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The main problems associated with pond maintenance arise from water pollution. You can also keep fish in tap water, but given that chlorine is added to it, which forms acids with water, it is necessary to defend the water for several days before launching the fish so that the acid has time to decompose. During the summer heat, water should be added to the pond in small portions, if you add a lot of water at a time, it will change temperature regime and high levels of chlorine in the water. When keeping fish in a pond, you need to monitor the acid-base balance.
Why does the water turn green
The reason for the green water is the small algae that live in the pond. The algae itself does not harm the fish, but the water becomes cloudy because of them. Already two weeks after filling the pond with water, it becomes greenish, this must be dealt with, otherwise the situation will only worsen. Algae multiply especially quickly when the surface of the pond is heated by the sun's rays and the water contains a lot of carbon dioxide. In the fight against green algae, it is necessary to create unfavorable conditions for them. The situation will be better if the area of the pond is more than 3.5 square meters and there are plants in the pond that shade its surface and absorb carbon dioxide and mineral salts from the water. It is also necessary to regularly clean the water from fallen leaves and food not eaten by fish.
Even if you follow all the recommendations for cleaning the pond, it is very difficult to deal with green algae, as fish raise silt from the bottom of the pond, a powerful pump mixes the water too much. The fight against algae becomes much more difficult if the area of the pond is too small (less than 3.5 sq.m), if the depth of the pond is less than 45 cm, if there are no plants in the pond. In this case, you need to resort to chemical means of water purification from algae. It is advisable to use algaecides, which are the least harmful to fish and plants. There are selective algicides that give an effect within 1-4 months. Another type of algaecide binds organic matter and algae, causing them to settle to the bottom of the pond.
All of the above water purification products allow you to get rid of algae only on a short time. Only a water filter can fundamentally solve the problem.
weeds
Weeds can damage appearance pond, in addition, they prevent the growth of ornamental aquatic plants and make it difficult to look at the fish. Aquatic weeds are filamentous algae that cling to the bottom and walls of the pond and form balls that float in the water. Filamentous algae or filamentous algae do not form in those ponds where higher plants are planted that bring the pond into a state of equilibrium. On the contrary, there are many of them where filters are installed. Threads are best removed with a net, two-horned pitchfork or rake. The pitchfork and rake must be turned in the water, thus winding the algae, which must be removed from the pond. Clog the pond and plants floating on the surface of the water (duckweed). They need to be caught out of the water in a timely manner, before they grow too large. It is also necessary to fight against aggressive coastal plants, which, growing, begin to displace tender plants.
polluted water
Dirty water is dangerous to fish and plants, although it may be colorless and odorless. Water can be polluted by rotting leaves of underwater plants, resulting in an oily film on the surface of the pond that prevents oxygen from entering the pond. Such a film must be removed, you can use a newspaper that absorbs it. When dry leaves or dead fish rot, the water turns black. If the water is heavily polluted, it is necessary to pump it out, fill the pond with new water after it has been thoroughly cleaned. Water must also be pumped out if chemical substances(paint, herbicides, etc.). In small ponds, fish waste gradually accumulates, releasing toxins during decomposition. Partial replacement of water in the fall and eternal will help to cope with this problem. Water is pumped out with a pump to a quarter of the total volume, then topped up with a thin stream clean water to the usual level.
muddy water
muddy water Brown color although not dangerous to plants and fish, it greatly spoils the appearance of the pond. The causes of cloudy water are too powerful a pump or turbidity raised by fish from the bottom and from baskets in which plants are planted. Prevention will help to cope with this problem: it is better to cover the baskets on top with burlap or fill it with gravel, and install the pump so that it does not create a strong flow of water. Chemicals(flocculants) will help to cope with this problem only for a while, while the flakes that have settled on the bottom of the pond must be removed, but the water will become cloudy again if the main pollutants are not removed.
Acidic or alkaline water
To determine the level of acidity of water, you need to use special devices. If the pH level is in the range of 6.5-8.5, then the water is suitable for use. If the level is above or below these values, then plants and fish cannot be bred in such water. At a pH value of 9.0 and above, the water is alkaline, this phenomenon is most often observed when waterproofing a pond made of artificial stone or concrete. Therefore, before using the pond, all concrete surfaces must be painted over, and buffering agents must then be added to the water. Water is acidic if the pH value is 6.0 or less. An acidic environment occurs when water from peat bogs enters the pond. In this case, you need to partially change the water and put limestone in the pond.
Pond cleaning
If the water in the pond is polluted or there is too thick a layer of silt at the bottom, this means that the pond needs to be cleaned. In spring or summer, shore and underwater plants are removed from the pond, which can be placed in a temporary pond made of plastic or butyl rubber sheeting. Plants-oxygenators and floating on the surface of the water are placed in plastic containers filled with water. The water is then pumped out of the pond. When there is little water left, the fish are taken out with a net and transplanted into the tank. After all the water is pumped out of the pond, silt is removed from the bottom. Dirt must also be removed from the walls of the pond. Then the pond is filled with water again (clean tap water with a small amount of old water added). After filling with water, you can plant plants again and start the fish.
