From meteorological phenomena to the health of residents. The effect of weather on people: From madness to heart attack

Task 1.

When concluding a contract for the supply of thermal energy in the form of steam, by mutual agreement of the parties, the contract included a condition that all disputes between the parties would be resolved only through negotiations without recourse to an arbitration court or other bodies. For several months, both parties duly fulfilled their obligations under the contract, but later the consumer began to systematically delay payment for the heat supplied to him. Since a direct appeal to the consumer did not give any result, the energy supply organization applied to the arbitration court with a claim for payment of penalties provided for by the rules for supplying heat energy.

In response to the statement of claim, the consumer asked the arbitration court to terminate the case, referring to a clause of the contract that excludes the possibility of applying to the arbitration court.

Will the claim be accepted? What should the arbitral tribunal do if the contract contained an indication that disputes between the parties would be referred to arbitration, but a specific arbitration tribunal was not defined?

Task 2.

During the winter, Frolov's dacha was robbed twice by unknown persons. At the end of the next summer season, Frolov transferred the most valuable things to a dark closet and to the attic. At the same time, in the closet, he set a home-made trap for a large animal, and built a device in the attic, with the help of which a heavy log fell from a 3-meter height when touching things folded in the attic.
In January, Frolov was summoned to the police station, where he was asked to give explanations on the fact of causing grievous bodily harm to citizen Kryukov, who was found in the attic of the dacha with a broken spine and frostbitten legs. As it turned out later, two previous thefts of Frolov's property were also committed by Kryukov. By this fact A criminal case was initiated, but then it was terminated on the grounds provided for by the criminal procedure legislation.

Kryukov, recognized as a disabled person of group I, turned to Frolov with a claim for compensation for harm caused by disability due to the injury.

Is Kryukov's claim subject to satisfaction?

Task 3.

Zaitsev agreed with Yefimov to sell the latter a TV set. However, Zaitsev did not hand over the TV set within the time period established by the contract, in connection with which the buyer applied to the court demanding that the TV set be taken away from Zaitsev, compensation for losses caused by the refusal to transfer the purchased thing, and compensation for moral damage. Efimov motivated his demands by the fact that he had already promised to sell the TV at a higher price to his mother-in-law, and now, not being able to do this, he lost the status of a serious and obligatory person in the eyes of his mother-in-law. Zaitsev objected to the satisfaction of the claim, indicating that, after consulting with his wife, he decided not to sell the TV, especially since he had not yet received money from Efimov. As regards claims for damages and non-pecuniary damage, the provisions of Ch. 30 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for such consequences. In addition, Efimov, not being the owner of the TV, was not entitled to sell it, and the damaged relationship with his mother-in-law is a personal matter of Efimov himself.

Consider the arguments of the parties and decide the case. Can Efimov make a claim for the recovery of the TV set from Kovalev, to whom it was presented as a birthday present by Zaitsev's wife?

Task 4.

Ravens (seller) and Zakharov (buyer) entered into a contract for the sale of a car. At the same time, the contract contained a condition according to which, in the event of a future sale of this car by Zakharov, Voronov was assigned the pre-emptive right to purchase it.

After some time, Zakharov sold the car to Korolev without notifying Voronov about it. Accidentally learning about the deal, Voronov filed a lawsuit to recognize the deal concluded between Zakharov and Korolev as invalid. Korolev's lawyer objected to the satisfaction of the claim, since the establishment of a pre-emptive right to purchase by agreement of the parties is illegal, because it contradicts the norm enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the fullness of the owner's rights (Article 209). In addition, Korolev did not know about the existence of an agreement between the plaintiff and Zakharov and cannot bear the negative consequences of the private relationships of other persons.

Solve the case.

Task 5.

By a court verdict, Kuznetsov and Yakovlev were found guilty of stealing two horses belonging to the state farm. As part of a civil lawsuit filed by the state farm, 20 thousand rubles were collected jointly and severally from the defendants in favor of the victim. losses (the cost of horses) and 7 thousand rubles. unjust enrichment (funds received by Kuznetsov and Yakovlev from the sale of stolen horses to an unknown person).

