Teacher with children in the gas chamber. Janusz Korczak

Diets 16.07.2019

Diets

Janusz Korczak (Janusz Korczak; real name Henryk Goldschmit; July 22, 1878, Warsaw - August 6, 1942, Treblinka) - Polish teacher, writer, doctor and public figure Jewish origin.

A child is a rational being, he is well aware of the needs, difficulties and obstacles of his life.

Korczak Janusz

Korczak writes in "Memoirs": "I was named after my grandfather, whose name was Gersh," it is this name that is affixed to his birth certificate. It's just that in the assimilated Jewish family in which he was born and raised, he was called Henryk - in the Polish manner.

School years passed in Warsaw, in the Russian gymnasium. Strict discipline reigned there, going to the theater or going home on vacation was possible only after the written permission of the directorate. Teaching was conducted in Russian. Already in the first grade (children 10-11 years old) Latin was taught, in the second - French and German, in the third - Greek.

After the death of his father in 1896, the family found itself in a difficult financial situation. From the fifth grade (15–16 years old), Henryk began to earn extra money as a tutor.

Korczak Janusz

In 1898 Korczak entered the medical faculty of the University of Warsaw. In the summer of 1899, he traveled to Switzerland to get to know Pestalozzi's teaching activities better. On his trip, Korczak is especially interested in schools and children's hospitals. In 1903 he received his medical degree.

In 1903–11 worked in the Jewish children's hospital named after Bersonov and Bauman and as an educator in children's summer camps. He was a member of the Jewish charitable Society for helping orphans.

In 1904-1905. Korczak took part in the Russo-Japanese War.

Respect the current hour and today! Respect every single minute, for it will die and never be repeated.

Korczak Janusz

In 1907, Korczak traveled to Berlin for a year, where he listened to lectures at his own expense and practiced in children's clinics, getting acquainted with various educational institutions.

In 1911, Korczak left the profession of a doctor and founded the “Orphanage” for Jewish children at 92 Krokhmalna Street, which he led (with a break in 1914–18) until the end of his life. From the philanthropists who subsidized his undertaking, Korczak demanded complete independence in his administrative and educational activities.

In 1914–18 Korczak was in Ukraine, in particular, in Kyiv, where, in addition to the activities of a military doctor, he was engaged in arranging an orphanage for Polish children, and also wrote the book How to Love a Child.

You say: children make me tired. You're right. You explain: it is necessary to descend to their concepts. Drop, stoop, bend, shrink. You are wrong. Not because we get tired, but because we need to rise to their feelings. Rise, stand on tiptoe, stretch. Not to offend.

Korczak Janusz

In 1919–36 he took part in the work of the boarding school "Our House" (in Bielany) - an orphanage for Polish children - where he also applied innovative pedagogical methods.

Korczak returned to Warsaw in 1918, where he ran orphanages, taught, collaborated with magazines, spoke on the radio, lectured at the Free Polish University and at the Higher Jewish Pedagogical Courses.

In 1926–32 Korczak edited the weekly "Maly przeglad" ("Small Review", a supplement for children to the Zionist newspaper "Nasz przeglad" "Our Review"), in which his pupils actively participated.

He expected, as a great miracle, the independence of Poland and believed in the complete assimilation of the Jews. Bloody Jewish pogroms organized by the Polish nationalists in 1918-19, sowed deep disappointment in Korczak's soul.

It does not concern me whether someone is small or big and what others say about him: handsome, ugly, smart, stupid; it doesn’t even concern me whether he studies well, worse than me or better; is it a girl or a boy. For me, a person is good if he treats people well, if he does not want and does not do evil, if he is kind.

Korczak Janusz

With Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the rise of anti-Semitism in Poland, Korczak's Jewish identity was awakened. He became the Polish non-Zionist representative to the Jewish Agency.

In 1934 and 1936 he visited Mandatory Palestine, where he met many of his former pupils. The pedagogical and social principles of the kibbutz movement made a deep impression on Korczak. In a letter of 1937, he wrote: “Approximately in May, I am going to Eretz. And just for a year in Jerusalem. I have to learn the language, and then I'll go wherever they call... The most difficult decision was. Today I want to sit in a small dark room with a Bible, a textbook, a Hebrew dictionary... There, the very last one will not spit in the face of the best just because he is a Jew.”

Departure prevented only the impossibility of leaving their orphans. Korczak during these years was going to write a story about the revival of the Jewish homeland, about the pioneers-halutzim.

In 1940, together with the pupils of the Orphanage, he was moved to the Warsaw ghetto. He turned down all offers from non-Jewish admirers of his talent to take him out of the ghetto and hide him on the "Aryan" side.

During this period, Korczak was arrested and spent several months in prison. He was released at the request of the provocateur A. Gantsweich, who thus wanted to earn authority among the Jews.