Problems with the maintenance of the pond | Near the househttp://website/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IMG_3004-450x233.jpghttp://website/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IMG_3004-450x233-150x150.jpg 2012-11-29T22:27:57+03:00 Near the house reservoirs The main problems associated with pond maintenance arise from water pollution. You can also keep fish in tap water, but given that chlorine is added to it, which forms acids with water, it is necessary to defend the water for several days before launching the fish so that the acid has time to decompose. During the summer heat, the water in the pond should be...Near the house [email protected] Administrator Near Home
Municipal educational institution
Chemashinskaya middle comprehensive school»
Research work
Why is the water in small ponds green?
MOU "Chemahinskaya secondary school".
Head: Shitova I. V.,
Primary school teacher
Introduction.
Introduction to the microscope.
Practical work"Studying the state of hay infusion"
2. The structure of euglena - green.
Conclusions.
Introduction.
Everyone knows that water is a colorless liquid. Why then in some reservoirs it becomes green? Maybe there are some living creatures or microscopic plants that we cannot see, and which color the water green? We decided to test our hypothesis. To do this, we need a microscope and water from a flowering pond. But in winter, all the reservoirs froze, and we prepared hay infusion.
Tasks:
Learn about the structure of a microscope.
Prepare hay infusion.
Determine if it contains microorganisms, as microorganisms are called.
Find out if they are plants or animals.
Hypothesis. Perhaps there are living beings in the hay infusion, which is why the water appears green.
Research methods:
1. Working with directories.
2. Experiment.
3. Observation.
4. Laboratory research.
Location of research work :
D. Chemashi, Oktyabrsky district, KhMAO - Yugra, Tyumen region.
Terms of the research work :
Duration: 2 months.
Introduction to the microscope.
We placed the test water with a pipette on a glass slide, covered it with a coverslip and put it on the glass table, clamped the glass with clamps. Focused and looked into the lens.
Practical work "Studying the state of hay infusion"
1. First, we examined boiled water through a microscope. The glass slide was clean.
Conclusion. There are no living beings in boiled water.
2. November 21 laid the experiment. We prepared a hay solution - cut the hay into pieces, and then put it in liter cans and filled with boiled water. One jar was placed in bright light - on the window, the second in diffused light - on the floor under the window, the third - in the dark - in the closet. Every 2 days we took three drops from each jar and examined them under a microscope.
The results were entered into a table.
| the date | Location | Color | Smell | Result |
| 24. 11 | In the bright light | Light yellow | Smells like tea | |
| ^ In scattered light | Light yellow | Smells like tea | There is no change in a drop of water |
|
| ^ In the dark | Light yellow | Smells like tea | There is no change in a drop of water |
|
| 26. 11 | In the bright light | Straw | Unpleasant | Appeared 8 dots ranging in size from 1 to 3 mm |
| ^ In scattered light | Straw | Unpleasant | Appeared 7 dots ranging in size from 1 to 3 mm |
|
| ^ In the dark | Straw | Unpleasant | There were 6 dots ranging in size from 1 to 6 mm. One organism is about 5 mm in size, drop-shaped, moves quickly. |
|
| 28. 11 | In the bright light | Straw | Unpleasant | There were 8 dots ranging in size from 1 to 3 mm. 2 organisms about 5 mm in size, drop-shaped, moving fast. |
| ^ In scattered light | Straw | Unpleasant | 5 round organisms 3-4mm in size and 4 small ones 1-3mm in size |
|
| ^ In the dark | Straw, mold appeared | Unpleasant | 3 organisms merged into one |
|
| 1. 12 | In the bright light | | Unpleasant | 8 organisms up to 5mm in size |
| ^ In scattered light | Mold has appeared | Unpleasant | 6 organisms up to 5mm in size |
|
| ^ In the dark | Straw, there is mold | Unpleasant | 6 organisms up to 5mm in size, 7 small dots. |
|
| 10. 12 | In the bright light | Dark-straw, cloudy, there is mold | Unpleasant | - |
| ^ In scattered light | Dark-straw, cloudy, there is mold | Unpleasant | - |
|
| ^ In the dark | Dark-straw, cloudy, there is mold | Unpleasant | Appeared 2 iridescent balls ranging in size from 6 to 8mm |
On the 5th day, in the microscope, we saw small living beings that moved quickly. They were oval in shape, narrowed at one end. It was impossible to tell what color they were. The narrow end was light, and the wide end was dark. To find out what they are called, we took in school library zoology textbook for grade 6.
According to the textbook, we determined that these creatures are called green euglena. Euglena green is the simplest creature. It lives in heavily polluted small fresh water bodies. There are so many of them that the water turns green. This phenomenon is called water bloom.
In a bank that stood in bright light, Better conditions for breeding euglena green, so there were more of them. On the 20th day, in jars standing in bright and diffused light, euglena was not visible, and in a jar that stood in the dark, very beautiful iridescent balls appeared. We haven't been able to find out exactly what it is.
