Examples of mimicry in animals and plants. Adaptability of living organisms An example of mimicry is the alternation of stripes on the body

coloring:

b) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates;
c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierid butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly;

a) warning color
b) mimicry;
c) adaptive coloring;
d) disguise.

a) winter plumage of partridge;

c) a bright red color in a ladybug;

4. An example of a physiological adaptation is:

a) fusion of the dark color of the back of the flounder with the background of the seabed

c) coloring of a ladybug

5 . An example Morphological adaptation

a) Degeneration of leaves into spines in cacti and other plants of arid regions

c) coloring of a ladybug

6. An example of a warning color:

b) bright red color in a ladybug;

d) similarity in color and body shape.

7. Match.

1- Morphological adaptation

2 - Physiological adaptation

3- Behavioral adaptation

B) Body shape and coloration

C) changes in the functioning of tissues and organs

8. Evolution of education at the supraspecific level systematic groups called:

a) microevolution c) progress

b) macroevolution d) regression

9. Increasing the adaptability of organisms to the environment, increasing the number species, range extension is:

a) progress b) genetic drift c) regression

10. The appearance in organisms of a large number of small adaptations to certain environmental conditions without raising the level of organization:

11. Simplification of the organization associated with the disappearance of entire systems of organs and functions:

a) aromorphosis b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

12. The main factors of evolution:

a) genetic drift b) struggle for existence c) population waves

d) hereditary variability e) natural selection

13. Natural selection is aimed at:

a) changing environmental conditions b) development of adaptations c) formation of new varieties and breeds

14. Pollination of flowers by insects and wind is an example:

15. The cause of degeneration of organisms can be:

16. The main directions of evolution established:

17. The elementary material of evolution is:

Define:

18. Microevolution is _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Divergence is

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Name the ways of speciation

__________________________________

__________________________________

2. Physical factors of the environment and biological properties of organisms, leading to restrictions on gene metabolism.

3. Lack of the possibility of crossing between populations

4. Formation of certain types of behavior that prevent crossing -

5.Speciation associated with the spatial disunity of the population

6. Different number of chromosomes, preventing free crossing

A. Polyploidization

B. Microevolution

B. Geographic speciation

D. Isolation mechanisms

E. Behavioral isolation

E. Reproductive isolation

2. Establish the sequence of the process of formation of new species

A - new subspecies and species are formed

B-- in the new conditions, the EO retains new useful traits - beneficial mutations

B - gradually there is a divergence of characters between the populations of the original species

D- due to increased competition, individual populations of the original species change

habitat

D- under new conditions in populations, new combinations of genes and new mutations arise

1. A phenomenon that serves as an example of camouflage coloring:

a) coloration of sika deer and tiger;
b) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierid butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly;
c) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates;
d) coloring ladybugs and the Colorado potato beetle.

2. A phenomenon, an example of which is the similarity of the lion fly and wasps in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the antennae:

a) warning color
b) disguise.
c) adaptive coloring;
d) mimicry;

3. An example of protective coloration:

a) a bright red color in a ladybug;

b) green color of leaves in most plants;
c) winter plumage of partridge;
d) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly fly and the wasp.

4. An example of a warning color:

a) the bright red color of the flower of a rose;
b) similarity in color and body shape.
c) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) bright red color in a ladybug;

5. Match.

1- Morphological adaptation

2 - Behavioral adaptation

3- Physiological adaptation

A) Animals use a variety of behavioral mechanisms to survive.

B) changes in the functioning of tissues and organs

B) body shape and coloration

6. An example of behavioral adaptation is:

a) storage of food by a mouse vole

b) merging of the dark color of the back of the flounder with the background of the seabed

c) coloring of a ladybug

7 . An example Morphological adaptation

a) fusion of the dark coloration of the back of the flounder with the background of the seabed

b) The transformation of leaves into spines in cacti and other plants of arid regions

in) the release of a strong smell by flowers to attract insects contributes to dusting

8. The evolution of the formation of systematic groups at the intraspecific level is called:

a) microevolution b) macroevolution

c) progress d) regression

9. A decrease in the level of adaptability to living conditions, a decrease in the number of a species, a reduction in the range, these are:

a) progress b) aromorphosis c) regression

10. The emergence in the course of evolution of signs that significantly increase the level of organization of living organisms:

A) aromorphoses b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

11.Elementary factors of evolution:

a) genetic drift

b) struggle for existence

c) population waves

d) hereditary variability

e) isolation

a) struggle for existence b) hereditary variability c) natural selection

13. The modification of the forelimbs into flippers in fur seals is an example: a) aromorphosis b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

