What is Freud's Method? The essence of the theory of Sigmund Freud briefly

Psychoanalysis is a way to identify the experiences and actions of a person, due to unconscious motives, in order to treat mental illness. At the beginning of the last century, it was introduced by the Austrian scientist Z. Freud and was widely used together with hypnosis.

Internal conflict

The main feature of Freud's theory and his psychoanalysis is that conflict between his internal unconscious forces, such as libido, the Oedipus complex, and a hostile environment that dictates and imposes on him various laws and rules of behavior.

Those laws and norms of behavior that external reality imposes on him suppress the energy of unconscious drives and this energy is released in the form of neurotic symptoms, terrible dreams and other mental disorders.

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis Personality has three components:

• unconscious (It),
• ego (I)
• over ego (over I).

Unconscious represents sexual and aggressive instincts, seeking to satisfy their desires in external reality.

Ego (I) contributes to the adaptation of the individual to reality, stores information about the world around him in the mind of a person in the interests of his life and self-preservation.

super ego is a receptacle of moral norms, prohibitions and encouragement of a person and thus serves as a kind of conscience of a person. Norms are assimilated by a person unconsciously in the process of education and therefore appear in a person as a feeling of fear, guilt and remorse. Thus, the inability of unconscious energy to be freely released leads to a conflict between a person and the environment and the appearance of various mental illnesses.

The task of a psychologist or psychotherapist is identifying unconscious experiences in the patient and ideas and their displacement from the sphere of It (the unconscious) into the sphere of human consciousness, i.e., liberation with the help of catharsis.

In the process of a psychotherapeutic session, the patient's negative transfer (the transfer of the patient's feelings and sensations in relation to his relatives to the personality of the psychotherapist) to the psychologist is replaced by a positive emotionally colored one. Thus, the patient's self-esteem increases and a gradual recovery takes place, but it must be borne in mind that before this the psychologist must enter into a trusting relationship with the patient in order to reduce his resistance to the psychotherapy process. During the life of Z. Freud, hypnosis was widely used to treat mental disorders, but after his work, they began to increasingly use it in practice. suggestion, autogenic training and self-hypnosis.

me and it

• the role of verbal representation and perception in the human mind
• the role of intermediate links in the transition from the id to the self
• the dominance of the unconscious in a person according to the theory of psychoanalysis

Under consciousness Freud in his theory of psychoanalysis meant the surface layer of a person's personality in relation to the outside world. Sense perceptions that come from without, as well as sensations and feelings that come from within, are conscious. With the help of verbal representations, all our sensations and feelings become conscious and appear in consciousness.

The verbal presentation is traces of memories in our memory, which remained due to the perceptions of any processes occurring in the past. Any processes, in order to be conscious of a person, must pass into external perception and become memories, which then take on a verbal form and become thought processes.

With the help of verbal-figurative links, various perceptions can be forced out of the sphere of the unconscious into the preconscious, and then into consciousness. This internal perception is felt by consciousness as pleasure or displeasure and is primary than sensations coming from outside.

Sensations perceived as pleasures do not induce action and are felt as a decrease in energy, but Displeasure motivates us to do things and leads to increased energy.

Thus, if our libido is hidden in the unconscious and tries to manifest itself in the personality in the form of sexual feelings or aspirations, then in order to sublimate and receive pleasure, it must be transferred to the sphere of consciousness, that is, made conscious. According to Freud and his theory of psychoanalysis, in order to do this, so-called intermediate links, and for the sensations flowing into consciousness naturally, there is no such need.

Freud calls the essence emanating from the surface conscious (W) as I, and those areas where this essence is going to penetrate he designates the word It.

The Personality is presented as an unconscious and unknown It, which is covered from above by the I, emerging from the W system. The I is only a part of the It changed under the influence of the outside world and through conscious perception. I'm trying to replace outside world and reality, the pleasure principle, which reigns supreme in the sphere of the id. Perception is characteristic of the I, and attraction is characteristic of the id sphere. Reason and thinking are characteristic of the I, and passions are characteristic of the sphere of the It.

I, in the theory of psychoanalysis, represents the place where both external and internal perceptions come from. If you look for an anatomical analogy, then I, like a little man in the brain, which is upside down, looks back and controls the left hemisphere of the brain and the speech zone.

We are accustomed to give the main role to consciousness and to believe that the play of passions takes place mainly in the subconscious, but Freud claims that even difficult intellectual work can occur subconsciously and not reach consciousness. For example, in the state of sleep, a complex task is being solved, over which a person struggled the day before to no avail.

It is noteworthy that some people have such higher manifestations of personality as conscience, self-criticism and guilt. appear unconsciously which can lead to various kinds of mental illness. As a consequence, Freud, in his theory of psychoanalysis, concludes that not only the deepest and most unknown in the Self, but also the highest in the Self can be unconscious. Thus, demonstrating and speaking about the conscious I, Freud calls it as the I-body and emphasizes its direct and inalienable connection with the unconscious.

Two kinds of attraction

• instincts that govern personality
• sublimation of libido into the realm of consciousness
• obstacles in the way of sublimation

So, according to the theory of Freud's psychoanalysis, we found out that the personality consists of the conscious (above the Self), the preconscious (I) and the unconscious (It). From our ordinary life, we know that a person can live not only in harmony with himself, but also be in conflict with himself in those cases when he wants to achieve something, but cannot. According to Freud, it turns out that a person cannot subjugate his inner degree of the unconscious, as a result of which it turns out a conflict.

According to Freud, the basis of this conflict is an attraction based on the energy of a sexual nature. He highlights two types of attraction: on the one hand - erotic, sexual attraction or eros, love, and on the other hand - an attraction to hatred, decay, death.

If a a person can subjugate this unconscious energy to his I or libido, as Freud called it, then it is released and the person lives a harmonious life. In another case, accumulating in the muscles of the body, this energy accumulates its destructive power and rushes to the outside world.

Sublimation- a protective psychological mechanism, in which the energy of a person's sexual attraction is transformed into socially acceptable forms of activity (for example, creativity).

