What did a person experience during the war. "Children who survived the war

diets 01.08.2020

diets

Those who, caring little for glory,

Were the first in every battle,

We knew...

Y. Drunina

A person who survived the war will never forget what he saw, heard, felt during this time. It was the harsh school of war that allowed the talented writer V. Bykov to recreate on the pages of his works such lively and diverse characters that make the heroes of his novels, stories, stories unforgettable. “Each artist comes to art, first of all, with the truth of his own experience, with his own understanding of the world,” wrote Vasil Bykov, but the closer this experience and this truth are to the people, the more resonance they produce, the more understanding and recognition they meet. writer. I think that this can explain the wide popularity of the works of V. Bykov, who managed not to get lost in the mass of literature on military topics, but to take their rightful place in it.

War... Even from this word it smells of something cold, catching melancholy and horror. War has always been a severe test not only for the whole people, but also for each person individually, because victory or defeat has always depended on the sum of efforts and faith of people.

In the works of V. Bykov, we come across various people who manifest themselves in different ways in the cruel reality of military everyday life. But this time does not forgive weakness, uncertainty, lack of will. Therefore, before our eyes, there is a moral evolution of heroes who confidently made their choice (Ales Ivanovich Moroz from the story "Obelisk", Zosya from the story "Go and not return", Sotnikov from the story of the same name), ready for self-sacrifice, deprivation and even death for the sake of the approach of the Great Victory, as well as the internal degradation of those who were frightened for their own skin, selfish, weak-willed, ready for betrayal (Anton from the story “Go and not return”, Rybak from the story “Sotnikov”, Cain from the story “Obelisk”).

Reading Bykov's works about the war, you understand that for the common victory, first of all, the victory of a person over himself, the ability to put the instinct of self-preservation at the service of the aspirations of the heart and will, and not at all age and life experience, which, of course, could play an important role in the manifestations of human nature. Very young girls from B. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”, who have just left school bench, overcoming fear and sacrificing themselves, selflessly trying to fulfill the important task of detecting and eliminating German saboteurs. Zosya Noreiko from the story “Go and not return”, “a little man on this earth”, passing through various trials with dignity, believes that it is war time makes high demands on people when you can’t be cowardly, lie to yourself, you can’t compromise your conscience, you can’t go against your own, because all this plays into the hands of enemies and delays the moment of long-awaited victory. material from the site

Betrayal during the war does not require any explanation or justification, because a person who has set foot on this road will follow it to the end, not worrying about the lives of friends, about the fate of the Motherland, caring only about his devalued and meaningless existence. The fisherman from the story "Sotnikov" not only gives out to the enemies the location of the detachment, but also brings his comrade to the gallows - does his behavior need additional explanations ?! And Bykov, plunging into the depths of the human soul, claims that people who have committed betrayal in relation to the Motherland and their friends betray themselves, first of all, those moral and moral foundations on which their life was previously based, and therefore they are doomed to painful remorse and fear of the present and the future. So is such a slavish life worthy of a worthy death?

V. Bykov has no works with a “happy” ending, because he was convinced from his own experience that steadfastness and uncompromisingness in wartime were too often paid for human life. And yet, the stories of this writer are life-affirming, because they reveal the heroic characters of Russian people, capable of self-sacrifice, infinitely loving their Motherland, remaining devotion to it until the last breath and winning victory from their enemies not only for themselves, but also for their children and grandchildren, and therefore - for us.

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- Lyudmila Vladimirovna, has the Great Patriotic War been experienced at all in our mass consciousness?

Very different and, of course, not enough. Because for those generations that were directly affected by the war, this topic was largely taboo. And, not being able to experience, they were forced to go into a protective repression.

Then a new misfortune began - the war became the theme of the official ideology, solemn, under the trumpets and banners. Something that is offered to a large extent even now.

Later there was a period of oblivion military theme. One could consider him healthy - it is impossible that all subsequent generations mentally live in war for the rest of their lives.

But very quickly, the theme of war again became ideologically in demand, and it was again used with terrible force as propaganda clichés and ideology. And this, of course, is very sad. Because such use just cuts off the possibility of a normal life - through sympathy for people, through specific destinies. All this popular propaganda gilding always cuts off the normal flow of feelings, normal living empathy.