I noticed that only stupid people want everyone to be the same. He who is smart is glad that there is day and night, summer and winter, young and old, that there are butterflies and birds, and flowers and eyes of different colors, and that there are both girls and boys. And who does not like to think, the variety that makes thought work is annoying.

Korczak Janusz

In the ghetto, Korczak gave all his strength to caring for children, heroically obtaining food and medicine for them. Pupils of Korczak studied Hebrew and the foundations of Judaism, and he himself, seeing the indifference of the Christian world to the suffering of Jews, passionately dreamed of returning to the origins of Judaism.

A few weeks before Passover in 1942, Korczak held a secret ceremony at the Jewish cemetery: holding the Pentateuch in his hands, he took an oath from the children to be good Jews and honest people.

When the order came in August 1942 to deport the Orphanage, Korczak went with his assistant and friend Stefania Wilczynska (1886–1942) and 200 children to the station, from where they were sent in freight cars to Treblinka. He refused a last-minute offer of freedom and chose to stay with the children, accepting death with them in the gas chamber.

In the "House of Orphans" Korchak introduced a system of broad children's self-government, innovative for those years, a children's comrades' court, the decisions of which were binding on the leadership, a plebiscite, etc.

From 1918, Korczak spoke under the pseudonym "Old Doctor" with educational talks on the radio, lectured at the Free Polish University and the Higher Jewish Pedagogical Courses, and worked in the court for juvenile delinquents.

Absently believing in God (“One on One with God”, 1922; contains 18 prayers “for those who do not pray”), Korczak was distinguished by wide religious tolerance and saw in faith a source of moral purification.

Korczak began to print in 1898, at the same time he took his pseudonym. His novels for adults and children "Children of the Street" (1901), "Child of the Living Room" (1906), "Pugs, Ioski and Sruli" (1910; in Russian translation "Summer in Mikhałówka", 1961), "King Matt the First" ( 1923) and others; short stories, conversations, articles and a diary of 1942 introduce the reader to complex world child psychology, contain observations on the life of Poland in 1900-1939, reflect the rich experience of a doctor and teacher.

Korczak also owns over 20 books on education (the main one being How to Love a Child, 1914, and The Child's Right to Respect, 1929).

Compositions
Books for children
* Ktoredy (1898) - drama
* Children of the street (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
* Koszalki Opalki (Warsaw, 1905)
* Child of the living room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, 2nd edition 1927) - partly autobiographical.
* Moski, Joski and Srule (Moski, Joski i Srule, Warsaw 1910); in Russian translation "Summer in Mikhalowka", 1961
* Yuzki, Jaski and Franki (Jozki, Jaski i Franki, Warsaw 1911)
* Slava (Slawa, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937)
* Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
* Fatal Week (Feralny tydzien, 1914)
* King Matt the First (Krol Macius Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923)
* King Matt on a desert island (Krol Macius na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
* Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo malego Dzeka, Warsaw 1924)
* When I Become Small Again (Kiedy znow bede maly, Warsaw 1925)
* Senat szalencow, humoreska ponura (1931) - script for the Warsaw theater Ateneum
* Kajtus-sorcerer (Kajtus czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)

Pedagogical works
* Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924)
* How to love a child (Jak kochac dziecko, Warsaw 1919; 2nd edition 1920 Jak kochac dzieci)
* The child's right to respect (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw 1929)
* Rules of life. Pedagogy for children and adults (1930)
* Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika zartobliwa, Warsaw 1933)

Other books
* Diary (Pamietnik, Warsaw 1958) - published posthumously
* Stubborn Boy: Pasteur's Life (Warsaw 1935)

Works dedicated to Janusz Korczak
The heroism and martyrdom of Korczak are legendary. Numerous studies and works are devoted to his life and death: I. Newerly's memoirs "Living Connections" (1966, Polish language), A. Zeitlin’s poem (1898–1973) “The Last Journey of Janusz Korczak” (“Janusz Korczaks Lecter Gang”, 1970?, Yiddish), drama by E. Sylvanius “Korczak and Children” (1958, German) and others.

Books in Russian
* In 1970 Alexander Galich wrote one of his best poems "Kaddish" dedicated to Janusz Korczak.
* Lifton B. J., The King of Children. The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak. Moscow: Rudomino: Text, 2004. ISBN 5-7516-0479-2
* Pedagogy of Janusz Korczak and Jewish Education, Gerard Kahn
* In memory of Korczak: Sat. article: (About the doctor, teacher and writer J. Korczak, 1878-1942) / Ed. ed. O. R. Medvedev. M.: Ros. Janusz Korczak Island, 1992. ISBN 5-900365-01-8
* Valeeva R. A. Humanistic pedagogy of Janusz Korchak: Tutorial. Kazan: KSPI, 1994.
* Kochnov VF Janusz Korchak: A book for teachers. M.: Education, 1991.

