Small human races. Races of people

I have questions, why are there only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that match their area of ​​residence?

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First of all, we will examine the map of the settlement of the "Modern races of the world." In this analysis, we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how humanity appeared and its development proceeded, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma, be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter "A" on the map, races are indicated that, according to modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter "Negroid race" or "Negroids");
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter "Australoid race" or "Australoids");
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as "Caucasoids");
Mongoloid races (hereinafter "Mongoloids").

2. Analysis of the modern mutual settlement of races.

Extremely interesting is the modern mutual settlement of the four main races.

Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the "suppliers" of the culture of the Stone Age - in South Africa there are still such areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton, Wilton) of the late Stone Age, common in South and East Africa. In some areas, it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, earthenware, beads from the shell of ostrich eggs; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, of course, indicates the fact that the origin of the Negroid race was originally in that part of Africa, which is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we do not consider the later “migrations” of the Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is an effect that is completely insignificant in the long historical process.

The Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, which is located integrally in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in the territory of India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when estimating the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. This focus, quite reasonably, can be considered northern part Australia. It should be noted here that the Australoids, as well as the Negroids, for reasons unknown to today's science, are located exclusively within the same common range. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the impact of Caucasoids are mainly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, in the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean Seas, in northern Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on the two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should dwell on the consideration of the area of ​​​​settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

First, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in both Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in a not so distant historical time. The last “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the very history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of mankind in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races, the territory of distribution of Caucasoids (from this point onwards, under the "territory of distribution of Caucasoids" we will understand only its Eurasian part and northern Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of ​​their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasoid race has reached the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among the existing races. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasoid race was passed in the vast majority of areas 30 - 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature are made precisely by the Caucasoid race. You can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let's be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and they use, we must pay tribute - with success, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

The Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located integrally in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, to this day there are cultures of the Stone Age.
3. On the application of the laws of Organisms

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the settlement of races is that the areas of settlement of races do not mutually intersect in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although on mutual borders the adjoining races give the product of their intersection, called "transitional races", the formation of such mixtures is classified according to time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

To a large extent, this process of interpenetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply to the description of races and peoples the laws of Organisms, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with equal ease and accuracy, both with materials and with peoples and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to the law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: "Everything moves."

Namely, not a single race (now we will not discuss the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain without movement in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to work out the laws of motion of populations of organisms (nations).
4. Laws of motion of a population of organisms
Any people, any race, as, indeed, not only real, but also mythical (disappeared civilizations), always has a point of its origin, different from the one considered and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values ​​of its population and its certain range, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors that describe:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such resettlement (one dimension);
…n. the values ​​of the mass transfer of information about the people (one complex dimension; this includes both the numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious, and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of the current distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.

First, even at the present historical time, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in terms of their distribution areas. Recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids of both Americas. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central "points" (regions) of the ancient racial regions remain quite "pure" in composition at the present time. Moreover, the mixing of races occurs exclusively only on the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixing of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, has mixtures with both Negroids and Mongoloids just at the points of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of the settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, then it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5 ° S, 20 ° E;

Caucasoid point - with. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);

Mongoloid point - ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58°N, 126°E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E

Moreover, the points of the central regions of the settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and approximately at the same distance).

An interesting fact is that if all four central points of the settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, then a line will be obtained that resembles the bucket of the constellation Ursa Major, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the areas of settlement of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

It does not seem legitimate and substantiated a possible theory that suggests the birth and resettlement of modern races from one common point.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual averaging of the races. As, for example, the experiment with water, when a certain amount of hot water is poured into cold water. We understand that after some finite and complete estimated time hot water is mixed with cold water and the temperature is averaged. After that, the water will generally become somewhat warmer than cold before mixing, and somewhat colder than hot before mixing.

The situation is the same with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, form mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If four races were formed from one center, then we would not observe mixing now. Since in order for four entities to form from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersal, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual miscegenation that is now taking place serves as clear evidence of the reverse process - the mutual diffusion of the four races. An inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some point in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, it is precisely the process of historical mixing of races that should be considered as a completely objective and normal process.