Who suffered more: the participants or their children?

- How did the Great Patriotic War affect the psychological health of its participants?

First of all, any war, like other tragic events (we had a lot of things - both repressions, and famine, and one wave overlapped another - before the Great Patriotic War it was civil, and before that the First World War) give rise to a large number of people with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Portrait of a veteran.
Hood. Gennady Dobrov

Moreover, now we know that it is so called, it has certain signs. For example, in connection with the Ukrainian events, as soon as the painful events associated with the death of people began, psychologists almost immediately began to appear, talk began about the need to work with post-traumatic stress syndrome. Previously, no one knew this, no one worked, and no one had a clue.

This does not mean that the syndrome was not and it did not manifest itself in any way. Even in art books, there is often a certain apprehension in front of front-line soldiers, who sometimes behave strangely. Someone could have outbursts of rage, for someone it resulted in dependence, in the destruction of previous relationships and the inability to create new strong ones, someone, having survived the war, then suddenly Peaceful time passed away very early. There are heart diseases caused by the stress experienced, which has not gone anywhere and has remained locked in the psyche in the form of this post-traumatic stress syndrome.

If we talk about the Great Patriotic War, the injury, of course, was mitigated by victory. The consequences of trauma are mitigated when a person feels like a protector and a winner who has realized the mission for which he went through all this. This circumstance seriously distinguished veterans of the Great Patriotic War, for example, from people with the Afghan syndrome, who did not have a victory, there was no sense of their rightness; and post-traumatic states were often more difficult to bear.

But besides the military, there were still a huge number of people who were very much affected by the war - civilians, children. They could not fight the enemy, but they often suffered very much, experienced heavy losses, and had a terrible experience. And no one paid any attention to their post-traumatic syndrome.

- How did the war affect the children of the war? What consequences of the war did they suffer further and pass on to their descendants?

A lot has happened since the war. Parents with a stress syndrome were forced to defensively turn off some of their feelings, and they, naturally, could not give their children a full-fledged psychological contact. Children grew up “not getting enough” from their parents, and, accordingly, waiting all their lives for someone to “fill” them. These "someones" were often forced to become their own children. Therefore, now my generation, plus or minus a few years, is people who treat their parents partly like children, are responsible for them.

As far as I remember, it was sometimes difficult for me to communicate with older relatives, for example. One could stumble upon, for example, the question: “Why are you studying further? You have a profession, you can earn a piece of bread ... "

Well, yes, because it was necessary to live today, at least somehow, without hoping for anything good. I think quite a few in the military generation were like that. Although there was an interesting effect, when people who themselves experienced tragic events were sometimes more preserved than their children.

If a person experiences something terrible already in adulthood, he has more resources, and he somehow copes. But if he himself at the same time comes into a state of post-traumatic stress disorder, then his children get a lot.

That is, while adults coped with difficulties, gritting their teeth, they, gritting their teeth, overcame, and the children got nothing but clenched teeth. The child has a serious problem with a sense of his significance, his acceptance, with his own sense of the right to be.

That is why there were so many early illnesses among wartime children. Very often, as far as I can judge from statistics, a generation of children of war passes away in more early age than their parents. Although, it would seem, they survived the war, all these injuries, losses, hunger.

People who survived hunger

- And what are "blockade"? Is there a blockade psychology?

There is such a thing as a person who survived hunger. And this is also a post-traumatic disorder, which can have a long and very stubborn trail and last for many decades.

It may be directly related to food. We know that people who have experienced severe hunger, even after many, many years of normal existence, can be very nervous about the absence of, for example, bread in the house or cannot throw out the crumbs.

So I led a group in St. Petersburg, and one of the participants told me about his relative. The man is eighty-two years old, he is a professor, very intelligent, in everything else absolutely reasonable, but at the same time the whole family knows that if there is no bread in the house, then grandfather will not sleep. Moreover, cookies, pies do not count, it should be bread.

And he himself, as a reasonable person, understands that his behavior is inadequate, and he is uncomfortable. But everyone knows that he will sigh, walk, drink drops, try very hard, but he will not be able to do anything with himself. Therefore, at least at one, at least at two in the morning - at any time when this is discovered, someone gets up and goes for bread. Because it's the easiest way to still take care of grandpa. And how many years have passed.