We did not see any plants in the hay solution, so we can conclude that the water turns green due to the large number of living organisms.
2. The structure of euglena green.
This protozoan has a spindle-shaped body. Euglena is covered with a thin and elastic shell that allows it to contract, stretch and bend.
Euglena has one long flagellum at the anterior end of the body. It rotates rapidly and pulls the euglena forward. During movement, the body of the euglena slowly rotates around its axis in the direction opposite to the rotation of the flagellum. At the front end of the body is a cellular mouth and a bright red eye. With the help of the eye, Euglena distinguishes changes in illumination. The contractile vacuole lies in front of the body. Harmful substances, decay products and excess water are collected in the contractile vacuole, which are then pushed out. The nucleus is located in the posterior third of the body. The cytoplasm contains green chloroplasts that carry the green pigment chlorophyll. Euglena breathes oxygen dissolved in water.
It turns out that Euglena green building, like in an animal - a flagellum, a contractile vacuole, a photosensitive eye, a cellular mouth. Euglena can eat unicellular algae, small animals. But it also has chloroplasts, like a plant. Euglena green can form chlorophyll. Therefore, the water in stagnant ponds appears green.
Conclusions.
Euglena is green - the simplest, which combines the signs of an animal and a plant.
If there is a lot of euglena in the water, then it becomes green - it blooms.
Literature.
1. Konstantinov, V. M. Biology: Animals: A textbook for students of the 7th grade of educational institutions, 2nd ed., Revised. / V. M. Konstantinov, V. G. Babenko, V. S. Kuchmenko. - M .: Venta - Graf, 2007. - 304 p.: ill.
2. Rogers, K. All about microscopes / K. Rogers. – M.: Rosmen, 2000. - 96s.: ill.
Fish can live and breed in tap water. You just need to keep in mind that usually tap water is chlorinated, and chlorine, when combined with water, forms hydrochloric, hypochlorous, chlorous and chlorous acids. The latter decomposes rather quickly. Therefore, before you put the fish in a pond with fresh water, you should let it settle for several days. It's even better to check with your local waterworks ahead of time what kind of disinfectant they add to the water, because some substances take longer to decompose than chlorine compounds.
In dry weather in summer, water should be added to the pond in a thin stream from a hose. If you add a lot of fresh water to a small pond at once, this will lead to a sharp change in temperature and an increase in the content of chlorine in the water. In addition to chlorine, the acid-base balance has a great influence on the quality of water. Fish are able to tolerate fairly large fluctuations in the acid-base balance of water, but in some cases the water may be too acidic or too alkaline for them.
Finally, both ash pipeline and rainwater get dirty over time, and this has to be dealt with somehow. Pollutants from the soil can be avoided from entering the pond, in your area there may be fresh air, but nonetheless chemical composition water will inevitably change as a result of the decomposition of fish waste and other organic residues. If you have a small pond with a lot of fish and plants, you will need to clean it from time to time. Below is how to do this.
GREEN WATER
The water turns green due to the large number of small algae that live both in the water column and at its surface. These small algae are harmless to fish, but the water becomes cloudy.
In any new pond, the water becomes greenish two weeks after the pond is filled, and if this is not dealt with in any way, the situation will worsen. If the surface of the pond is warmed by the sun and the water contains a sufficient amount of certain minerals and carbon dioxide, then algae will multiply very quickly. In order for the water not to bloom, it is necessary to create conditions unfavorable for the growth of green algae, the article is pond care. This can be achieved if the surface area of the pond is large enough (at least 3.5 m2) and there are plants that shade the surface of the water and absorb mineral salts and carbon dioxide dissolved in it. To prevent water blooming, it is also necessary to remove dead leaves of plants in time, make sure that food not eaten by fish does not remain in the water, etc.
Unfortunately, dealing with water bloom is not so easy, even if you follow all the recommendations for maintaining balance in the pond given in the article. The main reason for failures is mud raised by fish from the bottom or strong mixing of water with an overly powerful pump.
Sometimes it is simply impossible to create the necessary balance in the pond due to the fact that the water surface area is too small (less than 3.5 m2), the depth in the deepest part does not reach 45 cm, from the surface of the soil or a paved area near the pond, mineral water enters it. substances or organic residues water, or little or no water in it higher plants(for example, in a koi pond or fountain). In this case, you need to resort to some method of dealing with algae. There are several of them, and among them there are both cheap and expensive ones. For example, a sack of barley straw or peat can be placed at the bottom of a pond, but this usually does not do much good. It is possible to put daphnia into the pond, although the fish will eat the daphnia faster than they will eat the algae. The obvious solution is chemical algae control. There are quite a few such algicides, and most of them act selectively on small algae and are less harmful to other plants and fish. Carefully follow the instructions for use of algicides. You should start applying them before the algae becomes too much. Algicides of selective action give only a temporary effect, they must be applied every 1-4 months. Another type of algaecides are substances that bind algae and organic matter that clog the pond, as a result of which they settle to the bottom. The third way to deal with algae is usually the most effective. This is a harmless dye that does not let sunlight into the water, which is necessary for the development of algae. But these are all temporary solutions. It is possible to solve the problem of water purification in a cardinal way only by installing a filter.
