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Human greed and selfishness, together with the indifferent attitude of most people to nature, lead to sad consequences. Many species of valuable plants, animals, birds and insects important for maintaining the biological balance are moving into the category of "rare", others are threatened with complete extinction.
This article will focus on the Red Book of Karelia. It is a list of just such - rare and endangered birds, animals, plants and fungi.
Reference
Zero - the saddest - species that have probably already disappeared.
The first - the most "red" - real threat complete disappearance.
The second - alarming - the number of the species is rapidly declining.
The third - dull - began to be rarely seen in the usual places.
The fourth - mysterious - little studied species.
Fifth - encouraging - recovering.
Animals
On the pages of a sad book, about 23 species of animals had to flee.
The hedgehog is not a typo - the most common hedgehog now belongs to the third category. From the northern regions disappeared altogether, in the central - single individuals, a few more hedgehogs can be found in southern regions and closer to Lake Janisjarvi.
The field mouse, like the common hedgehog, is close to extinction in Karelia.
The hare-hare - such a well-known, originally from children's fairy tales, hare-hare is very vulnerable in practice. Most often, traces report its presence. These are found only in the southern regions.
Wolverine - wolverine in Latin means "glutton". This one is pretty large predator- the most valuable orderly of the forest, could not protect himself and ended up in the Red Book.
European mink - this valuable furry animal with a flexible elongated body, unfortunately, fell into the sad first category.
The otter (piston) - a charming, temperamental, sociable predator with a cunning muzzle is also under real threat.
Weasel - in the fourth, little-studied category, brought invisible in winter against the backdrop of a snowy forest, a miniature, but very dexterous predator.
European roe deer - can be called happy addition who will be lucky enough to see this wild beauty!
Reindeer - elk-like rare view- with horns in both males and females, which is a rarity in the animal world.
Ladoga seal (ringed seal) - about 3,000 individuals who love to relax in a bowed boat, are found only in two lakes in Karelia.
The forest lemming is a little-studied animal of the fourth category. Most likely, complete extinction does not threaten him yet. Zoologists suggest that the reason lies in the characteristic features of this species to a sharp increase in the population, followed by a gradual decrease in numbers.
Garden dormouse - a small rodent with big ears has a low global population in principle. In Karelia, it is in category 0.
The common flying squirrel (flying squirrel) - a little smaller than the short-eared squirrel - is a small rodent of the squirrel family.
The black rat is already in the zero category on the territory of the republic.
Brown long-eared bat is a very remarkable variety of bat with a non-standard long ears. Pond, mustachioed and water bats are three more species of bats.
The tiny shrew is a mammal of the shrew family that freely fits on the palm (8 cm). It is not yet clear whether everything is really so bad, or whether it is difficult to accurately count the number of these small, nimble animals. But just in case!
Equal-toothed shrew - found in all areas, belongs to the fourth category.
The baby mouse is a very beautiful, golden-colored mouse with a body length of 5-7.5 cm (excluding the tail) - one of the smallest representatives in its family!
Yellow-throated mouse - nothing threatens this species within the planet, but in Karelia it is in category one on the pages of the Red Book. Since this animal is a peddler tick-borne encephalitis and hantavirus, which causes hemorrhagic fever, it is unlikely that they will increase the population of these mice.
And also a large, graceful lynx, a beautiful fox, a shy white hare, a luxurious ermine.
Birds
On the disturbing pages of the book (not only Karelian, but also world) flew:
Some species of swans and "handsome" black grouse.
The bluetail is a bright birdie, smaller than a sparrow.
Large, diurnal, with a one and a half meter wingspan gray owl.
Known from old Russian fairy tales, a large kilogram curlew with a curved long beak.
The capercaillie is very careless during the mating season, which is why the hunters practically exterminated the bird.
Fish
About 28 species of fish also ended up on sad pages.
The specially protected by law, of course, include sturgeon, lake salmon and whitefish. Carps, catfish and loaches are also protected. From the mass catch of sterlet, nelma, tench, sabrefish and loach, these fish also had to swim to the pages of the Red Book.
Plants
Plants cry for help from the pages of a sad book!