A) aromorphosis b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

15. The cause of degeneration in tapeworms was:

16. The main provisions of evolution established:

A) S. Severtsov b) T. Schwann c) Ch. Darwin

17. The elementary unit of evolution is:

a) mutations b) population c) isolation

Define:

18. Macroevolution is

19. Polyploidy is

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Name Ways of formation of new species

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

Answers "Speciation"

G

E

D

AT

BUT

2. WBADG

2. GDBVA

The planet is inhabited by thousands of species of living beings, forced to fight daily for their existence. Herbivores eat plants, while carnivores look for weaker animals. In this frenetic race, everyone has to adapt. He who cannot defend himself with teeth and claws follows a different, more cunning path. Effective way Mimicry in animals is considered not to become the dinner of another - there are quite a few examples of this.

What it is?

The word "mimicry" appeared in Russian when borrowing the Greek mimikos, meaning "imitative" in translation. Mimicry is commonly understood as an imitative similarity in shape and color of one organism with another, or with the environment. In other words, this is the external similarity of a less protected animal with a more protected one, or merging with the environment. The simplest example of mimicry is the green color of insects.

However, predatory animals also use mimicry to be able to sneak up on the victim unnoticed. In any case, mimicry acts as a way of adapting to the outside world, the purpose of which is to prolong life and reproduce more offspring.

A living organism (usually less protected) that copies the appearance of another is called an imitator. The one whose appearance is copied is called a “model”. The one who is being deceived in this way is called an operator.

Features of mimicry

The imitation of shape and color has become quite effective tool protection, but even this option is not always justified. For an example of mimicry to be effective, certain conditions must be met.

1. The predator (operator) must have the ability to recognize and remember animals that are not suitable for food (tasteless, dangerous or difficult to catch).
2. The operator must be stupid enough not to notice the imitation and mistake the imitator for the model. In the case of camouflage under the environment, the operator should not notice the victim.

According to current theory, the link between the imitator and the model is established over time.

Types of mimicry formation

In nature, there are several types of mimicry that differ from each other in basic principles.

Camouflage (camouflage) is an example of mimicry, in which the imitator copies the natural background (leaves, stones, tree branches). The model in this case is an inanimate object, so it does not react at all to the imitator.

Mullerian mimicry is a term used to describe the convergence of the external characteristics of two protected species. Such a change may seem unjustified, but only at first glance. This is explained by the peculiarity of the behavior of predators. The ability to identify unsuitable animals for food does not come at the genetic level, but with experience. Thus, in order to obtain information, the predator is forced to taste the prey. In this case, a certain percentage of individuals of the eaten species is under attack. If two protected species have similar external characteristics, the number of victims is distributed over 2 species (i.e., more individuals).

Camouflage (color mimicry)

There are a great many examples of color mimicry in nature.

Butterfly caterpillars are constantly at risk of being eaten, so without good camouflage, their population would be at risk. Constantly being on the leaves and eating them, the caterpillars are in maximum safety, since in the process of evolution they acquired a green body color. With the same effect, green grasshoppers manage to avoid attacks - an example of mimicry in this case is also typical.

In addition to insects, other animals can acquire a green color, whose habitat is the dense foliage of trees and shrubs. AT mangroves often there are green parrots, snakes, lizards, frogs and other inhabitants.

Animals, birds and insects that spend a lot of time on the ground or between trees have acquired a variegated brownish color. Beetles and spiders are almost indistinguishable on the bark of trees. Woodcocks, snipe, great snipe, black grouse easily hide among dry grass and fallen leaves - at the slightest danger, they take a motionless position and merge with surrounding objects. The steppe bird Avdotka lies on the ground and stretches its neck - in this position it is extremely difficult to distinguish it from clay and mud. You will not be able to see a bittern stretched out among the feather grass.

Animals living in temperate latitudes, for effective camouflage, change their outfit twice a year. Hares, arctic foxes, weasels are white in winter, and in spring after molting they become gray and brown.

The real record holder in this regard is the chameleon. It instantly adapts to the background surrounding it and takes on a suitable color.

Predator disguise

Color mimicry (simply disguise) is used not only by unprotected animal species, but also by predators. A special coloring helps them quietly sneaking up to the victim. At the same time, the peculiarity of the colors of the predator is completely dependent on the habitat. In a play of light and shadow, the tigers' vertical stripes make them almost invisible as they slink through the grass.

The python, with its mosaic coloration, can quietly and imperceptibly sneak up on its prey in the greenery, illuminated by the glare of the sun.