And this means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. The question of the force that could be engaged in such a process, we will leave open for the time being.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the very map of the distribution of races. As we have previously revealed, there are four conditional points of the initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by a strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

in the first place, each frontier of mutual contact of races serves only as a division between two races, and nowhere as a division between three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared with the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.

Obviously, the races, each in its own way, but general form The settlement of races was quite the same - from the so-called distribution point of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the borders of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the ranges of races fully falls under the definition of the concept of "organismic center of organization", when there are patterns that describe such a spread of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different - ancient - races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of "seeding" races are chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such a "seeding", we would come to the same variant. Therefore, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different regions of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of the races was artificial.

A series of random coincidences in the distances and equidistance of the races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organismics says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse causal direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the causal relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate as follows: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value, can only be called a manifestation of intellect. In order for the distances to match, it is necessary to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “wonderful” distance between the points of origin of races, revealed by us, for some strange and inexplicable reason, is equal to the radius of the planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four seeding points of the races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we will get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Why in a seemingly chaotic world, clear geometric shapes?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

On the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's start the consideration of mutually pairwise settlement of races with a pair of Negroids-Caucasoids. Firstly, Negroids do not come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and the Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by the abundant distribution of lifeless deserts. That is, initially, the location of the Negroids relative to the Caucasians provided that these two races would have the least contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in part of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

In a pair of Caucasians-Mongoloids, there are also similar features. The same distance between the conditional centers of the formation of races is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.

The pair of Mongoloids-Australoids also provides for the maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6000 kilometers apart from each other.

Only in recent decades with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races became not only possible, but also assumed a mass character.

Naturally, in the course of our research, these conclusions may be subject to revision.
Final conclusion:

Everything shows that there were four points of sowing races. They are equidistant both between themselves and from the center of the planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before that the races were isolated. If there was an intent in the initial settlement of the races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they are as much as possible for a long time did not come into contact with each other.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem - which race will better adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru

Racial differences have been and continue to be the cause of different studies, as well as conflicts and discrimination. A tolerant society tries to pretend that racial differences do not exist, the constitutions of countries state that all people are equal among themselves ...

However, there are races and people are different. Of course, not at all in the way that supporters of the "higher" and "lower" races would like, but differences do exist.

Some research by geneticists and anthropologists today reveals new facts, which, thanks to the study of the emergence of human races, allow us to take a different look at some stages of our history.

Racial trunks

Since the 17th century, science has put forward a number of classifications of human races. Today their number reaches 15. However, all classifications are based on three racial pillars, or three large races: Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid with many subspecies and branches. Some anthropologists add to them the Australoid and Americanoid races.

According to the data of molecular biology and genetics, the division of mankind into races occurred about 80 thousand years ago.

First, two trunks stood out: Negroid and Caucasoid-Mongoloid, and 40-45 thousand years ago there was a differentiation of proto-Caucasoids and proto-Mongoloids.

Scientists believe that the origins of the origin of races originate in the Paleolithic era, although the process of modification en masse humanity only from the Neolithic: it is in this era that the Caucasoid type crystallizes.

The process of formation of races continued with the migration of primitive people from continent to continent. Thus, anthropological data show that the ancestors of the Indians who moved to the American continent from Asia were not yet established Mongoloids, and the first inhabitants of Australia were "racially neutral" neoanthropes.

What does genetics say?

Today, questions of the origin of races are for the most part the prerogative of two sciences - anthropology and genetics. The first, on the basis of human bone remains, reveals the diversity of anthropological forms, and the second tries to understand the relationship between the totality of racial traits and the corresponding set of genes.

However, there is no agreement among geneticists. Some adhere to the theory of uniformity of the entire human gene pool, others argue that each race has a unique combination of genes. However, recent studies more likely indicate the correctness of the latter.

The study of haplotypes confirmed the relationship between racial traits and genetic characteristics.

It has been proven that certain haplogroups are always associated with specific races, and other races cannot obtain them except through the process of racial mixing.

In particular, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a professor at Stanford University, based on an analysis of the “genetic maps” of European settlement, pointed out significant similarities in the DNA of the Basques and the Cro-Magnon. The Basques managed to preserve their genetic uniqueness largely due to the fact that they lived on the periphery of migration waves and practically did not undergo miscegenation.

Two hypotheses

Modern science relies on two hypotheses of the origin of human races - polycentric and monocentric.

