"MINI-ENCYCLOPEDIA EVERYTHING ABOUT EVERYTHING UDC 623.4 B BK 68.513 f.81

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MINI ENCYCLOPEDIA

ALL ABOUT EVERYTHING

This edition of the szedstyle "is a

Translation from English by S. Fedoseev

Signed for printing from ready-made transparencies 15L 0.2001.

Format 60x90/32. Conv. oven l. 8.0. Offset paper.

Offset printing. Circulation 10,000 copies. Order 3956.

All-Russian product classifier OK-005-93,

volume 2,933000 - books, brochures

Hygienic conclusion * No. 77.99.14.953, P. 12850.7.00 or H.07.2000r.

F 81 Tanks / K. Foss; Per. from English. S. Fedoseeva. M.: 000 "Publishing house ACT": 00 0 "Publishing house Astrel", 2002.- 255 s, ill. - (Mini-encyclopedia).

ISBN 5-17-01203F6 (ACT Publishing LLC) ISBN 5-271-03451-8 (Astrel Publishing LLC) ISBN 0 00 472281-7 (eng.) The Tanks reference book represents almost all armored vehicles in service used for combat, combat reconnaissance, delivery of infantry to the battlefield and ensuring its interaction with tanks. A separate chapter is devoted to the modern system of armored weapons and trends in its development.

UDC 623.4 LBC 68.513 ISBN 5-17-012034-6 (ACT Publishing House LLC) ISBN 5-271-03451-8 © Astrel Publishing Company LLC, 2002 (Astrela Publishing House LLC) © HarperCollins Publishers. 1995 ISBN 0 00 4722SI-7 (English) © Flag's; The Rag bmiiuxe CONTENTS 6 Introduction.

56 T-72S Russia Development of tanks 58 T-64B Russia:!

in 1945-1995 60 T-62 Russia 62 T-54 Russia 64 T-34 Russia Main combat 66 PT-76 Russia and light tanks 68 Type 88 South Korea 70 STRV-103 Sweden 20 SK-105 Austria 72 lkv-91 Sweden

22.Type 85 "74 Pz-68 Switzerland China

24. Type 80" 76 "Challenger-2" Great Britain China 26 "Type 69" 78 Challenger-1 "

China Great Britain 28 Type 63 80 Chieftain Great Britain China 30 Leclerc France 82. Centurion Great Britain 32 AMX-30V2 France 84 MKZ Vickers Great Britain 34 AMX-13 France 86 Scorpion Great Britain 36 Leopard-Germany 88 M1 "Abrame" USA 2 "

38 "Leopard

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250 Ranger USA 252 BVP80 Yugoslavia 254 BOV Yugoslavia Introduction. The development of tanks in 1945-1995

The directory contains technical information and photographs of 117 main models of armored vehicles | BTT), which are currently in service in different countries of the world. It does not claim to be an exhaustive description of all types of armored personnel carriers in service or in development. The book also does not cover armored support vehicles - such as self-propelled guns, self-propelled anti-aircraft guns or various engineering vehicles - although without them no modern army can maintain its combat readiness.

For ease of presentation, the book is divided into three parts - main battle and light tanks, wheeled armored vehicles and combat reconnaissance vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. In each of these parts, the most modern machines are described first.

For example, in the UK chapter, the Vickers Defense Systems Challenger 2 tank, currently in service with the British Army, is listed first, followed by the Challenger 1, Chieftain, Centurion MYZ "," Mk 3 Vickers Defense Systems "and, finally, light tank Scorpio by Alvis.

Each description includes the main performance characteristics, short story about the design, development and features of the machine, as well as a list of options and an indication of the current status. For some machines, the list of options and modifications of which is too large, only the main options are given.

INTRODUCTION

Tank "Oliphant Mk 1B" South African Defense Forces

It should also be borne in mind that many countries - for example, Israel and South Africa - have carried out many of their own upgrades of their imported vehicles, which as a result have become little like the originals. A good example of this is the British Centurion tank, developed at the end of World War II, It was withdrawn from service with the British Army in the late 1960s and replaced by the Chieftain. But in a number of countries it is still in service, and the South African modification "Oliphant Mkl B" has become almost new car due to the installation of another power unit, suspension, changes made to the tower systems and booking.

INTRODUCTION Main battle tanks Until the early 1960s, many armies used three types of tanks: light, medium and heavy. Examples of the latter are the Russian T-10, armed with a 122 mm (4.8-inch) gun, as well as the British Conqueror and the American MUZ, equipped with 120 mm (4.7-inch) guns. These tanks were powerfully armed and highly protected, but lacked mobility. They were withdrawn from service in the 1960s, and most armies since then have used one type of tank, most often referred to as the "main battle tank". The main battle tanks of the first generation usually weighed about 40 tons and were armed with a 100 mm or 105 mm gun.

The design of the tank involves three main aspects - security, mobility and firepower, but each of them has its own components. For example, firepower is determined not only by the caliber of the main weapon, but also by the characteristics of the armor penetration of shells, the accuracy of the fire control system and the type of sights used. Even with the best weapons in the world, a tank will be useless on the battlefield until the crew is properly trained.

Some of the first generation main battle tanks, such as the Leopard 1, had excellent firepower and mobility, but low armor protection. In contrast, the British Chieftain, developed at the same time as the Leopard 1, had excellent protection and firepower, but limited mobility. The second generation of major combat INTRODUCTION

Hard armored tank"Chieftain" with a 120-mm gun

tanks, such as the American Ml, have better protection, mobility and firepower. They are much heavier than the first generation tanks, include all the advances in advanced technology, and are much more expensive.

Therefore, the number of countries that can afford to build this type of main tank is limited.

The French classified their new Leclerc tank as a third generation main battle tank on the basis that it not only has good protection, mobility and firepower, but is also smaller than the Leopard 2 and Ml A1 Abramé, since thanks to the installation of an automatic loader, the crew is reduced to three people. The last thing is not new - the Russian T-64, T-72, T-80 and more modern T-90 already have automatic loaders for the 125 mm (4.9-inch | smoothbore gun.

INTRODUCTION The main technological changes in tank building have occurred in the last 25 years. The main battle tanks of the latest generation are distinguished by automated digital (computerized) fire control systems and stabilized two-channel (day and thermal night channels) sights, which allow hitting targets at ranges up to 2000 m (2200 yards) day and night from the first shot.

For many years, the armor of main battle tanks consisted of cast and welded steel parts.

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Russian T-80 tanks with a new type of lei camouflage, but the latest tanks, such as Leopard-2, Abrame, Challenger-1 and -2 and Leclerc, have a new, more complex armor design, which provides a high degree survivability when hit by damaging chemical elements ( explosive) and kinetic (armor-piercing core) energy from the front sector.

A number of countries are currently installing "reactive armor" (elements of dynamic protection, EDZ) on main battle tanks, as well as on lighter armored vehicles, in order to increase their protection against cumulative warheads. Israel became the first country to supply its EDZ tanks during the invasion of Lebanon in 1982, which saved many Centurions and M48 / M60s when Russian AT-3 "Sagger" ATGMs hit them (the designation of the Soviet ATGM 9M14 "Baby") and rocket-propelled grenades I!

INTRODUCTION RPG-7. By that time, Russia had already developed EDZ, but had not yet decided to install them on its tanks. Shortly after the successful use of such elements by the Israeli army Russian army began to put EDZ on their tanks, which already had a high degree of combat survivability.

Today, virtually all Russian tanks are equipped with EDZ, but recent events in Chechnya have proven that without infantry support they are still vulnerable in urban combat.

Due to the limitations of the combat weight and due to other design requirements, the greatest degree of protection is provided to the tank in the front sector, since it is he who is considered the most susceptible to fire. From the stern, most tanks are vulnerable to fire from weapons more powerful than a 12.7-mm (0.5-inch caliber) machine gun.

Most main battle tanks are now equipped with day and night surveillance devices - as the latter, infrared (illuminated) and amplifying (non-illuminated) type equipment has been used for many years. Some countries, such as France (Leclerc), Germany (Leopard 2), Great Britain (Challenger 1 and -2) and the United States (Ml series tanks), are currently equipping main battle tanks with thermal imaging devices that allow tank to open fire on targets in almost any weather conditions.

In the future, main battle tanks will have advanced systems active protection, like most combat aircraft. In fact, the Russian army has already begun to install active protection systems on their main tanks, INTRODUCTION

On the Merkava tank, the engine is installed in the front for the best protection.

But due to the high cost of such systems, it will take the Russians a long time to equip all their tanks with them.

The future of tanks was questioned after their first appearance on the battlefields of the First World War. Some military authorities doubted their future until 1940. The development of new types of anti-tank weapons after World War II gave rise to new prophecies about the disappearance of tanks from the modern battlefield. This seemed especially true after the first defeats of the Israeli armored corps during the 1973 conflict in the Middle East.

Israeli tanks, operating without infantry, artillery and close air support, suffered heavy losses from the Egyptian army, armed with man-portable AT-3 "Sagger" anti-tank systems

("Baby") and RPG-7 grenade launchers.

In the course of this conflict, combined operations achieved the greatest success with the close interaction of armored forces, infantry, artillery, engineering troops and close air support (with the involvement of both aircraft and helicopters).

Coalition forces placed great importance on combined operations during Operation Desert Storm in February 1990 and inflicted heavy casualties on Iraqi forces with few casualties of their own.

However, it must be emphasized that prior to this, Iraqi troops had been subjected to aerial bombardment for a month. Although the weapons of the Iraqi army were considered among the best in the Middle East, they did not meet the standards of the British and US troops involved in the operation, which were not only better armed, but also highly trained, motivated and commanded. Despite the fact that the Iraqi army had modern equipment - for example, the Russian T-72 main battle tank - it was mostly early models and clearly inferior to the American M1A1 and the British Challenger-1. One of the reasons for the superiority of the Challenger-1 and M1A1 was thermal imaging sights, which gave them additional opportunities to hit targets in almost any weather conditions.

Most main battle tanks are equipped with weapon protection systems. mass destruction(WMD) - nuclear, biological and chemical, Main battle tanks in the future are likely to be reduced in size, and their crew will consist of two people.

INTRODUCTION The XM8 light tank is designed to replace the M551 Sheridan tank in the US Army. They will be manufactured using the “stele” technology.

and a new type of main weapon - possibly an electro-thermal weapon.

Light Tanks After many years of oblivion, the light tank is back in service. True, very often he is not named " light tank”, an example of this is the American “armored gun system” (AGS) XM8, armed with a 105-mm cannon and currently being developed by order of the US Army to replace the M551 Sheridan, which entered the battlefield more than 25 years ago. In some parts of the world, terrain and ground conditions make it difficult to use main battle tanks, so light tanks, which usually have less specific ground pressure than main ones, have a number of advantages.

A characteristic feature of many modern light tanks is the possibility of their transfer by widely used transport aircraft of the Lockheed Hercules type. A good example here is the same XM8 (AGS) United Defense.

Wheeled armored vehicles and combat reconnaissance vehicles (BRM) They serve as the eyes and ears of the army units. Such vehicles cannot engage in combat with enemy main battle tanks, since their firepower

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The highly mobile M41 tank in the Brazilian army is not enough to defeat the corresponding armor protection. As a rule, their task is to find out and report the presence of forces and the direction of movement of the enemy and then try not to lose sight of him.

Vehicles of this type can be equipped with both a 7.62 mm machine gun and a 105 mm rifled tank gun mounted in a turret along with an automatic fire control system. Armored vehicles such as the Italian B1 Iveco/OTO-Breda are armed with a 105 mm cannon and have firepower similar to the Leopard 1 main battle tank, good terrain mobility and a much greater range than tracked vehicles. Their only weak spot is their own body armor.

INTRODUCTION

BMP and armored personnel carrier

Today, there are two basic types of vehicles used for infantry transportation: infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and armored personnel carriers (APCs). IFVs generally have a higher degree of protection than armored personnel carriers and good mobility in rough terrain as they operate in conjunction with main battle tanks. Sometimes infantry fighting vehicles are equipped with side embrasures, which allow infantrymen to fire individual weapons from the vehicle, while remaining safe. Armored personnel carriers are usually used to deliver infantry as close as possible to the object of attack, after which the infantrymen land and fight on foot.

An example of a well-armed armored vehicle is the American Bradley infantry fighting vehicle, which has a stabilized 25-mm cannon, a 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun and a Toy ATGM (TOW) launcher in a two-man turret.

The new Russian BMP-3 is even more heavily armed, with a two-man turret with a 100mm cannon capable of firing ATGMs (anti-tank guided missiles) and conventional rounds. Together with a 100 mm cannon, a 30 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine gun are installed, in addition, the vehicle has two forward 7.62 mm machine guns.

Although tracked vehicles have better cross-country ability than wheeled vehicles, the latter are cheaper to manufacture and operate and have better strategic (operational) mobility. The level of protection of wheeled armored personnel carriers is lower than that of caterpillars. INTRODUCTION

A revolutionary machine for its time - the Soviet BMP-1

nyh, which means they are more vulnerable on the battlefield. The hulls of most armored personnel carriers are welded from steel or aluminum armor, providing fire protection. small arms and fragments of artillery shells. Based on the experience of military operations in the Middle East, as well as the operations of UN troops, Western countries began to install sets of additional armor on vehicles to increase combat survivability. As a rule, these are mounted armor elements of a passive type, although the US Army for its Bradley infantry fighting vehicles

accepted the EDS.

Light tank SK-105, Steyr-Daimler-Puch

SK-105 is armed with a 105mm cannon with autoloader

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The standard equipment includes a laser range finder, a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, anti-cumulative protection and night vision devices.

Further improvement of SK led to the appearance of models SKA1, SK-105/A2H SK-105/A3.

Options:

BREM (armored repair and recovery vehicle Sapper ("pioneer") tank

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Currently, the Type 85 tank is produced under license in Pakistan. The Type 85-11 main battle tank was developed by order of the Chinese army by NORINCO Corporation (Ce-Chinese Industrial Corporation). Tanks "Type 85-11"

and "Type 85-11A" were armed with 105-mm rifled tank guns, and the more modern "Type 85-NM" - a 125-mm smoothbore gun with an automatic loader, which made it possible to reduce the crew to three people:

commander, gunner and driver. The 125 mm gun is stabilized in the vertical and horizontal planes. The automatic FCS (fire control system) includes a digital ballistic computer and a laser rangefinder. Along the sides and CHINA stern of the tower there are mesh baskets for storing spare parts (spare parts, tools and accessories).

The standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic fire-fighting equipment, night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver, and a system for setting smoke screens by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust tract (thermosmoke equipment).

"Type-85" AP is produced under license in Pakistan, as a result of further refinement, the tank "Type 90-I" appeared, which is distinguished by a number of improvements (for example, greater engine power); in Pakistan it was called "Khalid".

Crew - 3 people Clearance - 0.48 m (1.6 ft) Armament: Maximum speed main - 125-mm cannon on the highway - 57.25 km / h (36 coaxial machine gun - 1 x miles per hour) Power reserve - 7.62 mm 430 km (266 mi) anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 x 12.7 mm wall clearance - 0.8 m (2.62 ft) - 41 t (90,200 lb) Ditch width Specific engine power - -2.7 m (8.9 ft) Depth a - 18 l. s/t Length from ford - 1.4 m (4.6 ft) gun forward - 10.28 m with a capacity of 730 liters. With; non-auto Width - 3.45 m (11.3 ft) automatic mechanical Height - 2.3 m (7.5 ft) transmission Main battle tank "Type 80", NORINCO "Type 80-11" is used only in the Chinese army tank "Type 80" NORINCO (North China Industrial Corporation) began in 1978, and built the first prototype in 1985.

Outwardly, the tank resembles the Type 69, however, a 105-mm NATO-standard rifled gun with a powder gas ejector and a thermally insulating casing is installed in the cast turret. The new chassis includes six road wheels per side, top part suspension is covered by a screen. The 105-mm gun is stabilized in the vertical and horizontal planes, and the automatic control system includes a digital ballistic computer and a laser rangefinder. Mesh baskets for stacking are mounted along the sides and stern of the tower. CHINA

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A large number of Type 69 tanks were used by Iraq during the Gulf War. The Type 69 main battle tank was first publicly introduced in 1982, it was an improved Type 59 tank, which in turn was a copy of the Russian T-54. The Type 69 was released and marketed by NORINCO (North China Industrial Corporation).