Thinking and thought processes are also subject to the sublimation of erotic attraction. The sublimation itself is carried out purely under the control of the Self within the personality.

In ordinary life or reality there is no such thing as good or bad, that is, from a human point of view, the death or decay of something is bad. For example, if we take the universe and a star decays in it, then this is not bad, because other stars are formed from the decayed components, as well as planets and various objects of the universe. AT human life hatred, decay, decay and death are not entirely acceptable things, and a person tries, switching to love, goodness and creation, to avoid their manifestation, and due to the fact that a person is a complex biological structure, it is very difficult for him to do this.

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis warns personality not only from embarking on the path of hatred, but also from narcissism, that is, narcissism. It (the unconscious) seeks to possess the object by transferring the libido to the I. Now the I ends up endowed with the properties of libido and proclaims itself a love object, that is, an object for admiration.

Beret late nineteenth century. Freud's ideas were based on two important stages, which became the prerequisites for the creation of psychoanalysis. First of all, this is the method developed by Josef Breuer, a physician from Vienna, the second moment preceding Freud's theory is the method of the psychiatrist Hippolyte Bernheim. Sigmund worked with Breuer for a short time, and the professor observed the work of the Bernheim method at one of the demonstrative training sessions. How to characterize the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud briefly? It is worth starting from the beginning.

Josef Breuer Method

An Austrian psychiatrist worked for several years to develop a method called catharsis. The research lasted from 1880 to 1882. The doctor's patient was a girl aged 21 with paralysis of both right limbs and a complete lack of sensation. Also, the girl had an aversion to food and many other not only bodily, but also mental disorders. Dr. Breuer introduced the patient into hypnosis, through which he brought the girl to the point in her life when experiences that traumatized the psyche appeared for the first time. He sought that psychological and emotional state, which owned it at that moment of life and got rid of the symptoms of such a condition “stuck” in the mind. The patient's medical history was a real breakthrough, and in 1895 Breuer and Freud published a joint work based on these data - a work called "Studies in Hysteria". The experiences and disorders that provoked the symptoms of the disease were later called mental trauma. Breir's work had a significant influence on Sigmund Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis.

Hippolyte Bernheim method

The psychiatrist also used hypnosis in the treatment process. Freud's work was strongly influenced by the colleague's method, since in 1889 Sigmund attended one of Bernheim's teaching sessions. The lessons of a psychiatrist made it possible to derive such concepts as resistance and repression. These aspects are the protective mechanism of the psyche of any person. Subsequently, Freud used the method of free association instead of hypnosis. The result of the work was the introduction of the concept of a conscious substitute for the displacement of the unconscious.

Psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud

The main ideological component of the theory and concept is characterized by the following provisions: for both men and women, erotic disorders are the main factor leading to the development of the disease. Freud came to this conclusion because other mental experiences do not give rise to repression and substitution. The psychoanalyst noted that other, non-erotic emotional disturbances do not lead to the same results, they do not have such a significant value, and even more - they contribute to the action of sexual moments and can never replace them. Such observations and problems of Freud's psychoanalysis were based on many years of practical experience and were described by the professor in his work On Psychoanalysis.

Freud also noted that only childhood experiences explain sensitivity to future traumas. This theory is described in Sigmund Freud's book Introduction to Psychoanalysis. And only by uncovering these childhood memories, which are always forgotten in adulthood, can we get rid of the symptoms. Analytical work must reach the time of sexual development and early childhood. Freud substantiated the proposed theory through the concept of the "Oedipus complex" and the sequence of phases in the psychosexual development of each person. There are 4 stages in total and they can be associated with the basic instincts: oral, anal, phallic, genital.

What is classical psychoanalysis?

The process of recognizing the hidden in the depths of consciousness is carried out through the following methods and basic instincts:

• Free association method;
• Dream interpretation;
• The use of random reservations, as well as erroneous human actions.

Any session is based on one main rule - the patient must say absolutely everything, without fear and embarrassment. Freud wrote that one should say everything that comes to mind, even if at first glance the thoughts seem to the patient wrong or even meaningless. There is no room for critical choice here. And only if you follow this rule will it be possible to “pull out” from a person that material that will enable the psychoanalyst to displace all complexes. This is how one can explain the essence of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis briefly.

Free association method

The basis of psychoanalysis is precisely the essence of the technique lies in the fact that if some objects are perceived at one time or in close proximity, then in the future the appearance in the mind of one of them may entail the awareness of a completely different one.

Freud wrote that the patient sometimes abruptly falls silent and refers to the fact that he has nothing more to say and there are no thoughts in his head. However, if you look at it, one hundred percent refusal on the part of thoughts does not happen in human mind never. Random reservations, erroneous actions are nothing but hidden desires, repressed intentions and fears hidden in the depths of the subconscious. This is all that a person, for whatever reason, cannot show to others and himself. This is how you can briefly characterize the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud.

Dream interpretation

One of Freud's most popular theories was the interpretation of dreams. The psychoanalyst described dreams as messages from the unconscious part of the brain that are encrypted and represent meaningful images. When Freud was seventy years old, in 1931 the book The Interpretation of Dreams was reprinted for the third time. The professor himself wrote that this work contains the most valuable of all the discoveries made by him in his entire life. Freud believed that such insights occur once in a person's entire life.

Transfer process

The essence of the process of transference lies in the fact that a person who does not fully satisfy the need for love pays attention to any new face, in the hope of throwing out his active force of libido. That is why it is quite normal for these hopes to turn towards their psychoanalyst. The doctor, in turn, must clearly understand that the patient's falling in love with him is mostly forced, and in no way is a confirmation of the superiority of the psychoanalyst. The doctor has no reason to take this state of affairs seriously, and in no case should one be proud of such a “conquest”. Countertransference is put in opposition to the process of transference. When the analyst experiences reciprocal unconscious feelings for the patient. Freud believed that this phenomenon is quite dangerous in the first place for the doctor. This is because such feelings can lead to mental illness for both in the future. Each of the processes was described by Freud in books on psychoanalysis.

