What local winds do you know. Local winds, the reasons for their formation

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MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

ULYANOVSK INSTITUTE OF CIVIL AVIATION NAMED AFTER CHIEF MARSHAL OF AVIATION B.P. BUGAEV"

Department of Air Traffic Control and Navigation

Academic discipline: "Aviation meteorology"

on the topic: "Local winds"

Completed by: cadet of the training group D-14-2

Kulagin Yu.V.

Checked: senior lecturer. Department of ATC and N Buzaeva S.V.

Ulyanovsk 2016

1. Local winds

wind atmosphere sirocco

Local winds are winds that differ in some way from the main character of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but, like constant winds, regularly repeating and having a noticeable effect on the weather regime in a limited part of the landscape or water area.

Local winds include a breeze that changes its direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, foehn, dry winds, simum and many others.

The occurrence of local winds is mainly due to the difference in temperature conditions over large reservoirs (breezes) or mountains, their spread relative to the general circulation flows and the location of mountain valleys (foehn, bora, mountain-valley), as well as a change in the general circulation of the atmosphere by local conditions (summum , sirocco, khamsin). Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are referred to as local winds and given their own names.

For example, only on Baikal, due to the difference in warming water and land and the complex location of steep ridges with deep valleys, at least 5 local winds are distinguished: barguzin is a warm northeast wind, mountain wind is a northwest wind that causes powerful storms, sarma is a sudden western wind reaching hurricane force up to 80 m/s, valley winds - southwestern kultuk and southeastern shelonik.

Bora (Italian bora, from Greek vpsEbt - north wind; "borei" - cold north wind) - a strong cold gusty local wind that occurs when a stream of cold air meets a hill on its way; having overcome the obstacle, the bora with great force falls on the coast. The vertical dimensions of the bur are several hundred meters. Affects, as a rule, small areas where low mountains directly border the sea.

In Russia, the pine forests of the Novorossiysk Bay and the Gelendzhik Bay (where they have a northeasterly direction and blow more than 40 days a year), Novaya Zemlya, the shores of Lake Baikal (sarma near the Olkhon Gates Strait), the Chukotka city of Pevek (the so-called "Yuzhak" ). In Europe, the most famous are the forests of the Adriatic Sea (near the cities of Trieste, Rijeka, Zadar, Senj, etc.). In Croatia, the wind is called bumra. The “north” wind in the Baku region, the mistral on the Mediterranean coast of France from Montpellier to Toulon, and the “northser” wind in the Gulf of Mexico are similar to the bora. The duration of the bora is from a day to a week. The daily temperature difference during bora can reach 40 °C.

Scheme of the origin of boron

Bora occurs in Novorossiysk and the Adriatic coast when cold front approaches the coastal ridge from the northeast. The cold front immediately rolls over a low ridge. Under the influence of gravity, cold air rushes down the mountain range, while acquiring greater speed.

Before the appearance of the bora near the tops of the mountains, one can observe thick clouds, which the inhabitants of Novorossiysk call "beard". Initially, the wind is extremely unstable, changing direction and strength, but gradually acquires a certain direction and tremendous speed - up to 60 m/s at the Markothsky Pass near Novorossiysk. In 1928, a wind gust of 80 m/s was recorded. On average, the wind speed during bora reaches more than 20 m/s in the Novorossiysk region in winter. Falling on the surface of the water, this downward current causes a gale that causes severe seas. At the same time, the air temperature drops sharply, which was rather high over the warm sea before the bora.

Sometimes bora causes significant damage in the coastal strip (for example, in Novorossiysk in 2002, bora caused the death of several dozen people); at sea, the wind contributes to strong excitement; the intensified waves flood the shores and also bring destruction; at severe frosts(in Novorossiysk about? 20 ...? 24 ° C), they freeze, and an ice crust forms (on the Adriatic, the only place where an ice crust forms is the city of Sen). Sometimes bora is felt far from the coast (in the Black Sea 10-15 kilometers inland, in the Adriatic, at some synoptic positions, it covers a significant part of the sea).