Did the court do the right thing?

Task 6.

Mikhelson purchased from the company "People's Car", which is the official dealer of the manufacturer and has its own station Maintenance, car "Mercedes".

During the warranty period, Michelson repeatedly contacted the seller (at the service station) with a complaint about a knock in the front suspension. As a result of consideration of his appeals, the front ball bearings, front and rear shock absorbers were replaced free of charge, and the front hub bearings were adjusted free of charge.

Since the defects in the chassis of the car were repeated many times, affected its safe use and created discomfort in the operation of the car, Mikhelson filed a claim with the People's Car company demanding that the purchased Mercedes car be replaced with a new car of the same model. The company refused Michelson's request, explaining that the equipment available to her allows any defects to be detected, and repairs carried out by qualified specialists of the company fully protect the interests of the buyer. Disagreeing with the arguments of the company, Mikhelson filed a lawsuit to replace the car with a new one.

What decision should the court make?

Will the decision change if the expert examination appointed by the court establishes that the repeated defects of the acquired Mercedes car actually took place in the past, however, at the time of the inspection, the running gear of the car is in working (serviceable) condition?

Task 7.

Citizen Brusov, leaving on a long business trip, handed over the most valuable things for storage to his neighbor Kostin. After returning from a business trip, Brusov learned that Kostin, entangled in debt, sold his apartment and departed in an unknown direction.

The fate of most of Brusov's belongings, which he left with Kostin for safekeeping, turned out to be unknown. The only exception was a painting by a famous Russian artist, which ended up with the new owner of the apartment, Kostin. The latter explained that he bought this painting from Kostin, in confirmation of which he presented Kostin's receipt for receiving money. Brusov's demand to return the painting was refused by its owner, saying that he could not have known that Kostin was not the owner of this painting.
Brusov turned to a lawyer for advice. The latter explained that Brusov was unlikely to be able to claim the painting under a vindication suit (Articles 301-302 of the Civil Code), since the acquirer of the painting is bona fide and compensated, and the painting itself was removed from Brusov's possession at his will. Therefore, in this case it is advisable to bring a claim to invalidate the transaction for the sale of the painting, since Kostin was not authorized to alienate it. According to the lawyer, which, according to him, is currently shared by the highest courts, Art. 12 of the Civil Code gives the victim the right to use any of the methods of protection provided for in this article.

What is your opinion on this issue?

Task 8.

Matveev agreed with Zadunaisky that the latter, in accordance with the sketch provided, would perform work for him to create a forged fireplace grate. However, Zadanaisky did not start fulfilling the order on time, referring to the fact that at present he is extremely busy creating a sculptural composition on an industrial theme by order of a large metallurgical plant.
By a court decision, Matveev's claim for forcing Zadunaisky to fulfill the obligation to create a fireplace grate was satisfied. Zadunaisky's lawyer filed a cassation appeal against this decision, in which he demanded that the decision be canceled as unlawful and that the claim be dismissed. The representative of the defendant motivated his claims by the fact that the method of protection chosen by the plaintiff by law (Chapter 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is not provided for, and, therefore, is inadequate.

The decision of the court of first instance was annulled by the cassation ruling and the claim was dismissed. The ruling stated that the use of the method of protection declared by the plaintiff (an award in kind) is unacceptable, since the provisions of the Federal Law "On Enforcement Proceedings" do not provide for the possibility of implementing such an option of protection.

Will the decision change if the defendant did not fulfill the obligation to paint a portrait of Matveev's wife?

Task 9.

As a result of the collision of two cars belonging to Kulikova and Yaroshenko, both cars were seriously damaged. The culprit of the accident, according to the traffic police, was Yaroshenko, who lost control. Yaroshenko agreed to voluntarily reimburse Kulikova for the cost of repairing the car in accordance with the estimate given by the expert firm. Kulikova, however, stated that she was only satisfied with the provision of another car of the same model with a similar degree of wear. Unable to reach an agreement, the parties went to court.

