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Pitsunda pine (Pinus brutia var. pityusa) from the Pine family, belongs to the genus Pine, is not separate view, but is a variety of Calibrian or Turkish pine. This tree is the most ancient representative flora Tertiary flora, its remains were found in Upper Georgia, in Pliocene deposits. Pliocene deposits are considered one of the most ancient, most of them were destroyed by repeated glacial movements, they are preserved only in some deep depressions formed in the ice Age.
Pitsunda pine is endangered and a rare species. This variety has been brought to the brink of extinction by the fact that its main area is occupied by an industrial complex. The area occupied by pine is constantly decreasing due to 
construction of new neighborhoods. This plant is attractive for its atypical growth for pines and unusual appearance.
According to some reports, representatives of this subspecies are well renewed. Reproduction of Pitsunda pine occurs mainly by seeds. In some areas where there are fruit-bearing Pitsunda pines nearby, the seeds sprout in a friendly carpet. This plant is not found on free sale, so the cultivation of Pitsunda pine is not always available to residents of other regions. Despite abundant self-seeding, Pitsunda pines are also massively destroyed as a result of fires that occur through the fault of people.
In general, this plant can be considered universal. It is unpretentious, easily tolerates wind, drought, grows on saline soils and rocks. The only thing that can harm a pine tree is harsh winters leading to freezing of branches.
In natural and artificial plantations, Pitsunda pine occurs in a community with juniper and skumpia.
Planting and caring for Pitsunda pine is not much different from caring for other types of pines. At the same time, it is important to comply with a number of requirements: do not transfer pine seedlings with bare roots, as they quickly die in the open air; when planting, choose the sunniest place, with light-drained soil; the root neck during planting should not be in the ground, this will cause it to rot and the plant will die; immediately after planting, the tree needs to be watered; in dry weather, do it regularly so that it takes root; best time for landing - April - May, August - September.
Like many pines, Pitsunda pine cone jam is a very healthy and tasty product. Cones must be harvested during milky ripeness, prepared according to any recipe applicable to pine cones.
Class: Conifers (Pinopsida Burnett, 1835) Order: Pine Family: Pine Genus: Pine Species: Calabrian pine Variety: Pitsunda pine
Pinus pityusa Stev.
a brief description of. Evergreen coniferous tree up to 25 m high. with brownish-gray cracking bark. Needles up to 10-15 cm long. Grows quickly, usually two to several periods of growth per year. Seed reproduction. It dusts in March-May, bears fruit in August-September. Cones ripen in the third year. fruiting in vivo from 20-25 years of age, in old trees - plentiful.
Spreading. It is found in Russia only in the Krasnodar Territory in a narrow strip starting 8 km south of Anapa on the slopes of Lysaya near the village. Varvarovka and ending in the village. Adler (Greater Sochi). The largest massifs are in the Gelendzhik region (between the villages of Divnomorskoye and Dzhankhot and up to the village of Arkhipo-Osipovka). In the Tuapse district - between the village. Olginka and Cape Kadosh near Tuapse. In Greater Sochi - from Magri to Kudepsta - sporadically, with the most valuable sites near Chimitokvadze, between Uch-Dere and Dagomys and on Cape Vidny within the village. Host. Outside of Russia, it occurs in Georgia (the coast of Abkhazia to the Myusser section of the Pitsunda Reserve). A close race, intermediate between the Calabrian and Pitsunda pines [the so-called Stankevich's pine - P. stankewiczii (Suk.) Fomin] - in Ukraine (southern coast of Crimea) (1-6).
Features of ecology and phytocenology. Grows in the seaside strip (the greatest distance from the sea in natural conditions - about 6 km), on steep coastal slopes, often on limestone rocks, devoid of soil. The confinement of pine to carbonate rocks, however, is rather associated with its displacement by more competitive species and, especially, with anthropogenic changes in the coastal strip as a result of building development and laying roads. The species is photophilous, undemanding to soil conditions, salt and drought tolerant, quite resistant to air pollution. It suffers at frosts below -25°C (2). It usually forms sparse groves with the participation of shilyak species in the undergrowth - hold the tree, skumpia, hornbeam, sumac, etc.
Number. The total area of plantations in Russia is about 1200 hectares, most of them in the Gelendzhik forestry. They are represented by a narrow strip of groves and groups of trees of various sizes, separated by areas where pine is absent or there are single trees.