Born in Warsaw on July 22, 1878 in an intelligent assimilated Jewish family. Korczak's grandfather, doctor Hirsch Goldschmidt, contributed to the HaMaggid newspaper, his father, Józef Goldschmidt (1846-1896), a lawyer, author of the monograph Lectures on Divorce Law According to the Provisions of the Law of Moses and the Talmud (1871). Korczak writes in "Memoirs": "I was named after my grandfather, whose name was Gersh," it is this name that is affixed to his birth certificate. In the assimilated Jewish family in which he was born and raised, he was called Henryk - in the Polish manner.

School years were spent in Warsaw, in the Russian gymnasium. Strict discipline reigned there, going to the theater or going home on vacation was possible only after the written permission of the directorate. Teaching was conducted in Russian. Already in the first grade (children 10-11 years old) Latin was taught, in the second - French and German, in the third - Greek.

In 1889, Henryk's father showed signs of mental illness. Now the father had to be placed in special clinics from time to time. His maintenance in clinics was expensive, and over time, the family found itself in a difficult financial situation. From the fifth grade (15-16 years old) Henryk began to earn extra money as a tutor.

In 1898 Korczak entered the medical faculty of the University of Warsaw. In the summer of 1899 he traveled to Switzerland to get a closer look at the results pedagogical activity Pestalozzi. On his trip, Korczak is especially interested in schools and children's hospitals. In 1903 he received his medical degree.

In 1903-11. worked in the Jewish children's hospital named after Bersonov and Bauman and as an educator in children's summer camps. He was a member of the Jewish charitable Society for helping orphans.

In 1904-1905. Korczak took part in the Russo-Japanese War as a military doctor.

In 1907, Korczak traveled to Berlin for a year, where he listened to lectures for his own money and did internships in children's clinics, and got acquainted with various educational institutions. He also undergoes an internship in France, visits an orphanage in England.

In 1911, Korczak left the profession of a doctor and founded the “Orphanage” for Jewish children at 92 Krokhmalna Street, which he led (with a break in 1914-18) until the end of his life. From the philanthropists who subsidized his undertaking, Korczak demanded complete independence in his administrative and educational activities.

In 1914-18. Korczak was in Ukraine, in particular, in Kyiv, where, in addition to the activities of a military doctor, he was engaged in arranging an orphanage for Polish children, and also wrote the book How to Love a Child.

In 1919-36. he took part in the work of the boarding school "Our House" (in Bielany) - an orphanage for Polish children - where he also applied innovative pedagogical methods.

In 1926-32. Korczak edited the weekly "Ma?y Przegl?d" ("Small Review", a supplement for children to the Zionist newspaper "Nasz Przegl?d" "Our Review"), in which his pupils actively participated.

Jewish activities

In 1899 Korczak attended the Second Zionist Congress as a guest. Bowing to Theodor Herzl, he, however, did not accept the ideas of Zionism, considered himself a Pole in everything except religion, following which, in his opinion, was a personal matter for everyone. He expected, as a great miracle, the independence of Poland and believed in the complete assimilation of the Jews. The bloody Jewish pogroms carried out by the Polish nationalists in 1918-19 sowed deep disappointment in Korczak's soul.

With Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the rise of anti-Semitism in Poland, Korczak's Jewish identity was awakened. He became the Polish non-Zionist representative to the Jewish Agency. In 1934 and 1936 he visited Mandatory Palestine, where he met many of his former pupils. The pedagogical and social principles of the kibbutz movement made a deep impression on Korczak. In a 1937 letter, he wrote:

Departure prevented only the impossibility of leaving their orphans. Korczak during these years was going to write a story about the revival of the Jewish homeland, about the pioneers-halutzim.

During this period, Korczak was arrested and spent several months in prison. He was released at the request of the provocateur A. Gantsweich, who thus wanted to earn authority among the Jews.

In the ghetto, Korczak gave all his strength to caring for children, heroically obtaining food and medicine for them. Pupils of Korczak studied Hebrew and the basics of Judaism. A few weeks before Passover in 1942, Korczak held a secret ceremony at the Jewish cemetery: holding the Pentateuch in his hands, he took an oath from the children to be good Jews and honest people.

When the order came in August 1942 to deport the Orphanage, Korczak went with his assistant and friend Stefania Wilczynska (1886-1942), other educators and about 200 children to the station, from where they were sent to Treblinka in freight cars. He refused a last-minute offer of freedom and chose to stay with the children, accepting death with them in the gas chamber.

Memory

1978 was declared the year of Korczak by UNESCO.

Every year on March 23, a kite is launched into the air in Poland and Belarus in memory of Janusz Korczak and the children killed in the ghetto.

In early August 2011, the 69th anniversary of the tragic date of the deportation of Korczak and the children to the death camp was celebrated at the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial in Jerusalem. The memorial ceremony was also attended by a former pupil of the Orphanage, who became an artist and dedicated his work to the memory of Korczak, 88-year-old Yitzhak Belfer, who shared his memories.