3. Mistral

Mistral (fr. mistral) is a cold northwest wind blowing from the Cévennes to the Mediterranean coast of France in spring months and is a real scourge of agriculture in the Rhone Valley and all of Provence. Mistral is a type of katabatic wind. Often the wind is so strong that it uproots trees. In any case, its constant influence is also noticeable on lonely growing trees, which are often inclined to the south.

In the eastern part Cote d'Azur the action of the mistral is much weaker.

The mistral is formed when the Atlantic anticyclone and the North Sea cyclone meet.

A tree grown under a constantly blowing mistral.

4. Pampero

Pampero (Spanish pampero, pl. pampemros - "wind from the pampas") is a cold storm south or southwest wind in eastern Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, sometimes with rain. Associated with intrusions of Antarctic air.

They usually come suddenly after warm northern winds, carry clouds of dust and are accompanied by a rapid increase in pressure and a decrease in temperature. In their properties, they are quite consistent with cold, dry northwestern winds off the eastern coast of Asia and North America. On the coast, pamperos are also often replaced by cold and strong, but humid, southeast winds. In open space, the wind speed reaches 25 m/s.

The first stage is usually referred to as Pampero Hámedo (“wet pampero”), which brings showers and snowfalls, and the second is Pampero Seco (“dry pampero”), which turns into a dust storm Pampero Sucio. Although pampero can occur at any time of the year, it is usually strongest in the early summer in the Southern Hemisphere, between October and January.

Dry cold diapers carry a huge amount of dust and small pebbles. Due to the storms caused by the wind, navigation is difficult off the coast of Patagonia. Pampero, as well as the sultry north wind "norte", blow out the soil layer, forming dune areas.

Föhn (German Fцhn, from Latin favonius - the Roman equivalent of Zephyr) is a strong, gusty, warm and dry local wind blowing from the mountains to the valleys.

Cold air from the highlands quickly descends down the relatively narrow intermountain valleys, which leads to its adiabatic heating. For every 100 m lowered, the air heats up by about 1 °C. Descending from a height of 2500 m, it heats up by 25 degrees and becomes warm, even hot. Usually the hair dryer lasts less than a day, but sometimes the duration reaches 5 days, and changes in temperature and relative humidity can be fast and abrupt.

Foehns are especially frequent in the spring, when the intensity of the general circulation increases sharply. air masses. Unlike the foehn, when masses of dense cold air invade, boron is formed.

6. Sirocco

Sirocco is rarely shiromkko, (Italian scirocco, from Arabic FSYUE - shark - east) - a strong southerly or southwesterly wind in Italy, and this name is also applied to the wind of the entire Mediterranean basin, originating in North Africa, in the Middle East and having in different regions its name and its characteristics.

The difference between this regular air flow in some features from the main character of the general circulation of the atmosphere, as well as a noticeable effect on the weather regime in the Mediterranean region, allows us to attribute the sirocco to local winds. The direction is south, southeast or east (sometimes even southwest). In the centers of formation, and when it crosses the mountains in the south of Europe, on the leeward side it acquires the character of a foehn. Occurs in all seasons; in summer - less often, in spring and autumn - more often. It reaches its greatest strength in March and November. In some regions, it sometimes reaches speeds of up to 100 km / h (55 knots - hurricane strength), reaching storm strength (between 2 and 9 on the Beaufort scale), although in some places it is considered a moderate wind. Usually increases in the afternoon, and weakens in the evening and at night. It blows for 2-3 days in a row, but it can last half a day or many days. It has a depressing effect on people.

Sirocco originates in the depths of the Arabian and North African deserts. It originates in warm, dry, tropical air masses that move north in a low-pressure direction east across the Mediterranean. Hot dry continental air mixes with colder air moist air sea ​​cyclone, and, moving counterclockwise, moves to the southern coast of Europe. On the way through the Mediterranean, it becomes wetter, but nevertheless often dries up the vegetation of southern Europe, bringing to the same large masses of dust.

The sirocco is generally considered to be a suffocating, burning, very dusty wind with high temperatures (up to 35 °C at night) and low relative humidity (see dry wind), however, in some areas of the Mediterranean it is warm humid sea ​​wind. It sometimes causes dusty, dry weather along the northern coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean, and cold, wet weather in Europe. It causes dry mists and dusty haze.