According to the theory of polycentrism, humanity is the result of a long and independent evolution of several phyletic lines.

Thus, the Caucasoid race was formed in Western Eurasia, the Negroid race in Africa, and the Mongoloid race in Central and East Asia.

Polycentrism involves the crossing of representatives of protoras at the borders of their ranges, which led to the emergence of small or intermediate races: for example, such as the South Siberian (mixing of Caucasoid and Mongoloid races) or Ethiopian (mixing of Caucasoid and Negroid races).

From the point of view of monocentrism modern races came from the same area the globe in the process of settling neoanthropes, who subsequently spread across the planet, displacing more primitive paleoanthropes.

The traditional version of the settlement of primitive people insists that the human ancestor came from Southeast Africa. However, the Soviet scientist Yakov Roginsky expanded the concept of monocentrism, suggesting that the habitat of the ancestors of Homo sapiens went beyond the African continent.

Recent studies by scientists from the Australian National University in Canberra have cast doubt on the theory of a common African human ancestor.

So, DNA tests of an ancient fossilized skeleton, which is about 60 thousand years old, found near Lake Mungo in New South Wales, showed that the Australian aborigine has nothing to do with the African hominid.

The theory of multi-regional origin of races, according to Australian scientists, is much closer to the truth.

An Unexpected Ancestor

If we agree with the version that the common ancestor of at least the population of Eurasia came from Africa, then the question arises about its anthropometric characteristics. Was he similar to the current inhabitants of the African continent, or did he have neutral racial characteristics?

Some researchers believe that the African species Homo was closer to the Mongoloids. This is indicated by a number of archaic features inherent in the Mongoloid race, in particular, the structure of the teeth, which are more characteristic of the Neanderthal and Homo erectus.

It is very important that the population of the Mongoloid type has a high adaptability to various habitats: from equatorial forests to the arctic tundra. But representatives of the Negroid race are largely dependent on increased solar activity.

For example, in high latitudes, children of the Negroid race have a lack of vitamin D, which provokes a number of diseases, primarily rickets.

Therefore, a number of researchers doubt that our ancestors, similar to modern Africans, could have successfully migrated around the globe.

northern ancestral home

AT recent times more and more researchers claim that the Caucasoid race has little in common with the primitive man of the African plains and argue that these populations developed independently of each other.

Thus, the American anthropologist J. Clark believes that when representatives of the "black race" in the process of migration reached Southern Europe and Western Asia, they encountered a more developed "white race" there.

Researcher Boris Kutsenko hypothesizes that at the origins of modern humanity there were two racial trunks: Euro-American and Negroid-Mongoloid. According to him, the Negroid race comes from the forms of Homo erectus, and the Mongoloid race from Sinanthropus.

Kutsenko considers the regions of the Arctic Ocean to be the birthplace of the Euro-American trunk. Based on data from oceanology and paleoanthropology, he suggests that global climate change, which occurred on the border of the Pleistocene and Holocene, destroyed the ancient continent - Hyperborea. Part of the population from the territories that had gone under water migrated to Europe, and then to Asia and North America, the researcher concludes.

As evidence of the relationship between Caucasians and North American Indians, Kutsenko refers to the craniological indicators and characteristics of the blood groups of these races, which "almost completely coincide."

fixture

Phenotypes modern people living in different parts of the planet is the result of a long evolution. Many racial traits have obvious adaptive value. For example, dark pigmentation of the skin protects people living in the equatorial belt from excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, and the elongated proportions of their bodies increase the ratio of body surface to its volume, thereby facilitating thermoregulation in hot conditions.

In contrast to the inhabitants of low latitudes, the population of the northern regions of the planet, as a result of evolution, acquired predominantly light skin and hair color, which allowed them to receive more sunlight and meet the body's need for vitamin D.

In the same way, the protruding "Caucasian nose" evolved to warm the cold air, and the epicanthus of the Mongoloids formed as a protection of the eyes from dust storms and steppe winds.

sexual selection

human race

Race- a system of human populations characterized by similarity in a complex of certain hereditary biological traits. Traits that characterize different races often appear as a result of adaptation to different conditions environment that has taken place over many generations.