Resistance Recycling Process

An important stage is the overcoming of resistances and psychoanalysis of the personality. It begins with the doctor revealing to the patient those thoughts, feelings and resistances that have never been recognized before. After that, the ward is given time to penetrate as deeply as possible into the resistance unknown to him until now, in order to further process and overcome it.

What are the patient's resistances? First of all, this is a mechanism that works at the unconscious level, and its task is to prevent the awareness of those unacceptable thoughts and desires that were previously repressed. Freud wrote that the processing of resistances is a very difficult part, but in practice it becomes truly painful, not only for the patient. The psychoanalyst also undergoes a real test of patience. However, despite the complexity, it is this part of the work on consciousness that has the maximum changing effect on the patient. This is where analytic treatment differs from treatment by suggestion.

Catharsis

This process contributes to the release of repressed experiences that traumatize the psyche through emotional discharge. This internal conflict is resolved at the neurotic level due to those memories and traumas that were once stuck in the psyche as negative emotions.

The technique of classical psychoanalysis

For a general presentation and description of the techniques of classical psychoanalysis, Freud used the following explanations:

• The psychoanalyst insisted that during the session the patient should lie on a sofa or couch, and the doctor, in turn, should be behind the patient so that he did not see him, but only heard him. This is because the facial expression of the psychoanalyst should not give the patient food for thought, and even more so should not influence what the patient says.
• In no case should you tell the patient what he should or should not talk about. The doctor must know everything about the patient that he knows about himself.
• The patient must say absolutely everything, without hiding names, dates, places, and so on. There are no secrets or modesty in psychoanalysis.
• During the session, the patient should be completely given to the unconscious memory. That is, a person must turn off the conscious impact on his memory. Simply put, you just need to listen and not think about whether you remember anything or not.
• We must not forget about working with dreams, because this is one of the main methods of the theory of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that if you understand the unconscious needs of a person, which are expressed in dreams, you can find the key to solving that very basic problem;

It is possible to reveal to the patient all the information received, to explain the meaning of his thoughts and state, not earlier than the moment when the process of transference begins. The patient must be attached to the doctor, and this will only take time.

Scope and warranties

Briefly about the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud and the scope of the theory, the following can be said: the professor mentioned that psychoanalysis in its classical sense is not designed for people over 50 years old. He explained this by the fact that older people have already lost the flexibility of emotional experiences, to which the effect of therapy is directed. It is not recommended to arrange psychoanalysis sessions in relation to loved ones. Freud wrote that he felt confused about relatives and said that he did not believe in individual influence on their subconscious. Also, some patients, before starting work, are asked to eliminate any one specific symptom, but the doctor cannot be held responsible for the selective power of the analysis. You can touch what is “not necessary”, at least by the associative method. Usually psychoanalysis is a very lengthy process that can drag on for years. Freud noted that he makes it possible for each of his patients to say “stop” and stop treatment at any time. However, a short treatment can create the effect of an unfinished operation, which in the future can only aggravate the situation. The scope of the method is described in more detail in the works of Sigmund Freud.

Criticism of the theory of psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis causes a storm of discussion to this day. First of all, because some provisions do not have a method of refutation, which means they are unscientific. Paul Bloom (professor of psychology) expressed his point of view, who wrote that the provisions of Freud's theory are vague and cannot be verified by any scientific reliable method. That is why they cannot be applied from a scientific point of view.

The well-known biologist Peter Medawar, who once won the Nobel Prize, spoke in the same vein. The professor described the theory of psychoanalysis as the greatest intellectual fraud of the twentieth century. The same opinion was shared by the philosopher Leslie Stevenson, who analyzed Freud's theory in his book.

Freud also had followers, among whom were such famous personalities as Erich Fromm, Jung, Karen Horney. However, in the future, in their studies, they also abandoned the key thought and ideas of Freud's psychoanalysis - that the main motive for the occurrence of mental trauma is nothing but the sex factor. The study changed directions towards the impact of social and cultural elements of society and the environment on the mental and mental state of a person.

Psychoanalysis - a direction in psychology, including the psychological concept of a person's personality and a system of methods for treating mental disorders, was developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries by the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.
At present, the system of methods of psychoanalysis has been significantly expanded by the efforts of numerous scientists, followers of Freud's theory, for example, such as Carl Gustav Jung, Alfred Adler, as well as the so-called neo-Freudians, such as Eric Fromm, Harry Sullivan and others.

Various methods and systems based on the theory of psychoanalysis are now widely used in psychological counseling and psychotherapy.
Despite the fact that today these methods use many significantly different methods and are based on completely different approaches to the human personality, its structure and development, they all use the same concepts developed by Freud as a basic idea.

Basic concepts of psychoanalysis

Here are some of the fundamental foundations of psychoanalysis, to one degree or another inherent in most psychoanalytic methods.

- human behavior, the state of his psyche (consciousness) largely depend on internal unconscious motives, which are determined by libido or sexual attraction (in the process of development, this provision was repeatedly corrected or challenged by Freud's followers).

- The main cause of the psychological problems of the personality (neurosis, depression, fears, complexes) is an almost inevitable conflict between unconscious impulses (desires) and the conscious part of the personality.

- The weakening of this conflict or even getting rid of it can be achieved through the awareness of the traumatic memories causing the conflict by the personality, by releasing this material from the sphere of the unconscious and subsequent work with it with the help of a psychoanalyst.

- The human psyche has protective mechanisms that prevent awareness of the contents of the unconscious.

The structure of personality (psyche) according to Freud

According to the theory of Sigmund Freud, there are three different levels of human consciousness.

1. CONSCIOUSNESS. This is actually a part of our consciousness, which we are aware of at every moment of time. Here is our thought process, emotions accompanying this process, perception with the help of the senses, rational experience of knowing the world. Consciousness is the only part of our psyche (and, according to Freud, very insignificant) that is subject to real awareness.

2. PRECONSCIOUSNESS (subconsciousness). Speaking in computer language, this part of the psyche is a kind of random access memory. This part is not realized by us at every moment of time, however, if necessary, we have access to its contents. It contains memories, our knowledge, this is our memory.

