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Egg white, elliptical, 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide.
The prothoracic segment is greatly expanded.
Development
The temperature maximum has been measured for this species. During the day they can tolerate a temperature of 45 ° C. The nutrition of beetles is associated with the maturation of the ovaries, so up to 90% of harmful beetles are females. The flight of beetles continues all summer, and some of the beetles fly the following summer, after wintering. The life span of a female according to Rivne can reach 372 days.
mating period continues until September. Two weeks after emerging from the soil, females begin to lay. This process is most active in the daytime at a temperature of 28.6-30°C. During her life, the female lays from 250 to 2500. The clutches are placed in the folds of the bark in the region of the root neck and on the soil near the trunk.
Egg easily tolerates dry air. When the humidity of the ambient air is 10-50%, the number of deaths does not exceed 25%. However, with increasing humidity, mortality increases and at 87% reaches 100%. high humidity in 70% they do not last long. A six-day exposure results in a 90% death. At an air temperature of 25-30°C, embryonic development continues for 10-15 days.
The borer reserves are wild thickets of thorns, which tolerate the damage of the black borer without much damage.
Morphologically related species
By morphology ( external structure) is closest to ( Capnodis tenebricosa). It differs from the described species: the absence of white bloom, a few small mirror spots; thin rows of dots on elytra; copper-pink cover; 15-20 mm long.
Many people probably paid attention to the mass death of ash trees in urban and roadside plantings. The reason for this phenomenon is a small, emerald green, shiny beetle belonging to a large group of stem pests called borers. The larvae of this type of pest cause the main damage to ash plantings, developing under the bark and destroying the conductive system of the tree, gradually leading to its death. If the tree does not die after settlement, then its weakening occurs. In places where the larvae develop, the bark exfoliates and dry bogs form. Beetles usually appear at the beginning of June (in very warm seasons even at the end of May) and their flight lasts almost until the end of August, depending on weather conditions. Beetles feed on young ash leaves, which they gnaw along the edge. Ash borer females lay their eggs in cracks in the bark. Life cycle of this species from egg to beetle lasts a year.
The homeland of the ash emerald borer is the east of our continent (China, Japan and our Far East). In the early 2000s, this pest was brought to Canada and the United States, presumably in packages of freshly sawn boards, while transporting oversized cargo from China. In these countries, ash is one of the main tree species used by the woodworking industry. Forestry losses from the ash borer are still huge, so long-term national programs have been developed to combat it.
In Moscow, the emerald ash borer was first discovered in 2004 in the Tsaritsyno park, where most of the ash plantations died. Over the next five years, the goldfish settled throughout the Moscow region. The rapid spread of this pest species was facilitated by the fact that along all highways the main crop in plantings is ash, due to the fact that it is resistant to pollution and gas contamination. The pest quickly and freely populated not only roadside plantings, but also urban ones along the way. Interestingly, where artificial landings were replaced by natural coniferous forests, the penetration of the borer slowed down. So it was in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district and Vladimir region. Now its resettlement is in southern directions. The settlement of the ash emerald borer in the floodplain forests of the Don and Volga regions, where ash is one of the main forest-forming species, will cause its mass death and serious ecological problems in these regions.
IN last years in places of mass death of ash from borer in urban and roadside plantings, felling of dead wood was carried out. This was not of particular importance in the fight against ash borer, since there was practically no pest in these trees. On the remaining stumps, a shoot appeared, which formed bushy multi-stemmed forms.
The fate of ash in urban plantations is clear - in the next 5-10 years, bushy multi-stemmed forms will grow in place of felled trees. As the trunks thicken, they are again populated with ash emerald borer. As experience has shown, no one will be engaged in the fight against ash borer in the coming years, despite the fact that this species is included in the lists of quarantine pests.
