Description: War Thunder is a next generation military MMO game dedicated to...
Methods for identifying and analyzing genres of journalism (journalism)
Genre-forming factors (features) and their role in the formation of specific types of journalistic (publicistic) text and groups of genres.
The genre of journalistic (publicistic) work as a subject of scientific discussion. Scientific definitions of the concept.
27. The theory of V. Shklovsky about the emergence of "genres".
A journalistic work in real practice exists as a certain variety of varieties - genres. In this regard, the existence and existence of a journalistic text outside the genre category is not possible.
This problem (discussion about genres) became especially acute in the 1990s. By the beginning of the 21st century, the discussion reached its climax, and this is due to the fact that opinions about the journalistic text began to sound more and more often.
There is a shift in genres, thanks to the development of technology. The very nature of the media and the place of the author in the work have changed. Genre is recognized by researchers as an objective, informational category in all areas of a journalist's activity.
Genre- this is a form of fixing a certain model, cognitively reflecting human activity, developed over a certain historical development.
The genre realizes the unity of form and content. In journalistic practice, the opinion has become stronger that the main content in a journalistic text, and in what form (genre), it is written is not important. The concept of "genre" (form) is crowded with the concept of "text" (content).
Literature, music and painting have their own system of genres.
The researcher Shibayeva L.V. suggests relying on the theory of the famous cinema theorist V. Shklovsky, he wrote the work “The bowstring about the similarity of the dissimilar”. He clearly talks about the emergence of the genre category.
The genre, in his opinion, is the result of fixing the best technologies for working with information in a specific form of the text. He calls these technologies - the order of inspection of the world. It is these foundations of the order of viewing the world that are fixed in the genre.
Genre is the form in which best forms submission of information.
According to Shklovsky, the genre is convention (agreement) about the coordination of signals between authors and readers, about the system in which phenomena are located.
Violating the convention can lead to serious conflict. Many journalistic works can be attributed to specific genre groups. At the heart of the formation of the genre: this or that side of life. The diversity of genres is due to the diversity of life.
In each genre, a model of cognitive activity is fixed, adequate to a specific communicative situation and tasks. In addition, the genre model provides the relationship between the cognitive needs of authors and the audience.
(T = cognitive activity + communicative act) => genres.
Genre-forming features (factors).
To create a genre, some factors will be required:
The emergence of new aspects of life that require adequate reflection (l personality as a subject of display, situation as a subject of display, event as a subject of display);
The need to obtain information about new aspects of life, phenomena.
· possibility creative activity satisfy these needs (method).
Any genre can be described through these signs.
Thus, the genre allows you to effectively solve specific problems of displaying the subject of reality, while providing communication.
Each genre is inscribed in the matrix, in the system and has a certain set of elements, features.
In the post-Soviet period, the role and status of journalism has changed, so there is such a problem as the problem of genres. Modern theory The genre is represented by several scientific concepts.
Some of the many who spoke about genres were Tertychny, Kroichik and Lazutina.
· Tertychny
Tertychny relies on the ideas of his Soviet predecessors (Pronina, Pelta).
Definition of genres according to Pronin: "historically formed, holistic, relatively stable types of a single type of text, differ in the way of mastering vital material<…>. This is a generally accepted way of selecting the means of journalism that are necessary and sufficient to achieve a certain propaganda goal, a way of structuring them into a coherent publication that optimally corresponds to the real communicative situation that has arisen in current social practice.
Each genre is a certain way of reflecting reality.
Tertychny defines the genre, as "sustainable types of publications, united by similar content-formal features."
A set of similar characteristics (features) according to Tertychny:
the subject of the speech;
Ways of displaying reality (factual, analytical, visual-figurative): genre-forming features, features inherent in a particular genre;
Feature specific edition;
A creative task, which is predetermined by the functions of a particular publication, cognitive tasks that arise in a particular situation and the information needs of the audience;
Methods of knowledge.
Presentation subject:
Event;
Situation;
Subject;
Personality.