weeds PLANTS
There are several types of weeds that spoil the look of a pond, prevent the growth of desirable aquatic plants, and make it difficult to see fish. First of all, these are filamentous green algae, or filaments. Their long and silky threads are attached to the bottom and walls of the pond or form balls floating in the water. Filamentous and microscopic algae usually do not occur in a pond in which balance is achieved with the help of higher plants. Installing a filter will rid the pond of small algae, but, conversely, will encourage the growth of thread algae. These weeds are best removed from the pond with a net, rake or two-pronged pitchfork. Rotate a rake or pitchfork to wrap as much algae as possible around it and remove it from the pond, putting it in a compost heap. Chemical means of dealing with filaments are recommended to be used only after mechanical cleaning. Plants floating on the surface of the water, sometimes growing beyond measure, such as duckweed, can also clog the pond. Such plants must be removed from the water in a timely manner with a net and not allowed to grow. Also dangerous are fast-growing shore plants growing on a terrace in a pond, which must be drastically cut back if they begin to drown out more delicate plants.
POLLUTED WATER
Contaminated water may not have an unpleasant odor or discoloration, but still be dangerous to plant and/or fish life. There are several types of pollution. As a result of rotting of the leaves of water lilies and other underwater plants, an oily film can form on the surface of the water, which prevents oxygen from penetrating into the water. This film should be removed - stretch a newspaper over the surface of the water. If dry leaves or dead fish rot in the pond, the water turns black. In case of severe pollution, you will have to pump water out of the pond, clean it and only then fill it again. Equally drastic measures should be taken if paint, herbicide or any other harmful chemical has entered the pond. Finally, in small ponds with a large number of fish and plants, after a few years, fish waste, food residues, organic waste, etc. accumulate, during the decomposition of which toxic substances are released. This problem is solved by partial replacement of water in the pond in spring and autumn. Pump out a quarter of the volume of water with a pump, and then add tap water to the pond in a thin stream to the usual level.
MUDDY WATER
Brown cloudy water is harmless to fish and plants, but spoils the appearance of the pond. Water becomes cloudy mainly for two reasons: fish digging in the silt raise turbidity from the bottom of the pond and from the surface of the soil in baskets with plants, or too powerful a pump creates a strong current, which also raises silt from the bottom of the pond. Of course, prevention is better than cure, so plant baskets should be covered with burlap, buy solid-walled baskets, cover the soil surface in them with gravel, and install the pump in such a way that the water movement is not too strong. You can get rid of this problem for a while by using special chemicals - flocculants, as a result of which the dirt will settle in flakes at the bottom of the pond. This layer of dirt on the bottom must be removed with a special vacuum cleaner or other means. Unfortunately, the water will turn cloudy again if you do not eliminate the root cause of the cloudiness.
ACID And ALKALINE WATER
To determine the pH of water, there are easy-to-use kits. At pH values from 6.5 to 8.5, water is suitable, but at very low or higher values, it is dangerous for the life of both plants and fish. A pH value of 9.0 or higher means that the water is too alkaline. This is usually the water in ponds with waterproofing made of concrete or artificial stone. All concrete surfaces should therefore be painted over, try to remove as much algae from the pond as possible, and add buffering agents to the water, which can be bought at the same place where aquatic plants are sold. An acidic environment (pH value less than or equal to 6.0, which does not happen very often) occurs due to water entering the pond from the surrounding peatlands. In this case, you need to partially change the water, put limestone in the pond or add buffering reagents.
CLEANING POND
The pond needs to be cleaned if it has begun to leak, a thick layer of silt has formed at the bottom, or the water has become contaminated. On a fine day in late spring or summer, first remove all coastal plants from the pond, and then deep-sea plants. If possible, move them to a temporary pond; if this is not possible, wet the plants with water from a hose, preventing them from drying out. Build a temporary pond in the shade with plastic or butyl rubber sheeting, make separate compartments for fish and plants, and fill with water. Plants with floating leaves and oxygenating plants should be placed in plastic containers filled with water. Start pumping water. When there is not much water left, take out the fish with a net and put them in a temporary tank. Check the condition of the fish and cover their temporary home with a thin net.
Pump out all the water from the pond and remove the silt from the bottom. Scrape the dirt off the walls, being careful not to damage the surface. Refill the pond with tap water and add some old pond water if it is not contaminated. Plant the plants, clean the baskets if necessary, and return the plants to the pond. Finally, carefully release the fish back.
