the terrain, natural conditions and availability of appropriate infrastructure;

shorter payback period of the system;

lower labor intensity of work on the organization of the system and an order of magnitude faster pace of commissioning;

ensuring reliable and operational communication with mobile users;

more opportunities for system management and information protection.

Among the radiotelephone systems, one can distinguish such varieties of them as:

cellular radiotelephone communication systems;

trunking radiotelephone communication systems;

telephones with a radio tube;

telephone radio extensions;

systems of personal satellite radio communication.

8.7. Cellular radiotelephone systems

Appearance cellular communication was due to the need to create a wide network of mobile radiotelephone communications in the face of a fairly severe limitation on the available frequency bands. The idea of ​​cellular communications was first proposed in December 1971 by the Bell System in the USA. However, its appearance was preceded by a long time period, during which various frequency ranges were mastered, various technologies and communication techniques were improved.

The first use of mobile radiotelephony was by the Detroit police in the United States in 1921. They used a one-way dispatcher to transmit information from a central transmitter to receivers mounted on police vehicles. Communication was carried out in the range of 2 MHz. Then, in 1933, the New York Police Department began using a two-way mobile radiotelephone system in the same range. In 1934, the US Federal Communications Commission allocated four channels for radiotelephone communications, which were in the range of 30-40 MHz. By 1940, about ten thousand police cars began to use radiotelephone communications in the United States. Until 1940, all systems used amplitude modulation to implement radiotelephone communications, and from 1940 frequency modulation began to be used, which by 1946 completely replaced amplitude modulation. In 1946, the first public radiotelephone appeared, which operated in the 150 MHz band (Bell Telephone Laboratories, St. Louis, USA). In 1955, an 11-channel system began to operate in the same range, and in 1956, a 12-channel system in the 450 MHz band. All of these systems were simplex, and they used manual switching. In 1964, duplex automatic systems appeared, operating in the 150 MHz band, and in 1969 in the 450 MHz band. Europe also saw the development of radiotelephony, especially after the Second World War.

Separate elements of the cellular communication system existed before 1971, for example, in 1949 in Detroit (USA), some kind of cellular communication was used by the taxi dispatch service. But the official start of the cellular era dates back to 1971, when the Bell System, in a technical report, submitted to the FCC a cellular system architecture that allowed for a significant increase in capacity by reusing frequencies in a cell-structured system (therefore, this technology and was called cellular). In 1974, the US Federal Communications Commission allocated 40 MHz frequency bands in the 800 MHz band for cellular communications, and in 1986 another 10 MHz was added in the same band.

Start year practical application 1978 is considered to be the year of cellular communication, since that year in Chicago (USA) tests of the first cellular communication system for two thousand subscribers began. The first commercial automatic cell phone system was commissioned by American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in 1983 in Chicago.

The use of cellular communications in other countries of the world began to be implemented somewhat later than in the United States. In Canada, cellular communication began to be used since 1978, in Japan - in 1979, in the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland) - since 1981, in England and Spain - since 1982.

Currently, cellular communications are used in more than 140 countries on all continents the globe. Russia is also among the countries using cellular communications. In Russia, cellular communication began to be introduced in 1990, and in 1991 its commercial use began. At present there are about one million subscribers in Russia (at the end of 1998 - 770 thousand). Baskerville Communications Corp. forecasts 4 million subscribers by the end of 2005, which corresponds to 2.7% penetration.

Despite the fact that cellular communication has existed for about 30 years, three periods of its development can be distinguished, which are determined not only by quantitative characteristics, but also by qualitative changes. Such a division is carried out with a sufficient degree of convention, but nevertheless, three generations of cellular communication systems can be distinguished:

analog systems;

digital systems;

universal systems (systems of the future).

The first generation of cellular, or standards, are analog systems that are currently being replaced by digital systems. Analog systems use frequency modulation to transmit speech and control information. In order to transmit information over various channels, the method of multiple access with frequency division of channels (Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA) is used - different parts of the frequency spectrum with channel bands in different standards 12.5 - 30 kHz are used. The main drawback of analog systems, which has served as an obstacle to the rapid development of cellular communications, is due to the relatively low capacity of using the allocated frequency band with frequency division of channels.

For the further development and distribution of cellular communications, a search was underway and the development of more advanced technical solutions was carried out, which led to the birth of digital cellular systems - second-generation systems. In digital systems, signals are transmitted in a digital code. Digital signal processing has made it possible to improve multiple access methods, increase system capacity, and improve communication quality. With digital form, it became possible to use economical speech coding, efficient channel coding with a high degree error protection. The rapid development of digital cellular communication was, on the one hand, the development of new methods of information processing, and on the other hand, the emergence of an appropriate technical base - subminiature integrated circuits for digital signal processing, as well as the introduction of digital technology in communication.

Simplified, the principle of functioning of digital cellular communications can be represented as a sequence of the following blocks (operations). The transmitter converts the signal from the microphone output into digital form using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). All subsequent processing and transmission of information takes place in a digital code (at the input, the digital signal is converted back to analog). In order to reduce the amount of information transmitted over communication channels, the speech signal is encoded using a speech encoder (CR), i.e. the digital signal is converted according to certain laws to reduce its redundancy. Next, the channel encoder (CC) adds additional information to the digital signal received at the output of the speech encoder, necessary to protect the signal from errors during its transmission over the communication line. In addition, to protect the signal, the channel encoder performs a certain repackaging of information and introduces control information coming from the logical unit (LB) into the transmitted signal. After that, the signal is fed to the modulator (M), which transfers the information of the encoded video signal to the carrier frequency of the signal receiving-transmitting switch (SPR).

The receiver in its device basically corresponds to the transmitter, but the blocks perform the opposite functions with respect to the transmitter.