According to Tertychny, the most important genre-forming factors (signs): subject, target setting, research method and reflection of the subject.
Knowledge of genre-forming factors helps to imagine the origins of genres, and also helps to implement right choice genre in a specific communication situation.
Target setting.
The target setting determines the practical purpose of the genre. To date, there is no list of all possible targets, so you have to start from the genre.
Target setting, its types:
Introduce the reader to the subject;
Describe the subject in detail;
Installation on a visual - figurative presentation of the material, accompanied by a detailed analysis of the fact of reality.
Method of knowledge.
The methods of cognition are parallel to the ways of displaying reality.
Genre-forming features make it possible to understand how a genre was singled out or chosen, but they are not enough to fully describe specific genres and groups. Therefore, when it comes to describing a genre, genre-forming features must be supplemented with genre characteristics.
Genre characteristics:
Methods of presenting information;
Structural and compositional characteristics;
Linguistic and figurative-expressive means.
Genre-descriptive technique
Periodical(the term "time-based" was previously used) is a printed or electronic publication that has a certain problem-thematic and functional direction, published at certain (equal) intervals in separate issues that have the same title and are of the same type. Continuing editions do not have a clear periodicity of publication and are published as material accumulates.
The periodical press as a historical source has the following features:
- - a variety of forms of presenting information, each of which involves its own methods of use in historical research;
- – promptness and frequency of publication of information;
- - dependence of information policy on the goals of the publisher;
- - dependence on censorship restrictions.
- - official information about the decisions of the authorities, materials of congresses, conferences, reports of news agencies;
- - informational materials of the publication itself (chronicles of events, reports of correspondents, photo reports);
- – editorial content (leaders and editorials);
- – analytical materials, i.e. author's reflections on events (articles, essays, reviews);
- - artistic and journalistic materials (feuilletons, poems, pamphlets);
- - Letters from readers
- - advertising.
Discussion
V. Rynkov believes that the allocation periodicals into a special type of written sources in domestic source studies entails a violation of the most important logical principle - the unity of the criterion of species classification. In his opinion, the only weighty argument in favor of the specific isolation of the periodical press is the publication of materials with a certain frequency, united by a common design and numbering.
However, the truth has long been known: the publication of a source does not change its specific nature. In this regard, the periodical press is both a place and a way of publishing sources, it is distinguished by periodicity and a unified editorial approach to the matter of publishing the latter. Thus, according to V. Rynkov, "periodicals have never been and will never become a type of historical sources, but, on the contrary, they themselves can contain sources of all kinds."
Indeed, each of the periodicals is a complex complex, any element of which can be studied separately (for example, newspaper editorials or photo reports), using appropriate methods of analysis. However, at the same time, a periodical publication can become the subject of a specific source study as a special synthetic source that has developed and functioned at a particular time, taking into account historical realities, general editorial policy.
The object of source study is a periodical, taken as a whole, in the unity of all its publishing units (books, volumes, numbers, appendices to them), in a strict chronology of their publication, as a special source that has developed and functioned at a specific time in specific historical periods. conditions.
The main property of a periodical is the timing of publication, which is defined by the term "periodicity" and is measured by the number of issues per unit of time: week, month, quarter, year. In Russia, it is customary to consider a periodical publication with an output from two times a year to a daily one, while it is important that the declared periodicity be maintained in practice at least for a year.
A newspaper is a leaf edition, and a magazine is a book edition. A newspaper usually comes out more often than a magazine and is a more mass publication (has a larger circulation), but the fundamental difference is not in external differences: some magazines and newspapers may have the same frequency (for example, once a week), volume (24 pages or more), often the circulation of magazines exceeds the circulation of newspapers. Even if a newspaper is bound and bound in the form of a magazine, it will not cease to be a newspaper. The main difference between a newspaper and a magazine lies in the nature of information and efficiency. For a newspaper that informs the population and forms public opinion daily, prompt messages about the events of current life are important, for the magazine - their commentary.