The dust brought by the sirocco can damage mechanical devices and enter living quarters. Sirocco is unhealthy whether wet or dry. Some siroccos cause nervous disorders, headaches, neuralgias, weakness, sleep disturbance, increased irritability, etc., up to insanity. There are even legends that once the crimes committed during the sirocco were forgiven, being attributed to its maddening dryness and heat.

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Afghan- dry, baking local wind, with dust that blows in Central Asia. It blows from several days to several weeks. Early spring with showers. Very aggressive. Barguzin- a mighty Baikal wind blows in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin valley across and along Baikal. This wind blows evenly, with gradually increasing power. Usually precedes stable sunny weather. Bizet- cold and dry north or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland. Bora- strong impetuous cold wind blowing on the coast of the seas or large lakes from mountain ranges that separate the strongly chilled and warmer surface at their foot. at a speed (up to 40-60 m/s) it rolls down from the mountain ranges to the still unfrozen sea or lake. A squally wind brings a severe cooling, Bora lasts from several days to a week. Coast of the Adriatic Sea, near Novorossiysk (northeast wind), on the western slope of the Urals. Breeze- local wind of low speed, changing direction twice a day. Occurs on the shores of the seas, lakes, sometimes big rivers. Therefore, the daytime breeze blows from the water area to the heated coast. Night (coastal) - from the chilled coast to warm water. Mountain valley winds are formed in mountainous areas and change their direction twice a day. The air is heated differently over the crests of mountain ranges, slopes and the bottom of the valley. During the day, the wind blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, from the mountains to the valley and down towards the plain. Speed ​​10 m/s. Zephyr- the wind that prevails in the eastern Mediterranean since spring. Here, although warm, it often brings rain and even storms with it, while in the western Mediterranean Zephyr is almost always light. Mistral- On the Mediterranean coast of France, a cold northwest wind, which forms like a Novorossiysk bora. Simoom- a sultry dry wind in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. There is a sumum with strong heating of the earth and air in cyclones and mainly with western and southwestern winds. At the same time, the air temperature can rise up to +50°C, and relative humidity approaches 0%. The squall lasts from 20 minutes to 2-3 hours, sometimes with a thunderstorm. On Lake Baikal, the bora has local name - sarma. This wind is formed when the cold arctic air passes over the coastal mountain ranges. Sirocco- hot, dry, dusty south and southeast wind from the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, arising in front of the cyclone. Above mediterranean sea sirocco is slightly enriched with moisture, but still dries up the landscapes of the coastal regions of France, the Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas. Most often it blows in the spring for 2-3 days in a row, raising the temperature to 35°C. Crossing the mountains, on their leeward slopes it acquires the character of a foehn. Sukhovey- wind with high temperature and low relative humidity in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, is formed along the edges of anticyclones and lasts for several days, increasing evaporation, drying up the soil and plants. Dry winds are typical for the steppe regions of Russia and Ukraine, for Kazakhstan and the Caspian region. Föhn- dry, warm strong wind, blowing with high mountains into the valleys. Föhn is well expressed in the Alps, in the Caucasus, in the mountains Central Asia. Khamsin- dry, exhaustingly hot wind of the southern directions in the northeast of Africa and in the countries of the Middle East. Temperature 40°C, blows sometimes 50 days a year, usually in March-May. Occurs in the front parts of cyclones moving from the deserts of North Africa. Chinook- southwestern föhn on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the United States, as well as on adjacent parts of the prairies. Accompanied by a very rapid, sharp increase in air temperature Chinook is also called a humid southwest wind with Pacific Ocean on the West Coast USA. The reason for their formation may be different temperature conditions on the shores of lakes or rivers, in mountains and valleys. Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties. The occurrence of local winds is mainly due to the difference in temperature conditions over large reservoirs (breezes) or mountains, their spread relative to the general circulation flows and the location of mountain valleys (foehn, bora, mountain-valley), as well as a change in the general circulation of the atmosphere by local conditions (summum , sirocco, khamsin). Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are referred to as local winds and given their own names.