Whose position will the court support? What will be the decision if Kulikova changes her demands at the court session and agrees only that her car be returned to her in a repaired form?

Task 10.

Citizen Vasilyev was unlawfully taken into custody, in connection with which he suffered material damage in the form of loss of earnings for 12 working days, as well as payment for the services of a lawyer. A year after the illegal decision of the investigator to apply a measure of restraint to Vasilyev was canceled, Vasilyev filed a lawsuit in court for compensation for the harm caused to him.

The judge refused to accept the statement of claim, explaining to Vasiliev that, in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for compensating damage caused to a citizen by illegal actions of bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation, the prosecutor's office and the court, approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 18, 1981, he must apply for compensation for harm to a higher body of internal affairs, and if the latter refuses compensation - to the prosecutor.

Did the judge do the right thing?

TASK 1

Which of the listed property will be able to return back the citizen Biryukov Arkady Pavlovich, who returned home 3 years after the entry into force of the court decision declaring him dead:

Cash in the amount of 100 thousand rubles, located on a bearer savings book, inherited by his wife Vladislava under a will;

2-room non-privatized apartment, which was transferred by the local administration under a social lease agreement to the Mudarisov family;

Personal belongings, including personal hygiene items, clothes, shoes, which were transported by son Andrey to his apartment;

A 2009 Audi car, bequeathed to his son Andrey and subsequently sold by him to his classmate Vyacheslav Voronin;

Shares of JSC "Sibvels" in the amount of 200 thousand rubles.

ANSWER: Citizen Biryukov Arkady Pavlovich, who returned home 3 years after the entry into force of the court decision declaring him dead, from the listed property will be able to return back:

Cash in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. located on a savings book to the bearer, inherited by his wife Vladislava by will,

Personal belongings, including personal hygiene items, clothes, shoes, which were transported by son Andrey to his apartment.

Task 2.

Borisova filed a lawsuit to declare her ex-husband deceased. In the statement, she indicated that she had no information about Borisov's whereabouts for more than 5 years, before that he evaded paying alimony, in connection with which his search was announced. The court, on the basis of Borisova’s application and a certificate from the housing office from Borisov’s last place of residence, ruled that he was declared missing and explained to the applicant that four years after the entry into force of the decision to declare Borisov missing, she could file an application with the court to declare him dead. Did the court make the right decision?

Solution: The court made the right decision.

An unknown absence - this is the recognition by the court of the fact of a long absence from the place of his permanent residence of a citizen in respect of whom it was not possible to find information about his place of residence. The law considers 1 year from the date of receipt of the latest information about the missing person (Article 42 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) as a period sufficient for deciding before the court the issue of declaring him missing. In this case, Mr. Borisov has grounds for a long-term missing person (avoidance of paying alimony), so the court ruled quite correctly to recognize him as missing. The court also correctly explained Borisova that 4 years after the entry into force of the decision, she can apply to the court to recognize Borisov as dead, since the law considers 1 year from the date of receipt of the last information about the missing person (Article 42 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). By its decision to recognize Borisov as missing, the court legally confirmed the absence of Borisov and information about the place of his actual stay at the place of permanent residence for a period of 1 year. As mentioned above, 5 years must pass before Borisov is declared dead. Thus, Borisova will be able to file an application for declaring her husband dead, taking into account the deduction of 1 year established by the court, 4 years after the entry into the decision to declare her husband missing.

TASK 3

The prosecutor applied to the court to recognize Kirillov as having limited legal capacity. The statement noted that the lonely Kirillov, living in a room in a communal apartment, abuses alcohol, disturbs the peace of his neighbors, who turned to the prosecutor's office with a request to take necessary measures. The prosecutor's statement was accompanied by a certificate from the neuropsychiatric dispensary, which stated that Kirillov was a chronic alcoholic and needed to be disabled. The court ruled that Kirillov was recognized as having limited legal capacity. Is the judgment correct?