In the summer of 2004, ash trees with dry tops or dried tops were seen in Moscow. top crowns. In 2005–2006, the weakening and drying out of ash in Moscow and the Moscow suburbs continued and became widespread. In 2005, for the first time, on the trunks of drying and shrunken trees of this species, characteristic exit holes of beetles were found, and under the bark - larval passages of narrow-bodied borer. At the same time, the bark of many trees bore traces of pecking birds. The pest was identified as ash emerald borer (Agrilus planipennis), before that, in the Moscow region and in Europe as a whole, its presence was not noted.
The centers of the borer were found in almost all ash plantations in Moscow, in Vnukovo, in the vicinity of Podolsk and Vidnoe. In 2011–2012, its foci appeared in the urban plantations of Korolev, in ash plantations in Ivanteevka, in Odintsovo, etc. To date, damage to the ash tree by the goldfish in Moscow and a number of cities in the Moscow region is massive and has already led to the drying out of thousands of trees. Except pennsylvania ash goldfish populates and common ash.
Expansion paths
Zone natural habitat this goldfish are deciduous forests Korean Peninsula, Northeast China, Japan, Mongolia, Taiwan. It is also found in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories of Russia. There it inhabits many species of ash, walnut, and elm. In the mid-90s of the last century, goldfish came from the countries of Southeast Asia to the USA and Canada. It was shipped via Detroit with wood packaging material from China. In 2002, there was already an outbreak mass reproduction goldfish, which in a few years led to the death in the state of Michigan (USA) and in the province of Ontario (Canada) of a huge number - more than 20 million- ash trees.
Most likely, this pest came to Moscow at the beginning of the 21st century with large-sized ash planting material from foreign nurseries or with wooden containers with goods from Asian countries.
Places of settlement
The ash emerald narrow-bodied borer belongs to the group of aggressive stem pests that can settle on living, usually weakened trees, which inevitably leads to their death. In China, the borer usually inhabits ash trees growing in open areas or on the edges of the forest. IN North America it inhabits trees both in open spaces and in forests, starting from the tops and main branches of the crown. In Russia, this pest is found on both young and adult specimens in urban plantations. different type- in protective strips and alley plantings along roads, on boulevards and squares, on single trees and in their group and clump plantings. In the forests of the Moscow region, the borer was not seen, most likely due to the lack of natural ash plantations.
borer beetle on ash leaves
It should be borne in mind that the emerald narrow-bodied borer, having penetrated from urban plantations of ash into natural forests with its participation, can spread further south, where ash is a common forest-forming species and is widely used in shelterbelts.
Symptoms and consequences
In the trees inhabited by the goldfish, drying begins from the upper part of the crown and gradually spreads lower, water shoots appear on the trunks, and root shoots appear at the base of the trunk. At high density settlement, the death of the tree occurs in the second year, but chronic foci of the pest can also form, acting for a longer time. On large trees, the borer develops over several years, causing their gradual weakening.
On early stages(the first year) it is rather difficult to establish the colonization of trees by goldfish. Reliable signs are pecking of the bark and the presence of larval passages under the bark.. To detect moves, you need to remove the bark.
Main symptoms- characteristic flight holes on trunks and branches - appear later, the next year after settlement. Inhabited trees usually have a sparse crown, the leaves turn yellow earlier, swellings and cracks appear along the old passages, secondary shoots develop along the trunk. In the third year, many branches die off, the crowns become very rarefied, numerous flight holes appear, and the trunks become covered with cracks.
The beetles can fly several kilometers, but most of them, flying from a single source, spread no more than 500 m.
Zlatka can also be introduced with large-sized planting material, with logging residues, with unbarked wood, with wood chips and firewood.
General view of ash trees in the borer outbreak
Special Hazard
Zlatka belongs to dangerous quarantine species. A particular danger of the spread of the borer beyond its primary range is that there are no specialized enemies capable of controlling the abundance of the species. Wintering larvae of this pest are often taken out from under the bark and destroyed by insectivorous birds, mainly woodpeckers. Footprints vigorous activity birds in the form of characteristic bark pecks are found everywhere in drying ash plantations. Birds are especially active in autumn.