At the beginning of production, Type 69-1 tanks had a 100-mm smoothbore gun, but soon they were replaced by Type 69-I tanks with a 100-mm rifled gun, stabilized in two planes, and an FCS installation with a digital ballistic computer and a laser rangefinder , designed to increase the probability of hitting the first shot.

Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic fire fighting equipment, ;

kitdi night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver and a system for setting smoke screens by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust tract from the left side of the hull (thermosmoke equipment). The production of the Type 69-11 tank was also launched in Pakistan.

Options:

Twin 37mm SPAAG (self-propelled anti-aircraft gun) Twin 57mm Type 80 SPAAG. Tank bridgelayer "Type 84". BREM "Type 653".

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Type 63 light tank, NORINCO North Vietnamese troops used the Type 63 in the offensive of 1972 and in the final conquest of South Vietnam As part of the military assistance program, the Russians supplied China with PT-76 light amphibious tanks in the late 1950s. Probably they were also produced in China under the designation "Type 60". Further development in China itself led to the appearance of a light amphibious tank "Type 63", which looks similar to the Russian PT-76, but differs in a turret welded from cast parts, an 85-mm cannon and more powerful engine. In the future, as far as is known, the "Type 63" was not equipped with either a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, or any night vision devices CHINA. In its original form, it was not equipped with an SLA either, although in subsequent years some vehicles were seen laser rangefinders mounted on the mask on top of the 85-mm gun and designed to increase the probability of hitting the first shot. "Type 63"

overcomes water obstacles without preparation, two water cannons in the stern of the hull serve as a mover on the water.

Before entering the water, a surge shield rises in the frontal part of the hull and the water pump is turned on.

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GIAT advertises Leclerc as "third generation" main battle tank The Leclerc main battle tank was developed by GIAT Industries. The first prototype was built in 1989, and the first production vehicles appeared in 1991.

In addition to an order from the French army, in 1993 an order was received from the United United Arab Emirates for 388 Leclerc tanks, 2 training vehicles for training mechanics and 46 ARVs on a tank chassis. The machines of this order had a number of differences, including a German-made power unit, Leclerc provides for a crew of three.

The automatic loader for the 120 mm smoothbore gun, mounted in the stern of the turret, contains 22 ready shots and makes it possible to achieve a high combat rate of fire. Other features of the tank are spaced reservation of the front part of the hull and turret, passive two-channel (day / night) observation devices for the commander, gunner and driver, as well as a computerized FCS with FRANCE sights for the commander and gunner with a stabilized field of view, a digital combat information control system, a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, as well as the ability to overcome deep fords. Nine smoke grenade launchers are mounted on the sides of the tower, adapted for firing grenades not only with smoke-producing equipment.

Options:

BREM - has an elongated body, equipped with a winch and a crane boom.

Sapper tank - proposed for further development, should have the same elongated hull. Training machine for the training of driver-mechanics.

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The AMX-ZOV tanks waited for active use in battles already at the end of their service - during the Gulf War, the AMX-30 was developed by order of the French army in the late 1950s, the first production vehicles were assembled in 1966 at a factory in Rouen, now owned by G1AT Industries. The production of these tanks has been completed, and their replacement in the French army with the Lek-lerk, armed with a 120-mm cannon, has already begun.

The standard set of procedures for upgrading this tank to the AMX-30V2 level includes the installation of an automatic fire control system with a laser rangefinder, automatic air defense, an increased power engine, an NBC protection system, an upgrade of night vision devices and suspension, and installation of underwater driving equipment is also possible. Some cars are now equipped with EDS.

Especially for export to the Middle East, a modification of the AMX-30S was developed.

Options:

AMX-30S (export only) ARV AMX-30D Tank bridge layer AMX-30 Sapper tank AMX-30 Tank minesweeper AMX-30 Self-propelled air defense systems ( anti-aircraft missile systems) on the AMX-30 chassis ("Roland" or "Shahine") Twin 30-mm ZSU on the AMX-30 chassis 155-mm GCT self-propelled howitzer on the AMX-30 chassis Training tank AMX-30 for training mechanics

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The AMX-13 tank is used by many South American armies. The first prototype of the AMX-13 light tank was assembled in 1948, and the first production vehicles were built by the current GIAT Industries plant in 1952. Subsequently, the AMX-13 chassis was borrowed by many vehicles, in including BMP AMX-VCI, 105- and 155-mm self-propelled howitzers.

The first production vehicles were equipped with a 75 mm gun, and later modifications with a 90 mm or 105 mm gun, although the French army did not accept this option. AMX-13 has a unique oscillating type turret - the upper oscillating part of the turret is mounted on trunnions on the lower swivel. The cannon is attached to the top of the turret along with a loading machine D FRANCE with 12 shots ready in two revolver magazines.

Initially, the AMX-13 did not have a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction or night vision devices, although later some of the tank buyers themselves installed night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver, an automatic control system, including a laser yes / number, as well as a diesel engine.

Options:

BMP BREM MLRS (multiple launch rocket system |

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After the termination of the German-American work on the MVT-70 tank, Germany began independent development of the Leopard-2 main battle tank in 1970. The first prototype was equipped with a 105 or 120 mm caliber gun. In 1977, the variant with a 120 mm gun was chosen.

The production of "Leopard-2" was established by the firms "KraussMaffei" and "MaK", and in 1979 the first serial machines were assembled. Since then, 3000 pieces have been ordered and built, in 1994 production was resumed by order of Sweden. All Leopard-2 tanks are armed with a 120-mm smoothbore gun, which was later installed on american tanks M1A1 / M1A2. The tanks have a two-plane stabilizer of the main armament, an automatic fire control system, two-channel (day/night) sights with a thermal imaging channel, equipment for overcoming deep fords, automatic air defense and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

The German army has begun upgrading 225 Leopard-2 tanks to the level of Leopard-2 (improved A5). This provides for a number of innovations, including additional booking. Such a model, built for Sweden, was designated Slrv-122, while Leopard-2s supplied from the German army are known in Sweden under the designation Strv-121. In Switzerland, Leopard 2 is known under the designation Pz87.

Options:

BREM Training tank

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The Leopard-J was sold to many NATO armies The main battle tank Leopard (Leopard-1) was developed from the late 1950s, the first one was built in 1960. Krauss-Maffei was chosen as the main contractor, the first tanks "Leopard-1"

assembled in 1965. The MaK firm was chosen to produce special vehicles on the Leopard chassis, but it also produced tanks.

All modifications of the Leopard-1 are armed with a standard rifled 105-mm L7 cannon and have the same power units. The first serial modification was the Leonard-1, followed by 1A2, IA3 and 1A4, the latter two having welded turrets. Tanks "Leopard-1" were subsequently brought to the level of 1A1. Modification "LeopardA5" is the original "Leopard-1", but equipped with an automatic FCS, GERMANY The standard equipment of the tank includes equipment for overcoming deep fords, night vision devices, auto-magic anti-missile systems and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. In addition, a self-digging device can be hung on the frontal part of the body. Many countries have carried out their own modernization of the tank, which included the installation of additional armor.

Options:

Sapper ("pioneer") tank BREM Tank bridge layer Training tank Twin 35-mm ZSU ("Gepard")

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Developed in Germany, the TAM tank was built in Argentina In the early 1970s, the German company ThyssenHenschel created two vehicles for Argentina - the TAM medium tank and the VCI infantry fighting vehicle.

Prototypes were built in Germany, and serial production was established in Argentina by TAMSE.

In total, about 350 machines of both types were produced. The vehicles use components and assemblies of the Marder-1 infantry fighting vehicle, which is in service with the German army. The 105-mm gun of the TAM tank is designed for NATO standard rounds.

The standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and a mount for additional fuel tanks at the stern. For sale abroad "Thyssen-Henschel"

also developed the TN-301 tank, which has a number of improvements, including commander's sights and sights with a stabilized field of view, an automatic control system, a low-level television camera mounted above the gun, and an engine increased to 750 hp. With. power. The TAM variants listed below were developed in Argentina.

Options:

BREM VCBT 155-mm self-propelled howitzer VCA 155 MLRS BMP VC1

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Clearance - 0.45 m (1.5 ft) Armament: Maximum speed main - 105 mm gun on the highway - 76 km / h (47 miles coaxial machine gun - 1 x per hour) 7.62 mm Cruising range - 550 km (341 misenite machine guns - 1 x la) - 2.9 m (9.5 ft) Depth a - 22.78 l. s / t Length from the ford - 1.4 m (4.6 ft) gun forward - 8.17 m Power unit - 6-tsift) Length along the hull lindr diesel MTU MB - 6.775 m (22 ft) 833 Ka-500 power 720 Width - 3.305 m (10.8 ft] hp; Renk transmission

Height - 2,436 m (8 ft) HSWL 204 MkZ Merkava main battle tank

Israeli combat experience led to the development of the Merkava tank

The Merkava (War Chariot) tank was developed by order of the Israeli armored corps, and its design embodied the lessons of the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973.

The first prototype was built in 1974, the first serial Merkava Mkl appeared in 1979. They were armed with a standard 105 mm M68 rifled gun. Further development gave a modification of the Merkava Mk2, which began its service at the end of 1983. This model had improved armor protection and, in addition to the main armament, a 60-mm mortar; also featured a new transmission and an improved SLA. Later, many tanks of the Mkl model were upgraded to the Mk2 level.

In current production is the MkZ model, improved with a 120 mm smoothbore gun and better armor for the turret and hull. The new power-ISRAEL unit increased the power-to-weight ratio, and the improved suspension increased the ability to move over rough terrain.

The standard equipment of the Merkava main battle tanks includes an automatic control system with a laser rangefinder. The main armament is stabilized in the horizontal and vertical planes. There is a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, night vision devices, as well as a large door in the rear of the hull, which serves to replenish ammunition.

Options:

155-mm self-propelled howitzer "Slammer" (prototype)

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Italian tank battalions are now receiving C1 "Ariette" tanks

The C1 Ariette main battle tank was developed by a consortium including Iveco and OTOBreda (formerly OTO-Melara), with the former dealing with the power unit and suspension, the latter with the undercarriage, turret, weapons system and final assembly . A total of six examples were built. The Italian army placed an order for 200 tanks, production was set up at a special plant of the OTO-Breda company.

The main armament was a 120-mm smoothbore gun, equipped with a thermally insulating casing, a powder gas ejector and a barrel alignment control device. The 120-mm gun is designed for the same shots as the guns of the Leopard-2, Leclerc and M1A1 / M1A2 tanks, is fully stabilized in the vertical and horizontal planes, the digital control system includes dual-channel (day / night) sights 14 ITALY of the commander and gunner with a stabilized field of view.

The standard equipment includes automatic air defense, as well as a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and equipment for overcoming deep fords. Currently, research work is focused on the creation of the C1 "Ariette" Mk2, which will have a number of improvements, including a more modern control system, an automatic loader for a 120 mm smoothbore gun, as well as a hydropneumatic suspension, a 1500 hp diesel engine. With. and improved booking.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Clearance - 0.44 m (1.44 ft] Armament: main - Maximum speed 120-mm cannon twin travel on the highway - 65 km / h machine gun - 1 x 7.62 mm (40.3 miles in hour) Reserve anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 stroke - 550 km (310 mi] x 7.62 mm Combat Cruising Weight - 54 t (118,800 walls - 2.1 m (6.9 ft] lbs | Climbing Width Specific Engine Power - ditch - 3 m (9.8 ft) Body depth - 24.07 l.s / t Ford length - 1.2 m (4 ft) Power with gun forward - 9.669 block - 12-cylinder Vm (31.7 ft ) Length along the shaped VECO diesel hull - 7.59 m (24.8 ft) MTSA with a capacity of 1300 l.e.;

Width - 3,601 m (11.8 ft] automatic transmission Height - 2.5 m (8.2 ft] ZF LSG 3000 Main battle tank OF-40, "OTO-Breda"

OF-40, developed in an initiative manner, was sold to Dubai

The OF-40 was developed in the late 1970s by the then OTO-Melara (now OTO-Breda) and Fiat

(now Iveco) for sale abroad. The first copy was collected in 1980.

Dubai ordered two batches of OF-40 tanks: 18 Mkl and 18 Mk2 modifications. The former were subsequently upgraded to the Mk2 level, including a digital automatic FCS, stabilized day/night panoramic sight heads mounted on the roof of the turret, and a low-level television camera mounted above the 105 mm rifled tank gun.

The standard equipment includes a laser rangefinder, stabilization mechanisms for a 105-mm gun, designed for NATO-standard shots, a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and equipment for overcoming deep fords. The OF-40 chassis can be used to mount other turrets - for example, with 76mm or twin 35mm anti-aircraft installation equipped with a target search and tracking radar. A modified OF-40 chassis with a different power unit is used for the 155-mm Palmaria self-propelled artillery system, created by OTOBreda, also for sale abroad.

The OF-40/120 Mk2A main battle tank under development is a modified OF-40 chassis with a 1000 hp diesel engine. With. and a turret similar to the C1 Arietta tank, but armed with a rifled 120 mm tank gun.

Options:

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*** **«.., : *%?*&«* "*.

The Type 90 tank is armed with a 120-mm smoothbore gun. The Type 90 main battle tank has been developed by Mitsubishi Xvi Industries since the mid-1970s under the designation STC, the first two appeared in 1982-1984.

After much testing, the prototypes were modified, and the car was accepted into service under the designation "Type 90", placing the first order in 1990.

The Type 90 has a crew of three and an automatic loader for a 120-mm smoothbore gun installed in the turret niche, similar to the gun of the German Rheinmetall company, which is used on the Leopard-2 main battle tank, and in a modified version - on American M1A1 and MIA2. In Japan, this gun is manufactured under license.

Suspension of the tank "Type 90" - mixed type with torsion bars on two central road wheels and hydro-JAPAN with pneumatic suspension of the outer rollers, which allows the driver to change the clearance from 0.2 to 0.6 m.

The standard equipment includes passive night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver, an automated digital control system, electric mechanisms for pointing and stabilizing the gun, and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. In addition to this, a self-digging device can be hung on the front of the hull.

Options:BREM "Type 90"

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 people Clearance - 0.45 m (1.5 ft) Armament: Maximum speed main - 120 mm highway cannon - 70 km / h coaxial machine gun - 1 x (43.4 mph) Reserve 7, 62-mm travel - 400 km (248 miles) anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 Height to overcome x 12.7-mm Combat wall - 1 m (3.3 ft) weight - 50 t 7.3 ft.) Depth

S / t Length with Power block - 10-wheel forward - 9.755 lindr diesel "MitsubiM (32 ft) Length along si" 10 ZG with a capacity of 1500 hull - 7.5 m (24.6 ft) l. s, automatic Width - 3.43 m (11.3 ft) transmission Height - 3.045 m (10 ft) Type 74 Mitsubishi main battle tank

Tank "Type 74" has a controlled suspension

The Type 74 main battle tank has been developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries since the early 1960s to replace the Type 61 tank armed with a 90mm cannon.

The first prototypes were built in 1969 under the designation STB, and after extensive testing and further refinement, the vehicle was adopted as the "Type 74".

It is known that for ground forces Japan's self-defense purchased a total of 873 Type 74 tanks. They were never offered for export.

The tank is standardly equipped with an SLA, a stabilized 105-mm rifled tank gun capable of firing all types of shots (including a shot with an armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile with a detachable pallet) and having a powder gas ejector and a thermal insulating casing, and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. In addition, a self-digging device can be hung on the front of the hull. An unusual feature of the Type 74 secret is the presence of a controlled hydropneumatic suspension that allows the tank to rise or fall with a change in ground clearance from 200 to 650 mm.