According to the publisher N. A. Polevoy, "the motto of the newspaper is news, the motto of the magazine is the thoroughness of the news."
A newspaper and a magazine differ in the way they influence the reader, the mechanism for presenting information. The newspaper is characterized by short notes and small correspondence, the magazine - articles, reviews, reviews, distinguished by thoroughness of argumentation, fundamental approach, language and style of presentation.
Newspaper- sheet periodical containing event or other information about objects and phenomena surrounding reality, problems and comments on the current political, socio-economic, cultural life of society and is distinguished by the greatest efficiency among other printed publications. There are general political and specialized newspapers. General political publications can be conditionally characterized as mass media for everyone and about everything, which largely ensures their stability in the information market and indispensability as historical sources. Specialized Editions are distinguished by the profiling of the thematic series or by limiting the audience and topics. There are publications that combine these characteristics; quite often these are party publications, the intended purpose of which is determined by the task of communication for members of a certain political and ideological movement, they function on the principle "about everything - for like-minded people". Magazine- a periodical that is similar in material embodiment to a book publication, differs from other media in less efficiency, has a constant heading and contains analysis public relations, the formulation of scientific, political, socio-economic, spiritual problems, as well as various socially demanded information. There are literary and artistic, socio-political, scientific, popular science, production and practical, popular, abstract magazines.
In the XVIII century. there was a formation of temporary publications. Since the beginning of the XIX century. The leading position in periodicals belonged to thick monthly magazines; in the post-reform period, weekly magazines and newspapers pressed their positions. At the beginning of the XX century. the magazine gave way to the newspaper, not keeping up with the pace of social and political life. In the XX century. several new media have emerged. With the invention of radio, the monopoly of printed publications was broken: radio stations disseminated information at a speed that was not achievable even for a daily newspaper. The advent of television gave people not only the opportunity to quickly learn about events, but also to watch what is happening on the screen. Later, online periodicals arose. However printed editions have not disappeared, the process of their specialization has intensified, there has been an improvement in the technical base, an acceleration in the collection and transmission of information. Not being able to compete with television and radio in reporting operational news, newspapers and magazines are focused on commenting, primary analysis of the situation, and forecasting its development.
Newspaper materials are structured in a special way. Often they are grouped into thematic collections, united by common names, which in editorial practice are called caps. A thematic selection is a combination of material that is homogeneous in content, but not in genres. Usually, it contains an article of a general nature, notes by own correspondents, chronicles, etc. Collections contain material on a specific issue, for example, on the course of an election or economic campaign, etc.
often takes center stage in newspapers editorial, located usually on the first page on the left. Acquaintance with it allows you to identify the main focus of the issue, topical issues of the current period. The advanced was an almost exclusively newspaper genre, it became widespread in the second half of the 1860s. and usually didn't sign. In editorial practice, it was customary to subdivide leading articles into three types: operational, general political, and propaganda. Operational devoted most important issues economic and cultural construction, revealed shortcomings. AT general political contained broad political generalizations. propaganda gave detailed explanations of the policy of the authorities.
The originality of the press as a source lies not only in a special information function, complex structure, but also in the variety of its specific genres.
Under genre of a journalistic work, they understand the stable features of its content-thematic characteristics, such as the reality displayed, composition, and style.
The genres of periodicals can be conditionally divided into the following:
- 1) informational;
- 2) analytical;
- 3) artistic and publicistic.
For informational publications, a common feature is the desire to most accurately convey knowledge about an event, a fact. The main content of analytical materials is the author's reflections on events, facts, phenomena of reality. Artistic and journalistic combine documentary with literary fiction, give an emotional assessment of events. In publications different type- different genre systems: in a business publication you will not find a sketch or a satirical feuilleton. However, many modern publications are characterized by blurring of genre boundaries.
Genres have a purpose:
They are like rainbow colors!
If they are - the whole world is in bloom
If not, the universe is empty...