Pedagogical activity

Korczak lectured at the Free Polish University and at the Higher Jewish Pedagogical Courses, worked in the court for juvenile delinquents, and spoke under the pseudonym "Old Doctor" with educational talks on the radio.

From TSB (1969 - 1978): "The pedagogical activity of K[orchak] is based on the formation in the children's team and in individual pupils of the skills of self-knowledge, self-control, self-government."

The works of Korchak had a significant influence on the famous Soviet teacher V. A. Sukhomlinsky.

Pedagogical ideas

The principle of fulfillment of the requirements imposed on the child. "-- You are quick-tempered," I say to the boy, "well, okay, fight, but not very much, get angry, only once a day. If you like, this single phrase fits the entire educational method that I use." (Korchak, A child in a family.)

A peculiar idea of the rights of the child: "I cry for Magna Charta Libertatis, for the rights of the child. There may be more, but I found three main ones. 1. The child's right to die. 2. The child's right today. 3. The child's right to be that what he is." (Korczak, Child in the family, ch. 37). "Hot, intelligent, self-controlled love of a mother for a child should give him the right to an early death, to the end life cycle not in sixty revolutions of the sun around the earth, but in just one or three springs ... "God gave, God took" - they say among the people, where they know wildlife, they know that not every grain will give an ear, not every bird will be born capable of life, not every root will grow into a tree. child in life ... "(ibid., ch. 40.) "Wishing to protect the child from diphtheria bacteria, do not transfer him to an atmosphere saturated with the mustiness of boredom and lack of will ..." (Ibid., ch. 38.)

Accounting for the rights and opportunities of the parent and educator. “The despotic cry of a child who demands something, complains about something, seeks help ... This first cry in the light of a nightlight is an announcement of the struggle of two lives: one is mature, tired of concessions, defeats, sacrifices, defends itself; the other is new, young, gaining its rights. Today you still do not blame him: he does not understand, he suffers. But know that there is an hour on the dial of time when you will say: it hurts me, and I suffer. (Ibid.).

Recognition that children are different. “Instead of observing in order to see and understand, the first example of a “successful child” that comes to mind is taken and a requirement is placed in front of your own child: here is a model that you should be equal to ... ”(Ibid.).

It makes sense to communicate with a child at the level of his understanding (according to age): "Oh, these are our answers ... It so happened that twice I witnessed how a child was explained in front of a book showcase what a globe is. - What is it , ball? - asks the child. - Ball, yes, ball, - the nanny answers. Another time: - Mom, what kind of ball is this? - This is not a ball, but Earth. On it are houses, horses, mommy. "Mommy?" "The child looked at his mother with compassion and horror and did not repeat the question." (Ibid.). However, Korczak does not consider the mistakes made by parents in such cases to be very terrible: "If we gave him indigestible information, he will not understand it , stupid advice - he will not accept it, will not obey ... "(ibid.).

The child must be prepared for real life(and not ideal, imaginary). "... In the theory of education, we often forget that we must teach the child not only to appreciate the truth, but also to recognize lies, not only to love, but also to hate, not only to respect, but also to despise, not only to agree, but also to object , not only to obey, but also to rebel..." (Ibid.)

The child's right to respect. “I have not yet formed and established an understanding that the first indisputable right of a child is the right to express his thoughts, to actively participate in our reasoning and conclusions about him. When we grow up to his respect and trust, when he believes us and says, in what rights he needs, there will be fewer riddles and errors. (Ibid. Addendum to the 1929 edition)

The importance of a mother's reflections, drawing "not from books, but from herself. Nothing can be more valuable. And if my book convinced you of this, then it has fulfilled its task. Get ready for long hours of thoughtful solitary contemplation ..." (Ibid.)

Pedagogy is the science of man: "One of grossest mistakes consider that pedagogy is a science about a child, and not about a person. The quick-tempered child, not remembering himself, struck; an adult, not remembering himself, killed. A toy has been lured from an innocent child; an adult has a signature on the bill. A frivolous child for a ten, given to him in a notebook, bought sweets; an adult has lost all his fortune in cards. There are no children - there are people, but with a different scale of concepts, a different stock of experience, different inclinations, a different play of feelings ... "(Korchak, How to love a child: Boarding school.)

Literary creativity

Korczak began to print at the age of 18, in 1898 he took his pseudonym. His novels for adults and children "Children of the Street" (1901), "Child of the Living Room" (1906), "Pugs, Ioski and Sruli" (1910; in Russian translation - "Summer in Mikhałówka", 1961), "King Matiusz the First "(1923) and others; short stories, conversations, articles and a diary of 1942 introduce the reader to the complex world of child psychology, contain observations on the life of Poland in 1900-1942, and reflect the rich experience of a doctor and teacher.

Korczak also owns over 20 books on education (the main ones are How to Love a Child, 1914, and The Child's Right to Respect, 1929).