The signal from the signal receiving-transmitting unit is fed to the demodulator (D), which extracts from the modulated radio signal a coded video signal that carries information. This information is sent to the channel decoder, which extracts control information from the input stream and sends it to the logic block.

The received information is checked for errors, and if errors are found, they are corrected if possible. The channel decoder also performs reverse repackaging (with respect to the encoder) of the received information. The signal from the channel decoder goes to the speech decoder, which reconstructs the speech signal from it, but is still in digital form. This speech signal is fed to a digital-to-analog converter, which converts the received digital signal to analog and transmits it to the speaker input. Some systems use an equalizer to partially compensate for signal distortion.

A cellular communication system is a collection of cells covering a service area. Cells are usually schematically depicted as regular hexagons, which look like honeycombs, which was the reason for calling this system cellular. Each cell is served by its own radio equipment. Moreover, the number of subscribers served by a given cell is not a constant value, since subscribers can move from one cell to another. When crossing the border of a cell, the subscriber automatically switches to service in another cell, i.e. connects to the nearest repeater. In the center of each cell (the concept of "center" also has a conventional meaning) there is a base station that serves all subscribers in this cell.

The basic principle of cellular communication is the principle of frequency reuse, which allows more efficient use of the allocated frequency range and ensures high system capacity. The idea of ​​frequency reuse is that different frequency bands are used in adjacent (touching) cells of the system, and these bands are repeated across a cell or several cells. This principle makes it possible to cover an arbitrarily large service area with a limited total frequency band.

All base stations of the system are connected to the switching center, which, in turn, has access to the Interconnected Communications Network (ICN) of Russia.

Simplified, the functioning of a cellular communication system can be represented as the following diagram:

Consider the composition and functional features of the main blocks included in the cellular communication system.

BC - base station; MS - mobile (mobile) station (subscriber radiotelephone)

Base station. Simplified, the base station can be represented as a diagram:

The base station communication system (BSS) includes a base station controller (BSC) and several base transceiver stations (BTSs) that communicate directly with mobile stations (MSs). Of course, this diagram reflects the general principles and relationships of the base station. In fact, this is a fairly large and complex system, which occupies one of the most important places in the cellular communication system. The base station for diversity reception includes two receiving antennas, or separate antennas for transmitting and receiving are used. It has several receivers and transmitters that allow you to work simultaneously on several channels with different frequencies, has an interface unit with a communication line. The base station controller is a powerful and modern computer that controls the operation of the station, and also monitors the performance of all its units and nodes.

When a subscriber moves from one cell to another, his service is transferred to the base station where he moves, i.e. is handed over from one base station to another. In real life, the cells, as a rule, do not have the correct geometric shape. The cell boundaries have the form of irregular curves, the shape of which depends on the propagation and attenuation conditions of radio waves, i.e. radio signal stability zone. The stability zone may depend on many factors, primarily on the power of the transceiver station and the frequency range of the system. The higher the frequency band, the smaller the coverage radius of the cell. At the same time, the penetrating power of the transmitting signal increases, since the terrain, the nature of buildings, the density of vegetation and other factors also greatly affect the stability of the radio signal. Modern cellular systems use frequencies of 450, 800, 900 and 1800 MHz.

There are many different cellular standards. Three standards are most widely used in Russia: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), GSM (Global System for Mobile communication), and AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).

Since there are many different standards and operators, one of the problems in cellular radiotelephone communication is the ability to move from one operator's network to another operator's network with your radiotelephone, i.e. use of cellular communication outside one "home" system. This movement is called roaming (from the English word roam - wander, wander).

Roaming is a function or procedure for providing cellular services to a subscriber of one operator in the system of another operator. Such a subscriber who uses roaming services is called a roamer. Roaming requires an agreement between the relevant operators and the availability of the necessary technical support (the simplest case is the use of the same standard in both cellular communication systems). There is automatic and non-automatic (manual, administrative) roaming.

With automatic roaming, the entire switching scheme is carried out imperceptibly for the user (automatically). Simplified, it can be represented as a sequence of the following actions. The subscriber, being on the territory of a foreign system, but allowing the implementation of roaming, makes a call in the usual way. The switching center checks the subscriber in its home register and, making sure that it does not appear there, enters it in the guest register. The switching center then queries the home register of the Romer's system for all the necessary information about the user and tells it where he is at the moment. After that, the romer uses the services of this operator as its own system, but all information is now recorded in the guest register of the system in which the romer is located. And those calls that come to his number are forwarded by the home system to the system where the romer is located. When a romer returns home, the address of the system in which the romer was located is erased in the home register, and all information about the romer is erased in the guest register of that system. Payment for services by the subscriber is carried out through the home system, and the operators carry out settlements among themselves in accordance with the roaming agreement concluded between them.

With manual roaming, the subscriber must inform his home operator, for example by phone call, where he is going to go. Upon arrival in another city, he must notify the local mobile operator of his arrival. All information is manually entered into the home and guest registers by operators performing the switching process.

In the GSM standard, which was developed as a pan-European, the roaming procedure is laid down as a mandatory element. It provides for the possibility of so-called plastic roaming, i. Swapping SIM cards between devices of different versions of the GSM standard, since they all use unified SIM cards.

At the present stage of development of cellular communications, with a significant increase in interregional and international relations roaming problems remain one of the most urgent.

), in R. s. a two-way exchange of messages between 2 correspondents is carried out - either simultaneously (duplex communication) or alternately (simplex communication).