Municipal stage of the Russian competition research work and
creative projects for preschoolers and younger students
"I am an explorer"
Direction: Natural science
Job title
Why does water turn green
Author of the work
Golovchuk Timofei Evgenievich, 2nd grade
Teacher leader:
Brusyanina Irina Nikolaevna
MBOU "Secondary school No. 3"
Biysk
Introduction
In the summer, relaxing in the village with my grandparents, I liked to help
water the plants in the garden. To store irrigation water was adapted
a large metal tank that was filled with a hose. About the tank
a tall pear tree grows and the shadow from it falls on part of the tank. At the beginning
summer, the water in the tank and its walls were clean, and then, although the water was replenished,
the inside of the tank, which was exposed to sunlight, began to turn green, and
later, the entire tank was covered from the inside with a thick layer of greenery. And on
a green slippery coating formed on the surface of the water itself.
Summer passed, returning home, I somehow looked through the encyclopedia about
plants and found an article about the versions of the origin of life on our
planet, as well as the role of water in this process. The article provided examples
the oldest plants - algae and why the water turns green. I became more
review information on these topics in detail and made a decision
do your own research: why does the water turn green?
The purpose of the study: to find out the conditions and causes of changes in the quality
water from different sources.
Research objectives:
1. Study what are the sources of water.
2. To study what types of microscopic algae are.
3. Determine favorable conditions for the reproduction of algae.
4. Determine the relationship between water source and quantity and species
microorganisms contained in it.
Object of study: water samples taken from various sources, in
the same time and placed in different conditions storage.
3
Subject of research: change in the color of water and its qualities (turbidity,
sediment) as a result of observation over time.
In the course of the work, the following research methods were used:
theoretical analysis;
experimental research;
observation method;
comparison method.
Research Hypothesis: Suppose that
water samples from outdoor pools will begin to turn green faster than
water samples placed in storage conditions without sunlight and
air will begin to turn green later than the samples under sunlight and with
air access;
in water samples from different sources, microalgae are formed
Theoretical part
Almost 70% of our planet is covered with water. If a
converted to cubic kilometers, then the figure turns out to be quite
impressive - 1500 million cubic kilometers. And it seems to be
a huge figure, but do not forget that this one and a half million includes
absolutely all water - sea, ocean, lake, river. Of these 70%
only 3% is accounted for fresh water. About 190 million cubic meters
kilometers water resources are under the earth's crust(underground reservoirs).
Depending on the depth of these sources, they are divided into underground and
surface waters. At the same time, taking into account the number of people living on earth, and,
therefore, people in need of drinking water - this indicator
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scanty. Today, the lack of clean fresh water is the main problem
humanity. Scientists around the world are developing programs and technologies that
which are aimed at desalination of sea and ocean water.
Water pools that are located underground at a depth of
tens to hundreds of meters - these are kind of vessels where water is surrounded
solid rock and is under highest pressure. Water,
accumulating at shallow depths, is an excellent basis for
wells, water pipes. This water is suitable for domestic needs, but
requires special purification in case of its use in food. Water,
located at a depth of several meters from the ground, has one significant
disadvantage - it is constantly in contact with the upper loose layer of soil and
may be contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals, radionuclides and
other substances and compounds. Therefore, water bodies at greater depths
cleaner and safer to use.
Glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica are a huge source of
fresh water throughout the world. Approximately 20 to 30 million
cubic kilometers of fresh and, most importantly, clean drinking water.
A lot of fresh water also falls in the form of a wide variety of precipitation (snow,
rain, dew), and this is about 14 thousand cubic kilometers. Today
many special technologies have been developed for the desalination of oceanic
water. The main way to extract fresh water is the principle
distillation. But in addition to this method, other physical
chemical methods, cheaper and more accessible.
The main sources of fresh water on earth are rivers and lakes. it
unique in their essence "gifts" of nature. Humanity has been
uses fresh water to meet their needs. the largest
lake in the world is Lake Baikal, located on the territory of the Russian
Federation. This reservoir is considered not only the largest in the world, but also
5
the cleanest with the richest flora and fauna. Volumes of water in Baikal
are about 20 thousand cubic kilometers.
About six thousand cubic kilometers of water is found in all
animals and plant organisms on the planet, including in the people themselves.
Therefore, we can safely say that Natural resources waters distributed
literally all over the planet.
But the water itself, at first glance transparent and absolutely clean, conceals in
yourself huge world living microorganisms. Water is a unique substance
capable of not only supporting the life of all organisms, but also giving rise to this
life.
About 3 billion years ago, blue algae appeared on earth and
became the first vegetation on it. It is the oldest living organism
known for chlorophyll, the coloring matter that gives green
leaf color, as well as photosynthesis, through which nutrients
can be produced using light, one of the most outstanding
phenomena in the creation of the world. The emergence of blue algae was closely related
with an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere. It formed the ozone layer, which
in turn protected from harmful ultraviolet rays, due to which
the water surface of the planet was settled.
Highly for a long time algae were the only representatives
vegetation on earth. Appeared only about 500 million years ago
higher plants. During this seemingly infinite period,
algae have reached ecological perfection, and this in turn has played
an outstanding role in the progressive development of flora and fauna on the planet.