Compositions

Kt?r?dy (1898) - drama
Children of the street (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
Koszaki Opaki (Warsaw, 1905)
Living room child (Dziecko salonu, 1904-1905, separate ed. - Warsaw 1906, 2nd edition 1927) - partly autobiographical
Moski, Joski i Srule (Mo?ki, Joski i Srule, Warsaw 1910); in Russian translation - "Summer in Mikhalowka", 1961
Yuzki, Jaski i Franki (J?zki, Ja?ki i Franki, Warsaw 1911)
Glory (S?awa, Warsaw 1913, with changes 1935 and 1937)
Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
- Bobo
- Confessions of a moth
- Fatal Week (Feralny tydzie?)
King Matt the First (Kr?l Maciu? Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923)
King Matt on a Desert Island (Kr?l Maciu? na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
The Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo ma?ego D?eka, Warsaw 1924)
When I Become Small Again (Kiedy zn?w b?d? ma?y, Warsaw 1925)
Senat szale?c?w, humoreska ponura (Senate of Madmen, 1931) - script for the Warsaw theater Ateneum
Kaytus-sorcerer (Kajtu? czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)
Children of the Bible: Moses (work first published in Israel in 1939, translated into Hebrew by Dov Sadan (1902-1989); original lost)

spring song; Bride; Without evidence; Upbringing; I'm broke; Down with neatness; Appraiser; Why?: [Stories]. - St. Petersburg: Ed. M.G. Kornfeld, 1911. - 64 p. - (Cheap humorous library "Satyricon"; Issue 17.)
Midges, Ioski and Sruli / Per. from the floor E. Shveder. - Petrograd: Ed. M.I. Semenova, 1915. - 95 p.
Knights of Honor: (Glory): A Tale / Per. from the floor M.Schavinskaya. - M .: Tipo-lithograph. Partnerships I.N.Kushnarev and Co., 1918. - 37 p.
The Adventure of King Matyusha: A Tale / Per. from the floor Yu.N. Reitler; rice. B.V. Pokrovsky. - Leningrad: Sector "Young Proletarian" of the Workers' Publishing House "Priboy", 1924. - 250 p.

Educational moments (Momenty wychowawcze, Warsaw, 1919 (three sections), 2nd edition-1924, supplemented by the fourth section)
How to love a child (Jak kocha? dziecko, Warsaw 1919; this included the first section ("A child in the family") of the future version of the book; 2nd edition, 1920 - Jak kocha? dzieci - "How to love children" - included all four sections of the cycle; later the author returned the original title to the book)
The child's right to respect (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw 1929)
Rules of life. Pedagogy for children and adults (1930)
Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika ?artobliwa, Warsaw 1939)

Stubborn Boy: A Life of L. Pasteur (Warsaw 1938)
Diary (Pami?tnik, Warsaw 1958) - published posthumously

A collection of Korczak's works in 14 volumes has been published in Poland.

Works dedicated to Janusz Korczak

The heroism and martyrdom of Korczak are legendary. Numerous studies and works are devoted to his life and death: the memoirs of an employee of Korczak I. Newerly (1903-1987), who, despite his non-Jewish origin, passed through the concentration camps Majdanek, Auschwitz, etc. - “Living Connections” (1966, Polish ), memoirs of a member of the Polish Resistance Kazimierz Debnitsky "Korczak near" (there is a Russian translation), A. Zeitlin's poem (1898-1973) "The Last Journey of Janusz Korczak" ("Janusz Korczaks letter gang", 1970?, Yiddish), drama by E. Sylvanius "Korczak and children" (1958, German) and others.

Monument to B. Saktsier (born in 1942) “I. Korczak with Children (1978) was installed in Jerusalem on the territory of Yad Vashem.

literary works in Russian

Newerly I. Live connection: Excerpts from the book. Per. from the floor E. Hessen //Foreign. lit. - 1978. - No. 3. – P.231 - 239.
Valeeva R. A. Humanistic Pedagogy of Janusz Korchak: Textbook. Kazan: KSPI, 1994.
Kochnov VF Janusz Korchak: A book for teachers. M.: Education, 1991.

cartoons

"" Tell a story, doctor "" - Soviet cartoon, © EKRAN, 1988

Director: Aida Zyablikova. There are two storylines in the cartoon, one is based on the story of Janusz Korczak "King Matt the First", the other tells about real events during the Second World War. Janusz Korczak voluntarily stayed with his pupils and died with them in a German concentration camp. The cartoon consists of 3 parts. Psychologically, it's a very difficult cartoon.

Children's opera-musical "King Matt I" by Lev Konov based on the fairy tale by Janusz Korczak. The premiere took place in Moscow, 1988. The sound recording of the opera was made in 1992.
Opera "King Matt the First" in the new edition of 2009.

Song performed by Alexei Terekhov "in memory of Janusz Korczak"
A. Galich's song-poem "Kadish" - see above, subsection "Literary works in Russian".