Options:

BREM "Type 78"

ZSU "Type 87"

Tank bridgelayer "Type 93"

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naya ejector and T-shaped muzzle brake. There is a commander's cupola with a remote installation of a 12.7-mm machine gun, which can be fired from inside the vehicle. On some tanks, these machine guns are equipped with shields. Tanks "Type 61" have neither an automatic control system nor a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

Options:

Training tank "Type 61" BREM "Type 70"

Sapper tank "Type 67"

Tank bridgelayer "Type 67"

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Specific engine power Armament: main - body - 17.14 liters. s / t Length with a 90-mm gun coaxial gun forward - 8.19 m machine gun - 1 x 7.62 mm (26.9 ft) Length along the hull anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 - 6.3 m (20.7 ft) x 12.7 mm Combat Width - 2.95 m (9.7 ft) weight - 35 t (77,000 Height - 3.16 m (10.36 ft) lb) Clearance -0.4 m (1.3 ft) Maximum speed (3.2 ft) highway travel - 45 km/h Power pack - 12-cylinder miles per hour) Spare V-twin diesel travel - 200 km (124 miles) Mitsubishi "Type 12" HN 21 The height of the overcome WT with a turbocharged power wall - 0.685 m (2.2 ft) Tew 600 l. e.; manual transmission width -2.489 m (8.1 ft) and fording depth - 0.99 m T-80U main battle tank

T-80U tanks are currently in service with the armies of Russia and China

The T-80 main battle tank was developed at the Kirovsky Zavod Production Association in Leningrad, the first production vehicles were assembled in the late 1970s.

After being put into service, the T-80 was repeatedly upgraded, the latest modification of the T-80U has a more powerful gas turbine engine and significantly improved armor, and a 125-mm smoothbore gun can be used to launch an ATGM guided by a laser beam at a distance of up to 4000 m (9K119 guided weapon system ). Early T-80s were not equipped with ERA elements. Like the Ti T-72, the T-80 has a crew of three and the 125mm gun is equipped with an automatic loader.

The standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic PPO, OPVT (equipment for underwater driving of a tank), which makes it possible to overcome water barriers up to 6 m deep. There are also night vision devices (amplifying or television type) for the commander, gunner and driver.

Options:

T-80 (basic modification) T-80B (modernized cannon and control system, guided weapon system, improved protection) T-80BK T-80BV command tank equipped with EDZ T-80BIK command tank equipped with T-80U EDZ (gas turbine engine GTD- 1250) and UD (diesel engine 6TD)

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 people Maximum speed Armament: travel on the highway - 70 km / h main - 125 mm cannon (43 mph) Stock coaxial machine gun - 1 x travel - 335 km (208 7.62 mm miles) I Height to be overcome x 12.7-mm Combat wall - 1 m (3.3 ft) weight - 46 t (101,200 Width of the overcome lb) ditch - 2.85 m (9.4 ft) Specific engine power - Fording depth (without OPVT) - body - 27.2 l s / t Length with 1.2 m (3.9 ft) gun forward - 9.656 m 1250 l-s; manual Width - 3.589 m (11.8 ft) mechanical Height - 2.202 m (7.2 ft) transmission with hydroservoClearance - 0.446 m (1.5 ft) controlled Main battle tank T-72S

T-72 were the best tanks, which Iraq could use in 1991

The T-72 main battle tank was developed at Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil and put into production in 1971, its licensed production was delivered in Czechoslovakia, India, Iraq, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia, Like the T-64 and T-80 , the T-72 tank has a crew of three, and the 125-mm gun is equipped with an automatic loader.

After being put into service, the T-72 was repeatedly upgraded, the latest (export) modification of the vehicle has a more powerful engine, in addition, it has enhanced armor protection, and a 125-mm smoothbore gun can be used to launch an ATGM guided by a laser beam (9M119, a guided weapon system 9K120) at a distance of up to 4000 m. Some modifications of the T-72 are equipped with an EDZ.

RUSSIA Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic PPO, OPVT, which makes it possible to overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep. There are also night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver, as well as devices for hanging various mine trawls or self-digging devices.

Options:

There are many modifications of the basic T-72 (T-72A and AB, T-72M and Ml, T-72B and B1); the command tank is designated T-72K (T-72AK)

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The T-64 tank was never exported to the Warsaw Pact countries. The T-64 main battle tank was developed at the Kharkov Design Bureau at the end of the 1960s, the first production samples were equipped with a 115-mm smoothbore gun, similar to the T-62 tank, but equipped with an automatic loader . The T-64 (produced by the Malyshev plant) was never sold abroad, even to countries that were members of the former Warsaw Pact. The main production model T-64A was put into service in 1969.

This tank was equipped with a 125-mm smoothbore gun, equipped with an automatic loader, which made it possible to reduce the crew to three people: commander, gunner and driver. After being put into service, the T-64 was repeatedly upgraded, the T-64B model has enhanced armor protection and an automatic control system that allows firing the radio-controlled AT-8 Songster ATGM (9M112, 9K112-1 guided weapon system) at a distance of up to 4000 m. Even later RUSSIA T-64 tanks were equipped with EDS on the hull and turret to increase their combat survivability.

Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic PPO, OPVT, which allows you to overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep, as well as night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver, and devices for hanging various mine trawls or self-digging devices.

Options:

Command tank T-64AK Serial tank T-64B T-64R

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The T-62 tanks were widely used during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The T-62 main battle tank was developed in Nizhny Tagil on the basis of the earlier T-55 and, after testing, was put into service in 1962. It was first shown to the public in 1965 It was also built in Czechoslovakia on foreign orders.

Since 1967, a number of improvements have appeared in the design of the tank:

The weapon system was modified for firing ATGMs with laser beam guidance and a flight range of up to 5000 m (guided weapon system 9K116-1 Sheksna, American designation AT-10).

The standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic fire protection, it is also possible to install RUSSIA OPVT, which allows you to overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep. There are also night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver, the ability to set up smoke screens due to the injection of diesel fuel into exhaust tract on the left side of the body (thermosmoke equipment).

Options:

Serial modification of the T-62D with the Drozd active protection system Command tank T-62K Serial modification of the T-62M with the AT-10 (Sheksna) guided weapon system T-62 flamethrower tank

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T-54 and T-55 tanks produced in huge numbers The T-54 tank was developed shortly after the end of World War II. The first copy appeared in 1946, and the first serial ones - in 1947. It is alleged that over 50,000 T-54 / T-55 tanks were built, production was discontinued in 1981. They were also produced in China (under the designation "Type 59 ”), Czechoslovakia (M-77) and Poland.

The T-54 was followed by an improved modification of the T-55. Both tanks are armed with a 100 mm cannon, but have many variants, as well as modifications made in user countries. Some vehicles have new SLAs and additional armor. Some Egyptian vehicles also received the British 105 mm L7 rifled tank gun.

RUSSIA Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic fire protection systems, it is also possible to install OPVT and night vision devices for the commander, gunner and driver. It is possible to install smoke screens by injecting diesel fuel into the exhaust tract (thermosmoke equipment).

Options:

Armored tractors (BTS-2, BTS-4) Tank bridge layers (MTU-12, MTU-20, MTU-55) Engineering vehicle (IMR) Flame-thrower tank (OT-55)

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T-34s from the Second World War still serve in the former Yugoslavia The first model of the T-34 medium tank entered service with the Russian army in 1940 and was equipped with a 76-mm cannon. The medium tank T-34-85 entered service in 1943 and was equipped with a long-barreled 85 mm gun.

The release of this model continued in Russia until 1948. In the post-war period, the T-34-85 was produced in the former Czechoslovakia and Poland. T-34-85 took an active part in armed conflicts in Korea, the Middle East, and Africa. They are no longer in service with modernly equipped armies, but they are still used as tanks of combat units in Africa and Asia.

The layout of the T-34 crew is classic:

the driver is in front on the left, the machine gunner (radio machine gunner) to his right, a triple tower in the center and the engine compartment in the rear of the hull.

The machine has neither protection against weapons of mass destruction, nor night vision devices. Its power reserve can be increased by installing additional fuel tanks on the sides of the hull in the stern.

Options:

BREM (a number of options) Tank bridge layer Tank bulldozer

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The PT-76 is lightly armored despite its size. The PT-76 light amphibious tank was developed shortly after the end of World War II and entered service in 1950. The number of vehicles produced is estimated at about 7000, latest machines surrendered in the early 1960s.

The first production model is equipped with a 76 mm D-56T cannon with a long slotted jet muzzle brake. The more well-known model has a number of differences, including the installation of a 76mm D-56TM cannon with an active muzzle brake and a propellant gas ejector in the muzzle of the barrel; PT-76B - stabilized 76-mm gun D-56TS.

RUSSIA Standard equipment includes night vision devices, and some of the vehicles are equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. To increase the power reserve of the PT-76, additional fuel tanks can be installed on its stern.

Before the tank enters the water, a surge shield on the front hull plate is raised, and the bilge pump is turned on.

In China, under the designation "Type 63" there is a similar model, but with a different tower.

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The initial development of the Type 88 was carried out by General Dynamics.

The Type 88 main battle tank, also known as the K-1, was developed for the South Korean army by a company now called General Dynamics Land Divisions. The first prototypes were assembled in the USA in 1983, In 1984 v.

production was transferred to South Korea to the Hyundai Provision Mashn Gun Ind Company, and the first mass-produced cars were assembled in 1985.

The main armament is a 105-mm M68 rifled tank gun, proven by combat service, fully stabilized in the horizontal and vertical planes. The digital automatic control system includes a two-channel (day / night thermal imaging) gunner's sight with a stabilized field of view, and the commander uses a panoramic sight with a stabilized field of view mounted in the turret. The suspension of the road wheels is controlled, which allows you to give the main armament a declination angle of up to -10, there is also a track tension adjustment system controlled from the inside of the machine. To increase survivability on the battlefield, the hull and turret have additional combined armor. The standard equipment includes equipment for overcoming deep fords, automatic PPO and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

Options:

BREM tank bridgelayer

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Outstanding for its reckless scheme, the Swedish tank "S"

on maneuvers The S tank was developed by Bofors from the late 1950s for the Swedish army, after testing a number of prototype vehicles in the Swedish army in 1966, in 1971.

Only 300 "S" tanks were delivered.

After being adopted by the Swedish army, the "S" tank was repeatedly upgraded.

The latest was the Strv-YUZS modification, which has a number of improvements, including the replacement of the Rolls-Royce K-60 engine with the Detroit Diesel engine, as well as a modified transmission, laser rangefinder and additional fuel tanks. The main armament is a 105-mm rifled tank gun with an automatic loader mounted in the breech of the hull. Guidance of the 105-mm gun is carried out by the driver vertically by raising or lowering the suspension of the road wheels, and in the direction - by turning the entire machine. A buoyancy casing is laid along the perimeter of the upper part of the hull. With the casing deployed, the "S" tank

can move through the water by rewinding tracks with a maximum speed of 6 km / h. Although the "S" tank did not become the basis of the family of vehicles, some of its units were used in the 155-mm self-propelled artillery system "Bandkanon"

firm "Bofors", which is in service only with the Swedish army.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 people Maximum speed Armament: main - on the highway - 50 km / h (31 miles per 105-mm cannon coupled hour) Power reserve - 390 km (241 machine guns - 2 x 7.62-mm miles) anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 x Height of 7.62 mm wall to be overcome - 0.9 m (3 ft) Width Combat weight - 39.5 t of ditch to be overcome - 2.3 m (86,900 lb) (7.5 ft) Fording depth (without engine power preparation) - 1.5 m (5 ft) body - 19.74 liters. s / t Length with Power block - a combination of a gun forward - 8.99 and a diesel engine "Detroit Diesel"

(29.5 ft) Length over hull Models 6V-53T - 7.04 m (23.1 ft) 290 hp With. and gas turbine Width - 3.63 m (11.9 ft) engine "Boeing" -533 power Height - 2.43 m (8 ft) with a capacity of 490 liters. c: transmission Clearance - 0.5 m (1.6 ft) "Volvo"

Tank destroyer (light tank) IKV-91, "Högglunds Vikl"

Tank destroyer lkv-91 adapted for war in arctic conditions

The tracked tank destroyer lkv-91 was developed for the Swedish army by Högtlunds Wikl. The first prototype was assembled in 1969, mass production lasted from 1975 to 1978. The machine was never exported and was no longer presented on the market.

The design of the lkv-91 uses a number of units and assemblies of the tracked armored personnel carrier Pbv-302 of the same company Högglunds Wikl.

The layout of the machine is traditional (classical) - the control compartment is in front, the tower is in the center and the power unit (engine-transmission compartment) is in the stern.

The main armament is a 90-mm cannon equipped with a thermally insulating shroud SWEDENIA and an ejector, and firing feathered high-explosive cumulative projectiles. A 7.62 mm machine gun is attached to the main armament, another 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted above the loader's hatch. A block of six smoke grenade launchers is mounted on both sides of the tower.

The LMS includes a laser rangefinder. With training, Ikv-91 can overcome water obstacles, moving through water by rewinding tracks with a maximum speed of 6.5 km / h. The standard equipment includes an illuminating rocket launcher, a WMD protection system and anti-cumulative screens.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Clearance - 0.37 m (1.2 ft | Armament: main - Maximum speed of the 90-mm cannon coaxial on the highway - 65 km / h (40.3 miles machine gun - 1 x 7.62-mm in hour) Power reserve - 500 km anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 x (310 miles) 7.62 mm Height to be overcome Combat weight - 16.3 tons of wall - 0.8 m (2.6 ft) (35,860 lb) Width to be overcome Specific engine power - 2.8 m (9.2 ft) la - 20.25 hp turbocharged - 6.41 m (21 ft) Volvo Peita TD 120 A Width - 3 m (9.8 ft). with a capacity of 330 liters. With; auto height - 2.32 m (7.6 ft) Allison automatic transmission

Main battle tank Pz-68

Rg-68 is the only tank designed and built in Switzerland

The first Swiss designed and assembled main battle tank was the Pz-61. In 1965-1966 150 tanks were built, since 1995 they have been removed from service with the Swiss army. Further development of the Pz-61 led to the appearance of the Pz, which, like its predecessor, is armed with a 105 mm rifled tank gun. Between 1971 and 1984, 390 Pz-68 main battle tanks were created in four series - Mk 1, 2,3 and 4.

During the construction, the Pz-68 tanks were not equipped with an FCS, but some of them have now been upgraded by installing a digital automatic FCS, a gunner's sight with a stabilized field of view, a barrel alignment control device, an improved suspension and an anti-OMP protection system. After the modernization, the tanks received the designation RgPz -68 was the last main battle tank designed and built in Switzerland, followed by the installation of the German Leopard-2, under the designation Pz-87 Leo.

Options: Tank bridge layer Bra Pz-68BREM Entp Pz-65 Self-propelled target Pz Zielfz

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Clearance - 0.41 m (1.3 ft) Armament: Maximum speed main - 105-mm aushka on the highway - 55 km / h (34.1 miles coaxial machine gun - 1 x per hour) 7.5 -mm Power reserve - 350 km anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 (217 miles) X 7.5 mm Wall climbing height Combat weight - 39.7 tons - 0.75 m (2.5 ft) Width (87,340 lbs) climbing - ditch -2.6 m Specific engine power (8.5 ft) Fording depth - 1.1 m la - 16.62 l. s. / t Length with (3.6 ft) gun forward - 9.49 m Power unit - 8-cylinder ft) Length along the hull diesel engine MTU MB 837 - 6.88 M (22.6 ft) Va-500 with a power of 660 l. With;

Width - 3.14 m (33.8 ft) semi-automatic trans Height - 2.88 m (9.5 ft) mission SLM Challenger 2 Vickers main battle tank

The production of the Challenger 2 tank is currently being rolled out for the British Army and Oman Further refinement of the Challenger 1 tank by Vickers Defense Systems led to the appearance of the Challenger 2 main battle tank, which is ordered by the British Army in the amount of 386 pieces with the start of delivery in 1994.

(in the future - 2000 pieces). Oman ordered 18 Challenger 2 tanks. As the Challenger 2 enters the British Army, the remaining Chieftain and Challenger 1 main battle tanks will be retired.