Openwork ferns - shield, asplenium, grapevine.
Siberian aster is a beautifully flowering ornamental culture.
Wild orchids - among them the rarest cypridin slipper.
Trees and shrubs - hazel, cotoneaster, Karelian birch.
Forest herbaceous plant alpine tsitserbita (alpina) and rezuha.
Sundew intermediate and fragile caulinia growing in water are swamp plants.
Some medicinal herbs are the well-known St. John's wort, Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Ranunculus anemone.
butterflies
The pages of the Red Book reliably protect all those in need. But without the help of people, they will not cope! Of course, nature reserves and parks are good. Jaegers and fish supervision - not bad. But how you want ordinary people, all without exception, to love nature and take care of it!
Humanity did not immediately understand that the nature of our planet is in danger. Entire species of plants and animals are disappearing. According to the most conservative estimates, about 900 species of plants and animals have disappeared from the face of the Earth over the past five centuries. In the near future, more than 10,000 species of living organisms may join this list.
If in 500 years about 150 species of animals and birds have died out on our planet, then more than half - only in the last 50-60 years.
In 1948, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature was formed and natural resources(IUCN). And it took some practical steps to prevent this organization from becoming a purely formal body.
As a result of many years of work of the commission in 1963, for the first time, a register of rare and endangered species appeared. wild plants and animals, which was given the name Red Date Book, that is, the Red Book of Facts.
In the future, it simply began to be called the Red Book. A book in which rare species of animals, plants, reptiles, insects, and mushrooms are recorded. Or those that are in danger of extinction. To save certain species of flora and fauna.
Thus, the main tasks of the Red Book are: inventory, accounting of rare and endangered species of plants, animals, fungi; providing objective information about them; explanation of the main methods of conservation and restoration of the number of species. These tasks are set both on a global scale (International Red Book) and in individual countries or regions (for example, the Red Book of Russia or the Red Book of Karelia).
National Red Books also exist in Australia, USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan.
The Red Book is all colored pages.
black pages contain lists of those who are no longer there, who we will never see again, who are already extinct ( Sea cow, passenger pigeons and others).
Red pages show us endangered and especially rare animals (bisons, red wolf, beavers, leopard, Snow Leopard, Amur tiger and others).
Yellow Pages- those animals, the number of which is rapidly decreasing (polar bears, pink flamingos, pink gulls, goitered gazelle and others).
White the pages are those animals, of which there have always been few.
gray pages - those animals are included that are very little studied, and their habitats are inaccessible.
Greens pages - those animals that we managed to save and save them from extinction (elk, river beaver).
- 71 bird species have disappeared from Hawaii since humans first landed on the islands.
- Currently, 17 species of penguins live on Earth. The populations of 12 species of them are rapidly declining.
- The annual income from the industrial catch of bluefin tuna in the world is $7.2 billion. From 1980 to the present, the number of bluefin tuna has declined by 70%. Experts believe that in the next 10 years this species may disappear altogether.
- Only 3,200 tigers remain on Earth. Over the past century, the number of this species of animals on Earth has decreased by 97%.
Here are some more facts about already extinct animals.
- Last thylacine or tasmanian marsupial wolf died September 7, 1936 in a private zoo.
- QUAGGA(steppe zebra) An animal of the genus of horses exterminated in the 19th century because of its strong and beautiful skin.
- Baiji - Chinese river dolphin. A special international expedition, which took place in November-December 2006, stated that the Chinese river dolphin, most likely, has completely disappeared.
- Passenger pigeon - an extinct bird of the pigeon family. Until the 19th century, it was one of the most common birds on Earth, the total number of which was estimated at 3-5 billion individuals.
- Sea or Steller's cow. Belongs to the group of sirens. She swam in large herds at the surface of the water, fed on seaweed.
One can give such an example. In 1985, 31 species of insects were listed in the Red Book of Karelia, and ten years later there were already 255 of them. This suggests that rash economic, or rather, mismanagement, human activity is destroying our natural uniqueness. As much as we would not like, but the pantries of nature are not unlimited. And it depends on all of us, and each one individually, whether the person of the future will have the opportunity to walk through the green forest. Or he will have to walk on artificial lawns, because for the psychological health of a person, the need for green has been developed for millennia.