Racial science, in addition to these problems, also studies the classification of races, the history of their formation and such factors of their occurrence as selective processes, isolation, mixing and migration, the influence climatic conditions and the general geographical environment for racial characteristics.

Racial science was especially widespread in National Socialist Germany, Fascist Italy and other Western European countries, as well as earlier in the USA (Ku Klux Klan), where it served as a justification for institutionalized racism, chauvinism and anti-Semitism.

Sometimes racial science is confused with ethnic anthropology - the latter refers, strictly speaking, only to the study of racial composition individual ethnic groups, i.e. tribes, peoples, nations, and the origin of these communities.

In that part of racial research that is aimed at studying ethnogenesis, anthropology conducts research in conjunction with linguistics, history, and archeology. In studying the driving forces of race formation, anthropology comes into close contact with genetics, physiology, zoogeography, climatology, and the general theory of speciation. The study of races in anthropology is important for solving many problems. It is important for resolving the issue of the ancestral home of man. modern look, using anthropological material as a historical source, highlighting the problems of systematics, mainly small systematic units, understanding the patterns of population genetics, clarifying some issues of medical geography.

Racial studies studies the geographical variations in the physical type of people, without taking into account linguistic and cultural isolation. And ethnic anthropology studies what racial variants and anthropological types are inherent in a given ethnic group, people. For example, to establish into which groups the indigenous population of the Volga-Kama region is divided, to identify their generalized portraits, average height, pigmentation level is the task of a racial scientist. And to recreate the appearance and trace the possible genetic connections of the Khazars is the task of an ethnic anthropologist.

Modern division into races

There are many opinions on how many races can be distinguished within the species Homo sapiens.

Studies of classical anthropology show that there are two trunks - eastern and western, equally distributing the six races of humanity. The division into three races - "white", "yellow" and "black" - is an outdated position. For all their outward dissimilarity, the races of one trunk are connected by a greater commonality of genes and ranges than neighboring races. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, there are about 30 human races (racial-anthropological types), united in three groups of races, which are called "great races". However, in non-scientific literature, the term “race” is still applied to large races, and the races themselves are called “subraces”, “subgroups”, etc. It is worth noting that the races themselves (small races) are divided into subraces, and there is no consensus regarding the belonging of certain sub-races to certain races (minor races). In addition, different anthropological schools use different names for the same races.

Western trunk

Caucasoids

The natural range of Caucasoids is Europe to the Urals, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Hindustan. Includes Nordic, Mediterranean, Falian, Alpine, East Baltic, Dinaric and other subgroups. It differs from other races primarily in the strong profiling of the face. The rest of the features vary widely.

negroids

Natural range - Central, West and East Africa. Characteristic differences are curly hair, dark skin, dilated nostrils, thick lips, etc. An eastern subgroup stands out (Nilotic type, tall, narrowly built) and a western subgroup (Negro type, round-headed, medium height). A group of pygmies (Negrillian type) stands apart.

pygmies

Pygmies compared to a man of average height

The natural range of the pygmies is the western part of Central Africa. Height from 144 to 150 cm for adult males, skin is light brown, hair is curly, dark, lips are relatively thin, large torso, arms and legs are short, this physical type can be classified as a special race. The possible number of pygmies can range from 40 to 200 thousand people.

Capoids, Bushmen

Caucasoid (Eurasian) races

Northern forms Atlanto-Baltic White Sea-Baltic Transitional (intermediate) forms Alpine Central European Eastern European Southern forms Mediterranean Indo-Afghan Balkan-Caucasian Western Asian (Armenoid) Pamir-Fergana Mongoloid (Asiatic-American) races

Asian branch of Mongoloid races Continental Mongoloids North Asian Central Asian Arctic race Pacific Mongoloids American races

Australoid (Oceanian) races

Veddoids Australians Ainu Papuans and Melanesians Negritos Negroid (African) races

Negros Negrilli (Pygmies) Bushmen and Hottentots Mixed forms between Caucasoids and the Asian branch of the Mongoloids

Central Asian groups South Siberian race Uralic race and Sub-Ural type Laponoids and sub-Lapanoid type Mixed groups of Siberia Mixed forms between Caucasoids and the American branch of the Mongoloids