Solution: The abuse of alcohol or drugs, which is the basis for limiting the legal capacity of a citizen, is such excessive or systematic use that is in conflict with the interests of his family and entails unbearable expenses. Money for their acquisition, which causes financial difficulties and puts the family in a difficult situation. The fact that other family members have earnings or other income in itself is not a reason to refuse to satisfy the applicant's request if the family does not receive the necessary material support from a person who abuses alcohol or drugs, or is forced to support him in whole or in part. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the law does not make the possibility of restricting the legal capacity of a citizen dependent on recognizing him as a chronic alcoholic or drug addict (paragraph 3 of the Decree of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 04.05.1990 N 4 "On the practice of considering by courts Russian Federation cases on limiting the legal capacity of citizens who abuse alcohol or drugs" (as amended on 10/25/1996).

The basis for limiting the legal capacity of a citizen is the presence of a complex legal composition: the abuse of alcohol or drugs by a citizen and the difficult financial situation of the family in connection with this. Both of these conditions, as well as the presence of a causal relationship between them, are necessary to limit legal capacity. In this case, it is proved that Kirillov abuses alcohol, but there is no information that this led to the difficult financial situation of his family. Violation of the peace of neighbors is not a basis for limiting the legal capacity of a citizen. Thus, the decision of the court is wrong.

TASK #4

Minors Dvornikov and Vasiliev are jointly and severally liable for the harm caused, but since they do not have income or other property sufficient to compensate for the harm, the obligation to compensate for the harm rests with their parents. Article 1080 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes joint and several liability for cases of harm caused by both legal entities and individuals.

Given that the guilt of Dvornikov and Vasilyev in causing harm has been established, they must, in accordance with Article 1080 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, bear joint and several liability to Dmitriev for compensation for harm.

According to the first part of Art. 1074 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, minors aged fourteen to eighteen years are independently liable for the harm caused on a general basis.

In accordance with part two of the same article, in the event that a minor between the ages of fourteen and eighteen has no income or other property sufficient to compensate for harm, the harm must be compensated in full or in the missing part by his parents (adoptive parents) or guardian, if they will not prove that the harm was not their fault.

By virtue of the third part of Art. 1074 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation of parents (adoptive parents) and a trustee and the relevant institution to compensate for harm caused to a minor between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years old terminates upon reaching the age of majority by the person who caused the harm or in cases where, before reaching the age of majority, he had income or other property sufficient for compensation for harm, or when he has acquired legal capacity before reaching the age of majority.

In accordance with part 1 of article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, citizens and legal entities are participants in relations regulated by civil law. The Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities may also participate in relations regulated by civil law (Article 124).

TASK 5

1. The individual entrepreneur Kurochkin traded in the wholesale market products made of genuine leather. By decision of the arbitration court, Kurochkin was declared insolvent (bankrupt), because for a long time he did not pay bills for the goods delivered to him and services rendered, did not pay employees wages. Two months after the completion of all procedures related to declaring Kurochkin bankrupt, he was presented with demands: a) by the regional trading company - to pay bills for the supplied leather. The company explained the untimely presentation of the claim by the fact that due to the change in its location, it received a message about Kurochkin's bankruptcy late; b) by citizen Rudnik - on payment to him of the cost of repairing a car damaged as a result of an accident, the culprit of which was found to be Kurochkin; c) citizen Semyonov, who was injured in this accident and became disabled - on compensation for the losses caused to him in connection with the loss of ability to work and the cost of treatment.

Solution: IP Kurochkin is obliged to fulfill all the requirements put forward to him. (part 3 and part 4 of article 25.)

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)", creditors' claims individual entrepreneur if he is declared bankrupt, they are satisfied at the expense of his property in the manner and in the order provided for by the law on insolvency (bankruptcy).

First of all, the claims of citizens to whom the liquidated legal entity is liable for causing harm to life or health are satisfied by capitalizing the corresponding time payments, as well as claims for compensation for moral damage (that is, the claims of citizen Semenov)

Claims of creditors of each turn shall be satisfied after the full satisfaction of the claims of creditors of the previous turn, except for the claims of creditors for obligations secured by a pledge of property of a liquidated legal entity.