Sometimes these hunger phobias take even more severe forms. For example, I had a girlfriend, whose mother and grandmother survived the blockade, her mother was taken out of Leningrad as a teenager. Then, due to the transferred dystrophy, she did not have children for a long time. Finally, a late child was born, and everyone in the family was simply “turned” on the topic of “feeding the child”.

Up to the point that if the child, in their opinion, did not eat well enough, he was force-fed. Of course, on the part of the mother it was love, but for the girl it really turned into violence. And how the consequences of her later were quite complicated relationship with food.

Ideology - a way to live or close?

- We drag a good bouquet with us.

Yes, people depend on each other. This transmission clings like a wheel to a wheel.

To be honest, I would like that after the fourth generation, this all somehow began to heal. Because four generations is a lot of time, usually at such distances, generational traumas, that is, generational traumas, are weakened, blurred by the uniqueness of the histories of specific families.

That would be good, but, unfortunately, now we are dealing with the revival of the theme of war as an oath of allegiance. Again you have to think about it in a certain way prescribed from above.

It just doesn’t feel good for me personally, because the topic is really very difficult, very important, traumatic, there are a lot of living feelings in it. But since it came into the field of view of laws, propaganda, it is actually locked up, closed.

Recently was high-profile story when some girl found a historical photograph of her yard during the occupation and placed it on her page. With such a feeling: “wow, it turns out that in my own yard, where I have lived all my life, there were tanks, there was a fascist formation, a flag, and so on.” As a result, she was prosecuted for posting Nazi symbols!

Well what is it? Why is this? There is actually a secondary traumatization, secondary intimidation by the topic and gagging. I don't even know what to say about it.

And this ideology, which is somehow crooked, but tries to emphasize the victory and the winners, and thereby, perhaps, somehow compensate for all subsequent wars without victories - is this not a way to live, to close the topic?

This is not a way to live, namely to close. Because the topic can either be lived or closed. Say, "Hurray, hurray, hurray, someone died there, but we won."

We see that in the films, in fact, of the war years, there are very few sincere dramatic scenes in which strong feelings, the experience of loss, fear, and sadness would be visible. Only heroism and triumph. In those times when people could not afford to be sad, they had to be mobilized, overcome, fight, fight, etc. But why now, after so many years, people are being forced to do this again. I believe that this is simply a crime against the psychological well-being of the nation.

This means - not to live, but to lock up. “Don't you dare talk about it, don't you dare ask questions. There is one official popular print that you have to repeat word for word.”

How war becomes the Iliad

And what about modern war films? Now there are pictures of a rather strange property. If the directors of the past sometimes deliberately stylized their films as a chronicle, now modern special effects are used. Even old films, originally black and white, have been colorized.

- Any historical event, even tragic, after some time becomes just stories, legends, including beautiful ones, including those with special effects.

We read novels, for example, about the war of the Scarlet and White Roses, but not as about events to which we are related. We empathize with the characters, we can experience some feelings, but there is still some convention. For us, this is more of a human story.

For example, in the film "Patriot" we, relatively speaking, can change America for another country, one war for another. But we consider, first of all, human history, and the feelings of the characters are close to us, and what exactly happened there historically is not so important to us.

Shot from the film "Patriot"

For us, the Iliad is not about who won - Troy or Mycenae. For us it is about feelings, about passions, about people. And we pity Hector and Andromache no less than Achilles and Patroclus. We are interested in people. And in this sense, it is normal and understandable that over time, films about important events become more and more generalized, a kind of epics, stories about the universal, the archetypal.

But, firstly, such processes rarely occur during the lifetime of the affected generation. And in our country, the affected generation is still alive in many ways. These are not so much veterans as children of the war. For us, everything about the Patriotic War is still very painful, and we do not care at all who was right and who won. For us, this is not universal yet, but ours.

Secondly, it would be good if such processes naturally occurred in art. Strictly speaking, culture and art are those who must, among other things, “digest” the traumas of generations. Experience, look for words, images, tell stories, help people cry sometime, be proud sometime - and thereby live.

Over time, eternal stories are melted out of specific historical plots, which will be important not only for the literal descendants of the participants in the events, but for all mankind for centuries. The injury no longer hurts.