Approximately 20 thousand species of green algae are known,
distributed mainly in fresh water and moist
land areas. Among the pigments present in their cells,
6
chlorophyll, which gives them their green color. In green algae cells
starch is stored.
Representatives of green algae are species such as,
chlamydomonas, chlorella, volvox, ulotrix, nitella.
Chlamydomonas - freshwater microscopic
unicellular algae elongated pear-shaped.
At its anterior end there are two flagella of the same
the length by which it moves in the water column. besides big
vacuoles with cell sap, the chlamydomonas cell has two small
contractile vacuoles. With their help, excess water is removed from the cell,
coming from environment. Thus, these vacuoles regulate
pressure inside the cell: if excess water was not expelled to the outside, the cell
would burst.
Near the base of the flagellum in the form of a red spot is
called the peephole that perceives light. Moving, chlamydomonas with
using the eye finds conditions favorable for photosynthesis. At
lack of light, chlamydomonas can absorb through the membrane
ready-made organic substances dissolved in water.
Chlamydomonas reproduces, as a rule, asexually. Wherein
it loses flagella, and its nucleus and cytoplasm are divided into 4 (sometimes 8) small
biflagellated cells - spores. Spore (from the Greek dispute - sowing, seed)
Plants are called special cells that serve for asexual reproduction and
distribution. Chlamydomonas spores leave the maternal membrane
cells enter the water, where they quickly grow to a certain size. Already
a day later, young chlamydomonas cells can multiply again
asexual way. Such reproduction can be repeated many times.
When unfavorable conditions occur (decrease in water temperature,
drying up of a reservoir, etc.) the mother cell passes to the sexual
7
reproduction. It forms sex cells that go into the water and in pairs
merge. This is how a zygote is formed (from the Greek zygotos - connected together).
The zygote is covered with a thick membrane and in this state tolerates
freezing and drying. When conditions are favorable, the contents
the zygote divides. Four motile spores are formed that enter the water
and grow.
Chlorella, unlike chlamydomonas, is common in both fresh and
saline water bodies, as well as on moist land areas. She doesn't
has eyes and flagella. This algae reproduces
exclusively asexual way - with the help of motionless
dispute.
Volvox lives in fresh water, has the appearance of small (up to 2 mm in
diameter) of movable green balls. Volvox - colonial algae,
which consists of a significant (up to 20 thousand) number of cells, in general
similar to chlamydomonas cells. These cells are interconnected
cytoplasmic bridges. Inside the Volvox colony is full
gelatinous substance. Volvox is able to reproduce asexually and sexually.
ways.
Ulothrix is a freshwater multicellular algae. Unlike
volvox, ulotrix cells are arranged in one row and form a long
thread (up to 10 cm long). Ulothrix reproduces vegetatively (by scraps of thread),
asexual (using motile spores) and sexually.
experimental part
To solve the tasks and disclose the research topic,
water samples were needed. Five water samples were taken from
different sources:
1. Filtered water - water from a home flow filter,
drinkable.
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2. Tap water - domestic cold water from a tap.
3.Rain water - water collected from the drain immediately
after
rain.
4. River water - water collected near the banks of the Biya River in a flowing place
(not stagnant).
5. Water from a stagnant reservoir - water collected from
career.
The beginning of the experiment was the date of water sampling - September 27, 2015.
All five water samples were poured into clean containers with tight
closed lid and placed under the following storage conditions (with
constant room temperature 2223 degrees C):
1. Under direct sunlight and without air access.
2. Under direct sunlight and with air access (in caps
holes were made).
3. In a dark place and without air access.
Then began the daily inspection of water samples and
fixing the results in the diary of observations.
Legend:
F - filtered water.
B - tap water.
D - rain water
9
R - river (flowing) water.
SW - water from a stagnant reservoir.
PR - clear water
LOD - light sediment at the bottom.
OS - sediment at the bottom.
NOV - initial formation of algae.
LMD - slight turbidity of the bottom.
ZOS - green sediment
Start green The water is starting to turn green.
ZD, green bottom - green bottom.
Green dots – green dots have formed on the bottom.