An example of a mimicry of this type was a white owl living in the tundra. It is distinguished by dazzling white plumage, which is difficult to notice among the snows. With the help of such a trick, the bird finds its victim by surprise.

Shape Mimicry: Examples

In addition to color imitation, many animals ideally have mastered the ability to imitate the shape of an object. The rods achieved unique results in this matter. They not only have a characteristic brown color, but also have an elongated body shape. Not a single bird will notice a frozen on a branch of the stick.

The calimma butterfly, which lives in the tropics, has a brownish coloration on the underside of the wings. When it sits down and folds its wings, it becomes exactly like a dry leaf. There is also a straight-winged insect in nature, called the “wandering leaf”. Such a comparison is not accidental; the body and legs of the insect bear a striking resemblance to a green leaf.

AT underwater world their geniuses of disguise. In the Black Sea, there is a fish-needle, the habitat of which is considered to be the thickets of the sea plant Zostera. Needlefish have the gift of disguise, and therefore it is almost indistinguishable from underwater vegetation. Another fish that deserves attention is the ragfish with a body shape very reminiscent of a rag. Hiding in the algae, this marine life becomes almost invisible.

Mimicry of color

Many insects and animals that are poisonous or unsuitable for food have bright warning colors. Such poisonous caterpillars, beetles, frogs are visible from afar due to their bright red, orange or yellow color. Having tried such a sacrifice once, a bird or a predatory animal will no longer repeat the mistake. This is actively used by many other animals that are not protected from predator attacks.

A typical example of mimicry is appearance harmless flies, very similar to bumblebees or wasps.

AT tropical forests America, there are beautiful bright butterflies belonging to the heliconid family. Birds do not attack them, as these insects have an extremely unpleasant smell and taste. In the same forests there are other butterflies, very similar to them, but already common, their birds also bypass them.

Sawfly larvae with bright spots on the body and ladybugs are able to secrete a poisonous liquid. This is precisely the reason why cuculia moths began to copy such colors, although they do not have any means of protection.

The familiar cuckoo is very similar to the sparrowhawk, which the bird actively uses. Appearing near the nests of smaller birds, she frightens them and, taking advantage of the confusion, lays eggs in other people's nests.

Mimicry of sound

This method is used to intimidate the enemy and keep him from attacking. In this case, the same principle is used as in the examples of color and shape mimicry. Protected animals terrify the enemy with hissing, barking, roaring and other menacing sounds. This is actively used by some unprotected animals.

An example of mimicry is the behavior of the burrowing owl. At the moment of danger, he imitates the hiss of a snake, thereby forcing the enemy to retreat.

Mimicry in plants

The ability to imitate is found not only in animals and insects, but also in plants. Most often, an example of mimicry in plants in this case is expressed in the presence of certain parts of the plant that are characteristic of other species.

So, many animals are familiar with stinging nettle, which burns strongly when touched. Animals will not eat such a plant. The deaf nettle has learned to skillfully resemble the stinging nettle, but it does not have such dangerous hairs.

Another striking example is rafflesia (the largest flower on earth). Its smell is extremely unpleasant (the smell of rotten meat), but this is precisely what attracts a large number of flies, who want to lay their larvae in the decomposed flesh. This trick helps Rafflesia to be pollinated by insects.

Imitation Predators

This technique is often used by insects, in the coloration of which there are aggressive shapes and colors. Unlike those species that imitate the coloration of non-edible animals, these declare themselves as a predator. So, some butterflies on the turn of the wings have two black spots. At the slightest danger, the insect opens its wings and becomes very similar to the eyes of an owl or other birds of prey.

The above examples of mimicry are only a small part of all those that occur in nature. It is these features that allow animals and plants to adapt to the environment and keep their lives and reproduce for as long as possible.

1 option.

1. A phenomenon that serves as an example camouflage coloring:

a) coloration of sika deer and tiger;
b) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates;
c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierid butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly;
d) the color of ladybugs and the Colorado potato beetle.

2. How modern science explains the formation of organic expediency:

a) is the result of an active desire of organisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions;
b) is the result natural selection individuals who turned out to be more adapted than others to environmental conditions due to the presence of random hereditary changes in them;
c) is the result of the direct influence of external conditions on the development of corresponding traits in organisms;
d) it was originally predetermined at the time of creation by the creator of the main types of living beings.

3. Phenomenon. An example of which is the similarity of the lion fly and wasps in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the antennae:

a) warning color
b) mimicry;
c) adaptive coloring;
d) disguise.