But when ideology and politics are mixed in, this whole living, natural process of healing trauma is disrupted. And if the task of the film is not to arouse sympathy for people, but to form a certain “ideologically correct” attitude, then there is no living.

In our country, plots “about the war” are often used not to live through traumas, but to form an idea of who is right and who is wrong, in order to influence, including agitating for the adoption of some decisions by the authorities on other issues in general. And this, of course, is immoral, because it is the use of human pain as a means to achieve their political goals. It's disgusting.

Sideboard, Carpet and Husband

Among other things, the war caused a huge gender imbalance. In my opinion, there is a statistic that after the war in the country, one man accounted for one hundred women. Has it left any imprint on our behavior?

- Undoubtedly. We have grown up a whole generation that has no idea about the role of men in the family. My mother told me that she was the only one in the class for forty people whose dad was alive and well. Because my grandfather was not at the front.

He was a mechanical engineer in Tashkent, engaged in the acceptance of factories. They unloaded the equipment simply in the steppe, they only had time to put the foundation, they adjusted the machines right in the open air. The walls were put up already in the process, when they worked and gave out shells. He was the one who took it all and posted it.

There, in the scorching sun, he developed skin cancer, fortunately, he was later cured. But he was alive and whole. And she was the only girl in the class who had a dad, with arms, legs, eyes.

And a whole generation grew up without any idea that there should be a man in the family. And when they grew up, the boys, of course, already were. Women got married, but they didn’t have any model in their head: “What to do with them?”

And this is still very much felt, especially when talking to older women. They may or may not have husbands - this, in general, does not matter. It is important that even if there is a husband, he is spoken of as an unexpected bonus. Like a rose on a cake or a bow - wow, there is also a husband. And if he doesn’t drink or hit yet, then this is generally an incredible success.

It's not someone you can rely on, not someone you feel like your destiny, it's... "We have a sideboard, a carpet and a husband." And, of course, all this was not very good for either women or men.

Men, too, could not do anything with him, because they also did not have a model for the behavior of a man in the family, they also grew up as boys among the same aunts, and did not know what they should do here.

Most often, such a man occupied the safest place in the house, for example, on the sofa, pulling up his legs, trying not to “shine”. And if this feeling of own uselessness exploded, then divorces, scandals, hard drinking or something else began.

That is, a strong gender bias has very serious consequences, it does not go unnoticed. And this is reflected not in one generation, but in the next too. Accordingly, the next generation also grows up in this model: “we have a dad, but he blocks a hole in the wallpaper.” This is also a difficult question.

Alignment, healing of these roles occurs gradually, gradually, in the third or fourth generation, but this is a long process.

Generational trauma disappears in the fourth generation

- When the consequences of the Great Patriotic War disappear completely?

It is generally believed that transgenerational trauma resolves by the fourth generation. In the sense that they overlap with the diversity of life.

Normally, there should not be any intelligible portrait of a generation. People are different, families are different, everyone has their own history, their own destiny. And in a prosperous time, people are like such a meadow with herbs - such flowers, such, such herbs, such - everything is different.

When a traumatic event happens - war, repression or mass starvation, there have been epidemics before - it's like a lawn mower passing through this meadow. She mowed everything, and the same stubble remained. And already from this stubble you will not understand who was a buttercup, who was a poppy, and who was a bell. This is how the portrait of a generation is formed. That is, such a portrait, in principle, is a pathological thing. It shouldn't be.

And then there is a gradual healing. And there you can see a very clear portrait of the first generation, a little more blurry of the second, and even more blurry of the third. And by the fourth, there should be herbs again, everyone should become different again. Unless, of course, a new lawn mower arrives, which, unfortunately, also happens.

Partially, we had such a lawn mower in the 90s. It is completely different, but also has some features.

- How justified are attempts to "unite the nation" on the basis of the history of wars?

It is clear that this happens when there is nothing more to unite on. But this, as I said, is immoral, because you cannot use people - their feelings, their pain, losses, deaths - for such petty purposes as politics, ratings, loyalty to the authorities. This is a tragedy, this is an area of high. Tragedy cannot be exchanged for this whole vanity of vanities.

Interviewed by Daria Mendeleeva

The reality of war breaks you and reshapes you... or you perish...