3. UNCONSCIOUS. This is a part of our psyche that is inaccessible to rational awareness. Here is the material, for one reason or another, forced out of consciousness and preconsciousness.
These are fears, unacceptable aspirations (sexual and aggressive), repressed experience, irrational aspirations.

At the same time, the personality itself, which includes all three levels of consciousness (psyche), structurally also consists of three parts. These are ID (It), Ego (I) and Super Ego (Over I).

- ID (IT) is the original (basic) part of the psyche with which a human being is born. It is it that is responsible for survival in the real world, responsible for providing basic needs.
According to Freud, ID is guided by the principle of maximum pleasure (enjoyment), and by its nature carries the principle of Absolute Egoism and satisfaction of needs.
According to the aspirations of the ID, the only good is the satisfaction of these needs immediately and at any cost. So the baby, whose personality structure has not yet been formed, is guided precisely by this principle.
It is believed that this part of the psyche is completely in the unconscious.

- EGO (I). Freud believed that this part of the personality develops in the first three years of a baby's life. The reason for its development is the need for interaction with the external world, and it develops guided by the rational principle of reality. What does this mean? This means that the child begins to understand that the immediate and unconditional satisfaction of the desires of the ID is fraught with certain difficulties, and its fulfillment has to be linked with certain realities of the surrounding world. These realities are the presence of other people, each of whom also has their own desires and needs. Based on experience, there is a realization that unconditional selfish behavior (what the ID requires) can bring certain problems. This is how the gradual formation of behavioral strategies takes place, taking into account external circumstances. This part of the psyche is in consciousness, and in the preconscious, and in the unconscious.

- SUPER EGO. According to Freud, this part of consciousness is formed by about 5 years and contains moral principles that are formed in consciousness by this time, due to the influence of parents, other people, as well as the external circumstances of the child's life described earlier. It is this part of the personality that is responsible for the formation of bad-good, acceptable-unacceptable ratings. Freud divided this part of the personality into two parts - conscience and I - the ideal.
The Super Ego, like the ego, is in all three "elements", in consciousness, in the preconscious and in the unconscious.

According to Freud, the indicator is completely mentally healthy person is the control of the Ego over the Super Ego and the Id.

In other words, the ego must be stronger than other parts of the personality.
In fact, based on the logic of the personality structure, the role of the Ego is reduced to rational activity to achieve a compromise between the Id and the Super Ego. Nevertheless, one must understand that the role of the Self in any case comes down to satisfying the ID as quickly as possible and, at the same time, in a way that is safe for the individual.
It is almost impossible to fully satisfy both in the real circumstances of life in society.

If the Super Ego is dominant in a person, then we end up with a puritan who strictly follows the moral principles and (or) high ideas that are at the forefront and the suppressed aspirations of the Id, constantly striving to come out.
If the Id is dominant, then this person will naturally strive for pleasure, regardless of other people and social settings.
As it is easy to assume, it is the last two options that are problematic, the first is usually for the individual himself, the second for society.

Freud Sigmund(1856 - 1939) - Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, professor at the University of Vienna, the first researcher of the phenomena of the subconscious (in 1938 he emigrated to Great Britain).

Developed at the end of the 19th century. a special method of treatment is the analysis of free associations, erroneous actions, sayings and dreams. Freud later interpreted it as a way to penetrate the subconscious, and then, on this basis, proposed his general psychological theory of the structure of the psyche as a continuous conflict interaction of consciousness with unconscious drives ("Interpretations of Dreams", 1900).

Consciousness, according to Freud, continuously suppresses unconscious drives (especially sexual ones), which, breaking through the censorship of consciousness, manifest themselves in various sayings, jokes, slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue (“Psychopathology of everyday life”, 1901). Later, Freud focused on sociocultural problems ("Psychology of the masses and analysis of the human "I", 1921; "Civilization and those dissatisfied with it", 1929) (see).

Freud's teaching

1. The human psyche consists of two main levels: conscious and unconscious. It is like an iceberg, most of which is hidden from direct view. The unconscious part of the psyche was formed over millions of years in animals. Consciousness is peculiar only to man and has been formed for several tens of thousands of years. The unconscious contains the driving forces of human behavior.
The psychic energy of the unconscious manifests itself directly - in the aspirations aimed at the self-preservation of the individual and the development of the species (the desire for reproduction), and indirectly - in the aspirations for destruction, aggression against obstacles to the survival and development of one's species.

2. In the psyche there is a specific energy of life - the energy of procreation - , sexual energy. Its source is in the unconscious, it is laid down by nature itself. Libido is aimed at the development and survival of the species, genus. However, since a person has consciousness, it can come into conflict with the unconscious libido. A person, being a part of society, wants to develop not only the race, but also himself, his personality. The only source is compelled to nourish both aspirations equally. Freud introduces, in addition to the power of love (Libido, Eros), a new power - the power of death (Mortido, Thanatos). The creature comes into the world to reproduce its kind and make room for the next generation. All living things carry the potential for self-destruction.

Method of psychoanalysis

The purpose of psychoanalysis techniques- to bring the unconscious into the sphere of consciousness without the use of hypnosis.

1. Free association technique. The patient is placed on a comfortable couch in a small soundproof room with soft lighting, without a pattern on the wallpaper. The purpose of such an organization is the absence of extraneous incentives. Even the psychoanalyst is placed in a chair at the head of the patient so that he does not see him and practically does not feel his presence. Instruction to the patient: “Say whatever comes to your mind without stopping for a second; do not stop your flow of thought by willpower." The psychoanalyst must watch the place where the instruction is violated, pauses appear. the session lasts no more than 40 minutes, as fatigue sets in further. The patient's thought at some point "stumbles" on a certain barrier and turns sharply to the side. The psychoanalyst does not interrupt the patient's story, but marks this place in a notebook. The psychoanalyst asks the patient to talk about problem areas. Over time, the problem for the psychoanalyst becomes obvious. He speaks clearly to the patient. The patient usually denies everything, sometimes this denial turns into aggression. The psychoanalyst must make the patient re-experience this problem, accept it, and thus be freed.
2. Dream interpretation. The waking psyche does not let through some images that are prohibited by censorship, some internal barriers. However, in a dream we see these images, although they are also veiled by the psyche, since consciousness even in a dream does not let them through in their pure form.
3. Interpretation of erroneous actions. Erroneous actions are awkward movements, reservations, oversights, jokes. All these are breakthroughs of the unconscious into the realm of consciousness.