In the simplest radio communication systems, which carry out both simplex and duplex communication, the radio station of each correspondent consists of a transmitter (with a power of 0.1–50 tue, with single sideband modulation (See Single Sideband Modulation) or frequency modulation (See Frequency Modulation) fluctuations) and a sensitive receiver operating in the range of meter or decimeter waves; antennas; power supply and handset. Communication range is 0.5-30 km. Due to their high efficiency, mobility, low weight, and ease of maintenance, such R. s. found application in many areas National economy, primarily in grassroots communications (see. Radio station of grassroots communications), including dispatch communications (See. Dispatch communications), as well as in military affairs. In sparsely populated areas of the North and Siberia, for low-level communication at distances up to 300-500 km use transmitters with single-sideband oscillation modulation, operating in the decameter wavelength range and having a power of 5, 30 or 300 Tue.

In more difficult systems R. of page. (as a rule, duplex communication) - radio relay (see. Radio relay communication), satellite (see. Space communication) and long-distance communication on decameter waves - used to combine telephone networks (see. Telephone network) of various cities and regions of the USSR within the framework of the Unified automated communication system (See Unified automated communication system), use complex directional antennas and transmitters with single-sideband modulation with a power of 5-100 kw. On the lines of distant R. with. with a length of more than 5-6 thousand km. km approximately in the middle of the route, signals are relayed by means of a transceiver radio station (See Transceiver radio station). At the end points of the line, each of its telephone channels is usually interfaced with a telephone line (for example, leading to a local exchange). Unlike multichannel radio relay and satellite systems communications, systems of distant R. with. on decameter waves, they are low-channel (1-4 telephone channels); they have reduced reliability and quality of speech transmission, but are relatively cheap and very efficient. These systems are also used for commercial communication with foreign countries, for communication with ships and with those settlements USSR, for which radio communication is the only type of telecommunication (See Telecommunications).

Lit.: Chistyakov N. I., Khlytchiev S. M., Malochinsky O. M., Radio communication and broadcasting, M., 1968; Message passing, trans. from German, vol. 2, M., 1973.

V. M. Rozov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia . 1969-1978 .

See what "Radiotelephony" is in other dictionaries:

Telecommunications, in which telephone (voice) messages are transmitted by means of radio waves. Information enters the radiotelephone line through the Microphone, and from it usually through the telephone. The microphone and telephone are connected to radio stations ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

radiotelephony- — [Ya.N. Luginsky, M.S. Fezi Zhilinskaya, Yu.S. Kabirov. English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Power Industry, Moscow, 1999] Topics in electrical engineering, basic concepts EN wireless telephonic communication ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Telecommunications, in which telephone (voice) messages are transmitted by means of radio waves. Information enters the radiotelephone line through a microphone, and from it usually through a telephone. The microphone and telephone are connected to radio stations ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Telephone radio communication, tel. communication by means of radio waves between remote mobile and fixed land and sea. objects, on m ryh are installed transceiver radio stations. R. s. used for communication between intracity. moving... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary

And, suggestion about communication, in connection and in connection, g. 1. Mutual relations between whom, than l. Communication between industry and agriculture. Communication of science and production. Trade connections. Economic connection of regions. Family ties. || Mutual… … Small Academic Dictionary

Transmission of speech information over a distance, carried out by electrical signals propagating through wires, or by radio signals; type of telecommunication. Telephone communication provides oral conversations between subscribers remote from each other ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary- telephone or radiotelephone communication used for communication between the dispatcher and the performers. * * * DISPATCH COMMUNICATION DISPATCH COMMUNICATION, telephone, less often telegraph or radio communication, used for negotiations between the dispatcher and the performers ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (English paging from page page), radiotelephone communications, sending messages dictated by the subscriber to the sender by telephone and receiving them over the radio channel by the subscriber to the recipient using a radio pager with a liquid crystal display, on ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Radiotelephone communication

Radiotelephone communication is the most efficient and widespread type of communication with mobile subscribers. The creation of radiotelephone communication systems does not require the laying of expensive telecommunications, complex engineering work. This connection can be established in a matter of days, regardless of the terrain and weather conditions. Radiotelephone communications can be classified according to various criteria: the number of subscribers, the prevalence in the country, the service capabilities of telephone sets, etc. However, all these characteristics are usually considered in relation to each of the six types of radiotelephone systems: cellular radiotelephone communication system, trunked radiotelephone communication systems, wired telephones with handset, radiotelephone extension cords, personal satellite radio communication systems, personal radio call systems.

The cellular radiotelephone communication system serves a territory divided into many small zones - cells, each of which is served by its own radio equipment. These zones on the city plan form a honeycomb-like structure (hence the name). There is also routing - automatic forwarding of an incoming call to a subscriber who has moved to another service area. This service is not provided by all operators and costs more than romiouga.

Trunking (trunk) communication - the most operational view two-way mobile communication with mobile subscribers, the most effective for coordinating their actions for the purposes of production needs. Trunking is a set of communication channels automatically distributed among users, so this communication signal is the most promising and effective for instant communication between groups united on an organizational basis. The trunking communication system includes a base station (sometimes several), a repeater and subscriber radio stations with telescopic antennas. In trunked systems, instead of a single channel accessed by multiple users, there is a group of channels available to all users of the system.

There are several basic varieties of trunking systems: without a control channel, with a dedicated control channel, systems without a dedicated control channel.

A system without a control channel - a free channel is "marked" with a special signal - a marker. The central station of such a system periodically transmits a certain sequence automatically recognized by the subscriber station. In case of a call, the radio station occupies any of the free channels. All this happens imperceptibly for the user: no need to randomly press the keys and listen to the noise of the air.

The dedicated control channel system itself determines the presence of idle channels and switches the subscriber's station to them. The microprocessor control unit controls all base stations in the service area. One of the channels is allocated for use solely for management purposes and represents a kind of "leading link" of this system. Its main function is to establish a connection between two network subscribers. For such systems, the presence of a dedicated control channel increases the total number of radio channels in the system.