State of local populations. In the largest groves, including sparse ones, well-developed trees of considerable age (70-100 years) predominate, regeneration is rather weak, especially in soddy areas. The best way resumes on steep cliffs with rocky outcrops, including in areas that collapse as a result of roads (roads and railway). In this case, the chaotic flow of rainfall greatly expands the possibilities of renewal on rock masses. The situation is worst in the areas of Greater Sochi, where many small groups of mature trees that have fallen within the boundaries of resort facilities, despite abundant fruiting, are not renewed, and often completely destroyed during the expansion of construction
.limiting factors. Expansion of zones of cottage and resort-sanatorium construction and a sharp increase in recreational load.
Security measures taken. It was included in the Red Books of the USSR (1978, 1984) and the RSFSR (1988). The species is included in (1994, 2007) and Sochi (2002).
Required security measures. Large-scale mapping of all Pitsunda pine plantations with cadastral recalculation of specimens in plantations that are not covered by forest inventory, and subsequent monitoring. Organization of reserves of regional importance on the town of Lysoy near the villages. Varvarovka, between Uch-Dere and Dagomys. Inclusion Caucasian Reserve pine forest on Cape Vidny (5). Creation of a special forest nursery for expanded reproduction of pine from its natural plantations.
cultivation possibilities. In Russia, it is grown in botanical gardens: Krasnodar (BS KubSU), Sochi (arboretum, SBSK), and also in a number of settlements in the Krasnodar Territory and the republics of the North. Caucasus. Pitsunda pine has long been introduced into cultivation outside of Russia and is widely used in landscaping, the area of its artificial plantations outside of Russia is much larger than the area natural plantations. However, in culture, including in Russia, and, in particular, in the Greater Sochi region, it is often mixed with Pinus brutia and a number of other closely related species and races (Pinus eldarica, P. halepensis), with which it is able to hybridize. That is why special protection of the Pitsunda pine gene pool in its natural range is necessary.
Sources of information. 1. Maleev, 1941; 2. Kolesnikov A., 1963; 3. Red Book..., 1975; 4. Red Book of the USSR, 1984; 5. Solodko, Kiriy, 2002; 6. Data of the compiler. Compiled by: R.V. Camelyn.
And air! It's like you drink it, and you want more and more! The secret is simple - the Pitsunda pine growing in the city itself and in its environs.
These pine trees with an unusual appearance (very long corners, a spreading crown and a bizarre shape) are a real decoration of the city. They give residents and guests of Gelendzhik the opportunity, as they say, to breathe deeply. A light coniferous aroma combined with fresh sea air makes you forget about the bustle of big cities and smile, and for residents of megacities it can even cause a slight euphoria.
About Pitsunda pine
The Pitsunda pine is an ancient pre-glacial representative of the Mediterranean flora, which has repeatedly survived climate change, and is currently listed in the Red Book. The reason for the reduction in range was economic activity human, the expansion of recreational areas and fires.
Pitsunda pine grows on an area of about 1500 hectares with breaks along Black Sea coast from Anapa to Cape Pitsunda in Abkhazia. However, it was Big Gelendzhik that became a real oasis, because here the most large forests this endangered plant. Pitsunda relic pine forest in Dzhanhot is a real monument of nature!
Pitsunda pines can grow not only in favorable conditions, but also survive, seemingly miraculously clinging to the bare stones of lifeless rocks hanging over the sea. Their will to live and perseverance can only be admired!
Healing properties
important healing factor resort are Pitsunda pine phytoncides.
Phytoncides are volatile balsamic aromatic substances ( essential oils), released by a coniferous plant when heated by the sun. They have powerful disinfecting properties.
Pitsunda pine due to its long needles (up to 18 cm!) emits phytoncides 6 times more than ordinary pine, therefore it is capable of killing not only pathogenic bacteria, but even tubercle bacillus.
That is why rest and treatment in Gelendzhik are very popular among people with diseases of the respiratory system.
A stay in Gelendzhik can be extremely useful not only for treatment, but also for the purpose of prevention for children and adults who often suffer from colds.
The combination of clean mountain and sea air with the healing effect of the Pitsunda pine creates a healing microclimate of Gelendzhik.
Do you want to be healthy? Come to Gelendzhik to “shake up your immunity”!
The Pitsunda resort is located 25 kilometers south of Gagra. mountain river The swell, whose sources are in Lake Ritsa, for several millennia caused a large sandy cape in the sea, on which in ancient times a settlement appeared, which later became the resort of Pitsunda.