Diary of daily observations
1. Under direct sunlight and without air access
the date
27.09.2015
28.09.2015
29.09.2015
30.09.2015
01.10.2015
02.10.2015
03.10.2015
04.10.2015
05.10.2015
06.10.2015
07.10.2015
08.10.2015
09.10.2015
10.10.2015
11.10.2015
12.10.2015
13.10.2015
14.10.2015
15.10.2015
16.10.2015
17.10.2015
18.10.2015
19.10.2015
20.10.2015
F
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
AT
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
D
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
R
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
SW
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
Start green
Start green
10
21.10.2015
22.10.2015
23.10.2015
24.10.2015
25.10.2015
26.10.2015
27.10.2015
28.10.2015
29.10.2015
30.10.2015
31.10.2015
01.11.2015
02.11.2015
03.11.2015
04.11.2015
05.11.2015
06.11.2015
07.11.2015
08.11.2015
09.11.2015
10.11.2015
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
os
Start green
Start green
Start green
Start green
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
Green dots and green bottom
2. Under direct sunlight and with access to air
the date
27.09.2015
28.09.2015
29.09.2015
30.09.2015
01.10.2015
02.10.2015
03.10.2015
04.10.2015
05.10.2015
06.10.2015
07.10.2015
08.10.2015
09.10.2015
10.10.2015
11.10.2015
12.10.2015
13.10.2015
14.10.2015
15.10.2015
16.10.2015
17.10.2015
18.10.2015
F
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
AT
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
D
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
OS
R
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
SW
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LMD
LMD
LMD
OS
OS
OS
Start green
Start green
Start green
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
11
19.10.2015
20.10.2015
21.10.2015
22.10.2015
23.10.2015
24.10.2015
25.10.2015
26.10.2015
27.10.2015
28.10.2015
29.10.2015
30.10.2015
31.10.2015
01.11.2015
02.11.2015
03.11.2015
04.11.2015
05.11.2015
06.11.2015
07.11.2015
08.11.2015
09.11.2015
10.11.2015
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
AIA
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
Green bottom
50% HT
50% HT
50% HT
50% HT
50% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
75% HT
3. In a dark place and without air access
the date
27.09.2015
28.09.2015
29.09.2015
30.09.2015
01.10.2015
02.10.2015
03.10.2015
04.10.2015
05.10.2015
06.10.2015
07.10.2015
08.10.2015
09.10.2015
10.10.2015
11.10.2015
12.10.2015
13.10.2015
14.10.2015
15.10.2015
16.10.2015
F
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
AT
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
D
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
R
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
12
SW
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
17.10.2015
18.10.2015
19.10.2015
20.10.2015
21.10.2015
22.10.2015
23.10.2015
24.10.2015
25.10.2015
26.10.2015
27.10.2015
28.10.2015
29.10.2015
30.10.2015
31.10.2015
01.11.2015
02.11.2015
03.11.2015
04.11.2015
05.11.2015
06.11.2015
07.11.2015
08.11.2015
09.11.2015
10.11.2015
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
etc
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
LOD
As a result of daily observation of the samples, I discovered
amazing process of development of the whole world of microorganisms from the usual
transparent at first glance water, simply located in a small container and
with which nothing special was done.
Below is a table in which the main changes are written,
that occurred with water, in the process of observation.
filtered water
1 group
3 group
2 group
tap water
1 group
During the entire observation period, the water sample in each of the groups did not change in any way. Water
remained transparent, as it was at the beginning of the study, without precipitation, turbidity and discoloration.
3 group
2 group
1 group
2 group
3 group
13
Rainwater
After 8 days
After 17 days
After 38 days
1 group
After 9 days
After 16 days
1 group
After 8 days
After 10 days
Light sediment at the bottom
After 8 days
Sediment
After 23 days
green sediment at the bottom
After 35 days
river water
2 group
Light sediment at the bottom
After 9 days
Sediment
After 15 days
green sediment at the bottom
After 37 days
Water from standing water
2 group
Light sediment at the bottom
After 10 days
3 group
After 9 days
3 group
After 11 days
Slight turbidity of the bottom
After 8 days
Sediment
green sediment at the bottom
After 13 days
green bottom
After 29 days
After 16 days
Green bottom covered by 50%
After 27 days
Green bottom covered by 75%
After 31 days
Green dots and green bottom
After 35 days
So, having formed all the results in a common table, you can see
sequential change of some water samples and draw conclusions.
Samples of filtered and tap water throughout
period of the experiment did not change in any way. outward signs none of
14
groups of storage conditions. We conclude that
that water is supplied to our homes already
purified from impurities and with the addition
substances that destroy microorganisms
and filtered water is the same
plumbing, which passes another
extra cleansing. Thus, these water samples could not
turn green due to the absence of microorganisms and algae particles in them
in whichever group of storage conditions they would not be placed.
Conclusions for this example:
Purified water cannot
form new life, it can only contribute to its development.
In samples of river (running) water and
rainwater in all three groups of conditions
storage through an approximately equal amount
time there was a slight sediment -
explained by the fact that the water settled and
which
tiny particles
present in every open water body,
mud,
settled to the bottom. But then only in samples,
who stood under the sunlight rainfall
thickened, and began to turn green only in the sample,
the water in which was with air access.
Conclusions for this example:
development of life requires not only solar
light, but also air.
A sample of water from a stagnant reservoir turned out to be the most interesting for
observation, since its changes were very rapid compared
with other samples. In water without sunlight and without access to air (3
15
group) a precipitate formed and no further changes
happened. And in water samples with access to light, a precipitate formed almost
that is the beginning of education
at the same time, but the beginning of greening
microscopic algae in a sample exposed to air occurred in two
weeks earlier. Further, at the moment when the bottom of the container with a sample of water with
access to air almost completely covered with a green coating, a sample of water
without access to air, it also changed, but at a much lower speed and by
at the end of the experiment, tiny
green dots.