"Constellations" Van Garten
It is not uncommon to hear the opinion that the main thing for a journalist is to create interesting material, and what genre it is does not matter at all. There is another judgment: talking about the genres of journalism does not deserve attention, since the content of the concept of "genre" is constantly changing and becoming more complicated, and the theory of genres as a whole has not been sufficiently developed. This is allegedly confirmed by the fact that different researchers offer their own "set" of genres. It is impossible to agree with such statements for at least two reasons.
First, the type of works that develops historically and is defined as a "genre" exists objectively, regardless of the opinions of both theorists and practitioners. The whole mass of works created in journalism is divided into genres on the basis of a number of division principles. The fact is that each particular work has a composition of certain characteristics. Such characteristics arise either relatively arbitrarily (when the author does not think about what his text should be), or as a result of special creative efforts of the author (when he determines in advance what should be displayed in the text, how exactly and for what purpose) . But in any case, those texts that have similar qualities can be combined into separate groups.
This combination can be made by different researchers (or practitioners) on a variety of grounds, depending on what each of them considers the most important unifying principle (this is what gives rise to different ideas about the genre palette of journalism). But, of course, the association that is based on the similarity of the essential (but not secondary) features of publications included in some kind of stable group will be more true. After the unifying feature (or features) is defined, it is called " genre feature”, and the group of publications united by him - “genre”.
And secondly, an accurate idea of the genre helps journalists to communicate professionally. It is one thing when the editor of a publication asks a journalist: “Please write good stuff about aviation. It is quite another if he offers him: "Write an essay about a test pilot." AT last case the journalist will probably understand better what kind of material the editor would like to receive from him.
What predetermines the set of essential characteristics that make it possible to attribute the text to one genre or another? First of all - the originality of the subject of journalism and the way the author reflects reality, which give rise to this set. (This is traditionally recognized a large number journalism researchers.
In journalism, the subject of speeches is made up of current social and natural events, phenomena, processes, situations in all the richness of their manifestation, in a variety of relationships, primarily generating problems and conflicts that are important for society in theoretical and practical terms, as well as a person’s personality.
The role of the way of displaying reality in the formation of a set of characteristics of journalistic texts that predetermine their genre affiliation is much more significant (in terms of interest to us) than the role of the subject of journalistic speeches.
In journalism, there are three main ways of displaying - factual, analytical and visual-figurative. They mediate certain levels of “penetration” of the cognizing subject into the object: from the initial sensual contemplation to abstraction, theoretical mastering of it and further to the creation of an enriched, more complete concrete image of the object (including its artistic image).
The first and second methods differ from one another primarily in the degree of penetration into the essence of the subject of display. The first method is aimed at fixing some external, obvious characteristics of the phenomenon, at obtaining summary about the subject (in this case, the journalist first of all answers the questions: where, what and when did it happen?). The speed of obtaining such information allows modern journalism to promptly inform the audience about numerous current events, which is very important for it. The second method is aimed at penetrating the essence of phenomena, at clarifying the hidden relationships of the subject of display (in this case, the set of questions that the journalist answers is significantly expanded). AT this case the main thing is his appeal to various problems of choice effective ways development of society, as well as identifying the causes, conditions, trends in the development of events and situations, studying the grounds, motives, interests, intentions, actions of various social forces, clarifying the contradictions that arise between them, assessing the significance of various phenomena, determining the validity of certain points of view, concepts , ideas.
The method of visual-figurative display of reality is aimed not only and not so much at fixing the external features of the phenomenon or rational insight into the essence of the subject, but at the emotional and artistic generalization of the known. Often this generalization reaches such a level, which is called journalistic (or even artistic) typification, which brings journalism closer to fiction. This kind of journalism provides the audience with "material" that contributes to both rational knowledge of reality and emotional empathy for the events displayed.
The peculiarity of this or that way of displaying reality lies primarily in the fact that it acts as a special way of realizing hierarchically interconnected goals, solving certain problems.