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A frequent companion of the goldfish in Moscow is lesser speckled ash beetle , inhabiting the peaks and large branches of ash. So, for example, along the Volokolamsk Highway and in Vnukovo, in the alley plantings along the roads, the golden beetle, together with the small ash beetle, were inhabited and several dozen ash trees died.
From the life of beetles
The beetles are emerald green, in places with a golden, bronze or purple sheen. Elytra very narrow, long, rectilinearly narrowed towards the rear of the body, with angularly rounded apices, large and sharply serrated along the margin. Body length 8–14 mm; older larvae reach a length of 26–32 mm. Males usually live two, females - three weeks. The beetles are active from mid-May to August. Their flight is greatly extended.
For the first time mass flight and extra food borer beetles in Moscow were observed in 2007 in alley plantings of ash along Shipilovsky proezd and on ash trees near the valley of the river. Setun. Beetles flew during the day in bright sunlight. The first of them appeared on May 18, the mass flight was from June 5 to 15.
The greatest activity of beetles– at daytime temperatures above +25 °C. The beetles pass additional feeding on the leaves of coppice shoots of ash, gnawing out small areas of irregular configuration in them. They are most often found singly on the underside of the leaves. Gnawing on the leaves (mostly they are round and oval, less often oblong) are located both along the edges and on the leaf blades. Depending on the weather, the beetles are active from 06:00 to 17:00. In bad weather and at night, they often hide in cracks in the bark or in foliage.
Dossier of the larva
Females lay 68–90 eggs singly on the surface of the bark of the trunks and the lower part of the skeletal branches. The larvae hatch in one week. They burrow into the bark and reach the cambial layer, where they feed on bast and sapwood throughout the summer. The passages of the larvae are flat, strongly curved, clogged with drill flour, spiral-shaped, expanding as the larvae grow.
According to our observations, larval passages can be divided by shape:
- into longitudinal, or vertical (such are observed at a low density of the borer settlement on the trunk)
- and spiral transverse (at high density).
At the vertical passages of the thicketsThat is, in the end part there is a characteristic upward bend. The length of individual passages of larvae on ash trees in Moscow varies from 22 to 39 cm, and their width at the end of the passage reaches 5 mm, the length of larvae is 26–32 mm, and the length of pupae is from 10 to 14 mm.
The larvae of the borer hibernate in the thickness of the bark or in the surface layers of wood, preparing cradles for pupation there in advance. The depth of the cradle reaches 3 mm, and the length and width are 16 and 3.5 mm, respectively.
Despite the fact that the emerald ash borer is quite a heat-loving species, its larvae successfully overwinter at temperatures below –30 °C.
Pupation and emergence of beetles occurs from spring (end of April - beginning of May) and throughout the next summer. The larvae pupate at the end of the larval passage 5–10 mm from the surface of the bark. The soon hatched beetles remain in the pupal cradle for 8–15 days, after which they gnaw out exit holes (their average size is 3.5 × 4.1 mm) and get out.
traces of additional
food beetles
Young beetles gnaw through the outlet channel for 1–2 weeks before migration. The flight openings are 3–4 mm wide, D-shaped, typical for narrow-bodied borers. The density of outlet holes averages 1.4 pieces/dm2 and varies from 1 to 2.4 pieces. The generation of the beetle is one to two years old.
The situation demands!
Considering the high occurrence of borer in places of mass drying of ash and a large area of settlement on the trunk, the total number of the pest in the outbreaks is very high, which threatens the life of neighboring plantations with the participation of ash. The current situation requires a complex of active protective measures against the beetle.
- Urgent sanitary cuttings should be carried out in all areas of mass weakening and drying of ash to localize the pest foci before the onset of spring. Unfortunately, this measure is often applied with a great delay after the emergence of the borer beetles and its dispersal, moreover, the trunks of cut trees are usually stored and lie for months in the places where they were cut down. At the beginning of summer, the overwintered larvae successfully pupate, and the possibility is created for the emerging beetles to colonize the nearest ash plantations.