Telephones with a radio handset (radio telephones) are telephones that have a conventional wired connection with a telephone exchange, in which the cord to the handset is lured to the radio line. To realize this possibility, both the telephone set and the handset have low-power radio transceivers. The operating range is from several meters to several kilometers, depending on the model of the radiotelephone and the conditions of its use.

Service capabilities of radiotelephones: two-way communication between the base unit and the radio handset through loud-speaking retractable speakers, automatic change of access time in the handset each time it is connected to the base unit, signaling when leaving the zone of reliable communication with the base unit, memory for ten allocated numbers and memory of the last dialed numbers with the press of a single key, remote control an answering machine from a radio receiver, recording messages for a total time equal to 15 minutes, etc. Along with simple radiotelephones, office radiotelephone systems are produced that provide more complete coverage of the territory of a large company.

Radio extenders are almost the same as handset phones, only with more power and are designed to communicate with remote mobile workers.

Personal satellite radio communication is a miracle technology that uses complexes of space relays to connect with any subscriber located anywhere on the Earth. Today, a powerful network from travelers has been created covering the whole world, which, in addition to duplex telephone communication, provides a number of service options, such as facsimile communication, e-mail and voice mail, personal radio call mode, the ability to connect a laptop computer to a radiotelephone, etc.

Systems of personal radiotelephone radio call (radio search communication) are designed for operational search and transmission of information to subscribers of these systems. They consist of a central transceiver equipment connected by radio channels with miniature receivers individually assigned to the subscribers of the system. A subscriber who has such a receiver keeps it in standby mode, when a call is received from the central console, the receiver emits a vibration or sound signal that attracts the subscriber's attention. The subscriber turns on the receiver in the operating mode and listens or views the message sent to him on a miniature display.

Paging systems are local and regional. Local systems are used on the territory of one enterprise or organization and, as a rule, use low-frequency radio channels. In low-frequency radio search systems, the transmission of information is only one-way: from the central console to the subscribers. Regional systems use high-frequency channels operating in the range of several tens and hundreds of megahertz and cover much larger areas.

Paging communication is a communication of high efficiency, low cost, as well as efficient use of the frequency resource. The main pager system is a pager terminal - a transceiver with a controller, a repeater, a control panel and an antenna. Pagers are tone, digital and text. Text pagers are the most advanced. They can serve as a notebook, diary with a system of timers that notify you of the meeting time. Sapkov, V.V. Information Technology and computerization of deproduction: textbook. allowance for the beginning prof. education / V.V. Sapkov. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007. - S.156-160.

common use

a) the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services must specify the method for providing the subscriber with information about all contracts for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded by him with the telecom operator and (or) a person acting on his behalf, and details of the identification module;

b) in an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with a subscriber - a legal entity ( individual entrepreneur) the procedure for sending it by the telecom operator of information about the unreliability of information about the subscriber or about persons using subscriber numbers allocated to the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur) (hereinafter referred to as users of communication services of the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur)).

113. In addition to the obligations of the telecom operator specified in paragraph 24 of these Rules, the telecom operator is obliged:

a) provide the subscriber with information about the contracts concluded by the telecom operator and (or) the person acting on his behalf with the subscriber for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services. The provision of the specified information is carried out directly to the subscriber using the information and telecommunication network "Internet", including at the address Email specified by the subscriber in the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services, if the subscriber has chosen this method of providing information. The information provided to the subscriber must contain the number of the contract and the date of its conclusion in relation to each contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services. The agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services determines the method for providing the subscriber with the specified information using the information and telecommunications network "Internet". The telecom operator is obliged to provide the specified information to the subscriber when concluding with him each new agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services within 20 days from the date of conclusion by him or a person acting on his behalf with the subscriber of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services;

b) inform the subscriber about changes in the list of mobile communication services and other services that are technologically inextricably linked with mobile communication services and aimed at increasing their consumer value provided to the subscriber by sending a short text message to the subscriber;

c) suspend the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services for the subscriber number allocated to the subscriber in the event that the latter fails to fulfill the obligations provided for in the third paragraph of subparagraph "a", subparagraphs "b" and "c" of paragraph 116 of these Rules, as well as in case of failure by the subscriber - an individual of obligations provided for in subparagraph "c" of paragraph 25 of these Rules;

d) resume the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to the subscriber or user within 3 days from the day the subscriber (user) eliminates the violations that led to the suspension of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services in accordance with subparagraph "c" of this paragraph.

113(1). The telecom operator is obliged to verify the accuracy of information about the subscriber, as well as about the users of communication services of the subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), provided, among other things, by a person acting on behalf of the telecom operator.

113(2). Verification of the accuracy of information about the subscriber, as well as about users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) is carried out by establishing:

a) in relation to an individual - last name, first name, patronymic (if any), date of birth, as well as details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code);

b) in relation to an individual entrepreneur - last name, first name, patronymic (if any), details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code), as well as the main state registration number;

c) in relation to a legal entity - the name (company name) of the organization, location, main state registration number, as well as taxpayer identification number.

113(3). Confirmation of the reliability of information about a subscriber - an individual, information about users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) is carried out in one of the following ways:

a) presentation of an identity document;

d) use of a single portal of state and municipal services;

e) the use of information systems of state bodies in the presence of a connection of a telecom operator to these systems through a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction.

113(4). Confirmation of the reliability of information about a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) is carried out in one of the following ways:

a) submission of documents required to conclude an agreement in accordance with these Rules;

b) use of the federal state information system "Unified system of identification and authentication in the infrastructure providing information and technological interaction of information systems used to provide state and municipal services in electronic form";

c) use of an enhanced qualified electronic signature;

d) the use of information systems of state bodies in the presence of a connection of a telecom operator to these systems through a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction.