The article uses photos and information from open sources.
Human greed and selfishness, together with the indifferent attitude of most people to nature, lead to sad consequences. Many species of valuable plants, animals, birds and insects important for maintaining the biological balance are moving into the category of "rare", others are threatened with complete extinction.
This article will focus on the Red Book of Karelia. It is a list of just such - rare and endangered birds, animals, plants and fungi.
Reference
Zero - the saddest - species that have probably already disappeared.
The first - the most "red" - a real threat of complete extinction.
The second - alarming - the number of the species is rapidly declining.
The third - dull - began to be rarely seen in the usual places.
The fourth - mysterious - little studied species.
Fifth - encouraging - recovering.
Animals
On the pages of a sad book, about 23 species of animals had to flee.
The hedgehog is not a typo - the most common hedgehog now belongs to the third category. From the northern regions it disappeared altogether, in the central - single individuals, a few more hedgehogs can be found in the southern regions and closer to Lake Janisyarvi.
The field mouse, like the common hedgehog, is close to extinction in Karelia.
The hare-hare - such a well-known, originally from children's fairy tales, hare-hare is very vulnerable in practice. Most often, traces report its presence. These are found only in the southern regions.
Wolverine - wolverine in Latin means "glutton". This rather large predator, the most valuable orderly of the forest, could not protect himself and ended up in the Red Book.
European mink - this valuable furry animal with a flexible elongated body, unfortunately, fell into the sad first category.
The otter (piston) - a charming, temperamental, sociable predator with a cunning muzzle is also under real threat.
Weasel - in the fourth, little-studied category, brought invisible in winter against the backdrop of a snowy forest, a miniature, but very dexterous predator.
European roe deer - you can call happy the one who is still lucky to see this wild beauty!
Reindeer - a rare species similar to an elk - with antlers in both males and females, which is a rarity in the animal world.
Ladoga seal (ringed seal) - about 3,000 individuals who love to relax in a bowed boat, are found only in two lakes in Karelia.
The forest lemming is a little-studied animal of the fourth category. Most likely, complete extinction does not threaten him yet. Zoologists suggest that the reason lies in the characteristic features of this species to a sharp increase in the population, followed by a gradual decrease in numbers.
Garden dormouse - a small rodent with large ears has a low global population in principle. In Karelia, it is in category 0.
The common flying squirrel (flying squirrel) - a little smaller than the short-eared squirrel - is a small rodent of the squirrel family.
The black rat is already in the zero category on the territory of the republic.
The brown ear bat is a very remarkable species of bat with unusually long ears. Pond, mustachioed and water bats are three more species of bats.
The tiny shrew is a mammal of the shrew family that freely fits on the palm (8 cm). It is not yet clear whether everything is really so bad, or whether it is difficult to accurately count the number of these small, nimble animals. But just in case!
Equal-toothed shrew - found in all areas, belongs to the fourth category.
The baby mouse is a very beautiful, golden-colored mouse with a body length of 5-7.5 cm (excluding the tail) - one of the smallest representatives in its family!
Yellow-throated mouse - nothing threatens this species within the planet, but in Karelia it is in category one on the pages of the Red Book. Since this animal is a carrier of tick-borne encephalitis and hantavirus, which causes hemorrhagic fever, it is unlikely that they will be involved in increasing the population of these mice.
And also a large, graceful lynx, a beautiful fox, a shy white hare, a luxurious ermine.
Birds
On the disturbing pages of the book (not only Karelian, but also world) flew:
Some species of swans and "handsome" black grouse.
The bluetail is a bright birdie, smaller than a sparrow.
A large, diurnal, bearded owl with a one and a half meter wingspan.
Known from old Russian fairy tales, a large kilogram curlew with a curved long beak.
The capercaillie is very careless during the mating season, which is why the hunters practically exterminated the bird.
Fish
About 28 species of fish also ended up on sad pages.