Minus psychoanalysis was that he underestimated the fact that man is a social being and interacts in the system of social relations.

Freud creates a holistic doctrine of the human personality. In the structure of personality, he distinguishes:

• - the unconscious with which a person is born. It is supported by the pleasure principle. The unconscious is filled with libidinal energy of procreation and aggression. The increase in the energy potential of the libido creates tension, and its discharge is pleasure.
• - our consciousness, subject to the principle of reasonableness. I am always between the Id and the Super-Ego, in the confrontation between these two structures. If we obey the Eid, we pay with pangs of conscience, the prohibitions of morality and law. Following the Super-Ego, we pay with neuroses and disorders.
• - an idealized person who follows the principles of public morality and duty. This is the social part of the personality. This is an image of a person, what she could be if she followed all the rules and norms of society. However, the Super-I does not have its own source of energy, it is forced to feed on the same libidinal energy of the unconscious. Libido must set in motion two mechanisms at once, and this gives rise to intrapersonal contradictions. Freud uses the Platonic image of a charioteer who drives a chariot pulled by two horses that rush in different directions, and the charioteer is forced to drive them.
  Freud's theory of personality structure is complemented by the theory of personality development.

Another important part of Freud's theory of personality was the doctrine of methods psychological protection personality. When conflicts arise in the human psyche between consciousness and the unconscious, 2 fundamental forms of behavior are possible: and retreat from the object. Aggression can manifest itself in aggression towards other people and objects that we consider unacceptable. Aggression can be expressed both in socialized forms of protest and in asocial forms. Self-aggression is also possible, that is, aggression directed at oneself. A separate section of Freud's theory is devoted to the problem of retreat from the object.

Psychological defense methods

Suppression, exclusion from consciousness of unpleasant or unacceptable impulses. In this case, they are transferred to the unconscious.
. Reorientation of impulse from one object to another, more accessible.
. An attempt to rationally justify the desires and actions caused by such a reason, the recognition of which would threaten the loss of self-respect.
. Unconscious transfer of one's own feelings and inclinations to another person.
Somatization. Fixation on the state of one's health as a form of protection from conflicts.
Jet formation. Replacing unacceptable trends with directly opposite ones.
. Return to primitive forms of behavior in a difficult situation.
. Impossible desires, thoughts, impulses are not recognized. Their very existence is denied.
. Transforming socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable and encouraged ones. The clearest example is the arts.

Based on biodeterminism, i.e. at the core of behavior all living beings lies the dynamics of drives.

Sigmund Freud(1856-1939) - Austrian psychologist, creator of psychoanalysis.

In 1915, his work “Inclination and Their Fates” was published, where the theory of motivation was developed.

Freud gives the psyche the main function associated with the perception of internal stimuli. Needs generate the energy of irritation, which is subjectively experienced as traumatic, unpleasant.

The subject tries to get rid of or reduce this energy as much as possible, i.e. Freud's motivational theory is based on two principles:

Hedonistic - any decrease in the level of accumulated irritation is accompanied by an experience of satisfaction, and an increase - by dissatisfaction.

2. Homeostatic - the balance of the body is the lower, the higher the level of accumulated irritation (stress).

The motivational process is aimed at reducing the energy of attraction.

Samo ATTRACTION consists of elements:

- VOLTAGE - the motor moment of attraction - the sum of the forces to which the attraction corresponds

- PURPOSE - associated with satisfaction, which can only be achieved by eliminating the irritable state of the source of attraction

- OBJECT OF ATTRACTION - that with the help of which or in what the attraction can achieve its goal

- A SOURCE OF DRIVING - that somatic process in an organ or part of the body, irritation from which is represented in the mental life of the subject as an attraction.

All soul life- this is the dynamics of conflicts, which are based on the needs of the "I", aimed at maintaining its existence.

Varieties of motives:

(1) needs aimed at maintaining their existence (sexual drives).

(2) the need for aggression (Thanatos)

(3) attraction to life and death (Eros)

The main provisions of the motivational theory of Z.

1. Attractions can manifest themselves in different ways.

If, with a greater intensity of attraction, there is no object, then the unrealized attraction enters consciousness in the form of ideas about the former satisfaction of the attraction in the form of a displacement of the attraction to other objects (projections and sublimations); attraction can be expressed again in the form of dreams and erroneous actions.

2. soul life the subject is presented in a hierarchy of 3 mechanisms: the search for satisfaction - "IT" opposes moral control - "SUPER - I", the activity of "I" is aimed at achieving a compromise.

That is, the principle of pleasure, prohibition and control operates.

3. An adult personality is the result of a history of drives. Childhood is of particular importance - obstacles to the satisfaction of inclinations in it have an active influence on the subsequent life of the subject.

4. The development of drives goes through several phases with a change in aerogenic zones (sensitive areas of the skin around the natural openings of the body).

Phase change order:

- oral phase

- anal phase

- phallic phase

- latent phase

- genital phase.

In the process of development of drives, two mechanisms can arise:

fixations (the development of drives is delayed in one of the phases due to a lack of satisfaction in the corresponding phase);

II. regression (the subject, experiencing a traumatic experience and not being able to cope with it, shifts to an earlier level of development, to the previous phase).

The course of development of drives is conflicting, the conflict is based on a complex, which, with normal development, is resolved by the age of 5-6, being realized in the process of gender identification, as a result of which the first complex, the “Oedipus complex”, is overcome.

THEORY a.