Depending on local conditions in some areas the globe special winds are formed. Like the constant winds, they are integral part general circulation and determine the climate in a given territory. Local winds include a breeze that changes its direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, foehn, dry winds, simum and many others. The reason for their formation may be different temperature conditions on the shores of lakes or rivers, in mountains and valleys. Some of them are essentially air currents, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are referred to as local winds and given their own names.

Mountain-valley winds are formed in mountainous regions and change their direction twice a day. The air is heated differently over the crests of mountain ranges, slopes and the bottom of the valley.

During the day it blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, from the mountains to the valley and down towards the plain. The speed of mountain-valley winds is low - about 10 m/s.

Bora (Italian bora from Greek boreas) is a strong gusty cold wind blowing from the mountains on the coast of the seas or large lakes. It is formed when low mountain ranges separate cold air over land from warm air over water. This wind is most dangerous in frosty weather, when at high speed (up to 40-60 m/s) it rolls down from the mountain ranges to the still unfrozen sea or lake. Over a warm water surface, the temperature contrast between the cold air flow and the warm sea increases significantly, and the speed of the bora increases. A squally wind brings a severe cold snap, raises high waves, and splashes of water freeze on the hulls of ships. Sometimes a layer of ice up to 4 meters thick grows on the windward side of the ship, under the weight of which the ship can capsize and sink. Bora lasts from several days to a week.

Na bora has a local name - sarma. This wind is formed when the cold arctic air passes over the coastal mountain ranges. It is named after the Sarma River, through the valley of which the cold wind from Yakutia breaks through to Baikal. In 1912, this icy wind tore a huge barge from the tugboat and threw it onto a rocky shore. More than 200 people died as a result.
On the Mediterranean coast of France, a cold northwest wind, which forms like the Novorossiysk bora, is called the mistral, and a similar wind on the coast in the Baku region is called the nord.

Pampero is a cold southerly or southwesterly storm wind in Argentina and Uruguay associated with intrusions of Antarctic air.

Föhn is a warm strong wind blowing from high mountains to valleys. It is often formed in the Caucasus and in the mountains of Central Asia. Dry air rushes into the valley, and as it descends, its temperature rises as a result of adiabatic heating - by one degree for every 100 m of descent. The higher the height from which the hair dryer descends, the higher the temperature of the air brought by it rises. The speed of the hair dryer can reach 20-25 m/s. In winter and spring, it causes rapid melting, an increase in the level mountain rivers. In summer, its withering breath is detrimental to plants; sometimes in the Transcaucasus, a summer hair dryer causes the leaves on the trees to dry out and fall off.

Dry winds often blow in the steppes, deserts and semi-deserts in summer. These hot dry winds form along the edges of anticyclones and last for several days, increasing evaporation, drying up the soil and plants. Dry winds are typical for the steppe regions of Russia and Ukraine, for Kazakhstan and the Caspian region.

Samum - a sultry wind in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula - is formed when the air is strongly heated in cyclones. It carries hot sand and dust and is sometimes accompanied by a thunderstorm. at the same time it can rise up to +50 °С. Usually, before the oncoming squall of the simum, the sands begin to “sing” - the sound of grains of sand rubbing against each other is heard.

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Depending on local conditions, special winds form in some areas of the globe. Like constant winds, they are an integral part of the general circulation of the atmosphere and determine the climate and weather in a given area. Local winds include a breeze that changes its direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, foehn, dry winds, simum and many others. The reason for their formation may be different temperature conditions on the shores of lakes or rivers, in mountains and valleys. Some of them are essentially air currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are referred to as local winds and given their own names.

Mountain-valley winds are formed in mountainous regions and change their direction twice a day. The air is heated differently over the crests of mountain ranges, slopes and the bottom of the valley. During the day, the wind blows up the valley and slopes, and at night, on the contrary, from the mountains to the valley and down towards the plain. The speed of mountain-valley winds is low - about 10 m/s.