TASK 7

With the approval of his parents, 15-year-old lyceum student Novikov raised money to buy a motorcycle. He earned 60% of the required amount during the holidays; 30% - inherited from grandfather; the missing 10% was given to him by his grandmother. Without asking the permission of his parents, who went on vacation for a month, Novikov bought a motorcycle from his housemate, 17-year-old Demin. After that, Novikov had a small amount left, which he deposited into an account opened by him in his name at a branch of Sberbank. Returning from vacation, Novikov's parents felt that their son had made an unsuccessful purchase. They demanded that Demin and his parents terminate the contract. Demin's father also insisted on returning the motorcycle he gave his son last year for his 16th birthday. Novikov and Demin said they were not going to terminate the contract, since each of them disposed of his own property. Demin's father went to court with a demand to invalidate the sale and purchase agreement concluded between his son and Novikov.

The problem from civil law can be solved with the help of articles of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - 26, 28.
1. The funds of a 15-year-old teenager were received as a result of earnings, under a donation agreement and by inheritance. Therefore, a teenager has the right to dispose of them at his own discretion and without the consent of legal representatives.
2. A 17-year-old's motorcycle was received as a gift and is the property of the minor.
The sale and purchase transaction is valid and the court will have no reason to cancel it.

TASK 8

Angela Sidorkina, 17, worked as a store clerk's assistant and spent nearly all of her earnings on expensive fashionable clothes. Angela's mother Roxana Sidorkina convinced her daughter of the unreasonableness of such expenses, since the family was experiencing serious financial difficulties. Roxana was a disabled person of group I and received a small pension, alimony from her ex-husband came irregularly and insignificant, while Roxana was dependent on two young children (Angela's brother and sister).

Angela claimed that she buys clothes with her own earnings, part of which she regularly gives to her mother for general family expenses and her food, and she is not obliged to support her brother and sister.

Roxanne appealed to the management of the store with a request not to give Angela a salary in her hands because of her minority. Having been refused, Roxana applied to the court with a request to deprive her daughter of the right to independently manage her earnings and appoint her as Angela's trustee.

Solution: The court will refuse the request referring to: Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF) dated November 30, 1994 N 51-FZ - Part 1, Subsection 2. PERSONS, Chapter 3. CITIZENS (INDIVIDUALS).

Article 17. Legal capacity of a citizen

1. The ability to have civil rights and bear obligations (civil capacity) is recognized equally for all citizens.

2. The legal capacity of a citizen arises at the moment of his birth and ends with his death.

Article 26

2. Minors at the age of fourteen to eighteen years of age have the right independently, without the consent of their parents, adoptive parents and guardian:

1) dispose of their earnings, scholarships and other income.

TASK 10

22-year-old Vasily Pugovkin, under the influence of bad company, began to come home drunk, and later became addicted to gambling, including playing billiards, losing and drinking away all your earnings. To save their son from bad habits, his parents went to court with an application to limit Vasily's legal capacity. In particular, they asked the court to prohibit Vasily from selling his property and deprive him of the right to independently manage his earnings. Asking the court to appoint him as his son's trustee, Vasily's father argued that he would not spend his son's earnings on family needs, but intended to transfer money to Sberbank in the name of his son, provided that the son was forbidden to dispose of the deposit without the consent of the father. At the same time, Vasily's father undertook to fully meet the needs of his son at the expense of the family budget.

According to Art. thirty item 1 Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Vasily cannot be limited by the court in capacity, t.to. by his actions, he does not put his family in a difficult financial situation.