- Allotment for felling and felling of the trees inhabited by the golden beetle should be carried out before the emergence of the beetles immediately after the identification of the inhabited trees, which are easily identified by pecking of the bark. It is necessary to regularly survey all ash trees and plantations to identify pockets of borer.
- The trunks and branches of all felled trees inhabited by stem insects must be removed from the felling sites without fail, before the start of the beetle departure, removed and destroyed.
- At the same time, it is necessary to tighten the control of large-sized ash planting material imported to the Moscow region from foreign nurseries.
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Large pine beetle
Pest type: Pest fruit crops
Row: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
Family: borers - Buprestidae
It occurs in the steppe regions and in some places in the forest-steppe of Russia. Damages plum, cherry, sweet cherry, peach, apricot, almond, blackthorn, as well as hawthorn and pear.
Beetle 27-29 mm long, black, matte; pronotum transverse, slightly wider than elytra, covered with white waxy coating; antennae short; elytra with row of punctures, wedge-shaped narrowed backwards; abdomen with scattered large punctures, almost naked.
Egg size 1.5x1.0 mm, white, elliptical. Larva, completed development, up to 60-70 mm, yellow-white with a strongly expanded prothoracic segment. The pupa is 26-28 mm long, cremuvatobile, with clearly marked rudiments of an adult insect.
The larvae that have completed their development hibernate in oval chambers gnawed into the wood, located near the root collar. The chamber is covered with a layer of bark on top. A small number of beetles also hibernate in the surface layer of the soil. In late May - early June, when the soil warms up to 20 ° C, the larvae pupate.
After 10-12 days, beetles come out, which rise into the crown of trees and begin additional feeding. They gnaw or gnaw through the leaf petioles, gnaw out the buds, gnaw the bark of the shoots, showing particular activity on sunny and hot days. Beetles fly from mid-May to July. They live for a long time (the female can live up to 370 days), sometimes they hibernate. After mating, the female penetrates the soil and lays eggs one by one in the folds of the bark in the area of the root collar. The average fecundity is 120 eggs. The optimal conditions for development are +27 °С and relative humidity air 60-66%. An increase in air humidity of more than 70-80% leads to mass death of eggs, reaching 90%.
Embryonic development lasts 10-15 days. The revived larvae penetrate under the root bark, preferring roots with a diameter of 0.5-3 cm, where for two seasons they gnaw out wide passages, clogging them with drilling flour. The feeding of cambium larvae and root wood often leads to the death of young trees. The black borer is especially dangerous in nurseries and young gardens. The generation is two years old. The trunks and branches of fruit crops are inhabited by the pear borer.
Protection measures. Carrying out regular watering, which causes the death of eggs, and also contributes to a significant release of gum by trees, in which the larvae die. The economic threshold of harmfulness is on average two beetles per tree when 10% of the trees are infested. If it is exceeded - spraying with insecticides at the beginning of the mass settlement of trees.
Beetles of different sizes (3-32 mm) with a flattened wedge-shaped body, metallic-shiny, matte or covered with scales, with a small head and short 11-segmented serrate antennae.
The body of the larva is yellowish-white, flattened; no eyes; the prothoracic segment is strongly expanded with two V-shaped longitudinal grooves on the dorsal surface.
Feeding and development of the larvae take place under the bark and in the wood, where they lay flat, winding, gradually expanding passages, densely clogged with drill flour. Pupation in spring in pupal cradles in larval passages. Young beetles gnaw through oval-shaped flight holes and go outside; they feed on pollen of flowers, bark of shoots, gnaw leaves and their petioles.
In the USSR - mainly in southern regions(south of the steppe zone, Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia).
Blackgoldfish(Capnodis tenebrionis L.). Damages apricot, cherry plum, plum, almond, peach and cherry. Inhabits mainly young trees. The reason for the death of trees is the destruction of the roots and especially the root neck, which occurs as a result of the feeding of larvae. In some cases, under conditions of high soil moisture, roots may partially grow from intact areas. However, trees fed by 1-2 lateral roots grow weakly, bear almost no fruit, are damaged by bark beetles and die.