American mestizo Mixed forms between the Caucasoid and Australoid big races

South Indian race Mixed forms between the Caucasoid and Negroid major races

Ethiopian race Mixed groups of Western Sudan Mixed groups of Eastern Sudan Mulattos South African "colored" Mixed forms between the Asian branch of the Mongoloids and the Australoids

South Asian (Malay) race Japanese East Indonesian group Other mixed racial forms

Malagasy Polynesians and Micronesians Hawaiians and Pitcairns

Idaltu

Idaltu (lat. Homo sapiens idaltu) is one of the most ancient races of modern people. The Idaltu inhabited the territory of Ethiopia. The approximate age of the found person Idaltu is 160 thousand years.

see also

Notes

Links

Species of animals and plants inhabiting the Earth differ in the degree of their variability: some of them are stable, uniform (monomorphic), while others, on the contrary, are diverse (polymorphic). Everyone is well aware of the diversity, polymorphism of representatives of the species Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens. People's facial features, body composition, skin color, hair color and structure, and many biochemical parameters are variable. Groupings of people that are similar on such grounds are called races.

How many human races live on Earth? It's hard to say, different researchers give different numbers. The system of races is said to be hierarchical: the "big" races, trunks, are divided into branches, branches - into local, local races, and those, in turn, into groups of populations. What some anthropologists consider a branch, others consider a trunk, and vice versa. Most recognize three trunks - Negroids, Mongoloids and Caucasians. To them, some scientists still add two - American Indians (Amerindians) and Australoids.

According to most scientists, the main features of races, at the time when they were created, were adaptive, adaptive (see Adaptation). Having stood out from the animal world, man was for a long time (and in some places still is) under the direct influence of natural conditions external environment. Then, in the Stone Age, the main features of the main races developed, showing in what climate these groups were formed.

Adaptive, for example, signs of Negroids: dark skin delays ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancer, wide nose and thick, swollen lips with a large surface of mucous membranes contribute to evaporation with high heat dissipation, curly hair forms a natural "tropical helmet", abnormal hemoglobin is often found in Negroids, saving them from tropical malaria.

The signs of the Mongoloids are also adaptive - a flat and flat-nosed face, a fold in the corner of the eye (epicanthus), which creates the impression of slanting. These are adaptations to the harsh continental climate with frequent dust storms. And although Mongoloids are now distributed from the tropics to the Arctic, their most pronounced types are inherent in Transbaikal, Mongolia, and Northern China.

Europeans have light skin, permeable to ultraviolet rays, saving them from rickets in childhood, a narrow protruding nose that warms the air they breathe. In the humid and cold climate of Europe, recessive traits have become adaptive (see Dominance) - fair skin, straight hair, blue and gray eyes.

Sometimes the adaptability of signs is clearly visible. In humans, for example, there are three forms, three alleles of one enzyme - erythrocyte acid phosphatase. The allele denoted p a is more common in residents Far North(Saami, Aleuts, Eskimos), allele p a - in the inhabitants of the equatorial belt. It has been calculated that with an increase in geographical latitude by 20°, the frequency of occurrence of the p a allele increases by 10%. The exception is the recent inhabitants of the North - the Yakuts and Evenks. Their "cold-resistant" allele has not yet had time to spread in populations.

At least twice, a set of features characterizing Negroids arose - in Africa and Melanesia. Curly-haired Melanesians were formed from Australoids - dark-skinned, but wavy-haired. The Tasmanians also looked like Negroids, now completely exterminated by the white colonialists. Negroid features (dark skin, flattened nose, wavy rather than straight hair) are also found in some tribes of South American Indians in Brazil and Bolivia.

Mongoloid features (epicanthus) have Negroids - Bushmen and Hottentots living in southern Africa, in harsh desert conditions. Yes, and the Caucasoid appearance arose not only in Europe. In Peru, in the graves of the III century. BC e. well-preserved mummies of red-haired wavy-haired people were discovered, sharply different from the Indians with their black straight hair. The Norwegian scientist, traveler and writer Thor Heyerdahl considers them to be descendants of Caucasians who sailed across the Atlantic on papyrus boats. Perhaps the situation was different: the upper castes of the ancient Peruvians had a custom of closely related marriages, and at the same time, as we know, recessive alleles appear in the offspring (see Inbreeding). The hair and eyes of burning brunettes also brighten - Indo-Afghans living in mountainous regions, in small villages, where all the inhabitants are relatives.