4. An example of protective coloration:

5. An example of a warning color:

a) the bright red color of the flower of a rose;


d) similarity in color and body shape.

6. Bottom fish are often colored like sand - this is an example……………..

7. Agama is able to change color depending on the color environment- that's an example.

8. Beetle - darkling raises its abdomen and emits an unpleasant odor - this is an example.

9. A seahorse is shaped like algae - this is an example.

10. Mollusks have shells, crocodile scales are an example.

Option 2. Fitness grade 11

1. The main effect of natural selection:

a) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensure reproduction in generations;
b) an increase in the frequency of genes in a population that provide a wide variability of organisms;
c) the appearance in the population of genes that ensure the preservation of the characteristics of the species in organisms;
d) the appearance in the population of genes that determine the adaptation of organisms to living conditions;

2. An example of protective coloration:

a) the green color of the song grasshopper;
b) green color of leaves in most plants;
c) a bright red color in a ladybug;
d) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly fly and the wasp.

3. An example of masking:

a) the green color of the song grasshopper;
b) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
c) a bright red color in a ladybug;

4. An example of a warning color:

a) bright red color of a rose flower;
b) bright red color in a ladybug;
c) the similarity in coloration between the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot.

5. An example of mimicry:

a) the green color of the song grasshopper;
b) bright red color in a ladybug;
c) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot.

6. the eared roundhead instantly opens the skin folds on the head and freezes with an open mouth - this is an example

7. fish needle is shaped like algae - this is an example.

8. hedgehog and porcupine have quills - this is an example

9. Chameleon is able to change color depending on the color of the environment - this is an example

10. Partridge is white in winter, gray in summer - this is an example.

Answers to the topic fitness grade 11 option 1

1a. 2b 3b 4a 5b 6protect 7protect 8threat 9 protect 10 mimicry

Option 2

1.d 2a 3b 4b 5c 6threat 7 patron 8 mimicry 9 patron 10 patron

Tests

in biology topic: "Evolution" 9-11 cells.

1.Ch.Darviy lived and worked in:

1) 19th century in England 2) 18th century. in France 3) 17th century. in Sweden 4) 18th century. in Germany

2. By inheritance from parents to offspring are transmitted:

1) only useful traits 2) useful and harmful traits 3) only traits acquired by parents during life 4) all traits of parents

3. C. Darwin believed that the basis of the diversity of species is:

1) hereditary variability and natural selection 2) the struggle for existence 3) the ability to unlimited reproduction 4) a one-time act of creation

4. The reason for the formation of new species, according to Darwin, is:

1) struggle for existence 2) gradual divergence in characteristics in individuals of the same species

3) unlimited reproduction 4) influence of environmental conditions

5. The process of evolution of a species may be slowed down, and the species will remain for a long time at a relatively low level of organization in:

1) constantly changing environmental conditions 2) conditions of fierce competition 3) relatively constant environmental conditions 4) in all these cases

6. Recessive mutations are subject to natural selection in the case of:

1) heterozygosity of an individual for the selected gene 2) recessive homozygosity of an individual

3) their usefulness 4) in any given case

7. The reason for the adaptability of organisms and their biological diversity is:

1) preservation of useful hereditary changes 2) their internal desire to adapt to the environment 3) exercises of useful organs and their transmission by inheritance to descendants

4) a one -time creation of all forms of life

8. An example of disguise is:

1) red coloring of a fox near Moscow 2) yellow spots on the snake’s head 3) dog licking its puppies 4) cleanliness of a cat

9. An example of mimicry is the alternation of stripes of different colors on the body:

1) some flies 2) zebras 3) giraffes 4) wild boar cubs

10. The fleshy stem of a cactus can be considered as an adaptation to life in:

1) equatorial forest 2) spruce forest 3) Batumi botanical garden 4) savannah

11. The donkey is well adapted to life in Central Asia, not bad -

1) Turkey 2) Spain 3) Finland 4) Egypt

12. Hare - the hare periodically sheds, changing the color of the coat. This fixture:

1) laid down by the creator 2) formed historically and revealed under certain conditions

3) not genetically determined 4) inherited from ancient mammals

13. Adaptations for the distribution of seeds by animals have:

1) mountain ash 2) maple 3) yellow acacia 4) linden

14. Eye-catching devices useful in the fight for a female have:

1) hare 2) wolf 3) elk 4) hedgehog

15. Resistance to poisons in cockroaches is a consequence of:

1) driving selection 2) stabilizing selection of directed hereditary variability 4) imperfections of poisons