The specially protected by law, of course, include sturgeon, lake salmon and whitefish. Carps, catfish and loaches are also protected. From the mass catch of sterlet, nelma, tench, sabrefish and loach, these fish also had to swim to the pages of the Red Book.
Plants
Plants cry for help from the pages of a sad book!
Openwork ferns - shield, asplenium, grapevine.
Siberian aster is a beautifully flowering ornamental culture.
Wild orchids - among them the rarest cypridin slipper.
Trees and shrubs - hazel, cotoneaster, Karelian birch.
Forest herbaceous plant of alpine tsitserbita (alpina) and rezuha.
Sundew intermediate and fragile caulinia growing in water are swamp plants.
Some medicinal herbs are the well-known St. John's wort, Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Ranunculus anemone.
butterflies
The pages of the Red Book reliably protect all those in need. But without the help of people, they will not cope! Of course, nature reserves and parks are good. Jaegers and fish supervision - not bad. But how you want ordinary people, all without exception, to love nature and take care of it!
AT recent times acquire actual meaning. Human activity on earth turned out to be too active: the air is poisoned by enterprises and vehicle exhaust gases, water bodies are polluted, many animals, fish, birds and plants are under the threat of extinction. Therefore, people are forced to resort to the letter of the law, creating various lists, thanks to which it is not allowed to destroy this or that natural look. Such a list is the Red Book.
What is the Red Book?
The idea for this book appeared in 1948. It was created at the initiative of the scientific community, which began to sound the alarm due to the increasing cases of extinction of populations of living organisms. The Union for Conservation of Nature printed out an alarm list and sent it to the leaders of world states. Why did they choose red?
In fact, everything is simple: it is an alarming shade, and at the same time the color of life. Therefore, the Red Book is designed to attract the attention of the public. Interestingly, it is not completely red: it has pages of other colors:
- The black. The most tragic pages are painted in the color of mourning. Those animals or plants that are written on them are never destined to be seen again. These are forever extinct species.
- Green. The most cheerful sheets: they contain species that have been revived and saved.
- Red. Pages in this hue indicate endangered species.
- White. Rare forms of flora and fauna are represented here.
- Grey. Insufficiently studied species are collected on gray pages.
- Yellow. The color draws attention to rapidly declining populations.
In addition to international and national lists, there are also regional ones. These include the Red Data Book of Karelia.
Karelia: endangered species
The nature of the Republic of Karelia is in many ways unique and amazing. Such wealth simply needs to be taken under the protection of the state, so scientists have developed such an extensive publication as the Red Book of Karelia. Animals, flora, fish and birds on its pages are in dire need of human care. This useful book has been reprinted three times. It was first published in 1985.
It included 160 species of vascular plants, more than 30 species of insects and vertebrates, as well as 22 species of various fungi. In the second edition of 1995, the information was somewhat expanded. The Red Book of Karelia included 390 positions assigned to plants, among which were mosses, mushrooms and lichens. Insects, mollusks, birds, mammals and amphibians were also included: a total of 365 species. The most complete was the third edition, published in 2008 in accordance with all the rules for compiling lists of this kind.
Plants of Karelia
For this region, the Red Book of Karelia turned out to be a very important publication, thoroughly developed by local scientists. The plants that have settled on its pages are really in dire need of protection at the state level. These are ferns (aspleniums, groves, shields), wild orchids (lady's slipper, leafless pickle, two types of dremliks), several species medicinal plants. Also, decorative species, such as rezuha and alpine circus, Siberian aster and ranunculus anemone, were not ignored. Marsh plants are also included in this list, for example, sundew intermediate and caulinia. Types of shrubs and trees that are on the verge of extinction are recorded on the pages of this book: hazel, cotoneaster.
Some plants are worth talking about separately. Unfortunately, people admitted that such a useful view like St. John's wort. This medicinal plant is recognized as a folk and traditional medicine. It has the following beneficial features: perfectly anesthetizes, relieves spasms, restores blood loss, heals wounds, tones and soothes. Even in ancient times, they were treated for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. St. John's wort is also used for coughs and rheumatism. But you have to be careful, because the upper stems of the plant are poisonous, so you should consult a doctor before using it.