With all the outward similarity to the Challenger-1, the Challenger-2 tank has a number of improvements, including a qualitatively new turret with a new 120-mm L30 rifled tank gun, firing a new sub-caliber armor-piercing tracer with a detachable pallet and a feathered depleted uranium core . New digital automatic

GREAT BRITAIN

The control system, electric drives for aiming and stabilizing the gun, as well as the sights of the commander and gunner with a stabilized field of view provide a high probability of hitting a target from the first shot day and night.

The standard equipment includes a thermal imaging camera on top of the 120-mm gun mask, which transmits an image to the gunner and tank commander, as well as a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, devices for attaching additional fuel tanks to the stern of the hull and mounting a "combat bulldozer blade" on its front.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Maximum speed Armament: on the highway - 56 km / h (34.8 main - 120 mm cannon mph) Power reserve - coaxial machine gun - 1 x 450 km (279 miles) 7.62 mm Height surmountable anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 wall - 0.9 m (3 ft) Width x 7.62 mm "Combat surmountable ditch - 2.34 weight - 62.5 t (137 m (7.7 ft) Fording depth - 500 lb) 1.07 m (3.5 ft) Specific engine power - Power unit - 12-cylinder - 19.2 l.s / t Length with a flat V-shaped diesel gun forward - 11.55 m take the hull) Condor "V-12 1200 - 8.327 m (27.3 ft) with a power of 1200 hp; transWidth - 3.52 m (11.5 ft) mission" David Brown Wickle Height - 2.49 m (8, 17 ft) Transmissions TN54 Clearance - 0.5 m (1.6 ft) Challenger 1 main battle tank, Vickers

The Challenger 1 tanks were used with great success by the British during the Gulf War. The Challenger 1 was based on the Shir 2 tank, which was originally developed for Iran by a company then called Royal Armament Research and Development Worst. The production of the Challenger 1 was supplied by the Royal Ordnance plant in Leeds (now owned by Vickers Defense Systems), in total, 420 vehicles were delivered to the British Army from 1983 to 1990. The 120-mm rifled tank gun is similar to that installed on the main battle tanks "Chieften", and the automatic control system, including a laser rangefinder, is also similar.

The standard equipment includes two-channel (day / night thermal) sights for the commander and gunner, a stabilization system for a 120-mm gun, a system for protecting against weapons of mass destruction, as well as devices for attaching additional fuel tanks to the rear of the hull and

GREAT BRITAIN

fastening the "combat bulldozer blade" on its front.

For operations in the Middle East, such as Operation Desert Storm, the Challenger-1 was modified in a number of key areas, including the installation of an EDS on the frontal hull plate and overhead passive armor elements of the Chobham type on the sides.

Options: BREM "Challenger" AC ARRVTraining tank "Challenger" STT

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Maximum speed Armament: on the highway - 56 km / h (34.8 main - 120 mm cannon mph) Power reserve - coaxial machine gun - 1 x 450 km (279 miles) 7.62 mm Height surmountable anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 wall - 0.9 m (3 ft) Width x 7.62 mm Combat weight of the ditch to be overcome - 2.8 and - 62 t (136,400 lb) (9.2 ft) Fording depth - 1.07 Specific engine power (3.5 ft) of the body - 19.35 liters. s / t Length Power block - 12-cylinder with gun forward - 11.56 m rovy V-shaped diesel (37.9 ft) Length along the hull "Perkins Engineering (Shrusm (27.3 ft) take) Condor" V-12 1200 Width - 3.518 m (11.5 ft) with a capacity of 1200 liters. With; transVysota - 2.95 m (9.7 ft) mission "David Brown Wickle Clearance - 0.5 m (1.6 ft) Transmissions" TN37 Main battle tank "Chieften", "Vickers"

The Chieftain was the British Army's main battle tank for over 30 years. The Chieftain's main battle tank was developed in the late 1950s as a replacement for the Centurion tanks. Its production was supplied by the Royal Ordnance factories in Leeds (acquired by Vickers Defense Systems in 1986) and Vickers Defense Systems in Newcastle.

During the construction of the "Chieftain" was not equipped with an SLA, and a 12.7-mm sighting machine gun was used to determine the range to the target. When the track of the bullet was aligned with the target, a correction was made to the sight of the 120 mm gun.

The main battle tanks "Chieften" of the British army were subsequently equipped with an automatic control system with a laser rangefinder, thermal imaging night sights and additional armor protection.

The 120-mm rifled gun is designed for separate loading shots (projectile and propellant) and is similar to the gun mounted on the Challenger-1 main battle tank. The standard equipment of the tank includes devices for attaching a “combat bulldozer blade” to the hull and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

Options:

Challenger repair vehicle Royal Engineers Challenger engineering vehicle Challenger tank bridge

BREM "Challenger"

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Centurion tanks of the South African Defense Forces The Centurion tank was developed before the end of World War II. Production was supplied by Vickers Defense Systems, Leyland Motors and the Royal Ordnance factories in Woolwich and Leeds. A total of 4423 " Centurion, their production was completed in 1962. Although the Chief-ten tank appeared in the British army, the Centurion is still in service today in a number of countries.

The first copies had 17-pounder (76.2 mm) guns, subsequent serial ones were armed with a 20-pounder (83.8 mm) and, finally, the famous 105-mm L7 gun, which was subsequently installed on other tanks, including the Leopard 1 , M48A5, Merkava Mkl and Mk2, M60 / M60A1, you can also mention the tanks Ml and UK "Type 88". Some countries - Israel and South Africa, for example - installed SLAs, passive night vision devices, and new reservations on their Centurions.

In total, there are 13 basic modifications (brands) of the Centurion and many variants and local modifications (in user countries).

Options:

BREM tank bridgelayer

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The MkZ main battle tank was developed by Vickers as an initiative In the late 1950s, the company now known as Vickers Defense Systems developed the Vickers tank

Mkl for Indian army. It was armed with a 105 mm gun, had a Leyland L60 engine, a welded hull and turret.

The Mkl was later produced in India under the designation "Vijayanta", India also built its own special vehicles (on the same chassis), including an ARV, a tank bridge layer and a 130 mm self-propelled gun, the latter two vehicles having an extended chassis with seven road wheels on board. In 1970-1972 70 Vickers Mkl tanks delivered to Kuwait.

GREAT BRITAIN

In the course of further development, an improved MkZ model appeared, which has a cast turret, a digital FCS with a laser rangefinder, electric drives for aiming and stabilizing the turret, dual-channel (day / night) sights and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. The main armament is a 105 mm L7 cannon, designed for NATO standard rounds.

Options:

Tank bridge layer BREM

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The tiny "Scorpion" with a 76-mm or 90-mm cannon was developed by Alvis by order of the British Army, a family of tracked combat reconnaissance vehicles with a CVR base vehicle (T | (combat reconnaissance vehicle (tracked)!). The first copies were assembled in 1969 g., and the first production cars - in 1972. By 1995, over 3,500 units were built according to domestic and foreign orders.

The hull and turret are welded from aluminum armor.

The driver is located in front on the left, the engine is to his right, the double tower is in the stern. The base model FV101 "Scorpion" is armed with a 76-mm cannon, although this model has already been withdrawn from service with the British army.

Vehicles of a later build have a diesel engine, and are also distinguished by a 90-mm cannon and several variants of the FCS. With the buoyancy casing deployed, the Scorpion can swim across water obstacles, moving through the water at a speed of 6.5 km/h by rewinding the tracks. Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic PPO and night vision devices.

Options:

"Scorpion" with a 90-mm cannon armored personnel carriers "Spartan" and "Stormer"

Tank destroyers (self-propelled anti-tank systems) "Spartan" and "Stryker"

Sanitary armored personnel carrier "Samaritan"

Command vehicle "Sultan"

Armored engineering vehicle "Samson"

BRM "Simiter" and "Saber" with a 30-mm gun

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Tank M1 "Abrame" was first used in combat during the 1991 Gulf War. The main battle tank Ml "Abrame" was developed by the Chrysler Corporation (now General Dyne-mix Land Systems Division). The first copies were assembled in 1976. The first production model received the designation Ml and is equipped with the same 105-mm rifled gun, which was installed on earlier tanks of the M60 series.

The "improved" Ml, which followed the first model, had enhanced armor protection.

The first production tank of the Ml A1 modification appeared in 1985 and had many improvements, including additional armor, a 120-mm Rheinmetall smoothbore gun, an improved NBC protection system and independent suspension. Later US production models are made of armor with depleted uranium.

The latest production version of the Ml A2 has all the improvements of the M1A1 plus a thermal imaging device with an independent field of view for the tank commander. The standard equipment of all tanks of the M1 series includes a digital automatic control system, stabilization systems for the main armament and sights.

Options:

BREM (prototype) Armored engineering vehicle (prototype) Tank bridgelayer (prototype)

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During the 1970s, the M60 was the main tank in Israel General Dynamics M60 main battle tank

was a further development of the earlier M48 tank armed with a 90 mm gun, with the most significant improvement being the installation of a 10 mm rifled tank gun and a diesel engine. The M60 entered service with the US Army in 1960, and two years later, the production of the M60A1 model began, which had a number of improvements, including the installation of a brand new turret with increased ballistic protection.

The last production model was the M60AZ with a stabilizer for the main armament, a more reliable power unit and smoke grenade launchers. Model M60AZ TTS (Tank Thermal Sight - “tank thermal imaging sight”) also had an automatic FCS and a US laser rangefinder to increase the probability of hitting a target from the first shot. Although the M60 series tanks have been withdrawn from combat units, and many are decommissioned, a number of countries that received them - for example, Israel - have carried out a number of upgrades to the M60, including the installation of additional passive or "reactive" (EDZ) armor elements to increase combat survivability.

Options:

Tank bridge layer M60 Sapper tank M728

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The M48 was the only American main battle tank used in Vietnam. The N148 tank was developed from 1950, the first production vehicles were built in 1952. Production continued until 1959, when the last of more than 11,700 vehicles were assembled. In the US Army, the M48 series tanks were replaced by the M60 series, which was a further development of the M48, including many improvements, such as a new turret. 105 mm gun and diesel engine. Tanks M48, M48S, M48A1, M48A2 and M48A2S are similar to each other, having a 90-mm cannon and a gasoline engine. M48AZ was a remake of an earlier model, and the gasoline engine was replaced by a more efficient diesel one. M48A5 was the last upgrade, which included the installation of a diesel engine and a 105-mm rifled tank gun.

US S.H.I.E.L.D. Standard equipment includes NBC protection, night vision, and deep wading equipment.

Many countries, including Germany, Greece, Israel, Spain, Taiwan and Turkey, have upgraded the M48 based on their own requirements.

Options:

Tank bridgelayer M48 Tank minesweeper M48 (Germany)

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people calf - 15.89 liters. s. / t Length Armament: with a cannon forward - 9.306 m main - 105 mm cannon (30.5 ft) Length along the hull coaxial machine gun - - 6.419 m (21.1 ft) 1x7.62 mm Width -3.631 m ( 11.9 ft) anti-aircraft machine gun - 2 Height - 3.086 m (10.1 ft) x 7.62 mm Clearance - 0.419 m (1.4 ft) Combat weight - 48.987 t (107,800 ft) Specific engine powerMaximum speed (3 .99 ft) road travel - 48.28 km/h Power pack - 12-cylinder miles per hour) range 499 km (309.4 miles) flat V diesel Teledine Continental

Height overcome by AVDS 1790-2D wall power -0.915 m (Zft) 750 l. With; automatic transmission width "General Morva - 2.59 m (8.5 ft) torso" CD-850-6A Fording depth - 1.219 m Medium tank M47

Many NATO armies adopted M47 tanks in the 1950s

The M47 medium tank was developed shortly after the end of World War II, with over 8,600 built. In the US Army, the M47 was soon replaced by the M48 tanks, and a large number of M47s were supplied to a number of countries under military assistance programs. In most of these countries, the M47 is still in operation, but in much smaller numbers.

The main armament is a 90-mm cannon, and in addition to the 7.62-mm machine gun coaxial with it, there is a 7.62-mm machine gun on the right side of the frontal hull plate and a 12.7-mm machine gun mounted on the turret roof. The gasoline engine severely limited the range of the M47. During the construction of the M47, it was not equipped with the US SLA, no WMD protection system, or passive night vision devices.

The M47M tank, used in small numbers by Iran, differs from the M60A1 tank in power units and control systems, but while maintaining a 90-mm gun. The 7.62 mm machine gun was removed to increase the ammunition load of the 90 mm gun.

Options:

M M B R E M M

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The M4 is another World War II veteran still in service. The M4 Sherman medium tank was developed in 1941, and in 1942-1945. more than 48,000 tanks of various modifications were built. They were withdrawn from the US Army in the 1950s and by 1995 remained in service in only a few countries, although some modifications were used in the Yugoslav conflict. The driver is located in front on the left, the machine gunner [assistant driver] is to his right, the turret is in the middle part of the hull, and the engine is in the stern. "Sherman"

was not equipped with an OMP protection system or night vision devices. Some of the vehicles were distinguished by a 76-mm cannon or a diesel engine. The British, however, developed a modification of the Sherman Firefly, armed with a strong 17-pounder gun.

USA Among the countries that used the Sherman most extensively in the post-World War II era was Israel, which made many of its own modifications, including the M5I, with a 105mm cannon. Some of these vehicles were sold to Chile, Israel still uses the Sherman chassis for vehicles for various purposes, including a 155mm self-propelled artillery system (howitzer) and a 160mm self-propelled mortar.

Options:

105-mm self-propelled gun M7 Destroy tanks M10 and MZb BREM M32 and M74

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The prospective XM8 system will be equipped with the US airmobile forces. After consideration of the competitive proposal in 1992.

United Defense L.P. has received a contract from the US Army to develop the XM8 Armored Gun System (AGS) to replace the currently used M551 light tank. At the end of 1994

six prototypes were built. It is expected that a total of 237 production cars will be produced.

The main armament is a 105 mm rifled tank gun, designed for NATO standard shots and equipped with an automatic loader, which is located on the left side of the turret and contains 21 ready shots.

Full gun stabilization and digital auto-US magic fire control systems bark a high probability of hitting the target from the first shot. The gunner has a two-channel (day / night thermal imaging) sight with a laser rangefinder, the commander can also direct the main armament and fire in day and night conditions.

The standard equipment includes a WMD protection system, automatic air defense and devices for attaching various options for additional armor to increase combat survivability. When installing additional armor "level 111", the combat weight is 22.68 tons (50,000 lbs). The XM8 AGS is being developed taking into account transfers by transport aircraft C-130 "Hercules".

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 people Maximum speed Armament: travel on the highway - 72.42 km / h main - 105-mm cannon (45 miles per hour) Power reserve coaxial machine gun - 1 x - 483 km (299.4 miles) 7.62- mm Height of the overcome anti-aircraft machine gun - walls - 0.812 m (2.7 ft) 1 x 12.7 mm 02 m Specific engine power (3.3 ft) tel - 31.5 liters. s / t Length Power unit - diesel with gun forward - 9.19 m "Detroit Diesel" Models (30.1 ft) Length according to 6V-92TA with a capacity of 550 hp

hull - 6.1 m (20 ft | s; automatic Width - 2.69 m (8.8 ft) transmission "Merliya Height - 2.55 m (8.4 ft) Marietta" NMRT-500-ZES Clearance - 0 .41 m (1.3 ft) Stingray Light Tank, Cadillac Gage

Light tank "Stingray" takes off from the ground, demonstrating its amazing mobility , who purchased only 106 cars, which were delivered in 1988-1990.

To reduce development and manufacturing costs, already proven subsystems were used in the design of the Stingray. The Royal Ordnance 105-mm low-impulse cannon, equipped with a muzzle brake, a thermally insulating casing and a powder gas ejector, is capable of firing standard projectiles of all types, including sub-caliber with a feathered armor-piercing core of large elongation and a detachable pallet.