Upon returning from the war zone, many feel as if the war has remained inside them, fight in a dream, continue to feel on edge, in a state of threat, it is difficult for them to switch to life in peaceful conditions. In their memory, dead neighbors or comrades who remained to fight constantly pop up, some moments of those terrible events- as if a part of the soul remained there forever.

People who have returned from the war zone find themselves, as if in a different reality, where those around them live a peaceful life, which turns out to be alien to them. They have a feeling of dissonance: the internal state does not coincide with the outside world so much that it is difficult for them to find themselves in society. Everything internal is tuned in a different way ...

When the war won't let go

Often such people feel like outcasts, it begins to seem to them that they were born only for war. At night, they see dreams with skirmishes, bombings, the death of comrades or civilians. Any roar or loud noise is perceived as an explosion or a shot. Man continues to live in war, even after returning to normal conditions.

In a peaceful life, it is impossible to experience a shock of such strength. You change internally, there is a restructuring of all the mechanisms of the psyche, in some way you become a different person, which you have never been before and did not even think that you could be. The situation demands - otherwise you won’t survive, otherwise you won’t return, otherwise you won’t fight.

The reality of war breaks you and reshapes you...or you perish.

You are returning from hell, but you only know how to live like hell. There is no that stress, there is no shock, there is no that blow to the psyche that will switch you back. Let there be no weapon in the hands - it remains in the head. You are constantly waiting for a threat, you are in suspense, you are not all here, you are there, in the war. And here is the family, children, friends, you need to work, go to visit, walk and smile - but how to do it? How can I get back my old self? How to start living again? And is it possible?..

The answer varies depending on which role you were in combat. Were you in the ranks of the army or among the civilian population. Let's talk about this in more detail from the standpoint of Yuri Burlan's System-Vector Psychology.

War is another world

For centuries, humanity has sought to live peacefully, the military solution of conflicts was considered a last resort, and all the efforts of culture have formed in us a certain style of behavior - ensuring life in a peaceful society.

As Yury Burlan's System-Vector Psychology explains, in a peaceful life a person is limited by various kinds of prohibitions that guarantee the survival of the entire human community. It is thanks to the subconscious ban on killing that peaceful life gives a sense of security and safety to all members of society. And only in conditions of security does humanity get the opportunity to go into the future, develop, become more complex - this would be impossible in a state of constant threat and fear for one's life.

What happens to a person in wartime? He loses this sense of security and safety. The civilian population is saved. Army - Digs into the ground to win victory.

Post-war syndrome of combatants

If a person enters the active army as a warrior, cardinal changes occur in his psyche. Only those who have the primary ban on killing can be lifted can survive. In war, the laws of peaceful life are reversed: murder becomes a manifestation of valor, and not an act that entails punishment. All post-war syndromes are based on the fact that the most ancient and basic unconscious human prohibition - to kill - has been lifted and not imposed back.

There is another important nuance here. If you remember history, you know that after the Great Patriotic War, millions of soldiers who came from the front did not have any syndromes, they overwhelmingly returned to peaceful life normally. The explanation for this is also given by the System-Vector Psychology of Yuri Burlan.

The fact is that most military conflicts were built on the predatory principle - when a person goes to kill others in order to get something for himself. He goes to take other people's lives to get his own benefit. In this case, he experiences colossal superstress - every minute spent "there", behind the front line, he is desperately afraid for his life, which literally burns his nerves. After that, he has monstrous dreams, terrible memories pile up, he develops severe psychopathic disorders ...

The situation is quite different when we are talking about the wars of liberation. Defending his land and his people, a person enters the battlefield with a different attitude - he goes to give his life in the name of his Motherland. And therefore he does not experience wild horror, wild superstress, his psyche is not subjected to such deformation. He goes for the “blue handkerchief” and for everything that is dear to his heart and returns from the war as a winner ... without any syndromes.

Post-war stress of the civilian population

System-vector psychology draws attention to the fact that when a person finds himself in a war zone as a civilian, other mechanisms are at work. He cannot defend himself and his home - otherwise he would be in the army. He is saved. And here he experiences the most severe superstress, experiencing fear for himself, for his children and loved ones.