Janusz Korczak (Janusz Korczak; real name Henryk Goldschmit; July 22, 1878, Warsaw - August 6, 1942, Treblinka) - Polish teacher, writer, doctor and public figure of Jewish origin.

Korczak writes in "Memoirs": "I was named after my grandfather, whose name was Gersh," it is this name that is affixed to his birth certificate. Just in the assimilated Jewish family in which he was born and raised, he was called Henryk - in the Polish manner.

After the death of his father in 1896, the family found itself in a difficult financial situation. From the fifth grade (15-16 years old) Henryk began to earn extra money as a tutor.

In 1904-1905. Korczak took part in the Russo-Japanese War.

In 1907, Korczak traveled to Berlin for a year, where he listened to lectures at his own expense and practiced in children's clinics, getting acquainted with various educational institutions.

In 1919-36. he took part in the work of the boarding school "Our House" (in Bielany), an orphanage for Polish children, where he also applied innovative pedagogical methods.

In 1926-32. Korczak edited the weekly "Maly przeglad" ("Small Review", a supplement for children to the Zionist newspaper "Nasz przeglad" "Our Review"), in which his pupils actively participated.

He expected, as a great miracle, the independence of Poland and believed in the complete assimilation of the Jews. The bloody Jewish pogroms carried out by the Polish nationalists in 1918-19 sowed deep disappointment in Korczak's soul.

With Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the rise of anti-Semitism in Poland, Korczak's Jewish identity was awakened. He became the Polish non-Zionist representative to the Jewish Agency.

In 1934 and 1936 he visited Mandatory Palestine, where he met many of his former pupils. The pedagogical and social principles of the kibbutz movement made a deep impression on Korczak. In a letter of 1937, he wrote: “Approximately in May, I am going to Eretz. And just for a year in Jerusalem. I have to learn the language, and then I'll go wherever they call me... The most difficult decision was. Today I want to sit in a small dark room with a Bible, a textbook, a Hebrew dictionary... There, the very last one will not spit in the face of the best just because he is a Jew.”

Departure prevented only the impossibility of leaving their orphans. Korczak during these years was going to write a story about the revival of the Jewish homeland, about the pioneers-halutzim.

During this period, Korczak was arrested and spent several months in prison. He was released at the request of the provocateur A. Gantsweich, who thus wanted to earn authority among the Jews.

A few weeks before Passover in 1942, Korczak held a secret ceremony at the Jewish cemetery: holding the Pentateuch in his hands, he took an oath from the children to be good Jews and honest people.

When the order came in August 1942 to deport the Orphanage, Korczak went with his assistant and friend Stefania Wilczynska (1886-1942) and 200 children to the station, from where they were sent in freight cars to Treblinka. He refused a last-minute offer of freedom and chose to stay with the children, accepting death with them in the gas chamber.

Korczak began to print in 1898, at the same time he took his pseudonym. His novels for adults and children "Children of the Street" (1901), "Child of the Living Room" (1906), "Pugs, Ioski and Sruli" (1910; in Russian translation "Summer in Mikhałówka", 1961), "King Matt the First" ( 1923) and others; short stories, conversations, articles and a diary of 1942 introduce the reader to the complex world of child psychology, contain observations on the life of Poland in 1900-1939, and reflect the rich experience of a doctor and teacher.

Korczak also owns over 20 books on education (the main one being How to Love a Child, 1914, and The Child's Right to Respect, 1929).

Other books
* Diary (Pamietnik, Warsaw 1958) - published posthumously
* Stubborn Boy: Pasteur's Life (Warsaw 1935)

Works dedicated to Janusz Korczak
The heroism and martyrdom of Korczak are legendary. Numerous studies and works are devoted to his life and death: I. Newerly's memoirs "Living Connections" (1966, Polish), A. Zeitlin's poem (1898-1973) "The Last Journey of Janusz Korczak" ("Janusz Korczaks letster gang", 1970? , Yiddish), drama by E. Sylvanius Korczak and Children (1958, German) and others.

Books in Russian
* In 1970 Alexander Galich wrote one of his best poems "Kaddish" dedicated to Janusz Korczak.
* Lifton B. J., The King of Children. The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak. Moscow: Rudomino: Text, 2004. ISBN 5-7516-0479-2
* Pedagogy of Janusz Korczak and Jewish Education, Gerard Kahn
* In memory of Korczak: Sat. article: (About the doctor, teacher and writer J. Korchak, 1878-1942) / Ed. ed. O. R. Medvedev. M.: Ros. Janusz Korczak Island, 1992. ISBN 5-900365-01-8
* Valeeva R. A. Humanistic Pedagogy of Janusz Korchak: Textbook. Kazan: KSPI, 1994.
* Kochnov VF Janusz Korchak: A book for teachers. M.: Education, 1991.