United States Standard equipment includes an automatic fire control system, two-eye (lazy / night) sights for the commander and gunner, a stabilization system for the main weapon, automatic air defense and a system for protecting against weapons of mass destruction. At the request of the customer, it is possible to install thermal imaging sights, a navigation system and various levels of security. The Stingray-11 light tank, the prototype of which was built in 1994-1995, has a number of improvements, including new elements of armored shields, an updated FCS, a gunner's thermal imaging sight, which also transmits an image to the commander's display.

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In Vietnam, the M551 tank did not live up to expectations. The M551 was designed to replace the M41 light tank and was adopted as an "armored reconnaissance and airborne combat vehicle" (AR / AAV).

Total between 1966 and 1970. 1700 cars were built. By 1995, only one battalion armed with the M551 remained in the army, and in the future the M551 should be replaced by the M8 armored gun system (AGS).

The main armament of the M551 is a 152-mm gun, which can be used to fire a conventional shot with a partially burning cartridge case or the Shillaila ATGM. When creating the M551, they equipped it with active infrared night vision devices, but not long ago the driver was equipped with a passive amplifying device, and the gunner received a tank thermal imaging sight (TTS) from the M60AZ main battle tank. The machine has a buoyancy casing, which is laid down in a folded form from above along the perimeter of the hull. With the casing deployed, the M551 overcomes water obstacles with a maximum speed of 5.8 km / h by rewinding the tracks.

A large number of M551s are used in the National training center US Army at Fort Irvine to refer to "enemy"

At the same time, they are masked by various Russian vehicles, for example, the T-72 main battle tank.

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The M41 light tank was modernized in the Brazilian and Danish armies. The M41 light tank was developed shortly after the end of World War II as a replacement for the M24 light tank. The first production vehicles were built in 1951. In the US Army, this tank was replaced by the light M551 Sheridan. Many M41 tanks were transferred to foreign countries and still remain in service there, although in smaller numbers. To extend the service life of the M41, some countries have upgraded them.

During the construction of the M4I, they were not equipped with either night vision devices, or SLAs, or a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

Their main disadvantage was a gasoline engine and a small power reserve. In Brazil, the M41 received a number of improvements, including a 90mm cannon, additional US armor protection, and the replacement of the gasoline engine with a more efficient DS-MA diesel engine, which increased range.

The Danish M41s have undergone a deep upgrade to the level of the M41 DK-1, which includes not only the new Cummips VTA-903T diesel engine, which increased the cruising range to 750 km, but also the NBC protection system, gun guidance electric drives, night vision devices and new 76 -mm shots.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Maximum speed Armament: main - 76 - on the highway - 72 km / h (44.6 mm cannon coaxial machine gun miles per hour) Power reserve - 161 - I x 7.62 mm km (99.8 miles ) anti-aircraft machine gun - 1 x Height of the overcome 12.7 wall - 0.711 m (2.3 ft) Combat weight - 23.495 t Width of the overcome (51.7 lb | ditch - 1.82 m (bft) Depth - 1.016 m (3.3 ft) l-21.26 hp/t Length with power unit - 6-cylinder gun forward - 8.212 m petrol engine (26.9 ft) Length along the hull - Koitinenthal AOS-895 -3 5.819 m 119.1 ft) with a capacity of 500 hp. With; transWidth - 3.198 m 110.5 ft) mission GMS "Allisoy DiHeight -3.075 m (10.1 ft | vision" model CD-5O0-3 type Clearance - 0.45 m 11.5 ft) "Cross Drive"

M-84A main battle tank Production of M-84 main battle tanks is just now being restored in Serbia The M-84 is a Russian main battle tank T produced under license for the Yugoslav army with a number of changes and improvements. After testing, the M-84 was put into service, the first production vehicles were assembled in 1984.

The main armament is a 125-mm smooth-bore putpka, equipped with an automatic loader that feeds and sends a projectile and a propellant charge of a separate loading shot into the breech. This allowed the crew to be reduced to three people: commander, gunner and driver (loader excluded). The second production version has a number of improvements, including additional armor and a more powerful engine. This model was exported to Kuwait.

The M84A standard equipment includes an automatic control system with a laser rangefinder, two-channel (day / night) aiming devices, a YUGOSLAVIA protection system against weapons of mass destruction, equipment for overcoming deep fords and a system for setting smoke screens by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust tract (thermosmoke equipment). A self-digging device is hung on the front of the body. If necessary, a minesweeper can also be attached. In Yugoslavia, another main battle tank, the V-2001, was also developed, but, as far as is known, this work was interrupted several years ago with the outbreak of the civil war.

Options:

BREM Command tank

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 people Clearance - 0.5 m (1.6 ft | Armament: Maximum speed main - 125 mm cannon on the highway - 65 km / h coaxial machine gun - (40.3 miles per hour) 1 x 7.62 -mm Cruising range - 700 km anti-aircraft machine gun - (434 miles I 1x12.7-m.m Height to be overcome Combat weight - 42 tons of wall - 0.85 m (1.5 ft | (92,400 lbs | Width to overcome Engine power density - ditch - 2.8 m (9.2 ft) la - 23.8 l.s / t Ford depth - 1.2 m Length with gun forward - (3.9 ft) 9.53 m (31.2 ft ) Power block - 12-cylinder Body length - 6.86 m (multi-fuel dift) 1000 hp power unit; Wheeled armored vehicle EE-9 "Cascavel", ENGESA EE-9 is widely used in South America

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"Detroit Diesel" Models 6V-53 with a capacity of 21 liters. s, combined with an automatic transmission "Allson" MT-643.

The next production models were the Mk V Mk VI and Mk VII, the latter having a Mercedes-Benz OM 352A diesel engine with a capacity of 190 hp. With. and transmission "Allison" MT-643. The latest production models also feature a centralized tire pressure control system, 24-volt power supply, a laser rangefinder mounted above the 90mm cannon, and a commander's cupola with a remote mount for the 12.7mm machine gun.

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The EE-3 reconnaissance vehicle can carry the Milan PTR

The EE-3 Zharkara (4x4) combat reconnaissance vehicle was developed by ENGESA as an initiative to complement its own EE-9 Cascavel armored vehicle (6x6) and the EE-11 Urutu armored personnel carrier. Engesa does not produce armored vehicles anymore.

The base EE-3 "Zharkara" is not floating. It carries a mounted 12.7 mm machine gun, but other armament options are also possible, including a 12.7 mm machine gun remotely controlled from inside the vehicle, a turret with twin 7.62 mm machine guns and a pivot mount for the Milan ATGM launcher ( Euromissile consortium). It is known that the latter option was ordered by Cyprus. ENGESA developed turrets with twin mounts for 12.7mm AND 7.62mm machine guns,

ON BRAZIL

20 mm guns and 7.62 mm machine guns, but they were not produced for the EE-3.

Standard equipment includes a centralized tire pressure control system that allows the driver to change the ground pressure without leaving his seat. The equipment proposed for installation includes various types of night vision devices, a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and radio equipment.

The model for radiation and chemical reconnaissance has a towering wheelhouse.

Options:

"Tank Destroyer" with ATGM "Milan" Radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle

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The AMX-10RC (6x6) wheeled armored vehicle was developed by the company now known as GIAT Industries as a replacement for the Panar (8x8) CBR armored vehicle, which is being removed from service French army. After extensive testing in 1980, the first production vehicles were built, and the last ones were assembled in 1994, the AMX-10RC contains a number of components and assemblies of the AMX-YUR tracked infantry fighting vehicle. Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. night vision devices and hydropneumatic suspension, which allows the driver to change the ground clearance from 0.2 to 0.6 m, adapting to the tactical situation. The AMX-10RC overcomes water obstacles without preparation, moving through the water with the help of two water cannons installed at the sides in the rear of the hull.

FRANCE In the future, it is expected that the AMX-I0RC vehicles of the French army will be modified in a number of ways, including the installation of a 105-mm rifled gun for NATO standard shots, a thermal imaging camera, an anti-tank guided weapon suppression system (“traps”), additional hull and turret armor , centralized tire pressure control systems, and transmission upgrades.

Options:

Training machine AMX-10RC for driver training AMX-10RC 105 TML (prototype)

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ERC "Sage-1" of the French army can overcome water obstacles by swimming The wheeled armored vehicle ERC "Sage-1" (6x6) has been developed by Panard as an initiative since 1975, the first copies were shown in 1977. It contains a number of units and nodes similar to the Panar VCR (6x6) armored personnel carrier developed at the same time.

The standard ERC "Sage-1" vehicle used by the French army is equipped with a TS90 turret developed by G1AT Industries, armed with a long-barreled 90-mm cannon. With preparation, this model overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water due to the rotation of the wheels. The front wheel steering is power assisted and the middle wheels are raised when driving on roads. In addition to a wide range of turrets, the machine can also be equipped with a NBC protection system, various night vision devices, a navigation system, air conditioning, a winch in the front of the hull and water cannons providing speed on water up to 9.5 km/h.

Options:

ERC 90 F4 "Cars" TTB 190 ERC 90 F4 "Sage-2"

ERC 90 F1 "Lynx"

ERC 60-20 "Serval"

Twin 20 mm ZSU ERC SPAAC

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(where the cannon armored vehicle is known as "Eland"), exceeded 6000.

The machine does not have a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, but the equipment proposed for installation includes various night vision devices, a laser rangefinder for a 90-mm gun, an air conditioner and a buoyancy kit. The latest production vehicles also have a more economical diesel engine.

Options:

AML with HE 60-12 turret AML with HE 60-20 turret AML with HE 60-20 Serval turret

AML with twin 20mm cannon in S 530 turret

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 people calf - 16.36 liters. s / t L.in, 1 s Armament: main - cannon forward - 5.11 m 90 mm coaxial front sight (16.8 ft) Machine gun length - 1 x 7.62 mm - 3.79 m (12.4 ft ) Combat weight - 5.5 g Width - 1.97 m (6.5 ft) (12,100 lb) Height - 2.07 m (6.8 ft) Specific engine power Clearance - 0.33 m (1.1 ft ) Maximum Ditch Climbing Speed ​​- 0.8 m (2.6 ft) Highway Depth - 90 km/h (55 ford - 1.1 m (3.6 ft| mph) Stock Power Pack - 4- 600 km (372 mile petrol engine) Panhard Models 4 HD 90 hp, manual - 0.3 m (1 ft) Transmission VBL reconnaissance vehicle, Panhard

VBL machines are currently used by French units in the Balkans

The reconnaissance vehicle VBL (Vehicule Blinde Leger) (4x4] was developed by Panhard according to the specifications of the French army, the first prototypes were assembled in 1983.

Two years later, the car was put into service, by which time it was already being produced for Mexico.

The French Army uses two basic VBL variants:

military and reconnaissance.

The first variant has a crew of three and is armed with the Milan ATGM and a 7.62 mm machine gun, the second variant is a two-seat one and is armed with a 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine gun. The machine overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water with the help of one propeller at a speed of 5.4 km / h.

D FRANCE The standard equipment of these machines in the French army includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, all-terrain tires and passive night vision devices.

The standard version has a wheelbase length of 2.45 m, but there is also an option with a wheelbase extended to 2.7 m. This variant can be equipped with more diverse weapon mounts, including turrets with 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine guns, as well as radar and other reconnaissance and surveillance equipment.

Options:

Panar offers more than 20 variants of the VBL machine

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“LuNS has two control posts, one in front and one behind, in order to be able to quickly get out of the shelling of the “Patrol” floating armored vehicle “Luke” (8x81 was developed by Daimler Benz together with Thyssen Henschel in 1975-1978. For 408 vehicles were built by the German army.

The machine overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving with the help of two propellers installed in the stern of the hull and providing the machine with a maximum speed on the water of 10 km / h. An unusual feature of the BRM "Luke" is the presence of two driver's seats - one in front and one in front - and the ability to move at speeds up to 90 km / h in forward and reverse. The double turret is armed with the same 20-mm Rheinmetall cannon, which is installed on the Marder-1 infantry fighting vehicle used by the German army. A 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted on the roof of the turret. The 20mm gun is not stabilized. Not so long ago, night vision television devices were installed in the tower, since then the car has become known as the Luke A2.

The standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, a preheater, a steering drive with amplifiers for all eight wheels, and all-terrain tires.

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Weapon carrier (amphibious assault vehicle) "Wiesel" supports the German parachute units "Armored Weapon Carrier" (AWC) "Wiesel" was developed for the German airborne by the frequent firm "Porsche", the production was supplied by "MaK System Gesellschaft". In total, between 1989 and 1992, 345 vehicles were built in two versions: a two-seat Mk20 A1 armed with a 20-mm cannon, and a three-seat TOW A2 armed with a Hughes "Toy" ATGM launcher.

The vehicle has a welded steel armor hull that provides those inside with protection from small arms fire. The driver is located N GERMANY in front to the right, the engine is to his left, and the weapon installation is shifted to the stern. The machine does not have a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and is not able to swim. A wide range of experimental vehicles has been built, including the Wi-zel-2 with an extended base, which has five road wheels on board and can accommodate six people.

At the beginning of 1995, the Wiesel chassis was chosen as the platform for the mobile air defense system for the rapid reaction forces of the German army, it should be armed with the Stinger missile defense system.

Options:

Mk "iOAl (20-mm gun) TOW A2 (ATGM "Toy Hughes")

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Several armies of the former Warsaw Pact used the FUG. The FUG (4x4) amphibious reconnaissance vehicle played the same role in the Hungarian army as the Russian amphibious BRDM-1 (4x4). After testing prototype machines, it was adopted in 1964 by the Hungarian army, and in 1966 by the Czechoslovak and Polish armies.

Equipped with a 7.62 mm machine gun on a pivot mount.

The standard equipment includes a centralized tire pressure control system that allows the driver to change the specific pressure depending on the ground on which the car is moving, night vision devices and NBC protection systems.

FUG, known in Czechoslovakia under the designation OT, overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water with the help of two water cannons at the stern of the hull, giving the car a maximum speed on water of 9 km / h.

Like the Russian BRDM-1 and BRDM-2, the FUG has a pair of drive wheels on each borg, the driver lowers them when moving over uneven terrain.

The Czech OT-65A is essentially a FUG/OT-65 fitted with the same turret as the OT-62V tracked armored personnel carrier, armed with a 7.62mm machine gun and a mount for an 82mm rifled recoilless rifle.

Options:

Sanitary vehicle Radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle

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The wide wheelbase and trough-shaped hull protect the VAM vehicles from being hit by mines. The RAM (4x4) light armored vehicle family was developed by RAMTA Struckers:) nd System :), a division of Israel Aircraft Industries, based on its earlier light BRM RBY Mkl. It has been adopted by a number of countries, including Guatemala, Honduras, Israel and Lesotho.

The RAM family consists of two basic groups of machines - RAM V-1 ("long") with an open top case and RAM V-2 ("long") with a completely closed case.

Both can be used in a variety of ways.

The hull of the vehicle is welded from sheets of steel armor, and the wheels are spaced as far as possible from the hull in order to provide maximum protection for the ISRAEL crew from being hit by a mine explosion. The engine is located at the back. The base vehicle is used as a reconnaissance or similar "infantry fighting vehicle" and is armed with three 7.62 mm machine guns or one 12.7 mm and two 7.62 mm machine guns. RAM is not equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and is not able to swim through water obstacles.

Regularly, a spare wheel is mounted on the frontal sheet of the hull.

Options:

Twin 20 mm ZSU Self-propelled 106 mm recoilless anti-tank gun Self-propelled ATGM "Toy" or "Milan"

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The Centauro tank destroyer was first used in Somalia The BI Centauro (8x8) tank destroyer was developed by a consortium including two companies - Iveco and OTO-Brsda (former OTO-Melara), with the former responsible for the power unit , suspension, chassis and final assembly, and "OTO-Breda" for the assembly of the turret and weapons system.After testing the prototypes, the Italian army issued an order for 400 vehicles, and the first of them were assembled in 1991.

The main armament is a 105-mm rifled gun equipped with a muzzle brake, a thermally insulating casing, a propellant gas ejector and a barrel alignment control device and is designed for NATO standard shots, including a shot with a sub-caliber feathered core and a detachable pallet. The gun is stabilized in the vertical and horizontal planes LI ITALY, ci automated FCS includes two-channel (day / night) sights of the commander and gunner with a stabilized field of view.