The real pearl of the resort is the relic grove of Pitsunda pine. On the Black Sea, there are groves of Pitsunda pine only in Pitsunda and in the Gelendzhik-Divnomorsk region. This grove stretches for more than 4 kilometers along the coast, and the town of Pitsunda itself is surrounded by this grove on three sides. Many of the trees in this grove are over 200 years old. The unique pine grove is a remnant of the ancient Crimean-Caucasian flora. Scientists of paleobotany have established that millions of years ago, long before the appearance of man on the territory of Abkhazia, a pine tree, or “pitius”, grew on a hill near modern Pitsunda. In those distant times, Cape Pitsunda did not yet exist, the sea came close to the hill, which was called Kavaklukskaya. Gradually the continent rose and the sea receded. The deposits of the Bzyb River formed soil favorable for the growth of pine, and soon it spread throughout the cape. This pine is a relic of the flora of the Tertiary period.
AT Soviet time Pitsunda has gained worldwide fame as a resort, primarily due to the protected pine grove. possessing a number healing properties. Indeed, not far from it is one of the 7 famous state dachas - the former state dacha No. 1 - located on the territory of Abkhazia, where the first persons of the state of the USSR once rested.
Now the Pitsunda pine grove covers an area of 200 hectares and stretches like a ribbon along the Black Sea coast for 7 km. This is the largest array of long-coniferous relict pine. Average age trees - 80 years old, there are separate trees of two hundred years old. One pine - "patriarch" is about 500 years old. It is 40 meters high and 1.5 meters in diameter. As a rare species, the Pitsunda pine is included in the Red Book.
Pitsunda pine
Pitsunda pine (Pinus brutia var. pityusa) from the Pine family, belongs to the genus Pine, is not a separate species, but is a variety of Calibrian or Turkish pine. This tree is the oldest representative of the Tertiary flora, its remains were found in Upper Georgia, in Pliocene deposits. Pliocene deposits are considered to be among the most ancient, most of them were destroyed by repeated glacial movements, they are preserved only in some deep depressions formed in the pre-glacial period.
Pitsunda pine is an endangered and rare species. This variety has been brought to the brink of extinction by the fact that its main area is occupied by an industrial complex. The area occupied by pine is constantly decreasing due to the construction of new microdistricts. This plant is attractive for its atypical growth for pines and unusual appearance.
According to some reports, representatives of this subspecies are well renewed. Reproduction of Pitsunda pine occurs mainly by seeds. In some areas where there are fruit-bearing Pitsunda pines nearby, the seeds sprout in a friendly carpet. This plant is not found on free sale, so the cultivation of Pitsunda pine is not always available to residents of other regions. Despite abundant self-seeding, Pitsunda pines are also massively destroyed as a result of fires that occur through the fault of people.
In general, this plant can be considered universal. It is unpretentious, easily tolerates wind, drought, grows on saline soils and rocks. The only thing that can harm a pine is harsh winters, leading to freezing of branches. In natural and artificial plantations, Pitsunda pine occurs in a community with juniper and skumpia.
Planting and caring for Pitsunda pine is not much different from caring for other types of pines. At the same time, it is important to comply with a number of requirements: do not transfer pine seedlings with bare roots, as they quickly die in the open air; when planting, choose the sunniest place, with light-drained soil; the root neck during planting should not be in the ground, this will cause it to rot and the plant will die; immediately after planting, the tree needs to be watered; in dry weather, do it regularly so that it takes root; the best time for planting is April - May, August - September. Like many pines, Pitsunda pine cone jam is a very healthy and tasty product. Cones must be harvested during milky ripeness, prepared according to any recipe applicable to pine cones.
Grove Pitsunda pine and groves of the Abkhazian boxwood are not only the decoration of Pitsunda and unique natural monuments of the pre-glacial period, but phytoncides (volatile balsamic aromatic substances that plants release when heated by the sun) of these plants are a significant healing factor of the resort. Phytoncides of pine, and Pitsunda pine emits them 6 times more than ordinary pine, due to long needles, up to 18cm neutralizes pathogenic bacteria, even tubercle bacilli.
From the north, a small boxwood massif adjoins the pine grove - another oasis of rare flora. Here, individual boxwood trees reach 12 meters in height. Their age reaches several hundred years. Phytoncides of the Abkhaz boxwood (an evergreen tree with small foliage) also have a very beneficial effect on health promotion, contributing to longevity.
The mixture of mountain and sea air with the ozone of relic pines creates a healing microclimate here. Sea water on Cape Pitsunda - the cleanest and most transparent on the entire Black Sea coast. In the bay at Cape Pitsunda, there is almost never a storm or sea waves.