Movies
* "Korczak" (Korczak), director A. Wajda, script A. Holland. Poland-Germany-Great Britain. 1990.

cartoons
* "" Tell a story, doctor "" - Soviet cartoon, EKRAN, 1988

Theatre
* A play by Jeffrey Hatcher Korczak's Children

Opera
* Children's opera-musical "King Matt I", by Lev Konov based on the fairy tale by Janusz Korczak. The premiere took place in Moscow, 1988. The sound recording of the opera was made in 1992.
* Opera "King Matt the First" in the new edition of 2009.
The author of the libretto script and music is Lev Konov
* Opera "Orphans of Korczak" (Korczak's Orphans). Music by Adam Silverman, libretto by Susan Gubernat.

Janusz Korczak (real name - Henryk Goldshmit) - a famous Polish teacher, doctor, writer, public figure. He was not a psychologist by education, but if you plunge into the time when Janusz Korczak (1878 - 1942) lived, understand how he lived, what truths he professed and what works he left behind, an unconditional realization comes of how much this outstanding figure did to understand the psychology of children. His numerous works on the true values of life and the formation of personality, among which "The child's right to respect", "How to love a child" speak for themselves ...

The mention of Janusz Korczak often sounds in the context of an educator and teacher with a capital letter, while many lose sight of the fact that Janusz Korczak began his career as a pediatrician. life path This outstanding personality makes it possible to understand that the two directions he chose - the treatment of children and educational activities - almost all his life went parallel to each other.

Entering the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Warsaw, Janusz began to study Pestalozzi's pedagogical activities and ideas. He made study tours throughout Europe to understand the conditions under which children live in shelters around the world. Korczak was interested in education in schools and the healthcare system in children's hospitals: he listened to lectures, got acquainted with various educational institutions and practiced in children's clinics.

During his work in children's hospitals, he was imbued with love and respect for the child's soul, drawing attention to "with what dignity, in an adult and wise way a child can die ...". He made it his life's goal to provide the destitute and orphaned children with a decent life. Korczak was one of the first to try to take the place of children, not only offended by fate, but also being in humiliated dependence on adults.

Throughout his life, he tried to treat not only the bodies, but also the souls of children.

He does his best to protect them from loneliness, despair and pain.

Dreams come true… Orphanage of Joy

Young enough, at the age of 33, Janusz Korczak managed to fulfill his dream. He opened the "House of Orphans" in Warsaw, which he subsequently led until the end of his life. The Orphanage of Joy, as Korczak's creation was also called, was not a shelter in the traditional sense of the word. Unusual, and for many children, the only refuge was like a children's republic, where Janusz applied innovative pedagogical methods. Korczak focused his attention on recognizing the value of the child's personality, recognizing the child's right to individuality. Korczak was sure that the development of a child as a person is a long process of awakening and developing in a child the need for self-awareness, self-control and the will to self-improvement.

The unique "House of orphans" had no equal in all of Europe. It was created at the expense of caring people and became an oasis of kindness and a real haven not only for two hundred children, but also for Korczak himself. In the house, everyone lived according to special rules that taught children to love and respect themselves, to be hardworking and to look at life with optimism. Children's self-government worked in the orphanage, there was a children's comrades' court and a council at the court. The decisions of the court were binding on the leadership of the shelter, and not only the pupils of the shelter, but also its educators could become “defendants”. The children's court was a court that did not pass any punishment, because in the children's republic there was an immutable law: “If someone did something bad, it is best to forgive him. If he did something bad because he did not know that it was bad, now he will already know. If you did bad things not on purpose, you will be more careful in the future.”

During the Nazi holocaust, the old doctor did not leave the children to their fate. In 1940, he was arrested, he spent several months in prison, from where Janusz Korczak was ransomed by his former pupils. Returning to the "House of Orphans", which at that time was located on the territory of the Warsaw ghetto, Korczak continued to support the spirit of the pupils, despite the fact that the situation of the children worsened every day. Many people tried to persuade Korczak to leave the ghetto, knowing that the authorities allowed him to leave and return, but Korczak refused to leave the children and save his life. Three times he was offered to be saved, three times he refused ...

In August 1942, the founder of the orphanage of joy and two hundred of his pupils were sent to a concentration camp in Treblinka, where, after a short time, Janusz Korczak, along with all the children, met death in a gas chamber ...

It becomes clear without further ado how this amazing person treated children by reading his eloquent quotes and commandments, which every parent should read:

“Childhood is the foundation of life. Without a serene, filled childhood, the subsequent life will be flawed. A child is a scientist in a laboratory, straining his will and mind to solve the most difficult problems.

"A stubborn child is the result of the unreasonable behavior of the mother."

“There are no children, there are people: with a different scale of concepts, a different stock of experience, different inclinations, a different play of feelings.”

“Children’s “give,” even just an outstretched hand, must someday collide with our “no,” and the success of a whole and huge section of educational work depends on these first “I won’t give, I won’t allow it.”