The standard equipment includes a centralized tire pressure control system, a steering drive with servo boosters on the four front wheels, a winch, an automatic PPO and an NBC protection system. For operations in Somalia, some of the machines were equipped with EDS developed by the British Royal Ordnance. On a pilot basis, B1 "Centauro" was converted into an armored personnel carrier. An experimental chassis (8x8) for a self-propelled 155-mm artillery system is also being built.

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BRM "Type 6616" is currently in service in Italy and Peru BRM "Type 6616" was developed as an initiative by two companies - "Fiat" (now "Iveco") and "OTOMelara" (now "OTO-Breda"), with the first responsible for the hull and chassis units, and the second for the turret and weapons system.The first prototypes were built in 1972, and soon after that the first production vehicles were assembled.

BRM "Type 6616" contains many components and assemblies of the armored personnel carrier "Type 6614", also developed by Fiat and OTOMelara.

"Type 6616" is equipped with a two-man turret armed with a 20-mm Rheinmetall cannon and a 7.62-mm machine gun coaxial with it. The machine overcomes water nre LJ ITALY hail by swimming without preparation, moving through the water at a maximum speed of 5 km / h due to the rotation of the wheels.

Standard equipment includes power steering, all-terrain tires and a bilge pump. During construction, the machine was not equipped with passive night vision devices, a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction or a winch. But this equipment can be installed additionally on request.

In experimental order, the "Type 6616" was equipped with double turrets with a 90-mm Kokkeril cannon and a 7.62-mm machine gun or with a high-pulse 60-mm HVGS cannon and a 7.62-mm machine gun.

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An unusual feature of the BRM "Type 87" is a crew of five. The reconnaissance and patrol vehicle "Type 87" (6x6) was developed by order of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces by Komatsu Limited and uses many components and assemblies of the command and control vehicle "Type 82" (6x6).

The hull and turret of the vehicle are welded from sheets of steel armor and provide protection from small arms fire and shrapnel. The placement of the “Type 87” crew is somewhat unusual - the driver sits in front to the left, to the right of him is a radio operator, the tower is in the middle part of the Japan Head, and the power unit is in the back to the right, while the breeder-observer sits on the left rear facing the stern.

The two-man tower with power drives of the rotation mechanism was developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the gunner is located in it on the left, the commander on the right.

Armament consists of a 25 mm ErlikoiContraverse 25 mm KBA cannon and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun. Blocks of three smoke grenade launchers directed forward are mounted on the sides of the tower.

The car is not floating.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Maximum speed Armament: main - highway travel - 100 km / h 25-m.h twin gun (62 miles per hour) Power reserve machine gun - 1 x 7.62 mm - 500 km (310 miles) Combat weight - 15t (33 Height of 000 ft. wall to be overcome - 0.6 m (2 ft) Specific engine power - 5.99 m Wade depth - 1 m (3.3 ft) (19.6 ft) Power block - 10-cylinder Width - 2.48 m diesel water coolant) Isuzu 10РВ1 laying Height - 2.8 M (9, 1 ft) POWER 305HP. With; automatic clearance - 0.45 m (1.5 ft) tic transmission Command (command and staff) vehicle "Type 82"

The Type 82 Japanese vehicle serves as a mobile command post and a communication and control post. The Type 82 command and control vehicle | 6x6 | was developed by the order of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and uses many components and assemblies similar to the BRM " Type 87 "(bhb). The first prototypes of the "Type 82" were built in 1980, and, according to plans, 250 vehicles will be purchased.

The body of the vehicle is welded from sheets of steel armor and provides protection from small arms fire and shrapnel. The crew is equipped with installations for firing from individual weapons and observation devices.

JAPAN The Type 82 layout is not quite common - the driver and another crew member are placed in front, the power unit is in the middle part, and the rest of the crew members are in a towering wheelhouse in the rear of the hull.

The 7.62 mm machine gun is usually mounted on a pivot mount in front of the hull on the left, and the 12.7 mm machine gun mount on the cabin roof is supplied with a shield.

Standard equipment includes power steering and passive night vision devices.

The car is not floating.

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 8 people Maximum speed Armament: travel on the highway - 100 km / h main - 1 x 12.7 mm (62 miles per hour) Power reserve additional machine gun - 500 km (310 miles) - I x 12.7 mm machine gun Height surmounted Combat weight - 13.5 t of wall - 0.6 and (2 ft) (29,700 lbs | Width of surmounted Specific power of the engine - 1.5 m (5 ft) Depth of the gate - 22.59 l. s / t of ford - 1 m (3.3 ft) Power Length - 5.72 m (18.8 ft) Block - 10-cylinder Width - 2.48 m (8.1 ft water-cooled diesel) Isuzu 10PBI power Height - 2.37 m (7.8 ft) 305 hp automatic Ground clearance - 0.45 m (1.5 ft) transmission Combat reconnaissance vehicle BRDM-2 The BRDM-2 was supplied to almost all of the USSR allies in Europe, the Middle East and in Africa, the BRDM-2 (4x4) was developed in the early 1960s as a replacement for the BRDM-1 armored vehicle.The manually rotated turret mounted in the center of the hull roof is similar to the BTR-60PB and OT-64 armored personnel carriers.The turret carries a large-caliber 14.5 -mm machine gun and coaxial 7.6 2 mm machine gun, no top hatch.

BRDM-2 overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water with the help of one water cannon installed in the stern of the hull. Before entering the water above the frontal sheet of the hull, a wave-breaking shield rises.

Standard equipment includes a NBC protection system, night vision devices and a centralized tire pressure control system. On each side between the front and rear axles, two RUSSIA small drive wheels are installed, which fall to the ground when overcoming ditches and other obstacles.

Options:

Radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle BRDM-2RHB Control vehicle BRDM-2U Self-propelled ATGM "Sagger" (NATO designation ATGM "Malyutka") Self-propelled ATGM "Swatter" (NATO designation ATGM "Phalanx") in NATO, the designation of the ATGM "Competition") The self-propelled air defense system SA-9 "Gaskin" (the designation of the air defense system "Strela-1" adopted in the USA and NATO)

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 4 people Maximum speed Armament: travel on the highway - 100 km / h main - 1 x 14.5- (62 miles per hour) Power reserve mm coaxial machine gun - 750 km (465 miles) machine gun - I x 7.62- Height to be overcome mm Combat weight - 7 tons of wall - 0.4 m Width (15,400 lbs) of the ditch to be overcome - 1.25 Specific engine power (4.1 ft) Wandering depth - 20 l. s / t Length floating Power block - 8 hull - 5.75 m (18.86 cylinder V-shaped ft) gasoline engine GAZ-41 Width - 2.35 m (7.71 ft | power 140 hp;

Height - 2.31 m (7.57 ft) non-automatic Ground clearance - 0.43 m (1.41 ft) manual transmission Combat reconnaissance vehicle BRDM-1

BRDM-1 vehicles were in service with the armies of Cuba and some African countries

The amphibious armored vehicle BRDM-1 (4x4) was developed in the 1950s and was built in large numbers by the GAZ plant (named after Molotov) in various versions both for domestic use and for export. In the Russian army, it was replaced by the BRDM-2 (4x4) armored vehicle.

Armament usually consisted of a 7.62 mm machine gun on a pivot mount in front of the cabin roof, but some vehicles were equipped with a 12.7 mm machine gun in the front and a 7.62 mm machine gun at the stern. BRDM-1 overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water with the help of one water cannon installed in the stern of the hull. The machine does not have a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, during the construction it was not equipped with night vision devices. A centralized tire pressure control system was installed regularly and allowed the driver to adjust the specific pressure depending on the ground on which the car was moving. On each side between the front and rear axles, two small drive wheels are installed, which are lowered by a pound when overcoming ditches and other obstacles.

Options:

Radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle BRDM-RH Control vehicle BRDM-1U Self-propelled ATGM "Sagger" (NATO designation ATGM "Malyutka"] Self-propelled ATGM "Swatter" (NATO designation ATGM "Phalanx" | NATO designation ATGM "Bumblebee")

–  –  –

"Ruikat" was built taking into account combat experience, acquired in Namibia The Ruikat (8x8) wheeled armored vehicle has been developed for the armored corps of South Africa since 1976 and, after testing, was put into service. The first production vehicles were built in 1989. The main contractor was Roymech-OMS, responsible for the chassis and general assembly, while LIW, a division of Denel, was responsible for assembling the turret and installing a 76-mm rifled gun.

The standard equipment includes dual-channel (day / night) sights, an automated control system, an automatic control panel and power steering servos. On request, a collective NMD protection system integrated with the air conditioning system can be installed.

From the list of options below, only Ruikat 105 mm is currently offered on the market.

EE South Africa She is armed with a 105-mm cannon, designed for shots of the NATO standard, and has increased wheel tires. At the request of the customer, a centralized tire pressure control system can be installed, which allows the driver to change the specific pressure depending on the ground on which the machine is moving.

Options:

BRM "Ruikat" with a 35-mm cannon "Ruikat" with a 35-mm cannon and ATGM "Ruikat" with a 105-mm cannon Twin 35-mm ZSU "Ruikat"

SPAAG Self-propelled 3PK "Ruikat"

–  –  –

The Spanish army also has a small number of vehicles equipped with an AML 90 armored vehicle turret with a 90 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine gun coaxial with it.

VEC overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water due to the rotation of the wheels, although on request two water cannons can be installed in the stern of the hull near the sides, providing a maximum speed on the water of 9 km / h.

The standard equipment includes a hydropneumatic suspension, front and rear wheel steering amplifiers, an NBC protection system, night vision devices and a winch,

–  –  –

"Saladin" are no longer in service with the British army, but are still used by the armies of the British Commonwealth The FV60 Saladin (6x6) armored car was developed by Alvis after the end of World War II, the first prototype was built in 1953, and mass production established in Coventry in 1958-1972.

Saladin contains many components and assemblies of the Saracen BTR (6x6) of the same company. Saladin's primary mission was reconnaissance, but in this role it was replaced by the Alvis-issue Scorpion light tank in the British Army.

GREAT BRITAIN

The steering drive to the front four wheels is equipped with amplifiers; no NBC protection systems or passive night vision devices were installed during construction. Not so long ago, Alvis and A.F. Budge" developed a set of measures to extend the life of "Saladin" to the XXI century. The modification includes replacing the gasoline engine with a more efficient Perkins 180 Mti diesel engine with a capacity of 180 hp. c, interlocked with a new automatic transmission. The first customer for such modernization was Indonesia.

–  –  –

Shoreland S52 based on Land Rover chassis

The Shoreland (4x4) patrol armored vehicle was developed in 1965 for the police in Northern Ireland. By the beginning of 1995, more than 1000 Shoreland machines had been built. Their latest generation is the fifth series on the Land Rover Defender chassis with a base of 110 inches (2794 mm), gasoline or diesel engine.

Today, the Shoreland family includes four vehicles: the S52 patrol armored vehicle, the S53 self-propelled air defense system, the S54 vehicle for police operations and the S55 armored personnel carrier. The base "Shorland" S52 is equipped with a single-man turret with a manual rotation drive, armed with a 7.62-mm machine gun, it is possible to mount 4-barreled smoke grenade launchers with an electric firing device on its sides.

UK Standard equipment includes power steering, bulletproof glass windows, exhaust fans, air conditioning, seat belts. Optional equipment includes hinged armored covers with viewing blocks instead of bulletproof glass, all-terrain tires, loudspeaker. Protection is provided from the fire of automatic weapons.

Options:

Self-propelled air defense system S53 Vehicle S54 for police operations BTR S55

–  –  –

More than twenty armies still use the British Ferret armored vehicles.

The Ferret family of reconnaissance vehicles (4x4) has been developed by Daimler since 1948, and in total from 1952 to 1971, 4409 vehicles were built according to domestic and foreign orders. Only recently have they been taken out of service by the British Army.

The driver is located in the front of the hull, the commander is in the middle, and the power unit is in the back.

The single, manually rotated turret is armed with a 7.62mm machine gun.

Machines of the Ferret series were not equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction or passive night vision devices, although the latter are installed on them in some countries.

GREAT BRITAIN

Options:

Mk 1 - hull open at the top, installation of a 7.62 mm machine gun Mk 1/2 - fully enclosed hull, installation of a 7.62 mm machine gun Mk 2 - turret with 7.62 mm machine gun Mk 2/3 - turret with 7, 62 mm machine gun Mk 2/6 - turret with 7.62 mm machine gun and Vigilent ATGM Mk 3 - turret with 7.62 mm machine gun Mk 4 - early model with large wheels equipped with a more economical and efficient Perkins diesel engine

Tactical and technical characteristics:

(57.7 mph) Crew - 2

Armament:

main - 1 x 7.62mm machine gun Combat weight - 4.4 tons (9,680 lbs) Specific engine power - 29.35 liters. s / t Length along the hull - 3.835 m (12.6 ft | Width - 1.905 m (6.24 ft | Height - 1.906 m (6.25 ft) Clearance - 0.33 m (1.1 ft) Maximum travel speed along highway - 93 km/h Cruising range - 300 km Rolls-Royce B60 petrol engine (186 miles) Climbing height Mk 6A 129 hp;

walls - 0.406 m (1.3 ft | transmission with 5-speed Transmission and preservative width - 1.22 m (4 ft) Depth by lecturer switching ford - 0.914 m (3 ft) gears Power unit - 6-ciScout, Cadillac Gage"

The first buyers of the Scout car were Egypt and Indonesia

The Scout (4x4) reconnaissance vehicle was developed as an initiative by the former Cadillac Gage Textron, now known as Textron Marine and Land Systems, a division of Textron Incorporated. The first prototype was built in 1977, Indonesia issued an order for this machine in 1983, followed by Egypt in 1986.

The driver in the Scout car is located in front on the left, the power unit is to his right. In the aft part of the hull there is room for one or two crew members. Typically, the machine is equipped with a single-seat Cadillac Gage turret of the “combined twin” type, armed with twin 7.62-mm or 12.7-mm machine guns or a combination of 7.62-mm and 12.7-mm machine guns. Power steering is installed as standard. The car is not floating.

USA An extensive list of equipment offered for installation by order includes a siren and loudspeakers, various radio equipment, additional canisters for water and fuel, as well as weapons stowage, tow line, 15-m auxiliary cable, camouflage net, passive night vision devices.

Options:

Turret with 40 mm automatic grenade launcher and 12.7 mm machine gun Turret with twin 7.62 mm machine guns and manual rotation Turret with twin 12.7 mm machine guns and manual rotation and 12.7-mm machine guns and with a manual rotation drive Command vehicle Self-propelled anti-tank installation

–  –  –

up to + 20 degrees, declination up to - 10 degrees and horizontal guidance 360 ​​degrees. The 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted in pairs to the left of it, and the 12.7 mm machine gun is mounted on the turret. The car was not equipped with either a WMD protection system or night vision devices. NAPCO installed a diesel engine on part of the M8, a Toy ATGM launcher and replaced the 37-mm cannon with a 12.7-mm machine gun.

Options:

Multipurpose armored vehicle M20

–  –  –

BTR 4KA can also be equipped with a turret with a 90-mm cannon Armored personnel carrier 4KA 7FA G127 Steyr-Daimler-Puch

appeared as a result of the development of the previous 4K 4FA, 445 series of vehicles. In the Austrian army, vehicles are equipped with a 12.7-mm machine gun, although the 4K 4FA-G2 has a single turret with a 20-mm Oerlikon Contraverse cannon.

Upgraded compared to the previous 4K 4FA by installing additional armor on the front of the hull and installing an engine and transmission from the SK 105 Steyr-DaimlerPuch light tank. The standard model 4KA 7FA G127 is armed with a 12.7mm machine gun with shield cover. In addition, a remote installation of a 7.62-mm machine gun can be attached to the stern of the troop compartment. It is possible to install a variety of turret options, AUSTRIA including a double with a 90-mm cannon, a double with a 30-mm cannon and various options for anti-aircraft weapons.