The most important of them are predetermining in nature and act as functions of a particular edition. These features may vary. Some publications (for example, the “yellow press”) pursue commercial goals, therefore, in the published materials, they primarily seek to cover such topics, use such methods of creating texts that allow them to satisfy the subjectively dominant informational interests in entertainment that are most common in the relevant audience. Moreover, such publications care little about the extent to which such interests coincide with objectively more important, fundamental needs of the audience.
Other publications may pursue the goal of propaganda influence on the audience (for example, political, religious, etc.). Still others may set themselves the goal of informing the audience as fully and objectively as possible, based on the fact that journalism is called upon to be the most important means of mass information, connected primarily with the fundamental, basic needs of the audience, a means of increasing the social competence of the population, its social orientation, etc. .
Of course, in reality, the same publication can pursue a variety of goals. But even in this case, they will have an impact on the nature of the publications that will appear on its pages.
The named predetermining functions (goals) of journalism are subordinated to its specific tasks (goals) of the "second row" (or actually creative functions) associated with the knowledge of reality by a journalist. These features include:
Creation of a certain (one or another degree of completeness) information "model" of the displayed phenomenon (its description);
Establishing cause-and-effect relationships;
Identification of the significance of the phenomenon (its assessment);
determination of the future state of the phenomenon under study (forecast);
Tertychny A.A.
GENRES OF PERIODICALS
INTRODUCTION
GENRES IN THE ARSENAL OF MODERN JOURNALISM
Genres have a purpose:
They are like rainbow colors!
If they are - the whole world is in bloom
If not, the universe is empty...
"Constellations" Van Garten
It is not uncommon to hear the opinion that the main thing for a journalist is to create interesting material, and what genre it is does not matter at all. There is another judgment: talking about the genres of journalism does not deserve attention, since the content of the concept of "genre" is constantly changing and becoming more complicated, and the theory of genres as a whole has not been sufficiently developed. This is allegedly confirmed by the fact that different researchers offer their own "set" of genres. It is impossible to agree with such statements for at least two reasons.
First, the type of works that develops historically and is defined as a "genre" exists objectively, regardless of the opinions of both theorists and practitioners. The whole mass of works created in journalism is divided into genres on the basis of a number of division principles. The fact is that each particular work has a composition of certain characteristics. Such characteristics arise either relatively arbitrarily (when the author does not think about what his text should be), or as a result of special creative efforts of the author (when he determines in advance what should be displayed in the text, how exactly and for what purpose) . But in any case, those texts that have similar qualities can be combined into separate groups.
This combination can be made by different researchers (or practitioners) on a variety of grounds, depending on what each of them considers the most important unifying principle (this is what gives rise to different ideas about the genre palette of journalism). But, of course, the association that is based on the similarity of the essential (but not secondary) features of publications included in some kind of stable group will be more true. After the unifying feature (or features) is defined, it is called a "genre feature", and the group of publications united by it is called a "genre".
And secondly, an accurate idea of the genre helps journalists to communicate professionally. It's one thing when the editor of a publication asks a journalist: "Please write a good article about aviation." It is quite another if he offers him: "Write an essay about a test pilot." In the latter case, the journalist will probably better understand what kind of material the editor would like to receive from him.
What predetermines the set of essential characteristics that make it possible to attribute the text to one genre or another? First of all - the originality of the subject of journalism and the way the author reflects reality, which give rise to this set. (This has traditionally been recognized by a large number of journalism scholars.)
In journalism, the subject of speeches is made up of current social and natural events, phenomena, processes, situations in all the richness of their manifestation, in a variety of relationships, primarily generating problems and conflicts that are important for society in theoretical and practical terms, as well as a person’s personality.
The role of the way of displaying reality in the formation of a set of characteristics of journalistic texts that predetermine their genre affiliation is much more significant (in terms of interest to us) than the role of the subject of journalistic speeches.
In journalism, there are three main ways of displaying - factual, analytical and visual-figurative. They mediate certain levels of “penetration” of the cognizing subject into the object: from the initial sensual contemplation to abstraction, theoretical mastering of it and further to the creation of an enriched, more complete concrete image of the object (including its artistic image).