113(5). The telecom operator is obliged to perform the actions specified in paragraphs 113 (1) - of these Rules, within 30 days from the date of conclusion of the contract or transfer by the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur) of information about users of communication services of the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur).

113(6). In case of failure to confirm the accuracy of information about the subscriber or about the user of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law "On Communications" and these Rules, the telecom operator within 3 days from the date of receipt of information about the unreliability of such information informs the subscriber or user of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) by sending a short text message about the need to provide reliable information about the subscriber and (or) user of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) within 15 days from the date of notification.

114. The subscriber bears the obligation to pay for the mobile services provided by the telecom operator until the telecom operator receives a notification of the loss of the identification module.

b) upon liquidation of a subscriber - a legal entity or termination by an individual of activity as an individual entrepreneur, the user of communication services of such a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) has the right to apply to the telecom operator with an application to conclude an agreement with the preservation of the subscriber number.

(see text in previous edition)

a) in case of porting the subscriber number:

pay off the debt for mobile radiotelephone services under the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with the donor operator (hereinafter referred to as the debt);

provide the new telecom operator (recipient operator) with reliable information about the users of communication services of the subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), containing last names, first names, patronymics (if any), dates of birth, details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code), and in the event of a change in users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) - relevant reliable information about new users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) no later than 15 days from the date of transfer of the identification module to them, unless otherwise provided by law Russian Federation;

b) provide the telecom operator with reliable information about the subscriber and (or) user within 15 days from the date of receipt from the telecom operator of a notification about the need to provide information, the indication of which is provided for by the contract, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

c) provide the telecom operator within 15 days from the date of conclusion of the contract with reliable information about the users of communication services of the subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), containing surnames, first names, patronymics (if any), dates of birth, details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code), and in the event of a change in users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) - provide relevant reliable information about new users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur ) no later than 15 days from the date of transfer of the identification module to them, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

(see text in previous edition)

117. The amount of the subscriber's fee for using the saved subscriber number when concluding a new contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number is set by the recipient operator and cannot exceed 100 rubles. In this case, if the subscriber number was not transferred due to the subscriber's refusal to transfer the subscriber number in accordance with paragraph 148 of these Rules or the failure to pay the subscriber's debt to the donor operator in accordance with subparagraph "b" of paragraph 140 of these Rules, the fee paid by the subscriber to the recipient operator for using the stored subscriber number, is not returned to the subscriber.

118. The invoice issued to the subscriber for mobile services, in addition to the information specified in paragraph 41 of these Rules, must contain information on the types of mobile services provided, indicating their volume for each subscriber number.

(see text in previous edition)

119. The subscriber pays the fee for mobile services to the telecom operator with whom he has concluded an agreement on the provision of mobile services, including in cases where he, using the identification module specified in the agreement on the provision of mobile services, used the services mobile communications of another communications operator (roaming), with which the subscriber has not concluded an agreement on the provision of mobile communications services.

119(1). On the territory of the Russian Federation, the mobile radiotelephone operator in its communication network establishes the same conditions for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services to each subscriber, regardless of whether the subscriber is located within the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation specified in the decision to allocate a numbering resource to such a communication operator, including the subscriber number allocated to the subscriber, or outside the specified territory.

120. A subscriber who intends to keep the subscriber number when concluding a new contract with the recipient operator for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services, applies to the recipient operator or a third party provided for in paragraph 13 of these Rules, with written statement on termination of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with the donor operator and the transfer of the subscriber number (hereinafter referred to as the application for the transfer of the subscriber number) and the documents provided for in Section II of these Rules.

The moment of time at which the subscriber's debt is determined (hereinafter referred to as the moment of determining the debt) is:

24 hours 00 minutes on the 6th day before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the ported subscriber number determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules - for subscribers - individuals;

24 hours 00 minutes on the 26th day before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the ported subscriber number determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules - for subscribers - legal entities(individual entrepreneurs).

122. Informing the subscriber about the need to repay the debt according to the invoice issued is carried out in accordance with paragraphs 138 and these Rules. At the same time, the presence or absence of a subscriber's debt at the time of determining the debt is established by the donor operator:

a) for subscribers - individuals who use the payment for mobile radiotelephone services by means of an advance payment - according to the state of the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number;

b) for subscribers - individuals using payment for mobile radiotelephone services by means of deferred payment - upon payment of invoices issued before the moment of determining the debt, and upon payment of an extraordinary invoice issued for the period between the date of issuing the last regular invoice and the moment of determining the debt in accordance with paragraph 121 of these Rules. The indicated invoices are issued according to the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number;

c) for subscribers - legal entities (individual entrepreneurs) using payment for mobile radiotelephone communication services through an advance payment - according to the state of the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number;

d) for subscribers - legal entities (individual entrepreneurs) using payment for mobile radiotelephone services through deferred payment - upon payment of invoices issued before the moment of determining the debt in relation to the transferred subscriber number, and upon payment of an extraordinary invoice issued in relation to the transferred subscriber number, for the period between the date of the last regular invoice and the moment the debt was determined. These invoices are issued on the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number.

123. Debt repayment is carried out by the subscriber no later than 24:00 (Moscow time) on the 4th day - for a subscriber - an individual and no later than 24:00 on the 11th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services communication using the ported subscriber number, determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules.

124. If, after the moment of determining the debt, the subscriber, according to the invoices issued in accordance with paragraphs 41 and these Rules, has a debt before the start of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator, the donor operator after 30 days, but no later than 60 days from the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the transferred subscriber number by the recipient operator, is entitled to send this telecom operator information about the subscriber's debt in relation to the transferred subscriber number, indicating the period and methods of its repayment. The maturity of the debt should not exceed 10 days.