16. Individuals of two populations of the same species:

1) can interbreed and produce fertile offspring 2) can interbreed but do not produce fertile offspring 3) cannot interbreed 4) only interbreed in captivity

17. An example of a view is:

1) red clover 2) sweet clover 30 Compositae 4) sage

18. Basics modern taxonomy living organisms laid:

1) C. Linnaeus 2) J. B. Lamarck 3) J. Cuvier 4) E. Geoffoy Saint Hilaire

19. The main criterion for the emergence of a new species is:

1) the appearance of external differences 2) geographical isolation of populations 3) the emergence of reproductive isolation of populations 4) ecological isolation

20. The exchange of genes between populations of the same species may stop, most likely due to:

1) limited territory occupied by populations 2) isolation of areas 3) differences in the nature of food 4) climatic differences between areas

21. Choose three elementary evolutionary factors:

E) migration E) isolation

22.Choose three signs that can be considered the results of biological evolution:

A) the adaptability of the organism to the environment B) the geochemical transformation of the biosphere C) the emergence of new forms of antibiotics D) the extinction of species not adapted to environmental conditions E) the emergence of nations E) the emergence of writing

23.From the proposed statements, select the correct ones:

A) coat color polar bear- patronizing B) The color of the giraffe is threatening

C) The external similarity of some flies with wasps is an example of mimicry D) The body shape of a bream is a disguise as a snag E) The bright color of a ladybug warns the bird that the insect is inedible E) The alternation of dark and light stripes in a zebra indicates the aggressiveness of these animals

24. Choose three events that illustrate the process of biological evolution taking place before our eyes:

A) the appearance of new species of ground beetles B) the appearance of cockroaches that are insensitive to the poisons with which they are poisoned C) The appearance of a frightening color in some flies

D) The emergence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics E) The emergence of new forms of influenza

E) The emergence of geographic isolation between two populations of sparrows

1 option. 1. A phenomenon that serves as an example of camouflage coloration: a) the coloration of sika deer and tiger; b) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates; c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierid butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly; d) the color of ladybugs and the Colorado potato beetle. 2. How does modern science explain the formation of organic expediency: a) is the result of an active desire of organisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions; b) is the result of natural selection of individuals who have turned out to be more adapted than others to environmental conditions due to the presence of random hereditary changes in them; c) is the result of the direct influence of external conditions on the development of corresponding traits in organisms; d) it was originally predetermined at the time of creation by the creator of the main types of living beings. 3. Phenomenon. An example of which is the similarity of the lion fly and wasps in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the antennae: a) warning color; b) mimicry; c) adaptive coloring; d) disguise. 4. An example of protective coloration: a) the green color of a song grasshopper; b) green color of leaves in most plants; c) a bright red color in a ladybug; d) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly fly and the wasp. 5. An example of a warning color: a) the bright red color of a rose flower; b) bright red color in a ladybug; c) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp; d) similarity in color and body shape. 6. Bottom fish are often colored like sand - this is an example…………….. 7. Agama is able to change color depending on the color of the environment - this is an example. 8. Beetle - darkling raises its abdomen and emits an unpleasant odor - this is an example. 9. A seahorse is shaped like algae - this is an example. 10. Mollusks have shells, crocodile scales are an example. Option 2. Fitness class 11 1. The main effect of natural selection: a) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensure reproduction in generations; b) an increase in the frequency of genes in a population that provide a wide variability of organisms; c) the appearance in the population of genes that ensure the preservation of the characteristics of the species in organisms; d) the appearance in the population of genes that determine the adaptation of organisms to living conditions; 2. An example of protective coloration: a) the green color of a song grasshopper; b) green color of leaves in most plants; c) a bright red color in a ladybug; d) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly fly and the wasp. 3. An example of disguise: a) the green color of the song grasshopper; b) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp; c) a bright red color in a ladybug; d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot. 4. An example of a warning color: a) bright red color of a rose flower; b) bright red color in a ladybug; c) the similarity in coloration between the hoverfly and the wasp; d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot. 5. An example of mimicry: a) the green color of the song grasshopper; b) bright red color in a ladybug; c) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp; d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot. 6. an eared round head instantly opens the skin folds on the head and freezes with an open mouth - this is an example 7. a needle fish is shaped like algae - this is an example. 8. a hedgehog and a porcupine have needles - this is an example 9. a chameleon is able to change color depending on the color of the environment - this is an example. 10. Partridge is white in winter, gray in summer - this is an example. Answers to the topic fitness 11 class 1 option 1a. 2b 3b 4a 5b 6protection 7protection 8threat 9 protection