Bora (Italian bora from Greek boreas) is a strong gusty cold wind blowing from the mountains on the coast of the seas or large lakes. It is formed when low mountain ranges separate cold air over land from warm air over water. This wind is most dangerous in frosty weather, when at high speed (up to 40-60 m/s) it rolls down from the mountain ranges to the still unfrozen sea or lake. Over a warm water surface, the temperature contrast between the cold air flow and the warm sea increases significantly, and the speed of the bora increases. A squally wind brings a severe cold snap, raises high waves, and splashes of water freeze on the hulls of ships. Sometimes a layer of ice up to 4 meters thick grows on the windward side of the ship, under the weight of which the ship can capsize and sink. Bora lasts from several days to a week.

On Lake Baikal, bora has a local name - sarma. This wind is formed when the cold arctic air passes over the coastal mountain ranges. It is named after the Sarma River, through the valley of which the cold wind from Yakutia breaks through to Baikal. In 1912, this icy wind tore a huge barge from the tugboat and threw it onto a rocky shore. More than 200 people died as a result.

On the Mediterranean coast of France, a cold northwest wind, which forms like the Novorossiysk bora, is called the mistral, and a similar wind on the coast of the Caspian Sea in the Baku region is called the nord.

Pampero is a cold southerly or southwesterly storm wind in Argentina and Uruguay associated with intrusions of Antarctic air.

Föhn is a warm strong wind blowing from high mountains to valleys. It is often formed in the Caucasus and in the mountains of Central Asia. Dry air rushes into the valley, and as it descends, its temperature rises as a result of adiabatic heating - by one degree for every 100 m of descent. The higher the height from which the hair dryer descends, the higher the temperature of the air brought by it rises. The speed of the hair dryer can reach 20-25 m/s. In winter and spring, it causes rapid snowmelt, an increase in the level of mountain rivers. In summer, its withering breath is detrimental to plants; sometimes in the Transcaucasus, a summer hair dryer causes the leaves on the trees to dry out and fall off.

Dry winds often blow in the steppes, deserts and semi-deserts in summer. These hot dry winds form along the edges of anticyclones and last for several days, increasing evaporation, drying up the soil and plants. Dry winds are typical for the steppe regions of Russia and Ukraine, for Kazakhstan and the Caspian region.

Samum - a sultry wind in the deserts of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula - is formed when the air is strongly heated in cyclones. It carries hot sand and dust and is sometimes accompanied by a thunderstorm. The air temperature can rise up to +50°C. Usually, before the oncoming squall of the simum, the sands begin to “sing” - the sound of grains of sand rubbing against each other is heard.

40. Local winds

Local winds are understood as winds that are characteristic only for certain geographical areas. Their origin is different.

First, local winds can be manifestations of local circulations independent of the general circulation of the atmosphere superimposed on it. Such, for example, are the breezes along the shores of the seas and large lakes. Differences in the heating of the coast and water during the day and at night create along coastline local circulation. At the same time, in the surface layers of the atmosphere, the wind blows from the sea to the warmer land during the day, and at night, on the contrary, from the cooled land to the sea. Mountain-valley winds also have a local circulation character. See below for details.

Secondly, local winds can be local changes (disturbances) in the currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere under the influence of the orography or topography of the area. Such is, for example, a hair dryer - warm wind blowing along the mountain slopes into the valleys, when the current of general circulation crosses the mountain range. The downward movement of the foehn, associated with an increase in air temperature, is a consequence of the influence of the ridge on the general circulation current. Boron with its various varieties is also explained by the influence of orography.

The relief of the terrain can also create an increase in winds in some areas to speeds that are significantly higher than those in neighboring areas. Such locally enhanced winds of one direction or another are also known in different areas under different names like local winds. Sometimes special properties are given to the local wind by the passage of air over a highly heated and dry surface, such as a desert, or, on the contrary, over a highly evaporating (water) surface.

Thirdly, local winds are also called such strong or special winds in a certain area, which, in essence, are general circulation currents. The intensity of their manifestation and their specificity for a given geographical area are a consequence of the very mechanism of general circulation, the very geographical distribution of synoptic processes. In this sense, they call the local wind, for example, the sirocco on the Mediterranean Sea.

In addition to the sirocco, numerous local winds are known in various places on the Earth, bearing special names, such as Samum, Khamsin, Afghan, etc. References to such winds can be found in the physical-geographical or climatic characteristics of individual areas.