Spreading. IN THE USSR - steppe zone European part, Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asia; in South and Central Europe, North Africa, the Near and Middle East, Turkey.
Description. Beetle up to 29 mm, black, matte; pronotum transverse, slightly wider than elytra, densely punctured, covered with white waxy coating; antennae short, their apical segments transverse; elytra wedge-shaped narrowed backwards, with a number of punctures; abdomen with scattered large punctures, almost naked; the anal sternite of the male is directly cut off at the apex, rounded laterally, while that of the female is attenuated and rounded at the apex. The egg is white, elliptical, 1.5 long, 1 mm wide. Larva up to 70 mm, yellowish-white, with strongly expanded prothoracic segment. The pupa is creamy-white, with well-distinguished rudiments of the organs of an adult insect; 28 mm long.
Lifestyle. The larvae of different ages hibernate in the passages made in the roots. fruit trees, as well as beetles in the surface layer of the soil. In late May - early nursery, when the soil warms up to 20 ° C (lower threshold of activity), the larvae begin to feed, and those that have completed development gnaw out elongated oval cradles in the wood of the roots, shrink in size, molt and pupate. Pupa development 10-12 days. The formed beetles leave the cradles and climb into the crowns of trees. The emergence of beetles from the soil lasts from June to September. During this time, the beetles feed, mate, and the females lay their eggs. In the process of feeding, the beetles gnaw through the petioles of the leaves, gnaw out the buds and gnaw at the young bark of the shoots. The greatest activity of beetles is observed in hot weather. sunny days. At this time, they can be found sitting on the surface of the soil, on the southern side of boles or in tree crowns. Beetles are very wary. When you try to take them with your hand, they quickly run across to the opposite side of the branch or fall to the ground. Two weeks after the beetles emerge from the soil, the females start laying eggs, which proceeds most actively during the day at a temperature of 28.6–30°C. During her life, one female lays from 200 to 2500 eggs, placing them in the folds of the bark in the area of the root neck and on the soil near the trunk. Eggs easily tolerate dry air. At 27°C, the optimal relative humidity is within 66%, but even at a humidity of 10-50%, the death of eggs does not exceed 25%. With an increase in humidity, the mortality of eggs increases sharply, reaching up to 100% at 87% humidity. Eggs do not withstand high humidity (over 70%) for long, a 6-day exposure leads to 90% death.
At 25-30°C, the duration of embryonic development is from 15 to 10 days. The larvae bite into the bark and go to the roots. Sometimes, in search of roots, they go deep into the soil, often traveling a considerable distance. The development of larvae continues for da years. During this period, they gnaw wide passages filled with drill flour under the bark of the roots, which are almost always located below the root collar, descending to a depth of up to 30 cm. In thick roots, the passage captures only some of the outer layers of wood, in thinner ones - up to half or more cross section of the root. Feeding on cambium and root wood, the larvae cause damage that leads to the death of young trees. Having completed development, the larva pupates in an oval cradle 3 cm long, 1 cm wide, which it gnaws out in the area of the root collar. Pupation usually occurs in spring.
Control measures. In nurseries, hexachloran preparations are introduced into the soil in mid-June to destroy the larvae before they penetrate into the roots. The consumption rate of 12% HCCH dust is 100-200 kg/ha. During the flight period of beetles, plants are sprayed 5-6 times with preparations of the gamma isomer of HCCH (one in mid-June, two in July, two in August and one in September).
In fruit-bearing orchards, when beetles appear on trees, all species are sprayed with metaphos, fozalon, and apple trees are also sprayed with sevin. To destroy the larvae emerging from the eggs around the root collar within a radius of 40 cm to a depth of 10 cm, a 12% HCCH dust is added at the rate of 80 g per 1 m 2.
Timely and regular watering contributes to the cultivation of healthy plants. Such plants react to mechanical damage copious excretion gum, in which a significant part of the larvae die.