The presence of a debt is recorded by the donor operator on a personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number.

Not late afternoon following the day of receipt from the donor operator of information about the subscriber's debt, the recipient operator is obliged to send the subscriber information about the debt to the donor operator, about the methods of its repayment and that if the subscriber does not repay the debt within 10 days, mobile services will be suspended.

If the subscriber does not repay the debt within 10 days, the donor operator, no later than 60 days from the date of sending information to the recipient operator about the existence of the subscriber's debt, sends the recipient operator information that the subscriber has not repaid such debt. Not later than the day following the day of receipt of the specified information, the recipient operator is obliged to suspend the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number. The recipient operator is obliged to send to the donor operator no later than 1 day from the date of suspension of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number information about such suspension.

The donor operator, no later than 1 day from the date of repayment of the debt by the subscriber, is obliged to send information about the repayment of the subscriber's debt to the recipient operator. The recipient operator is obliged to resume the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to the subscriber no later than 1 day from the date of receipt of information on the repayment of the subscriber's debt from the donor operator.

125. The application for porting a subscriber number shall contain the following information:

a) about the transferred subscriber number;

b) about the subscriber (last name, first name, patronymic, place of residence, details of an identity document - for a citizen, last name, first name, patronymic, details of an identity document, main state registration number - for an individual entrepreneur, name (company name) organization, location, main state registration number - for a legal entity);

(see text in previous edition)

c) on the date of submission by the subscriber of an application for the transfer of a subscriber number;

d) on the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services by the recipient operator;

e) on the decision of the subscriber to unilaterally refuse to execute the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services, concluded with the donor operator;

f) on the consent of the subscriber to repay the debt;

g) on ​​the consent of the subscriber to switch to the advance payment system for mobile radiotelephone services, provided for in paragraph 137 of these Rules.

126. In the application for the transfer of the subscriber number, the subscriber has the right to determine the date and time (hour) when the recipient operator must begin the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number (hereinafter referred to as the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator). The recipient operator must start providing mobile radiotelephone services using the ported subscriber number within 1 hour from the time specified in the application for porting the subscriber number.

At the same time, the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator cannot be earlier than the 8th day - for a subscriber - an individual and earlier than the 29th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity, but in any case it cannot be later than 6 months from the day of concluding an agreement with the recipient operator for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services.

127. If the subscriber in the application for porting the subscriber number did not determine the date for the start of the provision of services by the recipient operator, the start of the provision of services by the recipient operator is the hour determined at the discretion of the recipient operator on the 8th day - for the subscriber - an individual and on 29 - day - for a subscriber - a legal entity from the date of conclusion of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with a recipient operator. The recipient operator must start providing mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number within 1 hour from the specified time.

128. If it is not technically possible to start the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the ported subscriber number at the time determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules, the moment the start of the provision of such services may be delayed, but not more than one day. Information about this is communicated to the subscriber by the recipient operator within the 3rd day for the subscriber - an individual and within the 7th day for the subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator.

The burden of proving the lack of technical ability to start the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number from the moment specified in the subscriber's application lies with the telecom operator.

129. An agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services is concluded between the recipient operator and the subscriber, drawn up in the form and containing the conditions in accordance with paragraphs 22 and these Rules.

130. By virtue of the contract concluded with the subscriber for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, the recipient operator must perform the actions provided for by these Rules to transfer the subscriber number.

When concluding an agreement with the recipient operator for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, the subscriber agrees to the processing of the subscriber's personal data when transferring the subscriber number, including by third parties, as well as consent that the recipient operator will suspend the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with using the transferred subscriber number in case of non-payment by the subscriber of the debt in accordance with clause 124 of these Rules.

An application for the transfer of a subscriber number is attached to the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number.

131. Provided for by this paragraph and paragraphs 122 , , , and these Rules, informing the subscriber by the recipient operator and the donor operator when transferring the subscriber number is carried out in the manner prescribed by the agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services concluded between the subscriber and the corresponding communication operator. If the procedure for informing the subscriber in the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services is not defined, then informing is carried out by sending a short text message to the subscriber in the period from 09:00 to 18:00.

Informing subscribers by the donor operator and the recipient operator when transferring the subscriber number is carried out according to the time zone of the territory in accordance with the national time scale of the Russian Federation UTC (SU), within which the transfer of the subscriber number is carried out. When such telecom operators interact with each other and with the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers, a single accounting and reporting time is used - Moscow.

132. The recipient operator, no later than the day following the day of the conclusion of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the ported subscriber number, sends a request for the ported subscriber number to the database operator of the ported subscriber numbers.

133. The operator of the transferred subscriber numbers database sends, within 1 hour from the time of receipt of the request specified in paragraph 132 of these Rules, to the recipient operator information about the receipt of the request and the date of the last transfer of the subscriber number (if the subscriber number was previously transferred). If, before the end of the procedure for porting the subscriber number, the operator of the database of ported subscriber numbers received new requests from several recipient operators, then, on these requests, the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers sends information about the impossibility of porting to recipient operators within 1 hour from the time the request is received. subscriber number.

134. Within 1 day from the date of receipt from the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers of the information specified in paragraph 133 of these Rules, the recipient operator informs the subscriber that the subscriber number is subject to transfer, or that it is impossible to transfer the subscriber number due to violation of paragraph 152 of these Rules. If it is impossible to transfer the subscriber number, the rights and obligations under the agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services between the subscriber and the recipient operator do not arise and such an agreement is subject to termination.