Among the consequences of such superstress, physicians include, among other things, the appearance of various kinds of somatics - up to cancer. There is even the term “traumatic stress”, behind which is the emergence of diseases as a result of the horror and suffering suffered. It is systematically clear that, depending on what innate properties of the psyche a person has, the transferred stress will affect him in different ways.

Whatever happens there, in the war, it is possible and necessary to return to oneself, to become oneself again. How to do this will be taught in the classes on System-Vector Psychology by Yuri Burlan.

Entrance is free and anonymous for everyone. For residents and refugees from Donbass, the training is completely free.

You can register for the free introductory classes at the following link:

The article was written based on the materials of the training " System-Vector Psychology»

Few people will remain indifferent. Indeed, many pages of the Great Patriotic War are remembered only in the jubilee years, in connection with recognized heroes ... The victory was given not only by the heroic deeds of individuals, the entire Soviet people was involved in it ...

We are now talking a lot about how hard it is for everyone, low wages, high utility bills, and many other things. Our heroic people passed all the trials of the terrible war, which was called the Great Patriotic War for a reason. This is usually remembered only before Victory Day. Recently, I came across memories of the winter of 1941 of the girl Vilena Zamyshlyaeva, evacuated from besieged Leningrad. How it was 75 years old back. How did the residents of our region and the evacuees endure all the hardships and hardships, who lost everything in one hour: loved ones, houses, things, clothes, even the most necessary.

On June 29, 1941, the Kurgan City Executive Committee adopted the Decree “On the provision of apartments and food for citizens Soviet Union arriving from areas of military operations.

One of critical issues in the first months of the war, there was a problem of accommodating the evacuated population arriving on the territory of our region from Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, Kremenchug, Gomel and other cities. In total, about 150 thousand people arrived in the Trans-Urals during the war years. It was evacuated to the Kurgan region from Leningrad 12000 children from 16 Leningrad boarding schools.

Most of the Kurgan took over - 20 thousand people(It must be said that the population of Kurgan itself before the war was about 40 thousand people) and Shadrinsk, the rest were placed in the areas: Zverinogolovsky, Belozersky, Kurtamyshsky, Kargapolsky and others. But the situation turned out to be much more complicated than expected. The evacuation centers could not cope with the huge number of the arriving population, there were not enough: clothes, towels, mattresses, washstands. The evacuees remaining in the city were settled in the order of compaction in the apartments of the city residents. The problem with housing was very acute even before the war. Moreover, in the spring of 1941, one of the most severe floods in history occurred. All was flooded East End city, Zatobolny settlement, oil depot. 1,080 homes and most businesses were flooded.

People have just begun to put their houses in order and the war has begun, and two months later evacuees begin to arrive. During the war years, there were about 2 sq. meters living area. Sometimes this led to conflict situations, but for the most part, the Kurgans tried to help the visitors in any way they could. Here are lines from the memoirs of Vilena Zamyshlyaeva, evacuated from Leningrad: “The mound was also overcrowded with evacuees, there were no apartments, we were sheltered by one family, although we ourselves had ten children. They themselves huddled in the kitchen, and the room was occupied by an evacuated Jewish family, we had a place at the threshold of the kitchen. It was very cold in winter. We all slept on the floor with the owners together, with our feet to the threshold, which we covered with rags to make it less windy, but the threshold still froze, covered with snow and froze our feet tightly. The issue of public services for the population was very acute in wartime conditions. Most of the evacuees who arrived in Kurgan in the summer and autumn of 1941 did not have warm clothes, shoes, bed linen, not to mention blankets and pillows. To provide people with the most necessary in the city opened buying stalls where you can buy used items. The situation with the repair of clothes and shoes was extremely bad. And after all, there were "people" who did not take on cheap orders and repairs, demanding good pay.