Even in the summer heat, sea breezes and shady pine and cypress alleys keep Pitsunda amazingly cool. Thirty thousand fluffy centuries-old pines with a marvelous aroma of resin and needles heated by the sun form a reservoir of healing pine air. Once the Abkhazians guarded the Pitsunda pine grove as sacred. But lumber merchants of all kinds, not without the help of the monks of the New Athos Monastery, to whom this grove belonged, rapaciously cut it down. Pine and boxwood were destroyed. Young trees were trampled down by cattle grazing here. The grove was drastically reduced.
After the establishment of Soviet power, predation was stopped. At the request of the first congress of local historians of the Black Sea coast and the Western Caucasus in 1924, the Pitsunda pine grove and the Myusser forest area adjacent to it were declared state reserve which aims to study and preserve rare relict species growing in this area.
Various kinds of conifers are not uncommon in Russia. In the end, entire hectares of Russian territory are occupied by forests of spruce, pine, fir and other representatives. Coniferous trees are quite undemanding to growing conditions. They survive on sandstones, in low rainfall areas, in places where the soil layer is very poor, where constant winds destroying almost any plant. However, Pitsunda pine stands out among them, the habitat of which is very small, the conditions in which it feels comfortable are not very wide - and at the same time, the tree has a history of many thousands of years.
unusual plant
The Pitsunda pine, the photo of which is presented on this page, can be called almost unique tree. Firstly, this variety of conifers survived the Ice Age - albeit due to the fact that the ridges of the Caucasus prevented the ice masses from crawling to their habitats. But do not forget that the climate has changed several times since then, and the Pitsunda pine continues to flourish, albeit in a very limited area.
Secondly, this one tends to grow in all directions. And neither the degree of illumination (recall the pines that grew along the fence), nor the force of gravity, which distorts the "figure" of the trees settled on the slopes of the mountains, nor other factors that strongly affect the development of plants, affect growth. Thanks to this feature, the Pitsunda pine forms a very lush crown, growing evenly in all directions and more resembling a “head” deciduous tree. Often, resistance to external factors leads to the fact that the Pitsunda pine curls both the crown and the trunk into very bizarre spirals.
Not to be mistaken: different names for the same plant
This variety of pine has other names. It is also called Sudak pine, since quite numerous of its plantations are found in the vicinity of the Crimean Sudak, and Stankevich's pine - after the name of the person who described it.
It can also be considered a curious fact that for some time now the Pitsunda pine has not been distinguished as a separate species, it is considered a special case of a pine known as Turkish, or Calabrian. Although not all botanists agree with this.
tree appearance
Most often, Pitsunda pine is represented by trees about 15 meters high, although there are specimens up to 30 m. Old trees have a gray-brown bark, and young shoots are light gray. The needles are thin and long, growing up to 16 centimeters. The cones are quite long and crowded, the legs are short (or even absent), and are directed obliquely upwards. Interestingly, even ripe cones do not open for a long time. Moreover, if the tree blooms in the spring (under normal conditions in March or April), then the cones ripen only by the end of August, or even by September of the next year.
Habitat
On the territory of Russia there are not so many places that the Pitsunda tree has chosen, first of all, it is clear from its name: the extreme border of the range is Pitsunda. On the other hand, the territory is limited by Anapa. The coastal side of the Caucasus also has small islands of this endemic. It is also found in the Crimea, and is scattered (rather chaotically) along its entire southern coast, although it is especially characteristic of the Sudak environs (which we mentioned). Although the Pitsunda pine is characteristic of Balaklava (up to the New World. Quite often found in the Dagomys and Tuapse regions, in Gelendzhik it is almost the main natural decoration (attention should be paid to the Dzhanhot region). Although it even boasts excellent specimens of this tree.
Pitsunda pine on your site - is it possible?
The fluffiness of it coniferous tree attracts many. It would be very tempting to watch how Pitsunda pine grows on your site. How to grow, by the way, is a separate issue: caring for it differs little from the care that any other pine trees require. However, in the northern latitudes, starting from a mark where even in summer the temperature does not rise above twenty, expect a long and happy life do not have to. However, it is a southern plant. Low temperatures destructive even for adult plants, to say nothing of seedlings. In other respects, the tree is absolutely unpretentious. The most meager soils are also suitable, separate watering is not required - it is enough that nature provides. Top dressing may be needed only at the stage of engraftment of the seedling, in the future it will cope on its own. It is only necessary to ensure that the bare roots do not stay in the open air for a long time - they die from this, and the root collar does not turn out to be buried, as it will begin to rot. Pitsunda pine is planted either between mid-April and the end of May, or in August-September, when its survival rate is maximum.