Maslow Abraham Harald(1908-1970) American psychologist. The founder of humanistic psychology, which studies the problem of the value of the person himself. Created a hierarchical model of motivation (“Motivation and Personality”, 1954).

- represents not separate, but groups of motives

- groups of motives are ordered in a holistic hierarchy.

Orderliness depends on the level of development of the individual, on the age and role of the social motivating group in the development of the individual.

Needs, or groups of needs, act as the initiator of activity.

Activity is not conditioned from within, it is attracted from outside by the possibility of satisfying a need.

The needs that form a hierarchy interact with each other as follows:

- until the needs of lower levels are satisfied, the needs of a higher level are not updated;

- if the subject actualizes the needs of different levels, then the needs of the living standard win in this conflict.

Hierarchy of need(according to A.

Level I: physiological needs (hunger, thirst, etc.);

II level: the need for security;

Level III: the need for social connections (appearance, love, identification, affiliation, etc.);

IV level: the need for self-esteem (signs, achievements, approvals, etc.);

Level V: the need for self-actualization (the realization of one's own abilities, in understanding and understanding oneself and others).

Self-actualizing personalities are only 1% of the total number of people.

This need is not always met; this is the ideal to which the individual aspires (or should aspire).

THEORY OF CONFLICT

The main provisions were developed by K.

Levin Kurt(1890-1947) German-American psychologist.

Freud's theory of psychosexual development

He was close to Gestalt psychology.

He outlined the motivational theory in the work “The Psychological Situation of Reward and Punishment” - 1931.

Used the concept of field valency.

Valence- the force of the influence of the object on the subject, which depends either on the actual need of the subject, or on the challenging nature of the object, - positive valence. If opposing power relationships arise (the subject encounters something unpleasant and tries to get rid of it) - negative valence.

The actual field of psychological forces is determined by valences and vectors emanating from the objects of the surrounding world.

Kurt Lewin represented these valences and vectors in the form of motivating forces that determine the behavior of an individual.

K. Levin introduced the concept of "FIELD AT THE PRESENT MOMENT", which is determined not only by the actual valencies of objects, but also by the retrospective of personality development and the prospect of personality development:

Levin focused on the conflict that unfolds within the field of the subject.

Conflict can be characterized as a situation in which the subject is simultaneously affected by forces that are oppositely directed, but have approximately the same magnitude.

Types of conflict situations:

(1) Aspiration-aspiration conflict.

Given two objects (goals), they are both positive, i.e.

have positive valencies. The conflict is that the subject cannot strive for two at the same time.

(2) Avoidance-avoidance conflict.

This conflict is the opposite of the first.

It is a situation of psychological coercion. There is a feeling of being trapped. The subject, as it were, does not see the possibility of getting out of the zone of 2 evils.

(3) A desire-avoidance conflict.

The same action at the same time - attracts and repels the subject (positive and negative valence of the same value).

(4) Conflict "double desire - avoidance".

Several goals are given, each of which is characterized by ambivalence.

Kurt Lewin singled out the specifics of the action of the forces of attraction and repulsion.

The magnitude of the behavioral trend depends on:

— target valency values,

- the distance to the target, which has yet to be overcome.

There is a moment of balance between desire and avoidance.

Distance is not always related to spatial distance.

It can act as distances in time, the number of necessary forces, the number of necessary intermediate actions, etc.

The ratio of these forces presented in the form of a graph:

Miller D.

- connected Lewin's ideas with Hull's hypothesis about the target gradient: the closer to the target, the fewer errors, the higher the speed of movement.

Miller put forward 6 hypotheses about the phenomenon of the conflict "striving - avoidance":

The striving tendencies are the stronger, the closer the distance to the goal - the striving gradient.

1. The tendency to avoid is stronger, the closer the distance to the feared stimulus - the gradient.

2. The avoidance gradient grows faster than the aspiration gradient.

3. In the event of a conflict between two incompatible reactions, the stronger one wins.

The magnitude of the gradient depends on the strength of attraction.

5. The strength of the subject's reinforced response tendency increases with the number of reinforcements - learning.

Gradient Ratio Graph:

If the distance to the target is less than X, then the avoidance gradient increases. At point X, the subject oscillates between striving and avoiding.

As the inevitable events approach, the avoidance gradient decreases (the graph changes - see: dotted line of the graph).

Freud Sigmund(1856 - 1939) - Austrian neuropathologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, professor at the University of Vienna, the first researcher of the phenomena of the subconscious (in 1938.

emigrated to the UK).

Developed at the end of the 19th century. a special method of treating neuroses - psychoanalysis - the analysis of free associations, erroneous actions, sayings and dreams. Freud later interpreted it as a way to penetrate the subconscious, and then, on this basis, proposed his general psychological theory of the structure of the psyche as a continuous conflict interaction of consciousness with unconscious drives ("Interpretations of Dreams", 1900).

Consciousness, according to Freud, continuously suppresses unconscious drives (especially sexual ones), which, breaking through the censorship of consciousness, manifest themselves in various sayings, jokes, slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue (“Psychopathology of everyday life”, 1901).

Later, Freud focused on socio-cultural problems ("Psychology of the masses and analysis of the human "I", 1921; "Civilization and those dissatisfied with it", 1929) (see History of Foreign Psychology).

Freud's teaching

The human psyche consists of two main levels: conscious and unconscious.

It is like an iceberg, most of which is hidden from direct view. The unconscious part of the psyche was formed over millions of years in animals. Consciousness is peculiar only to man and has been formed for several tens of thousands of years. The unconscious contains the driving forces of human behavior.
The psychic energy of the unconscious manifests itself directly - in the aspirations aimed at the self-preservation of the individual and the development of the species (the desire for reproduction), and indirectly - in the aspirations for destruction, aggression against obstacles to the survival and development of one's species.

In the psyche there is a specific energy of life - the energy of procreation - libido, sexual energy. Its source is in the unconscious, it is laid down by nature itself. Libido is aimed at the development and survival of the species, genus. However, since a person has consciousness, it can come into conflict with the unconscious libido. A person, being a part of society, wants to develop not only the race, but also himself, his personality. The only source is compelled to nourish both aspirations equally.