TASK 11

By a court decision, Kirpichev, at the request of his wife Vorobyova, was declared dead. Being the only heiress, his wife received all the property belonging to Kirpichev. She sold a dacha, a piano, two paintings and a library consisting of books on metallurgy, some other things that personally belonged to Kirpichev. She gave a TV set and a refrigerator, acquired during her married life with Kirpichev, to her sister Khomyakova. Watch, gun and camera, which belonged personally to Kirpichev, she kept

A year after he was declared dead, Kirpichev returned home. He explained his unknown absence by the fact that he was serving a sentence for committing a crime, about which he did not want to tell anyone, including his wife. Continue life together he did not wish with Vorobyeva and demanded the return of his property. As it turned out, Kirpichev's dacha was bought by his former colleague Plyushkin, who knew that Kirpichev had been convicted and was serving his sentence. The piano ended up with Nesterenko, who bought it in a music salon. The paintings were bought by an art gallery, and the library by a technical lyceum. Kirpichev filed suits against all the subjects who turned out to have things that belonged to him: to Plyushkin, Nesterenko, the gallery, the lyceum, Khomyakova for the return of these things to him. From ex-wife Vorobyova, he demanded the return of the surviving things in kind, as well as reimbursement of the cost of those things that were sold by his wife, but whose owners Kirpichev did not find. When considering the dispute, Plyushkin asked that the claim be dismissed, since more than 6 years had passed since Kirpichev's disappearance, therefore, the limitation period had expired. If the court still decides to confiscate the dacha from him, then Vorobyova is obliged to return the money received for the dacha to him.

Solution: According to Art. 46 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part 2

“Regardless of the time of his appearance, a citizen may demand from any person the return of the surviving property that was transferred to this person free of charge after the citizen was declared dead, except for the cases provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 302 of this Code. Persons to whom the property of a citizen who was declared dead passed through transactions for compensation are obliged to return this property to him if it is proved that, when acquiring the property, they knew that the citizen declared dead was alive. If it is impossible to return such property in kind, its value shall be reimbursed.

It follows from this article that the property that was transferred free of charge to other owners, that is, a TV set and a refrigerator, should be returned to Kirpichev. He will not be able to return the piano, paintings and library, because these things were bought by persons who do not know that a citizen declared dead is still alive. Another situation is with the dacha that Plyushkin bought from Kirpichev's wife. Plyushkin knew that Kirpichev had been convicted and was serving his sentence, that is, he knew that Kirpichev was alive. Therefore, Plyushkin will be obliged to return the dacha to Kirpichev.

TASK 12

14-year-old Alexei Sinitsyn joined a limited liability company. A few months later, Sinitsyn's father came to the director of the Society and said that Aleksey was spending his earnings unwisely: he bought very expensive things, visited restaurants, etc. At the same time, the family is experiencing financial difficulties, because in addition to Alexei, the family has two more young children. In addition, Alexei's mother is disabled for health reasons. The director was sympathetic to the problems of the family and ordered that only part of the salary be given to Alexei, and the rest to be given to his parents. Did the director do the right thing?

In accordance with Part.2 Article. 26 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, minors between the ages of fourteen and eighteen have the right to independently, without the consent of their parents, adoptive parents and guardian, dispose of their earnings, scholarships and other incomes.

From part 4 of this article it follows that, if there are sufficient grounds, the court, at the request of parents, adoptive parents or a guardian or a guardianship and guardianship authority, may restrict or deprive a minor between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years of the right to independently manage their earnings, scholarships or other income, for except in cases where such a minor has acquired legal capacity in full in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 21 or Article 27 of this Code. In this case, despite the fact that Aleksey Sinitsyn did not acquire legal capacity in full, there is no court decision to limit his independent disposal of his earnings, so the director acted incorrectly.

TASK 13

Ten-year-old Oleg Solovyov, with the written consent of his parents, entered into a bank deposit agreement. Oleg repeatedly replenished the deposit with small amounts saved from the money he received from his parents for various small purchases. When the account turned out to be 20 thousand rubles, he decided to withdraw this amount and purchase a game computer console for himself. The bank operator refused to give him the specified amount, saying that Oleg would be able to receive money from his deposit only upon reaching the age of majority. Is the operator right? What rights do minors have in relation to deposits in credit institutions?

ANSWER: The operator is right.