“The first military winter was very cold, the frosts were severe, there were almost no warm clothes, they were evacuated in a hurry and did not think to leave anywhere, there was no time to take anything, and everything was burned during the bombing. Frosts of 40 degrees, to go to work far across the city. Mom bought boots at a flea market the day before, or rather bootlegs from boots, the soles were all in holes, wrapped something around her feet and put her feet in holey boots. My legs were so cold that when I ran into the workshop I screamed in pain for a long time. Master Mamaev took my holey felt boots and took them to the workshop. And they put me a tall box on which I sat and fulfilled my norm. (From the memoirs of V. Zamyshlyaeva). On the eve of winter, the issue of providing the inhabitants of the city with fuel became acute. Since there were practically no cars for transporting firewood, cows and bulls available on farms were used. Transportation was a difficult task, because during the war years all roads and bridges fell into complete disrepair. Residents' apartments were practically not illuminated with electricity, since the power plant built in 1914 was low-power and unable to provide electricity to either factories or residents' apartments.

But, despite all the difficulties, the patriotism of the inhabitants of the city was very high: people worked seven days a week for 12-14 hours at the machine, and they worked at the machine the way soldiers fought at the front. Not only adults, but also teenagers 12-14 years old, who are now considered still small. Youth front-line brigades, multi-machine brigades were created.

The workers of the city contributed to the country's defense fund 5,5 million rubles. In 1941-42, a lot of work was done to find employment for the evacuated population. So out 14407 new arrivals were employed 7704 person. Among the arrivals were many women with small children who, due to the lack of nurseries, could not go to work. In November 1942, the City Council carried out a re-registration of the non-working population aged: men - from 16 to 55 years old, women - from 16 to 50 years old. All previously issued certificates of release from work were considered invalid.

But wartime conditions were tough - being late for work by 5-10 minutes could cost a person several years in prison, leaving the workplace without a good reason as well. Worker of the plant "Uralselmash" I.G. Gavrilov was sentenced to six months in prison for systematic non-attendance at general military training. “My younger brother Volodya, he was 14 years old, also worked at the factory in the first machine shop. Once he almost overslept for work, or rather there were minutes before the whistle, he was so scared, because then it was very strict, they were tried for being late for 5 minutes - 5 years in prison. Regardless of age. He had shoes "porridge asked." The sole of the right boot fell off completely, he tied it with wire and walked. He jerked so that people shied away from him like a madman, his black overcoat flying over his head. The wire on the boot could not withstand such speed, flew off. A bare leg poked out across the boot. When he flew into the workshop, a horn rang, he grabbed his tag and collapsed to the floor. (From the memoirs of V. Zamyshlyaeva).

At plant No. 709, director Kochubievsky issued an order according to which all workers were warned that: “According to the decision of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, failure to fulfill production targets was considered a state crime and the perpetrators were subjected to criminal liability under the laws of wartime.” In 1942, the Krasny Kurgan newspaper published the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "About war tax", to which all citizens who have reached the age of 18 were involved.

And yet, everyone lived the life and feelings of the front. On the streets of the city, when the latest news was announced, people gathered at the loudspeakers large groups people. In every family, someone fought at the front. From the very first days of the war, the regional newspaper Krasny Kurgan published Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, reports of the High Command of the Red Army.

Despite the mass enthusiasm and patriotism, there were people who, even in such a difficult time, managed to cash in on someone else's misfortune. In September 1942, Gorbachev, an employee of the city NKVD, uncovered a group of experienced crooks in the office "Procuring Raw Materials". Taking advantage of the lack of proper accounting, the swindlers wrote out fictitious receipts for the raw materials allegedly received from the deliverers, received money and manufactured goods from the office for settlements to merchandise the deliverers, and divided it all among themselves.

It is also interesting that the Kurgan City Executive Committee received hundreds of applications from the families of evacuated citizens demanding to give them wages for fathers and husbands who remained behind enemy lines, or to provide them with systematic material assistance and other benefits. Among these "petitioners", as a rule, were the families of secretaries of city committees, district committees, chairmen of city executive committees, district executive committees, and heads of the NKVD.

But, despite all the difficulties, the Kurgan City Executive Committee did a great job: all the evacuees were provided with minimal assistance with money, warm clothes, basic necessities, fuel, and food. The issue of housing and employment has been resolved. Residents of the city shared with the evacuees, at times, the last piece of bread. Everyone was waiting for the end of the war.

It is customary to talk loudly about the fact that we won the war. On the wounds and injuries of the winners -. About psychological trauma - do not talk at all. But this does not mean that they do not exist ... How did the winners experience pain, and which generation psychologically suffered from the Great Patriotic War the most? Has the Great Patriotic War been experienced at all in our mass consciousness? And is it moral to use people - their feelings, their pain, loss, death - for such purposes as politics, rating, loyalty to the authorities? Lyudmila Petranovskaya reflects on this.