Freud introduces, in addition to the power of love (Libido, Eros), a new power - the power of death (Mortido, Thanatos). The creature comes into the world to reproduce its kind and make room for the next generation. All living things carry the potential for self-destruction.

Method of psychoanalysis

The purpose of psychoanalysis techniques- to bring the unconscious into the sphere of consciousness without the use of hypnosis.

1. Free association technique. The patient is placed on a comfortable couch in a small soundproof room with soft lighting, without a pattern on the wallpaper.

   The purpose of such an organization is the absence of extraneous incentives. Even the psychoanalyst is placed in a chair at the head of the patient so that he does not see him and practically does not feel his presence.

   Instruction to the patient: “Say whatever comes to your mind without stopping for a second; do not stop your flow of thought by willpower." The psychoanalyst must watch the place where the instruction is violated, pauses appear. the session lasts no more than 40 minutes, as fatigue sets in further.

   The patient's thought at some point "stumbles" on a certain barrier and turns sharply to the side. The psychoanalyst does not interrupt the patient's story, but marks this place in a notebook.

   The psychoanalyst asks the patient to talk about problem areas. Over time, the problem for the psychoanalyst becomes obvious. He speaks clearly to the patient.

   The patient usually denies everything, sometimes this denial turns into aggression. The psychoanalyst must make the patient re-experience this problem, accept it, and thus be freed.

2. Dream interpretation.

   The waking psyche does not let through some images that are prohibited by censorship, some internal barriers. However, in a dream we see these images, although they are also veiled by the psyche, since consciousness even in a dream does not let them through in their pure form.

3. Interpretation of erroneous actions. Erroneous actions are awkward movements, reservations, oversights, jokes.

   All these are breakthroughs of the unconscious into the realm of consciousness.

Minus psychoanalysis was that he underestimated the fact that man is a social being and interacts in the system of social relations.

Freud creates a holistic doctrine of the human personality. In the structure of personality, he distinguishes:

• Eid (It)- the unconscious with which a person is born. It is supported by the pleasure principle.

  The unconscious is filled with libidinal energy of procreation and aggression. The increase in the energy potential of the libido creates tension, and its discharge is pleasure.

• Ego (I)- our consciousness, subject to the principle of reasonableness. I am always between the Id and the Super-Ego, in the confrontation between these two structures. If we obey the Eid, we pay with pangs of conscience, the prohibitions of morality and law. Following the Super-Ego, we pay with neuroses and disorders.
• Super-Ego (Super-I)- an idealized person who follows the principles of public morality and duty.

  This is the social part of the personality. This is an image of a person, what she could be if she followed all the rules and norms of society. However, the Super-I does not have its own source of energy, it is forced to feed on the same libidinal energy of the unconscious. Libido must set in motion two mechanisms at once, and this gives rise to intrapersonal contradictions.

  Freud uses the Platonic image of a charioteer who drives a chariot pulled by two horses that rush in different directions, and the charioteer is forced to drive them.
  Freud's theory of personality structure is complemented by the theory of personality development.

Another important part of Freud's theory of personality was the doctrine of the methods of psychological protection of the individual. When conflicts arise in the human psyche between consciousness and the unconscious, 2 fundamental forms of behavior are possible: aggression and retreat from the object.

Aggression can manifest itself in aggression towards other people and objects that we consider unacceptable. Aggression can be expressed both in socialized forms of protest and in asocial forms. Self-aggression is also possible, that is, aggression directed at oneself.

A separate section of Freud's theory is devoted to the problem of retreat from the object.

Psychological defense methods

crowding out. Suppression, exclusion from consciousness of unpleasant or unacceptable impulses. In this case, they are transferred to the unconscious.
substitution.

Reorientation of impulse from one object to another, more accessible.
Rationalization. An attempt to rationally justify the desires and actions caused by such a reason, the recognition of which would threaten the loss of self-respect.
Projection.

Unconscious transfer of one's own feelings and inclinations to another person.
Somatization. Fixation on the state of one's health as a form of protection from conflicts.
Jet formation. Replacing unacceptable trends with directly opposite ones.
Regression. Return to primitive forms of behavior in a difficult situation.
Negation. Impossible desires, thoughts, impulses are not recognized.

Their very existence is denied.
Sublimation. Transforming socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable and encouraged ones. The clearest example is the arts.

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………. 2

Psychoanalytic personality theory according to Freud

1. Psychoanalytic theory of S. Freud 3

2. Personality structure 7

3. Personal defense mechanisms 12

LITERATURE 15

INTRODUCTION

Psychological knowledge is as ancient as man himself.

He could not exist without being guided by the motives of behavior and the properties of the character of his neighbors.

AT recent times there is a growing interest in questions of human behavior and the search for the meaning of human existence. Managers learn how to work with subordinates, parents take parenting classes, spouses learn how to communicate with each other and “fight smartly,” teachers learn how to help their students and students of other educational institutions cope with emotional excitement and confusion.

Along with an interest in material wealth and business, many people seek to help themselves and understand what it means to be human.

They strive to understand their behavior, develop faith in themselves, their strengths. To realize the unconscious sides of the personality, to focus, first of all, on what is happening to them at the present time.

When psychologists turn to the study of personality, perhaps the first thing they encounter is the variety of properties and their manifestations in its behavior. Interests and motives, inclinations and abilities, character and temperament, ideals, value orientations, strong-willed, emotional and intellectual characteristics, the ratio of the conscious and the unconscious (subconscious) and much more - this is a far from complete list of characteristics that we have to deal with if we try to draw a psychological portrait of a person.

Possessing a variety of properties, the personality at the same time represents a single whole.

Two interrelated tasks follow from this: firstly, to understand the whole set of personality properties as a system, highlighting in it what is commonly called a system-forming factor (or property), and, secondly, to reveal the objective foundations of this system.