Standard equipment includes a heating and ventilation system. Equipment installed on request includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic PPO and passive night vision devices.

Options:

Sanitary armored personnel carrier KShM (command and staff vehicle, designed to control units in battle) Self-propelled 81 mm mortar

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 2 + 8 people on the highway - 70 km / h Armament: (43 miles per hour) Stock of the main - 1x12,? 560 lb) walls - 0.8 m (2.6 ft) Specific engine power - Climbing width - 21.62 l. s / t Ditch length - 2.1 m (6.9 ft) Hull depth - 5.87 m (19.3 ford - 1.0 m (3.3 ft) ft | Power block - 6-cylinder Width - 2.5 m (8.2 ft) diesel turbocharged Height - 1,611 m (5.2 ft) "Steyr" 7FA power Clearance - 0.42 m (1.4 ft) 320 hp manual Maximum speed transmission ZF 6-S80 travel Armored personnel carrier Pandur, Steyr-Daimler-Puch

The first armored personnel carriers - Pandur "are already entering the Austrian troops

Armored personnel carrier "Pandur" (6x6 | developed by Steyr-Daimler-Puch as an initiative and was first shown in 1985, The first order for the supply of "Pandur"

the Austrian army issued in 1994, and in early 1995

produced the first mass-produced cars.

"Pandur" can be equipped with a variety of weapons from a 7.62-mm or 12.7-mm machine gun on a pivot mount to a two-man turret with a 90-mm cannon, dual-channel (day / night) sights and an automated FCS.

The standard equipment includes a centralized tire pressure control system that allows the driver to change the specific pressure depending on the ground on which the vehicle is moving, as well as power steering, all-terrain AUSTRIA tires, installations for airborne weapons with viewing blocks and automatic PPO in the engine transmission-M department.

Options:

BTR "Pandur" 127 (with 12.7 mm machine gun) BRM - fire support vehicle with 90 mm gun BRM with 30 mm gun BREM Sanitary armored personnel carrier Self-propelled air defense system Self-propelled ATGM "Hot"

KShM Self-propelled 81 mm mortar

–  –  –

The Belgian Sibmas is in service only in Malaysia. The Sibmas armored personnel carrier (6x6) was developed by BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Metalliquers since 1975 on its own initiative. The first prototype was built in 1976.

As far as possible, standard commercial components and assemblies were used in the Sibmas design.

Malaysia became the only buyer of Sibmas.

A total of 186 vehicles were ordered in 1981, including 162 vehicles in the AFSV 90 (armored fire support vehicle with 90 mm cannon) and 24 ARV (armored recovery vehicle) versions. Delivery continued from 1983 to 1986. More "Sibmas" was not produced and was not offered on the market.

BELGIUM |, AFSV 90 is equipped with a two-man turret armed with a 90 mm cannon and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun.

Smoke grenade launchers are mounted on the sides of the tower. The ARV is equipped with a winch and a crane jib mounted in a turret. Both options overcome water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water by rewinding the wheels at a maximum speed of 4 km / h or using propellers in the stern of the hull at a speed of up to 11 km / h.

Standard equipment includes all-terrain tires and power steering.

Options:AFSV 90ARV

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 3 + 11 people Maximum speed Armament: main - travel but highway - 100 km / h Twin 90-mm cannon (62.1 miles per hour) Stock machine gun - I x 7.62-mm travel - 1000 km (621 miles ) anti-aircraft machine gun - I Height of the overcome x 7.62-mm wall - 2.29 m (7.5 ft) Combat weight - 14.5 t Width of the overcome (31,900 lb) ditch -4.92 m (16.1 ft ) Specific power of the engine - The depth of the ford - the gate floats - 22.07 liters. s / t Power unit - 6-cylinder body length - 7.32 N liner diesel MAN D (24.01 ft) 2566 mk with a capacity of 320 liters.

Width - 2.5 m (8.2 ft) s; automatic Height - 2.7 m (8.85 ft) ZF transmission Ground clearance - 0.4 m (1.3 ft) Armored personnel carrier EE-11 Mk VII "Urutu", ENGESA

Floating "Urutu" is used in different parts of South America

The armored personnel carrier EE-11 "Urutu" (6x6) was developed by ENGESA in 1970 and contains a number of units and assemblies similar to the armored vehicle EEx6 | ENGESA. The first serial EE-11s were built in 1974, during the entire production period at least seven modifications were created with designations from Mk I to Mk VII.

A wide range of armament options were offered, starting with 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm machine guns on a pivot mount and ending with a single turret with a 20 mm cannon and a double turret with a 90 mm cannon, similar to the turret of the EE-9 Kaskavel armored vehicle, EE -11 "Urutu" overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water with the help of two coffin screws installed in the stern of the hull.

A wide range of equipment was offered for installation by order, including a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, automatic PPO. The latest production cars have a centralized tire pressure regulation system.

Options:

Armored fire support vehicle with a 90-mm cannon in the turret

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 1 + 12 people on the highway - 105 km / h Armament: basic - (65.1 miles per hour) Reserve 1 x 12.7 mm machine gun - 850 km (527 Combat weight - 14 t miles) (30,800 lbf) Wall clearance Specific engine power - 0.6 m 11.96 ft) - Width la - 18.6 l. s. / t of the ditch to be overcome - V mii.i along the hull - 6.1 M unknown Depth of the ford - (20.1 ft) floats Power block - 6 Width - 2.65 m | 8.7 ft) cylinder diesel "Detroit Height - 2.9 m (9.5 ft) Diesel "Models 6V-53T Ground clearance - 0.38 and (1.3 ft) with a capacity of 260 liters. With;

Maximum automatic transmission travel speed "Allison Transmission" MT-643 Infantry fighting vehicle BMP-30 Bulgaria developed its BMP-30 based on the Russian BMP-2

–  –  –

is fought in front on the right, the power unit is behind him and one infantryman is in front on the left. The tower is located in the middle part, and in the stern there is a troop compartment with two hatches in the roof and a double door in the aft sheet.

The machine overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water at a maximum speed of 4.5 km/h by rewinding the tracks.

The standard equipment includes on-board loopholes with viewing blocks, automatic fire protection systems, a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and night vision devices. The machine can also put smoke screens by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust tract at the starboard side of the hull (thermosmoke equipment).

–  –  –

Chinese troops have vehicles based on the YW531. The YVV 531H armored personnel carrier is in many ways similar to the YW 534 and is the successor to the old YVV 531. Not so long ago, the Chinese renamed the YW 531H family of vehicles to "Type 85".

The body of the YW 531H is welded from steel armor sheets.

The engine is located in front on the right, the driver's seat is in front on the left, the commander is behind him, and the troop compartment is shifted to the stern. The main armament is a roof-mounted 12.7 mm machine gun with shield cover. YW 531H overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water by rewinding tracks with a maximum speed of 6 km/h.

Standard equipment includes night vision devices and a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction.

Other Chinese APC families include the basic models "Type 90" (tracked), WZ 501 (based on the Russian BMP-1), "Type 77" and WZ 551 (wheeled, 6x6).

Options:

YW 309 infantry fighting vehicle (turret similar to Russian BMP-1)

BMnNVH-1 BREM "Type 85"

Obstacle engineering vehicle "Type 85"

Self-propelled 82-mm mortar "Type 85"

Self-propelled 122 mm howitzer

–  –  –

Many Iraqi YW 531s were captured by coalition forces during the Gulf War. The YW 531 was the first tracked ATR adopted by the Chinese army, also known as the K-63. Early production models were equipped with a Type 6150L diesel engine. This machine was used in large numbers by Iraq during the conflict in the Middle East in 1991.

The latest production model YW 531C has a number of improvements, including a different engine, shield cover for the 12.7 mm machine gun, new observation blocks and improved ventilation. The body of the YW 531 is welded from sheets of steel armor, the engine is located in front on the right, and the troop compartment is in the back. The latter has hatches in the roof of the hull, a door in the stern sheet and on-board installations for landing weapons (loops) with viewing blocks.

YW 531 overcomes water obstacles by swimming, moving through the water by rewinding caterpillars with a maximum speed of 6 km/h. Standard equipment includes night vision devices and a roof mount for a 1" 2.7 mm machine gun. The standard production model does not have an NBC protection system, but a ventilation system is installed.

Options:

Self-propelled ATGM with four ATGMs on launchers Self-propelled 82mm mortar YVV 304 Self-propelled 120mm mortar YW 381 KLUMYW701 Sanitary armored personnel carrier YW 750 Self-propelled 122mm howitzer 130mm MLRS ("Type 70")

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 2 + 13 people Maximum speed Armament: main on the highway - 65 km / h (40.3 - I x 12.7-mm machine gun miles per hour) Stock: stroke - 500 Combat weight - 12.6 tons (27 km (310 miles) Height 720 lb] wall to be overcome - Specific engine power - 0.6 m (2 ft) Body width - 25.39 hp / t Length of ditch to be overcome - 2 m along the hull - 5.476 m (6.6 ft) Fording depth - | 17.9 ft) Width - floating Power block - 8M (9.8 ft) cylinder V-shaped diHeight - 2.58 M (8.5 ft) power BF8L413F power Clearance - 0.45 m (1, 5 ft) 320 l. With; non-automatic manual transmission OT-64S armored personnel carrier(1) Polish and Czech troops continue to use vehicles of the OT-64 series

–  –  –

The weight of the family vehicles overcome water obstacles by swimming, moving in water at speeds up to 9 km / h with the help of two propellers mounted in the rear of the hull. Standard equipment includes a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction and night vision devices, as well as power steering on four front wheels , winch and centralized tire pressure control system.

Options: BREM DPT-65Series of machines OT-64R (control and communication machines)

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 2 + 15 people calf - 12.41 liters. s / t Armament length: main body - 7.44 m (24.4 ft) - I x 14.5 mm machine gun Width - 2.55 m (8.4 ft) coaxial machine gun - 1 x Height - 2, 71 m (8.9 ft) 7.62 mm Clearance - 0.46 m (1.5 ft) Combat weight - 14.5 t (31,900 lb) Specific engine powerMaximum moat speed -2 ​​m (1.24 ft) ) Highway travel depth - 94.4 km/h fording - floats Power (58.5 mph) Stock block - 8-cylinder V stroke - 710 km (441 miles) shaped Tatra diesel 928 Climbing height 18 V-8 power 180 l.

walls - 0.5 m II.6 ft) semi-automatic transmission width G Armored personnel carrier "Fahd", "Kader"

Fahd", developed on the basis of the German armored personnel carrier, is located in serial production In the 1980s, Thyssen Henschel developed a wheeled armored personnel carrier (4x4) TN 390 for the German army. Its production was then supplied by the Kader Factory for Development Industries plant, the first production vehicles, so-called Fahd, were built in 1986 G.

The number of vehicles produced by 1995 for domestic and foreign orders is estimated at more than 500 vehicles.

To reduce the cost of production and maintenance, Fahd is made on a serial Mercedes-Benz LAP 1117/32 chassis, on which an armored hull is installed that protects against small arms fire and shrapnel.

The base vehicle, in addition to two crew members, accommodates EGYPT troops of ten people. In addition, various additions are possible on request, including the installation of a winch in the front of the hull, a centralized tire pressure regulation system, passive night vision devices, an NBC protection system, and smoke grenade launchers.

Various weapons can also be installed, including 7.62-mm and 12.7-mm machine guns in the turret, a 20-mm cannon and a BMP-2 turret with a 30-mm cannon, a coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun and a launcher. installation of anti-tank systems on the roof. This modification is known as "Fahd-30".

Tactical and technical characteristics:

Crew - 2 + 10 people Cruising range - 800 km Armament: see text (496 miles) Combat weight - 10.9 tons Width of the overcome body - 15.4 l, s. / t moat - 0.9 m (2.9 ft) Length along the hull - 6 m Depth of the ford - 0.7 m (19.7 ft) (2.3 fg) Width - 2.45 m (8 ft) Power unit - 6-cyl Height - 2.1 m (6.9 ft) lindr diesel "MerseClearance - 0.31 / 0.37 m des-Benz" OM 352A power-sft / 1.2 ft) tew 168 l. With; non-automaticMaximum speed mechanical road transport - 90 km/h mission (55.8 mph) AMX-10R infantry fighting vehicle, GIAT Industries

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“Appendix 1 to Minutes No. 22 dated September 25, 2008 Results of roll-call voting on the issue of the draft law of the Perm Territory On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Perm Territory On the Budget Process in Perm region(second reading). Adopt the law in the second reading 1. Agishev A. V. in favor 2. Alikin A. A. in favor of 3. Baranov V. I. in favor of 4. Belykh N. Yu. abstained 5. Bo...”

« POWER ENGINEERS Preprint IBRAE No. IBRAE-2014-05 Preprint IBRAE-2014-05 I. L. Abalkina, D. V. Biryukov, M. V. Vedernikova, V. I. Dorogov, A. I. Ilyushkin, A. S. AND..."

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Publisher: Kristall releases a wonderful series of mini encyclopedias on various topics: indoor plants, flowers, birds, mushrooms, dogs and cats, gems, horoscopes, aquarium fish, and even netsuke figurines... Small format books are pocket reference books that are very convenient to take with you!

The books are surprisingly well designed (for such a small size and such a low price!) - coated thick paper, bright printing, strong binding. Despite the small number of pages, there is quite a lot of information in the books - for the birds of Russia, for example, on each page there are three representatives of one order. Convenient to take with you on the road. A great option for children - small books - exactly what you need. Interesting to read.

High quality paper (Nova Press Silk). Printed in Lithuania.

The price of the books in the series is very attractive! They are cheap, but the quality - excellent books!

"Birds of Russia"

Ornithologists count about 8600 species of birds. Many of them are residents Russian forests, mountains, sea and river coasts. The world of birds is extremely diverse, relatively poorly studied, fraught with a lot of mystery.

It is not surprising that it attracts the attention of not only specialists, but also amateurs, for whom birdwatching is a sincere hobby. For them, this mini-encyclopedia will be an excellent pocket reference. It presents 272 species of birds, either permanently living on the territory of Russia, or flying to our country to breed chicks.

Brief but concise notes describe the behavior, nutrition and reproduction of each species; a brief reference Information about the maximum length, weight, wingspan.

For amateurs, this book will serve as a compact guide that will expand your understanding of the avifauna of Russia.

There is a separate volume of the series - Birds, and more - Eagles, hawks, falcons.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Netsuke"

The book you are holding in your hands is dedicated to the Japanese art of making belt charms - netsuke.

It tells about the most popular mythological, historical and folklore characters, whose images inspired the fantasy of Japanese masters.

The book contains 60 small but capacious notes, each of which is illustrated with color photographs of netsuke figurines.

Data are given on the characteristic attributes and features of the characters described, as well as on the symbolic meaning of the figures. The netsuke that have survived to this day not only delight with the high art of carvers. These elegant miniatures allow you to immerse yourself in the realm of myths and legends, learn about the gods, legendary heroes and mythical creatures of the Japanese epic. A compact and beautifully designed mini-encyclopedia is interesting for a wide range of readers, and can serve as a wonderful gift.

"Origami for beginners"

Nowadays, in many kindergartens and schools in the country, origami is taught as an optional subject. Origami circles work. And at home, the book that you hold in your hands should help you learn this art. It is intended specifically for beginners, those who are taking their first steps in understanding origami. You can create simple models with your own hands: hats, boats, planes, birds, fish, animals, dogs and cats, flowers, boxes, stars and ornaments, dragons and dinosaurs.

Each folded figurine is shown in a color photograph. Accurate drawings guarantee success in folding any collection model.

The book is intended for a wide range of people interested in origami. It will also help parents who want their children to join the exciting and useful for the development of the art of the art.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Countries of the world"

Compact mini-encyclopedia includes data on all countries of the world recognized by the UN.

Very convenient to take to school!

The directory provides information about the state structure of each country, the area of ​​its territory, national currency, climate, economy, largest cities, membership in international organizations, population, standard of living and some other indicators.