135. The recipient operator is obliged no later than 24:00 on the 1st day following the day the request specified in paragraph 132 of these Rules was sent to the database operator, to send the donor operator the information provided for in paragraph 125 of these Rules, a copy of the application for transferring the subscriber numbers, as well as information on the existence of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number, concluded between the subscriber and the recipient operator. Sending the specified information and a copy of the application for porting the subscriber number is a proper notification of the donor operator about the subscriber's decision to unilaterally refuse to perform and terminate the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded with the donor operator regarding the ported number.

The donor operator is not entitled to require the submission of other documents and information, except for the application, as well as refuse to transfer the subscriber number due to the absence of other documents and information or the absence in the application of information not provided for in paragraph 125 of these Rules.

The exchange of messages and documents between the recipient operator and the donor operator is carried out through a database of transferred subscriber numbers in accordance with the procedure for organizational and technical interaction of mobile radiotelephone operators while ensuring the transfer of a subscriber number, approved by the federal executive authority in the field of communications.

136. The donor operator no later than 24:00 on the 2nd day - for a subscriber - an individual and no later than 24:00 on the 3rd day - for a subscriber - a legal entity from the date of receipt of the information specified in paragraph 125 of these Rules, must send the recipient operator the following information:

(see text in previous edition)

a) on the availability at the time the subscriber submits an application for the transfer of the subscriber number of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the portable subscriber number concluded between the donor operator and the subscriber;

b) on the belonging of the subscriber number to the numbering resource assigned to the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, which includes the portable subscriber number;

c) about the absence of suspension of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to the subscriber due to the loss of the identification module, by a court decision or in connection with the violation by the subscriber of the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services, including in connection with non-payment of debt in accordance with paragraph 121 of these of the Rules for services rendered using a portable subscriber number under an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded with a donor operator, including the transfer of this subscriber number that took place earlier.

137. From the time of receipt of the information specified in paragraph 135 of these Rules, the donor operator has the right to transfer the subscriber to the advance payment system for mobile radiotelephone services.

138. The donor operator informs the recipient operator about the presence of a debt of the subscriber who initiated the transfer of the subscriber number, in the following order:

a) in relation to subscribers - individuals, information about the presence of debt is reported by the donor operator to the recipient operator before 9:00 am on the 5th and 3rd days before the start date of the provision of services by the recipient operator;

b) in relation to subscribers - legal entities (individual entrepreneurs), information about the presence of a debt established in accordance with paragraph 121 of these Rules is reported by the donor operator to the recipient operator before 9:00 am on the 24th and 7th days before the date the beginning of the provision of services by the operator-recipient. At the same time, the donor operator ensures the possibility for the subscriber to receive an extraordinary invoice specified in subparagraph "d" of paragraph 122 of these Rules no later than the 24th day before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator.

138(1). The debt is determined as of 00:00 on the day specified in paragraph 138 of these Rules as the deadline for informing about the state of the debt.

139. The recipient operator informs the subscriber about the need to pay off the debt specified in paragraph 138 of these Rules, and that the transfer of the subscriber number will not be carried out if the subscriber does not pay this debt before 24:00 (Moscow time) 4 - day - for a subscriber - an individual and until 24:00 (Moscow time) on the 11th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator. The specified information is sent to the subscriber on the 5th and 4th days - for the subscriber - an individual and on the 24th and 11th days - for the subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator.

140. The transfer of a subscriber number is subject to the following conditions:

a) conclusion between the subscriber and the recipient operator of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number;

b) the subscriber has no debt for the rendered services of mobile radiotelephone communications to the donor operator, established in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 121 and these Rules;

c) receipt by the recipient operator of information about the existence of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number, concluded between the donor operator and the subscriber;

d) receipt by the recipient operator of information on confirmation that the subscriber number belongs to the numbering resource assigned to the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, which includes the transferred subscriber number;

e) receipt by the recipient operator of information from the donor operator that the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services has not been suspended to the subscriber due to the loss of the identification module, by a court decision or in connection with the violation by the subscriber of the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, including including due to non-payment of debt in accordance with

142. The recipient operator on the 3rd day - for a subscriber - an individual and on the 7th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity, before the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, is obliged to notify the subscriber of the upcoming transfer of the subscriber number in accordance with the contract for the provision mobile radiotelephone communication services using the transferred subscriber number or about the impossibility of carrying out the transfer of the subscriber number, indicating the violated conditions provided for in paragraph 140 of these Rules. If it is impossible to transfer the subscriber number, the rights and obligations under the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded between the subscriber and the recipient operator do not arise and the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services terminates in terms of obligations related to the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services using a portable subscriber number.

143. The recipient operator, on the day preceding the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, informs the subscriber that on the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, in order to receive mobile radiotelephone communication services, it is necessary to insert into the subscriber device a new identification module received by the subscriber at the conclusion agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with the recipient operator, and that from the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, there may be technological interruptions in the provision of services specified in paragraph 144 of these Rules.

144. A technological interruption in the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services to a subscriber using a ported subscriber number from the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator may be no more than:

If several subscriber numbers have been allocated under an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with a donor operator, such an agreement shall terminate only in relation to the transferred subscriber number.

147. In the event of a violation of the deadline for the start of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using a transferred subscriber number for more than 24 hours, information about such a violation no later than the 1st day from the date of the actual start of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services is sent by the recipient operator to the federal executive body which performs the functions of control and supervision in the field of communications.

148. The transfer of a subscriber number is canceled when the subscriber submits an application for refusal to transfer the subscriber number to the recipient operator or donor operator.