The Amerindians are close to the Mongoloids, but their epicanthus is rare and “aquiline” noses are often found. They are called red-skinned for no reason, their skin is just swarthy. Perhaps they originated from the first Mongoloids who left for America even before the classical Mongoloids of Central and Central Asia were finally formed.

Australoids - the inhabitants of not only Australia, but also the south of India, Andaman and the Philippines - are a cross between Negroids and Caucasians, they are dark-skinned, but not curly-haired, many have lush beards. In the Stone Age, people similar to them lived in the place where the city of Voronezh now stands. Perhaps they retained more features of the common ancestors of these races, so they are often combined into a single Euro-African trunk.

Since many structural features of a clearly adaptive character arise independently in different trunks, the relative proximity of different racial groupings is still a subject of heated debate among scientists. Apparently, this issue can be resolved only after the development modern methods research (comparison of sequences in DNA and in proteins, etc.).

Anthropologists still have a lot of work to do. Man is the most restless creature on Earth, back in the Paleolithic era, people wandered for many thousands of kilometers, mixing with each other. This gave rise to a variety of options for the type of Homo sapiens, which is difficult to account for.

Despite the extreme diversity, all people on Earth belong to the same species. At the same time, it is important that all races are equal in mental abilities, and in any interracial marriage, full-fledged and healthy children are born. Statements about the existence of higher and lower races, capable and incapable peoples and other misanthropic, racist theories have no scientific basis.

Four human races are considered (some scientists insist on three): Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. How does division take place? Each race has hereditary characteristics that are unique to it. These features include the color of the skin, eyes and hair, the shape and size of such parts of the face as the eyes, nose, lips. In addition to external explicit hallmarks any race of a person, there are a number of characteristics of creativity, abilities for one or another labor activity and even structural features of the human brain.

Speaking of the four large groups, one cannot but say that they are all divided into small sub-races, which are formed from various nationalities and nationalities. No one has been arguing about the species unity of man for a long time, the best proof of this very unity is our life, in which representatives of different races get married and get married, and in these viable children are born.

The origin of races, or rather their formation, begins thirty to forty thousand years ago, when people begin to populate new geographical areas. A person adapted to live in certain conditions, and the development of certain racial characteristics depended on this. identified these features. At the same time, all human races retained common species features that characterize a reasonable person. Evolutionary development, or rather its level, is the same for representatives of different races. Therefore, all statements about the superiority of any nation over others have no basis. The concepts of "race", "nation", "ethnicity" should not be mixed and confused, since representatives of different races speaking the same language can live on the territory of one state.

Caucasoid race: inhabiting Asia, North Africa. Northern Caucasians are fair-faced, and southerners are dark-skinned. Narrow face, strongly protruding nose, soft hair.

Mongoloid race: the center and eastern part of Asia, Indonesia and the expanses of Siberia. Dark skin with a yellowish tint, straight coarse hair, a wide flat face and a special slit in the eyes.

Negroid race: the majority of the population of Africa. The skin is dark in color, dark brown eyes, black hair - thick, coarse, curly, large lips, and the nose is wide and flat.

Australian race. Some scientists distinguish it as a branch of the Negroid race. India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (ancient black population). Strongly developed superciliary arches, pigmentation of which is weakened. Some Australoids of the west of Australia, the south of India, in their youth are natural blondes, the reason for this is the once-fixed mutation process.

The characteristics of each human race are hereditary. And their development was primarily due to the necessity and usefulness of a particular trait to a representative of a particular race. So, extensive warms faster and easier cold air before it enters the lungs of the Mongoloid. And for a representative of the Negroid race, it was very important dark color skin and the presence of thick curly hair, which formed an air gap that reduced the impact sun rays on the body.

For many years, the white race was considered the highest, since it was beneficial for Europeans and Americans, conquering the peoples of Asia and Africa. They unleashed wars and seized foreign lands, mercilessly exploited, and sometimes simply destroyed entire nations.

Today in America, for example, they look less and less at racial differences, there is a mixture of races, which sooner or later will necessarily lead to the appearance of a hybrid population.