This is a small fragment of the wealth that the Red Book of Karelia contains. Plants such as Rhodiola rosea, also called golden root, are truly worth their weight in gold. If it is used correctly, then Rhodiola can have a beneficial effect on the entire body. Especially well it affects the intellectual abilities of a person, his memory. The antihistamine and antipyretic properties of this plant are also noted.
In addition to medicinal plants, it is worth noting the rarest orchid that prefers wet and dark places - cypridine slipper. No matter how they called her: venus, Maryin or cuckoo's slipper, Virgin's boot, moccasin (in America), lady's shoe (in England). In Karelia, it grows exclusively in. It is noteworthy that this orchid blooms for almost a whole month.
Protection of mushroom stocks
What else is protected by the Red Book of Karelia? Mushrooms, of which there are about 100 species in the republic, also need protection. For example, white aspen is included in the conservation list. This edible mushroom grows in national parks and nature reserves of Karelia. Aspen bears fruit not annually.
Under the name is also edible. He loves heaps of brushwood and heaps of straw. The mushroom is quite large and reaches 20 centimeters around the circumference of the cap.
Very rare species - This beauty can be eaten, but it is so rare that it is not allowed to be collected. It grows only on the territory of the Kivach nature reserve.
Another type of mushroom is the purple cobweb. Gourmets consider it a delicacy. It is extremely rare, and the people gave it the name "swamp".
The last one we recall in this opus is inedible mushroom morel hat. The name is quite accurate: the mushroom is really similar to the morel family.
Silent bird voices
Unfortunately, the Red Data Book of Karelia is rich and varied. Birds, of course, also live on its pages. Black grouse, gray owl, some species of swans, bluetail and curlew are listed not only in the disturbing book of Karelia, but also in all-Russian and even world lists.
The kilogram oystercatcher, called the curlew, is the largest among the fauna of Russia. It can be distinguished by its curved beak of considerable length. In the spring, his whistling songs are carried quite far.
Also, a large bearded owl is listed in the Red Book of Karelia. Its wingspan is one and a half meters, and its weight is up to a kilogram. This bird is sometimes confused with the eagle owl, but their way of life is different: the owl is a nocturnal bird, while the owl is awake during daylight hours. The population size fluctuates depending on the abundance of rodents. The bird is included in several conservation lists.
The capercaillie is a beautiful, majestic bird. He is the only one who has perfectly adapted to the northern climate, especially to cold winters. The male capercaillie is truly gigantic in size, its weight reaches 6.5 kilograms. The female is half the size and does not differ in the brightness of plumage. This representative of chicken feeds on cones and pine needles in winter, and in summer it can even eat lizards. In flight, the capercaillie is rather clumsy. The meat of this giant is very useful, so some hunters exterminate the bird without measure. That is why the Red Book of Karelia has been replenished with such representatives of the feathered order as capercaillie.
Karelian fish
The reservoirs of Karelia are densely populated by inhabitants, but 28 species of fish are endangered. For such groups of residents of rivers and lakes, the Red Book of Karelia is simply necessary. Fish of such families as salmon, sturgeon, whitefish, carp, catfish, loach are included in the list of mandatory protection.
Their mass capture led to catastrophic consequences: sturgeon, sterlet, lake salmon, nelma, whitefish, tench, sabrefish, loach and catfish were on the verge of extinction. These most valuable species of fish could forever disappear from the reservoirs of Karelia if they were not taken under state protection in time.
Animal world
Many representatives of the fauna are contained in the Red Data Book of Karelia. The animals of this region are known to everyone from documentaries and feature films, but if you do not stop shooting them, then human irresponsibility will lead to their complete disappearance. For example, the reindeer. This beautiful animal has horns in both sexes. And he is also famous for the fact that in the heart of a deer there is a bone, the purpose of which is still unknown. These nomads from wildlife live in herds of up to 15 individuals. And in winter they can migrate in groups of 100 deer. Beautiful ungulates, living up to 25 years old, like to settle in swamps, in forests with moss litter, and river meadows. On the this moment the population lives in two national parks and the Kostomuksha state reserve.