Breezes are called winds near the coastline of the seas and large lakes, which have a sharp daily change in direction. During the day, the sea breeze blows in the lower hundreds of meters (sometimes in a layer of more than a kilometer) towards the coast, and at night, the coastal breeze blows from the coast to the sea. The wind speed during breezes is about 3-5 m/sec, and more in the tropics. The breezes are distinctly expressed when the weather is clear and the general transport of air is weak, as is the case, for example, during internal parts anticyclones. Otherwise, the general transport of air in a certain direction masks the breezes, as is always the case with the passage of cyclones.

Especially well-pronounced breeze circulation is observed in subtropical anticyclones, for example, on the coasts of deserts, where diurnal temperature changes over land are large, and the general baric gradients are small.

But well-developed breezes are observed in warm time year (from April to September) and on such seas of middle latitudes as the Black, Azov, Caspian.

Breezes are associated with the diurnal variation of land surface temperatures.

Mountain valley winds

AT mountain systems winds are observed with a daily frequency, similar to breezes. These are mountain-valley winds. During the day, the valley wind blows from the throat of the valley up the valley and also up the mountain slopes. At night, the mountain wind blows down the slopes and down the valley towards the plain. Mountain-valley winds are well expressed in many valleys and basins of the Alps, the Caucasus, the Pamirs and other mountainous countries, mainly in the warm half of the year. Their vertical power is significant and is measured in kilometers: the winds fill the entire cross section of the valley, up to the crests of its side ridges. As a rule, they are not strong, but sometimes they reach 10 m/sec or more.

A foehn is a warm, dry and gusty wind that blows from the mountains to the valleys at times. The temperature of the air with a hair dryer rises significantly and sometimes very quickly; relative humidity drops sharply, sometimes to very low values. At the beginning of the foehn, sharp and rapid fluctuations in temperature and humidity can be observed due to the meeting of the warm air of the foehn with the cold air that fills the valleys. The gustiness of the foehn indicates the strong turbulence of the foehn flow. The duration of the hair dryer can be from several hours to several days, sometimes with interruptions (pauses).

Hair dryers have long been known in the Alps. They are very common in the Western Caucasus, both on the northern and southern slopes of the range.

A prolonged and intense hair dryer can lead to rapid snowmelt in the mountains, to an increase in the level and overflow of mountain rivers, etc. In summer, the hair dryer, due to its high temperature and dryness can have a detrimental effect on vegetation. In Transcaucasia (Kutaisi region) it happens that during summer hair dryers, the leaves of trees dry up and fall off.

But the foehn can also be observed in the Arctic air, when the latter, for example, flows over the Alps or the Caucasus and descends along the southern slopes. Even in Greenland, the flow of air from the three-kilometer-high ice plateau to the fiords creates very strong temperature rises. In Iceland, with foehns, temperature rises of almost 30 ° were observed in a few hours.

When the ridge flows in the air flow, standing waves, the so-called foehn waves, with an amplitude of the order of several kilometers, sometimes leading to the formation of lenticular clouds, can occur. These waves propagate upward to a height several times greater than the height of the ridge.

Bora is a strong cold and gusty wind blowing from low mountain ranges towards a fairly warm sea. Bora has long been known in the region of the Novorossiysk Bay on the Black Sea and on the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia, in the region of Trieste. Similar phenomena have been found on Novaya Zemlya and in some other places. The sarma near the Olkhon Gates on Baikal also belongs to the bora type. Sufficient similarity with bora in origin and manifestations are the norther in the Baku region, the mistral on the Mediterranean coast of France, from Montpellier to Toulon, the northser in the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico, Texas).

Bora occurs in Novorossiysk, as in the Adriatic, when a cold front approaches the coastal ridge from the northeast. Cold air immediately crosses a low ridge. Falling down the mountain range under the action of gravity, the air acquires a significant speed: in Novorossiysk in January, the wind speed during the bora is on average above 20 m/sec. Falling on the surface of the water, this downward wind creates a strong wave. At the same time, the air temperature drops sharply, which was above warm sea high enough.

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