The Great Patriotic War in our mass consciousness is experienced about very different and, of course, not enough. Because for those generations that were directly affected by the war, this topic was largely taboo. And, not being able to experience, they were forced to go into a protective repression.

Then a new misfortune began - the war became the theme of the official ideology, solemn, under the trumpets and banners. Something that is offered to a large extent even now.

Still later, there was a period of some oblivion of the military theme. One could consider him healthy - it is impossible that all subsequent generations mentally live in war for the rest of their lives.

Attempts to "unite the nation" on the history of wars occur when there is nothing more to unite on. But this is immoral, because you cannot use people - their feelings, their pain, loss, death - for such petty purposes as politics, ratings, loyalty to the authorities. This is a tragedy, this is an area of high. Tragedy cannot be exchanged for this whole vanity of vanities.

Who suffered more: the participants or their children?

- How did the Great Patriotic War affect the psychological health of its participants?

This does not mean that the syndrome was not, and it did not manifest itself in any way. Even in art books, there is often a certain apprehension in front of front-line soldiers, who sometimes behave strangely. Someone could have outbursts of rage, for someone it resulted in dependence, in the destruction of previous relationships and the inability to create new strong ones, someone who survived the war, then suddenly died very early in peacetime. There are heart diseases caused by the stress experienced, which has not gone anywhere and has remained locked in the psyche in the form of this post-traumatic stress syndrome.

- How did the war affect the children of the war? What consequences of the war did they suffer further and pass on to their descendants?

That is why there were so many early illnesses among wartime children. Very often, as far as I can tell from the statistics, the generation of children of war passes away at an earlier age than their parents. Although, it would seem, they survived the war, all these injuries, losses, hunger.

People who survived hunger

- And what are "blockade"? Is there a blockade psychology?

There is such a thing as a person who survived hunger. And this is also a post-traumatic disorder, which can have a long and very stubborn trail and last for many decades.

Up to the point that if the child, in their opinion, did not eat well enough, he was force-fed. Of course, on the part of the mother it was love, but for the girl it really turned into violence. And as a consequence, she then had a rather complicated relationship with food.

Ideology - a way to live or close?

- We drag a good bouquet with us.

Yes, people depend on each other. This transmission clings like a wheel to a wheel.

That would be good, but, unfortunately, now we are dealing with the revival of the theme of war as an oath of allegiance. Again you have to think about it in a certain way prescribed from above.

Recently there was a high-profile story when some girl found a historical photograph of her yard during the occupation and placed it on her page. With such a feeling: “wow, it turns out that in my own yard, where I have lived all my life, there were tanks, there was a fascist formation, a flag, and so on.” As a result, she was prosecuted for posting Nazi symbols!

Well what is it? Why is this? There is actually a secondary traumatization, secondary intimidation by the topic and gagging. I don't even know what to say about it.

This is not a way to live, namely to close. Because the topic can either be lived or closed. Say, "Hurray, hurray, hurray, someone died there, but we won."

This means - not to live, but to lock up. “Don't you dare talk about it, don't you dare ask questions. There is one official popular print that you have to repeat word for word.”

How war becomes the Iliad

Any historical event, even tragic, after some time becomes just stories, legends, including beautiful ones, including those with special effects.

Sideboard, Carpet and Husband

Undoubtedly. We have grown up a whole generation that has no idea about the role of men in the family. My mother told me that she was the only one in the class for forty people whose dad was alive and well. Because my grandfather was not at the front.

There, in the scorching sun, he developed skin cancer, fortunately, he was later cured. But he was alive and whole. And she was the only girl in the class who had a dad, with arms, legs, eyes.

And a whole generation grew up without any idea that there should be a man in the family. And when they grew up, the boys, of course, already were. They got married, but they didn’t have any model in their head: “What to do with them?”

It's not someone you can rely on, not someone you feel like your destiny, it's... "We have a sideboard, a carpet and a husband." And, of course, all this was not very good for either women or men.

Alignment, healing of these roles occurs gradually, gradually, in the third or fourth generation, but this is a long process.