The psychoanalytic theory of personality developed by Z. Freud, which is very popular in Western countries, can be attributed to the type of psychodynamic, non-experimental, covering the whole life of a person and using to describe him as a person, the internal psychological properties of the individual, primarily his needs and motives.

He believed that only an insignificant part of what actually happens in a person’s soul and characterizes him as a person is actually realized by him.

PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY OF PERSONALITY ACCORDING TO FREUD

1. Psychoanalytic theory of Z. Freud

One of the leading ideological, theoretical and methodological foundations of Western psychology and sociology of the classical period, and in particular its psychological direction, was the set of doctrines of S. Freud, which had a significant impact on all social thought.

The most significant part of Freud's psychoanalytic sociology is the doctrine of man, which is a set of different order concepts about the nature and essence of man, his psyche, the formation, development and structure of personality, the causes and mechanisms of human activity and behavior in various social communities.

According to Freud, the beginning and basis of a person's mental life are various instincts, drives and desires that are inherent in the human body.

Underestimating consciousness and the social environment in the process of formation and being of a person, Freud argued that various kinds of biological mechanisms play a leading role in the organization of human life.

In particular, he believed that every person from birth has incest (incest), cannibalism and a thirst for murder, which have a great influence on all mental activity of a person and his behavior. Freud insisted that the spiritual development of the individual briefly repeated the course of human development due to the fact that in their mental structures each person bears the burden of experiences of distant ancestors.

According to Freud, two universal cosmic instincts play a particularly important role in shaping a person in his life: Eros (sexual instinct, life instinct, self-preservation instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct, aggression instinct, destruction instinct).

Representing human life as the result of the struggle of the two eternal forces of Eros and Thanatos, Freud believed that these instincts are the main engines of progress.

The unity and struggle of Eros and Thanatos not only determine the finiteness of the individual's existence, but also very significantly determine the activities of various social groups, peoples and states.

According to Freud's concept, the bearer of the sexual instinct is a universal mental energy that has a sexual coloration (libido), which was sometimes interpreted by him as the energy of sexual desire or sexual hunger.

The concept of libido plays a very important role. At the same time, Freud failed to develop an unambiguous interpretation of libido and, depending on certain turns of theoretical research, he interpreted libido in one sense or another.

In some cases, he spoke of libido as a quantitatively changing force and declared that we distinguish this libido from energy, which should generally be taken as the basis of mental processes.

In others, he argued that the libido, in its deepest basis and in the final result, is only a product of the differentiation of energy that acts in general in the psyche.

Unconscious (primarily sexual) aspirations of the individual form its potential and the main source of activity, set the motivation for its actions. Due to the impossibility of satisfying instinctive needs in their natural form due to social normative restrictions, a person is forced to constantly seek a compromise between a deep attraction and a socially acceptable form of its implementation.

The personality model created by Freud is a three-level formation: the lower layer (It, or Id), represented by unconscious impulses and “ancestral memories”, the middle layer (I, or Ego) and the upper layer (Super-I, or Super-Ego) - the norms of society, perceived by the person. The most rigid, aggressive and militant layers are the id and the superego.

They attack the human psyche from both sides, giving rise to a neurotic type of behavior.

Theory of Z. Freud (p. 1 of 4)

Since, as society develops, the upper layer (Super-Ego) inevitably increases, becomes more massive and heavy, then the whole human history is considered by Freud as the history of growing psychosis.

Revealing the essence of Freud's concept, it should be noted that the scientist believed that the Oedipus complex also plays the most important role in the formation and vital activity of a person.

Exploring the dreams of his patients, Freud drew attention to the fact that a significant part of them reported to him with indignation and indignation about dreams, the main motive of which was sexual intercourse with the mother (incest). Seeing a certain tendency in this, Freud comes to the conclusion that the first social impulse of a person is directed to the mother, while the first violent desire and hatred are directed to the father.

In the Oedipus complex, as Freud believed, “infantile sexuality is completed, which exerts a decisive influence on the sexuality of adults by its action.

Every newborn has the task of overcoming the Oedipus complex, whoever is unable to do this falls ill with neurosis.

Thus, the Oedipus complex is, according to Freud, the basis of human existence, while the three spheres of personality are in constant interaction and influence functional activity each other.

One of the most important relationships of this kind is the relationship of “It” and “I”.

The constant confrontation between the three spheres of personality is largely mitigated by special “defense mechanisms” (“protection mechanisms”) that have formed as a result of human evolution. The most important of the unconscious "defense mechanisms" designed to ensure a certain integrity and stability of the personality in the face of a conflict of conflicting impulses and attitudes, Freud considered "sublimation" (the process of converting and redirecting sexual energy into various forms of activity acceptable by the individual and society), "repression ”(unconscious removal by an individual of the motives of his actions from the sphere of consciousness), “regression” (transition to a more primitive level of thinking and behavior), “projection” (unconscious transference, “attribution” of one’s own sensations, ideas, desires, thoughts, drives and often “shameful”, unconscious aspirations for other people), “rationalization” (the unconscious desire of an individual to rationally justify his ideas and behavior, even in cases where they are irrational), “reactive formation” (change of a trend unacceptable for consciousness to a more acceptable or the opposite), “fixation of behavior” (the tendency of “I” to preserve proven, effective stereotypes of behavior, the known change of which can lead to a pathological obsessive desire for repetition), etc.

Insisting on the initial inconsistency and conflict of the spheres of the personality, Freud especially emphasized the dynamic moments of the being of the personality, which was the strength of his concept,

Giving importance all spheres of the personality and the mechanism of their interaction, Freud at the same time sought to link many of his hypotheses and concepts with the theory of personality.

An example of this is his concept of creativity and the doctrine of characters, which are really consistent with his construction of personality and complement it.

An analysis of the patients' free associations led 3. Freud to the conclusion that the diseases of the adult personality are reduced to childhood experiences. Children's experiences, according to 3. Freud, are of a sexual nature. This is a feeling of love and hatred for a father or mother, jealousy for a brother or sister, etc. 3. Freud believed that this experience has an unconscious influence on the subsequent behavior of an adult, and also plays a decisive role in personality development.