The only living representative of the genus "glutton" lives on the territory of Karelian reserves and parks, this is how the name Gulo is translated - wolverine. The Red Book of the Karelian Republic could not help but be replenished with such a colorful, but unfortunately disappearing character. This lone beast is very cautious and strong. A rather massive animal resembles a large badger or bear. It has a thick, coarse coat, sharp claws and powerful teeth. The weight of the beast reaches 18 kilograms. If a lair is found in a secluded place or under the roots of a tree, you can be sure that a wolverine lives there.
The Red Book is not just a security list. This is a reminder to humanity how many beautiful animals, birds and fish nature has given us. It would be unforgivable stupidity and wastefulness to lose all this. After all, each link in nature has its own purpose. Wolverine, for example, because of its omnivorous nature, plays the role of eating carrion.
Another inhabitant of the Karelian forests is the lynx. Almost everyone knows what this big cat looks like, but its habits are worthy of special attention. The large and graceful beast simply loves dark cluttered forests, swims and climbs trees very well. If there is not enough food, then lynxes can embark on long journeys, this is how they got to Kamchatka. Her attack tactics are insidious and expectant, and not the way most people used to think: she does not attack by jumping from a tree. In winter, when the snow is very deep, the lynx can overcome even the female wapiti. For many years it was believed that the lynx should be exterminated, as dangerous predator(and the fur of the animal is of considerable value), but after a while it turned out that the animal plays a huge role in the biocenosis, therefore the state is simply obliged to protect the lynxes.
Among others, the Red Book of Karelia contains on its colorful pages such rare representatives of the fauna as flying squirrel, fox, brown bear, ermine, white hare, weasel, marten and elk.
What is the value of the watchlist?
The Red Book is a document of national importance. But he only warns people about species that are disappearing. The next stage of protection is the creation of national parks and reserves. It was these measures that helped save many species of birds, animals and plants from extermination. It is also necessary to create wildlife sanctuaries: protected areas for breeding a certain kind representatives of fauna or flora. The use of such measures has made it possible to contain anthropogenic factor, which seriously threatens the nature of the planet.
Representatives of the fauna of Karelia can give odds in beauty and uniqueness to many regions. You can meet the only one bat, falling into hibernation when the temperature drops to minus seven degrees Celsius or a flying squirrel. Of course, a hike through the forests will provide an opportunity to see many ordinary hares, squirrels, deer, foxes, beavers and other animals found in abundance throughout the country, but with patience and armed with a camera, you can capture unique animals in their natural environment.
Going deeper into the thicket, do not forget that you may encounter brown bear, lynx, ox or other predator that will perceive your presence as an encroachment on the hunting territory. You should respect the owners of the Karelian forests and not bother them with your presence. Numerous lakes can please with waterfowl species of wildlife. Watching games, otters, beavers at work, or European mink hunting, you can gain the spirit of freedom, throwing off the burdens of everyday worries.
If you are lucky, you can see a graceful seal moving easily and smoothly through lead waters. Lake Ladoga. The local world is filled with living creatures and lives its measured and familiar life. Animals are accustomed to the fact that people often invade their territory, in harsh winters do not discredit feeding on city dumps, however, it should be remembered that, despite their seeming harmlessness and attractiveness, they always remain part of the wild with their own rules of conduct and laws.
The world of birds is just as diverse and interesting. During seasonal migrations, rare Red Book birds can be observed, such as golden eagle, peregrine falcon or tundra swan. At the end of May, lapwings, curlews, corncrakes, bluethroats and other steppe birds move in abundance in the nearest fields.
What rare animals can you encounter
A lizard. It is very rare to meet such a specimen and their luck lives here no more than twenty individuals and Pitkyarantsky and Olonets districts are considered to be the area. For scaly reptiles, the climate is rather cold, which imposes certain restrictions on their life.
Reindeer. They can be considered the hallmark of the region. Proud and very beautiful animals, bewitching with their elegance and grace. During mating games there is something to see. Tournaments of males become an excellent addition to the calm regularity of the surrounding landscapes. Unlike the elk, this animal is much smaller, squat and denser. But well-trained legs help to carry out many kilometers of transitions through the endless tundra.