The first and second methods differ from one another primarily in the degree of penetration into the essence of the subject of display. The first method is aimed at fixing some external, obvious characteristics of the phenomenon, at obtaining brief information about the subject (in this case, the journalist first of all answers the questions: where, what and when did it happen?). The speed of obtaining such information allows modern journalism to promptly inform the audience about numerous current events, which is very important for it. The second method is aimed at penetrating the essence of phenomena, at clarifying the hidden relationships of the subject of display (in this case, the set of questions that the journalist answers is significantly expanded). In this case, the main thing is to address it to various problems of choosing effective ways for the development of society, as well as identifying the causes, conditions, trends in the development of events and situations, studying the grounds, motives, interests, intentions, actions of various social forces, clarifying the contradictions that arise between them, assessing the significance of various phenomena, the determination of the validity of certain points of view, concepts, ideas.
The method of visual-figurative display of reality is aimed not only and not so much at fixing the external features of the phenomenon or rational insight into the essence of the subject, but at the emotional and artistic generalization of the known. Quite often this generalization reaches such a level, which is called journalistic (or even artistic) typification, which brings journalism closer to fiction. This kind of journalism provides the audience with "material" that contributes to both rational knowledge of reality and emotional empathy for the events displayed.
The peculiarity of this or that way of displaying reality lies primarily in the fact that it acts as a special way of realizing hierarchically interconnected goals, solving certain problems.
The most important of them are predetermining in nature and act as functions of a particular edition. These features may vary. Some publications (for example, the “yellow press”) pursue commercial goals, therefore, in the published materials, they primarily seek to cover such topics, use such methods of creating texts that allow them to satisfy the subjectively dominant informational interests in entertainment that are most common in the relevant audience. Moreover, such publications care little about the extent to which such interests coincide with objectively more important, fundamental needs of the audience.
Other publications may pursue the goal of propaganda influence on the audience (for example, political, religious, etc.). Still others may set themselves the goal of informing the audience as fully and objectively as possible, based on the fact that journalism is called upon to be the most important means of mass information, connected primarily with the fundamental, basic needs of the audience, a means of increasing the social competence of the population, its social orientation, etc. .
Of course, in reality, the same publication can pursue a variety of goals. But even in this case, they will have an impact on the nature of the publications that will appear on its pages.
The named predetermining functions (goals) of journalism are subordinated to its specific tasks (goals) of the "second row" (or actually creative functions) associated with the knowledge of reality by a journalist. These features include:
Creation of a certain (one or another degree of completeness) information "model" of the displayed phenomenon (its description);
Establishing cause-and-effect relationships;
Identification of the significance of the phenomenon (its assessment);
determination of the future state of the phenomenon under study (forecast);
· formulation of programs, action plans related to the analyzed phenomenon.
These creative goals (goals of the "second row") must be implemented (in each specific case - in its own volume) when creating any journalistic texts and in any publications, since it is their implementation that paves the way for the implementation of the social functions mentioned above by journalism.
Creative functions act as a necessity for a journalist to explore various social phenomena, identify and describe their essence, determine their causes, predict the development of these phenomena, and find out their significance; explore best practices for solving various problems and formulate programs for their solution, warn against harmful or inefficient ways, ways to achieve certain goals, justify controversial points of view; develop their attitude to the world through emotional-figurative typification, generalization of the displayed phenomena. Quite often, journalists have to (because of the purpose of the publication) to create a “mirror world”, that is, to create texts of an entertaining plan, texts that promote recreation (rest) of the audience.
Solving these tasks, a journalist produces operational, analytical, emotionally-figurative information about various (existing and possible) aspects of society, information necessary for the audience to carry out a comprehensive social orientation and regulate its activities, increase its social competence, restore spiritual balance, entertainment. Carrying out creative functions, a journalist applies various methods knowledge of reality. They make up three large groups- empirical (documentary), theoretical and artistic methods.
The first group includes primarily methods for collecting material (observation ...