Conclusions on this example: for the development of life it was enough only
sunlight, but with the access of air, this process began much earlier and
proceeded more rapidly.
Comparing samples of rain and river
water and a sample from a stagnant reservoir,
it can be said that the precipitate formed
almost simultaneously. But green
precipitation in the rain river water in
air samples
formed three weeks later than
water from a stagnant pond.
Conclusion from this comparison: the content of microorganisms in river and
rainwater is less than in water from a stagnant reservoir.
Conclusion
16
When I started my experiment, I assumed
the following hypotheses:
1. Water samples from outdoor pools will start to turn green faster than
faucet samples;
2. Water samples placed in storage conditions without sunlight and
air will begin to turn green later than samples under sunlight and with access
air.
3. Microalgae form in water samples from different sources
different types (color, shape, location).
The first hypothesis was partially confirmed - since tap water
not only didn’t start to turn green later, but didn’t change at all. For samples
filtered and tap water were not affected in any way by any of the conditions
which means:
storage,
microorganisms that there is nothing to multiply and grow in water.
these samples are so clear of
The second hypothesis was fully confirmed - in all samples with access
air (except tap and filtered water) life was formed. But
in addition, in some samples, the process of growth of microalgae and
without air access, which allows us to conclude: in these water samples
contained a high number of microorganisms and there was enough air
which was closed under the lid of the container. But also, in samples and without
access to sunlight, and without access to air, there were no
changes, which allows us to conclude that even if the water contains
a huge number of microorganisms, without sunlight their growth, development and
reproduction will be impossible.
The third hypothesis was also confirmed, since in one water sample
microorganisms were observed in the form of dots, some in the form of thin threads,
others grew in a continuous bloom. We conclude: the world of microscopic
17
algae is so diverse that even in a small volume of water they
may be a large number.
The purpose of my research was: to find out the conditions and causes of change
water quality from different sources. Based on the data obtained in
As a result of the experiment, I conclude that water is a unique and
an amazing substance that can support the life of all organisms,
but subject to certain external conditions.
Bibliography
1. Gabdullin R.R. prehistoric life. Encyclopedia OLMA. – M.:
OLMA Media Group, 2014. - 303 p.: ill.
2. Big Encyclopedia elementary school. Plants and animals: questions and
answers. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2013. - 208 p.: ill.
3. Moskvin A.G., Losev K.S., Pavlidis Yu.A. etc. Big Encyclopedia
nature. Water and air. Volume 10 Publisher: M.: LLC "eKnigi.org"
4. Internet resources:
http://www.krugosvet.ru
http://encyclopedia.dljatebja.ru
http://www.watermap.ru
18
Everyone has encountered the “blooming” of water. In reservoirs, outdoor pools, bottles for watering plants, water acquires a greenish tint over time, and the walls become covered with a specific coating. Should we be afraid of "green" water?
These algae in the process of photosynthesis and color the water in green color
Reasons for the "bloom" of water
To explain this phenomenon, it is enough to consider a drop of lake water under a microscope. The water is filled with algae.
Algae are capable of photosynthesis - under the influence of light, the cells produce the pigment chlorophyll, which gives the algae their green color. Under adverse environmental conditions - for example, when a reservoir dries up - algae form spores that can survive for a long time without a nutrient medium. These controversies spread different ways, including by air.
Why can water in a bottle turn green?
Water from artesian wells does not contain algae. They simply cannot live at such a depth without access to light. Protera bottled drinking water production technology excludes any external pollution finished products. Thus, water in a closed bottle cannot turn green.
But after opening the bottle, air enters it, with which algae spores can also enter. Natural natural water contains in its composition the minimum concentration of phosphorus, which is a nutrient medium for algae. Under the influence of light, their division and photosynthesis begin. In this case, the water in the bottle may turn green within 2-3 weeks.
Growing algae are attached to the walls of not only bottles, but also filling equipment: pumps, stoppers, coolers, etc. In this case, when changing the water bottle, the equipment can become a source of algae and “greening” the next initially clean bottle.
How to avoid "bloom"
Naturally, "green" water is unpleasant, so you should follow a series simple rules, which will avoid "blooming".
- When replacing potable water bottles, thoroughly flush the dispensing equipment. Rinse all accessible parts: tubes, etc. Once every six months, call a specialist for a more thorough treatment.
- Do not keep the bottle open, after removing the cap, immediately install the equipment. Do not take an opened bottle by the neck without a stopper.
- If possible, use and store water bottles in a dark place, protected from sun rays. If not possible, use an opaque bottle cap.
- After opening the bottle, do not throw away the cork, close the used bottle afterwards. This will protect against contamination and "greening" of water residues in the bottle.
- Do not use self-refilling bottles on springs, columns, etc. Without washing and disinfection of reusable containers in a production environment, this can be hazardous to health.