“It doesn’t concern me whether someone is small or big and what others say about him: handsome, ugly, smart, stupid; it doesn’t even concern me whether he studies well, worse than me or better; is it a girl or a boy. For me, a person is good if he treats people well, if he does not want and does not do evil, if he is kind.

Ten Commandments for Parenting:

Don't expect your child to be like you or the way you want. Help him become not you, but himself.
Do not ask your child to pay for everything you have done for him. You gave him life, how can he thank you? He will give life to another, that to a third, and this is an irreversible law of gratitude.
Do not take out your grievances on the child, so that in old age you do not eat bitter bread. For what you sow, that will come up.
Don't take his problems lightly. Life is given to everyone according to their strength, and be sure that it is no less difficult for him than for you, and maybe even more, because he has no experience.
Don't humiliate!
Do not forget that the most important meetings of a person are his meetings with children. Pay more attention to them - we can never know who we meet in a child.
Don't beat yourself up if you can't do something for your child, just remember that not enough is done for a child unless everything possible is done.
A child is not a tyrant who takes over your whole life, not just a fruit of flesh and blood. This is the precious cup that Life has given you for keeping and developing the creative fire in it.
This is the liberated love of mother and father, in whom not “our”, “our” child will grow, but the soul given for safekeeping.
Know how to love someone else's child. Never do to someone else what you would not like to be done to yours.
Love your child in any way - untalented, unlucky, adult. Communicating with him - rejoice, because the child is a holiday that is still with you.

Janusz Korczak (Heinrich Goldschmit) - an outstanding Polish teacher, doctor, writer. Korczak was born in Warsaw on July 22, 1878 in an educated Jewish family. His father was a lawyer, his grandfather was a doctor. The Goldsmiths assimilated with the Poles without emphasizing Jewish traditions.

Childhood and youth

Korczak's school years were spent in Warsaw, where he studied at a Russian gymnasium. The gymnasium was distinguished by strict discipline, physical punishment flourished. Teaching was carried out in Russian, subsequently all European languages were studied. Later, Korczak said that it was the rigid mores of the gymnasium that subjected him to the creation of a humanistic pedagogy.

In 1889, Janusz Korczak faced the first serious test of his life. The father showed the first signs of a mental disorder. Specialized clinics cost the Janusz family dearly and, soon, a difficult financial situation followed.

In order to make life easier for his family, Henryk began to earn extra money as a tutor from the fifth grade of the gymnasium (15-16) years old. It was during this period that the talent of a young teacher manifested itself. Henryk easily found mutual language with his pupils, listened attentively and achieved greater results than other teachers with the help of physical punishment.

In 1898, Henryk entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Warsaw. In addition to medicine, he was actively interested in pedagogy and in 1899 he left for Switzerland to get acquainted with Pestalozzi's teaching activities. At the age of 18, his first pedagogical work, The Gordian Knot, was published, which describes in detail contemporary issues parents and children. In his work, one can clearly hear the reproach to parents that they are doing anything except raising their children.

Reviews for the publication were positive and the editor of the magazine instructed him to write a whole column dedicated to this topic.

The calling of a doctor, writer and educator

Remark 1

During his life, Korczak wrote 22 volumes of essays on the issues of raising children.

In 1903, Korchak began practical teaching activities in one of the children's Jewish hospitals.

On March 23, 1905, Janusz Korczak received a diploma giving him the right to practice medicine. As a military doctor, he goes through the Russo-Japanese War.

In 1911, he founded the "Orphanage" for Jewish children and moved away from medical practice. He is engaged in the management of this house until the end of his life with a short break (1914-1918).

The pedagogical activity of Janusz Korczak is actively intertwined with his writing work. His name is gradually becoming widely known. In the first years of his hard work, Janusz dedicates 16 hours a day to his work in order to cope with so many children.

The basis of his pedagogical work was moral education. In the same years, his book “How to Love Children?” is published, dedicated to humanistic principles based on love for a child, acceptance of his individuality, satisfaction of needs and development of his emotional sphere.

After the collapse Russian Empire Poland declares its independence. Janusz at this time serves at the front as a military doctor. After a lull in hostilities, Janusz again returns to his orphans and continues to develop the orphanage, writes a lot and publishes his works.

In 1934, he formulates his 5 commandments of education, which are based on love for the child, the absence of violence in education, and pedagogical honesty.

The hard last test

by the most ordeal for Janusz Korczak was the Second World War. Janusz asked to be allowed to go to the front, but due to his age he was left in Warsaw.

The troops of the German army were advancing and soon the city was under occupation.

Remark 2

Janusz did everything so that his children would not feel the hardships of wartime, but food and clothing were sorely lacking. Jewish orphans were a direct object of destruction for the Nazis, so they were soon moved to the Warsaw ghetto. From the last strength Janusz tried to support everyone who was there, but the fate of the children was a foregone conclusion. On August 6, 1942, 200 children from an orphanage and Janusz Korczak died in a gas chamber in Tremblinka.