Each article is accompanied by a map, images of flags are given. The Internet domain of the country is given.

The newest names of a number of countries and cities, officially adopted by the relevant authorities, are indicated.

The book is worthy of the attention of those who like to guess crossword puzzles. There is a description of 378 countries, and not 192, as it is written on the cover. It is interesting that in Russia there are only 2 largest cities: Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Belarus as many as 5. :-)

In general, the book is published well: the pictures are bright, the paper is coated, the text is small, but it is easy to read.

"Countries of the world. Political maps"

The pocket encyclopedia includes political and physical maps of all continents of the world, including Antarctica. Maps of the Arctic are given separately. The atlas contains a map of Russia divided into federal districts and a map of Ukraine.

The publication contains maps of the countries of the so-called "Seven", which includes the UK, USA, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Canada. Includes maps of the BRIC countries, which, in addition to Russia, include Brazil, India and China. In the atlas you will find a map of the time zones of the world and the flags of all countries.

Are given brief characteristics every country in the world: its area, population, official language, telephone code, Internet domain, time difference in relation to Moscow and information about the national currency.

This publication differs from similar atlases of the world by its surprising compactness. This is literally a pocket edition.

A small, convenient format allows the atlas to be used as a handy and at the same time quite detailed reference book containing important information about the leading countries of the world.

"Orchids. Mini-encyclopedia"

The compact mini-encyclopedia provides information about the 60 most popular and interesting genera of wonderful flowers - orchids. Most representatives of these genera live in the tropical and subtropical zones of the Earth and have been cultivated in our country relatively recently.

Information about plants includes their living conditions in nature, detailed data on growing at home: temperature regime, substrate, watering, requirements for air humidity, illumination, top dressing, the need for a dormant period, etc. The difficulties that may arise during cultivation and measures to overcome them are considered. The book is arranged in alphabetical order according to the Russian names of genera, their Latin names and classification position in the Orchidaceae family are given.

The publication is illustrated with beautiful color photographs and is aimed at a wide range of readers.

Despite the fact that the book is very miniature, it contains enough information. Each page contains high-quality color photographs, information about optimal growing conditions for orchids, and tips on plant care.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Dogs"

According to unofficial data, there are now about 5,000 dog breeds in the world, but only a few of them are registered.

They can be roughly divided into four groups. Three of them include breeds that specialize in guarding, watchdog service, grazing and hunting. Some of these breeds have relatively recently given rise to so-called companion dogs, which have quickly become exclusively house pets. The fourth group is the most ancient, its representatives are genetically closer to their wolf ancestors than other dogs.

Each of the breeds has not only a specific purpose, the skills of a particular canine "profession" developed over the centuries, but also behavioral features, its own advantages and disadvantages.

The encyclopedia brought to your attention will expand the horizons of home dog lovers, give an idea of ​​the variety of dog breeds, and also allow you to make the right decision when choosing a four-legged friend.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Cats"

Compact mini-encyclopedia contains information about the most popular and common cat breeds. Each of them has only one page in the book, but it contains a lot of useful information.

The characteristics of the exterior, which are typical for cats of this group, are described in detail. Color options for each breed are given.

Separately, the features of behavior are given. The time and place of origin of this breed, as well as the official felinological organizations by which it is recognized, are indicated.

Each breed in the mini-encyclopedia is illustrated with two photographs. The first shows an adult cat, the second shows her kittens.

The compact size of the publication allows you to use the book as a reference book, which is always convenient to keep at hand.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Western and Eastern horoscopes"

This mini-encyclopedia is unique. It combines information about the eastern and western horoscopes. In ancient times, China developed a calendar system that reflects the customs, superstitions and worldviews of the peoples of the Celestial Empire.

The book is about signs and symbols. Eastern horoscope. It describes their features, gives the characteristics of each of the 12 signs and personalities of people born in a given year, their compatibility. The book also details each of the 12 signs of the zodiac. western horoscope.

Astrologers have identified the typical personality traits of people born under the sign, their compatibility with others, gems and talismans related to it.

The book will serve as a concise encyclopedia for people interested in astrology and zodiac symbolism.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Aquarium fish"

Compact and beautifully illustrated encyclopedia contains descriptions of over 150 of the most popular species and breeding forms aquarium fish. It does not include
only fish that were well known decades ago.

Recently, platies have become common in aquariums, cichlids (both American and African) are rapidly gaining popularity.

In aquariums, previously little-known knifefish, afiosemions, botii, nannostomus and many others are no longer rare. A lot of experience has been accumulated in their maintenance, the conditions (water parameters, nutrition, interior) under which one or another species feels most comfortable have been determined.

In the mini-encyclopedia, this information is present in full.

In addition, it tells about the natural habitats of fish and the features of their behavior.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Mushrooms"

Many books on mushrooms contain redundant information. This compact mini-encyclopedia is deprived of this shortcoming. It contains information about the most popular and common mushrooms growing in Russia.

In the book, each species is given only one page, but it contains a lot of useful information.

Detailed external features of the species are described: the structure and color of the cap, legs, color and smell of the pulp. The places of growth and the season for collecting mushrooms of this species are indicated.

Each species is illustrated with at least two color photographs.

A centimeter scale is provided, which allows you to get an idea of ​​​​the size of the fungus. The compact size of the publication allows you to use it as a handy reference book, which is convenient to take with you for a walk in the forest.

The main types of mushrooms that you will meet in the forests of Russia are listed - in lowlands, under trees or on a rotten stump. Great book!! The book fully justifies its title of a mini-encyclopedia, it is described in great detail. appearance mushrooms, photos are bright, good quality.

"Mini-encyclopedia. Planets and constellations"

A compact and beautifully illustrated atlas-reference guide introduces readers to the objects of the starry sky. It contains about scriptures of all 88 constellations: zodiac, as well as the constellations of the northern and southern hemispheres of the celestial sphere.

The story about each contains information about the brightest stars and interesting space objects of the constellation.

Provides detailed information about all the planets of the solar system. Maps of the starry sky, supplemented by descriptions of the location of the constellations, will help the reader to easily navigate and find objects of interest to him in the night sky.

The book provides information that will be of interest to both novice astronomy lovers and experienced researchers of the starry sky. The stories about the constellations and planets are accompanied by brief historical information about the history of the origin of their names, about the mythical gods and heroes to whom they are dedicated. The book contains many photographs of the starry sky, which were obtained with the help of modern astronomical equipment over the past few years.

Compiled by: I.A. Leskov.

10
july
2009

Children's encyclopedia "Everything about everything" (5 volumes)

Format: PDF, eBook (originally computer)
Released: 1997
A. Likum
Genre: Encyclopedia
Publisher: AST
Number of pages: 512
Description: This encyclopedia is really children's and built on the principle of "question-answer". Each volume does not have a specific theme and covers a wide range of issues, tells about the world around us, about nature, about ourselves...!

03
dec
2017

Olga, Barnaul

|

03-12-2017 07:24:56

28
june
2018

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. First edition (All 65 volumes + USSR volume)

Year of issue: 1926-1947
Genre: Encyclopedia
Publisher: JSC "Soviet Encyclopedia"
Russian language
Number of pages: 66 x ~ 430
Description: Under the spoiler. About editionLarge Soviet Encyclopedia(first edition) - the most famous and complete Soviet universal encyclopedia, a grandiose edition, work on which was started in 1925 and ended only in 1947. The authors and editors of the encyclopedia managed to concentrate in it truly all the wealth of knowledge accumulated by mankind over the millennia. The information collected in the TSB is overwhelmingly...

18
Feb
2014

Everything can be negotiated! (Gavin Kennedy), Viktor Popov, Lyudmila Zinoviev]

Format: Audiobook, MP3, 123-158kbps
Author: Gavin Kennedy
Release year: 2010
Genre: Business
Publisher: Alpina
Artist: Viktor Popov, Lyudmila Zinovieva
Duration: 09:08:59
Description: Before you is a real bible of the negotiator, in which the basic principles of the negotiation process, strategic approaches and tactics are revealed step by step. The author talks about psychological traps and mistakes in prioritization, gives examples of catastrophic miscalculations and situations that can still be corrected. Working on the tasks of the author, you will catch yourself more than once on the fact that...

03
sep
2013

Children's Encyclopedia (Jane Elliott, Colin King)

ISBN: 5-257-00633-2
Series: Encyclopedia ("Rosmen")

Author: Jane Elliott, Colin King
Release year: 1994
Genre: Encyclopedia
Publisher: Rosmen
Russian language
Number of pages: 128
Description: In this colorfully designed encyclopedia, children will find answers to most questions about the world around them. You will immediately notice the convenience and ease in studying the material presented and the ability to use this book as a teaching aid. Screenshots

19
Jan
2016

Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia (Elena Mirskaya (ed.))

ISBN: 0-7513-8601-4
Format: PDF, OCR without errors
Author: Elena Mirskaya (ed.)
Release year: 1996
Genre: Cognitive and reference literature
Publisher: Dorling Kindersley
Russian language
Number of pages: 664
Description: About 500 articles from A to Z - about what every child should know and what is interesting for all children. 22-page Facts and Figures reference supplement. Over 3500 stunning color illustrations. The most modern view of history and technology, nature and art. The latest information about our rapidly changing world. The latest discoveries and inventions. This book n...

06
july
2010

Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius 2008

Release year: 2008
Genre: Modern multimedia encyclopedia
Developer: LLC "Cyril and Methodius"
Developer site: www.km.ru
Interface language: Russian
Platform: Windows (2000), Windows (XP), Windows (Vista)
System requirements: Pentium IV 1.2 GHz processor 512 MB RAM DVD drive with support for reading Double Layer (DL) discs Supports 1024x768 pixels resolution 1.5 GB of free hard disk space 256 MB video memory
Description: "Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius" is an exciting journey into the world of knowledge. Lively interesting presentation, bright colorful design, pr...

20
May
2007

Release year: 2005
Genre: educational
Publication type: license
Interface language: only Russian
Medication: Not required
System Requirements: Minimum system requirements: PC: MS Windows 98 and higher, Pentium II processor, 400, 64 Mb RAM, 4-speed CD-ROM, SVGA card (800x600, 65536 colors), MS Internet Explorer 5.0, mouse
Description: This is the third edition of DECM, the content of which has been significantly expanded, updated and supplemented! Added sections "Mobile communications", "Transformation of matter", "Me and my family", Multimedia Theater application, supplemented by many other sections of the encyclopedia. Included most after...

04
but I
2013

Collection of books "Grandmother. Encyclopedia of folk medicine" 70 volumes (Sergey Bondarev)

Format: DjVu, Scanned pages
Author: Sergey Bondarev
Year of release: 2004-2010
Genre: Medicine
Publisher: Kirovograd. Ed. Grandmother
Russian language
Number of pages: 70 volumes
Description: The encyclopedia has no analogues either in Ukraine or in Russia. Preparing this work for publication, the author set himself the goal of bringing together the majority of recommendations for getting rid of ailments with folk remedies. In the description of each disease, both the opinion of official medicine on its treatment and practical recommendations of people who got rid of this disease are given. Read, heal, and even better - do not get sick. Basic...

26
june
2018

Military encyclopedia ((18 volumes out of 18))

Format: PDF, Scanned pages
Author: (18 volumes out of 18)
Year of issue: 1911-1915
Genre: Rarities, encyclopedias, military affairs
Publisher: Russian empire, St. Petersburg, comrade I. D. Sytina
Language: Russian (old spelling)
Number of pages: 18x380
Description: The military encyclopedia aimed to unite and organically link together all the most important information on various branches of military and naval affairs, which, in the successive connection of the present with the past, would illuminate all issues related to the existence of the armed forces, popularizing the knowledge necessary for both the soldier and and citizen. T...

09
Feb
2017

History of the Civil War in the USSR. 5 volumes. (Authors team)

Format: DjVu, Scanned pages
Author: Team of authors
Year of issue: 1935-1958
Genre: history of the USSR
Publisher: Moscow. State Publishing House of Political Literature
Russian language
Number of pages: 2700
Description: This book is a story about boundless courage and steadfastness, about the revolutionary enthusiasm and heroism of workers and peasants who have risen to fight for a new, just life on earth, for the bright ideals of communism.
Edited by: M. Gorky, V. Molotov, K. Voroshilov, S. Kirov, A. Zhdanov, A. Bubnov, Y. Gamarnik, I. Stalin. Volume 1. From the beginning of the war to the beginning of October ...

17
aug
2013

Chronicles of the fault (1-3.books (5 volumes.)) (Nick Perumov)

Format: audiobook, MP3, 64kbps
Author: Nick Perumov
Year of release: 2011-2012
Genre: Fantasy
Publisher: Do-it-yourself audiobook
Artist: Herhill
Duration: 75:13:05
Description: In the world of Melin, two forces collided that have the appearance of
Swords: one - Diamond, the other - Wooden. To prevent them from destroying the world, the magician Fess takes them outside of his universe. Together with yourself. And he ends up in Evial - a world over which the Western Darkness has long been hanging. Both good and evil forces are fighting for Fess, but he continues to follow the difficult, sacrificial path of the Black Magician, spitting on everyone. In the end, his fate is not yet...

09
May
2007

Great Soviet Encyclopedia (disk 5 of 5)
Release year: 2002
Genre: Encyclopedia
Publication type: pirate
Medication: Not required
System Requirements: Minimum System Requirements: Operating system Windows 98/Me/2000/XP Pentium 266 MHz processor 64 MB RAM 800x600 screen resolution with 16-bit color depth 4-speed DVD drive
Description: GREAT SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA Installation (installation) is not required. It can be run both from CD-DVD-ROM and from a hard drive. Broken down into 5 discs. Disc 1 - A-GOGO disc 2 - GOGO-KONG disc 3 - COND-PLUS disc 4 ...

05
july
2014

ISBN: 978-5-94074-941-7
Format: DjVu, OCR without errors
Author: Andrey Kashkarov
Release year: 2013

Publisher: DMK Press
Russian language
Number of pages: 184
Description: Repair and maintenance of switching power supplies is impossible without knowledge of the principles of their operation and methods for diagnosing faults. The book discusses the calculation of switching power supplies, describes in detail their circuitry and principles of operation, various ways stabilization of output voltages, ways to protect power supplies from overloads in secondary circuits, type ...

09
but I
2014

All about renovation. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia (N. Komissarova (ed.))

ISBN: 978-5-699-68238-6
Format: PDF, OCR without errors
Author: N. Komissarova (ed.)
Release year: 2014
Genre: Textbooks, reference books, encyclopedias
Publisher: Eksmo
Russian language
Number of pages: 368
Description: The most up-to-date and complete repair encyclopedia, based on the experience of professional builders, contains up-to-date and detailed information about various construction and repair jobs that you can do yourself. The encyclopedia describes full cycle construction and finishing works, a detailed review of modern materials and tools is given. Step-by-step descriptions and many photo illustrations ...

11
May
2007

Russian bath - electronic encyclopedia "All about the bath"

Description:
Format: HTML
Quality: Scanned pages
Description: No one doubts the benefits of a bath or sauna. A visit to the bath opens the pores and stimulates skin respiration, improves blood circulation, increases the function of the cardiovascular system, is a powerful means of activating the activity of capillaries and increasing metabolism. The heat of the bath destroys bacteria on the human body, makes the skin sterile, which contributes to the rapid healing of abrasions, wounds and various injuries; relieves fatigue, nervous tension, restores strength, restores vigor and improves mood.
Disc content: 1. ...

22
mar
2009

Interactive encyclopedia 1001 CONTRACT for all business cases (2008)

Release year: 2008
Genre: Encyclopedia
Developer: Publishing House "Balance"
Publisher: Publishing House "Balance"
Interface language: Russian
Platform: PC
System requirements: Pentium II, 256 MB RAM, 24 CD-ROMs, Windows 98/2000/XP
Description: Interactive encyclopedia "1001 AGREEMENTS for all occasions" (2008) - a guide in an accessible form explains even the most difficult questions. Each section is written by highly specialized specialists. The authors tried to cover not only the theoretical side of the issues, but also show practice, providing the material with examples, recommendations, Special attention most common meeting...