149. If the subscriber receives information about the transfer of a subscriber number in the absence of an application for the transfer of this subscriber number, the subscriber has the right to cancel the transfer of the subscriber number by remotely contacting the service center of the donor operator or the recipient operator, provided that the subscriber passes the authorization procedure established by the telecom operator for making actions related to changing the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services, or by submitting an application to the donor operator or recipient operator.

150. The transfer of a subscriber number can be canceled no later than 2 days before the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator. When canceling the transfer of a subscriber number:

a) the donor operator continues to provide the subscriber with mobile radiotelephone services using the subscriber number, the porting of which has been canceled;

b) the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded between the subscriber and the recipient operator, in relation to the unported subscriber number, ceases to be valid.

151. The recipient operator or donor operator, within 1 day from the date of receipt of the application for refusal to transfer the subscriber number, informs the donor operator or recipient operator, as well as the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers, to terminate the procedure for porting the subscriber number.

152. The subscriber has the right to submit a new application for transferring the subscriber number to another recipient operator not earlier than the day of filing an application for refusal to transfer the subscriber number provided for in paragraph 148 of these Rules, or after the start of the provision of services by the recipient operator, subject to the expiration of the period specified in paragraph 124 of these Rules, during which the donor operator has the right to send information about the presence of the subscriber's debt for services provided under the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with the donor operator in relation to the transferred subscriber number, and repayment by the subscriber of the debt.

153. In the event that the transfer of a subscriber number is carried out by a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), to which, under contracts for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded with a donor operator, no more than 50 subscriber numbers are allocated related to the numbering resource allocated for use in the same subject of the Russian Federation, the subscriber has the right to demand that the transfer of the subscriber number be carried out within the time limits provided for by these Rules for the transfer of the subscriber number of the subscriber - an individual.

154. Transfer of subscriber numbers for the purpose of their preservation and use by subscribers-customers who purchase goods, works and services to meet state and municipal needs, as well as certain types legal entities in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is carried out taking into account the following features:

a) the basis for transferring the subscriber number is an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded by the customer subscriber with the recipient operator - the winner of the procedure for determining the supplier (contractor, performer) during the validity period of the agreement with the donor operator, indicating transferred under the agreement with the operator - recipient of subscriber numbers. If the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services with the recipient operator was concluded after the expiration of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded by the customer subscriber with the donor operator, the transfer of the subscriber number is not carried out;

(see text in previous edition)

b) the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services by the recipient operator using the ported subscriber number is determined in accordance with the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services concluded by the customer subscriber with the recipient operator, but not earlier than 9 days from the date of notification by the recipient operator to the operator databases of transferred subscriber numbers of information on the concluded agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services. If there is no technical possibility of transferring the subscriber number, the specified date may be postponed, but not more than for one day. The burden of proving the lack of technical ability to provide services using the transferred subscriber number lies with the telecom operator;

c) if the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services between the customer subscriber and the recipient operator is concluded less than 9 days before the expiration date of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services between the customer subscriber and the donor operator, the recipient operator has the right to assign to the customer subscriber another subscriber number (numbers) for use in order to provide mobile radiotelephone communication services until the date of completion of the procedure for transferring the subscriber number;

155. If the subscriber-customer has a debt to the donor operator, it is repaid by the subscriber-customer in accordance with the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded between him and the donor operator.

156. Claims related to the transfer of a subscriber number are sent to the recipient operator. If the transfer of the subscriber number is carried out without an application for the transfer of the subscriber number, claims are sent to the donor operator.

electrical communication in which telephone messages are transmitted using radio waves (See radio waves). Unlike broadcasting (See Broadcasting), in R. s. a two-way exchange of messages between 2 correspondents is carried out - either simultaneously (duplex communication) or alternately (simplex communication).

In the simplest radio communication systems, which carry out both simplex and duplex communication, the radio station of each correspondent consists of a transmitter (with a power of 0.1–50 tue, with single sideband modulation (See Single Sideband Modulation) or frequency modulation (See Frequency Modulation) fluctuations) and a sensitive receiver operating in the range of meter or decimeter waves; antennas; power supply and handset. Communication range is 0.5-30 km. Due to their high efficiency, mobility, low weight, and ease of maintenance, such R. s. They have found application in many areas of the national economy, primarily in grassroots communications (see Radio station of grassroots communications), including dispatch communications (See Dispatch communications), as well as in military affairs. In sparsely populated areas of the North and Siberia, for low-level communication at distances up to 300-500 km use transmitters with single-sideband oscillation modulation, operating in the decameter wavelength range and having a power of 5, 30 or 300 Tue.

In more difficult systems R. of page. (as a rule, duplex communication) - radio relay (see. Radio relay communication), satellite (see. Space communication) and long-distance communication on decameter waves - used to combine telephone networks (see. Telephone network) of various cities and regions of the USSR within the framework of the Unified automated communication system (See Unified automated system communications), use complex directional antennas and transmitters with single-sideband modulation with a power of 5-100 kw. On the lines of distant R. with. with a length of more than 5-6 thousand km. km approximately in the middle of the route, signals are relayed by means of a transceiver radio station (See Transceiver radio station). At the end points of the line, each of its telephone channels is usually interfaced with a telephone line (for example, leading to a local exchange). Unlike multichannel radio-relay and satellite communication systems, long-range radar systems on decameter waves, they are low-channel (1-4 telephone channels); they have reduced reliability and quality of speech transmission, but are relatively cheap and very efficient. These systems are also used for commercial communications with foreign countries, for communications with ships and with those settlements in the USSR for which radio communications are the only form of telecommunications.

Lit.: Chistyakov N. I., Khlytchiev S. M., Malochinsky O. M., Radio communication and broadcasting, M., 1968; Message passing, trans. from German, vol. 2, M., 1973.

V. M. Rozov.

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