The legal capacity of minors, namely Oleg Solovyov, is regulated by Article 28 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Minors aged 6-14 years old can independently make small everyday transactions, transactions aimed at gratuitous receipt of benefits that do not require notarization or state registration, transactions for the disposal of funds provided by legal representatives or with their consent by 3 persons for a specific purpose or for free disposal. Other transactions on behalf of minors can be concluded only by their legal representatives. Minors under 14 years of age may not make deposits in credit institutions and dispose of them. The rights of minors aged fourteen to eighteen years in relation to deposits in credit institutions are regulated by Article 26 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 2, clause 3, which states that minors have the right, without the consent of their parents, in accordance with the law, to make deposits in credit institutions and dispose of them. Thus, the bank teller was right in refusing to issue a deposit to Oleg. Oleg will be able to receive his contribution at the age of 14

TASK 14

Twelve-year-old Alexander Vasiliev took part in the filming of a feature film, for which he was paid a reward in the amount of 5 thousand rubles. With this money, he bought stationery: a fountain pen, a pencil case and an expensive notebook. Alexander's parents felt that he spent the money unwisely, took the purchases back to the store and demanded that the director take them back. The director refused to satisfy the demand of the parents, because from a conversation with the boy he learned that Alexander made purchases with the money he earned, and minors can manage their earnings on their own. Who is right in the dispute? Will the decision change if the reward was received by the father of Alexander Vasiliev, who transferred the money to his son with the words: “You can manage your earnings yourself”?

ANSWER: In the ensuing dispute, the boy's father is right.

The right of a child to dispose of property belonging to him by right of ownership is determined by Articles 26 and 28 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which determine the legal capacity of minors aged 14 to 18 years and the legal capacity of minors. However, the current civil legislation does not provide for the possibility for adolescents under the age of 14 to independently manage their own income. Therefore, in the dispute between the store director and Vasiliev's father, the boy's father is right. The arguments given by the director of the store are valid only for minors aged 14 to 18 years (Article 26, Clause 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). If the reward had been received by the boy’s father, who then handed over the money to his son with the words: “You can manage your earnings yourself” (i.e., agreed to dispose of the funds), then the store manager could, on absolutely legal grounds, refuse to return purchases. He must justify his refusal by referring to Article 28, Clause 2, Clauses 1 and 3.

TASK 15

By the decision of the local administration, seventeen-year-old Vasilyeva was allowed to marry Fedorov before reaching the age of eighteen. After registering the marriage, intending to move to her husband, who lives in another village, Vasilyeva decided to sell the house, which had passed to her by will. Since none of her fellow villagers expressed a desire to purchase a house for permanent residence, she agreed with Nikitin to sell him a house for demolition for $ 500, USA. Vasilyeva's parents objected to this deal. In their opinion, the house should not have been sold for demolition at all, since it is located in good condition and they managed to find a buyer willing to purchase a house for permanent residence for a large amount. Vasilyeva replied that the contract with Nikitin had already been concluded, and she did not intend to change or terminate it. The parents filed a lawsuit in court to recognize the contract concluded with Nikitin as invalid, as committed by their minor daughter without their consent. Solve the case.

Solution: According to Art. 21 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in the case when the law allows marriage before reaching the age of eighteen, a citizen who has not reached the age of eighteen acquires legal capacity in full from the time of marriage. She had every right to conclude an agreement with Nikitin on the sale of the house for demolition. Parents' claims are unfounded, tk. their daughter is fully capable from the moment of marriage and has the full right to dispose of property at her own discretion.

TASK 16

Viktor Petrov received a tape recorder as a gift from his grandmother on the occasion of his graduation from school. After some time, he asked his grandmother if she would object to him exchanging the tape recorder for a video camera belonging to his friend Nesterov. Grandmother did not object and formalized her consent to the transaction in writing. The exchange took place. Victor's father, having learned about the exchange, demanded that Nesterov return the tape recorder and take back the video camera, since he did not give his consent to the exchange. Nesterov refused, explaining that, as far as he knew, the tape recorder was presented to Victor not by his father, but by his grandmother, who gave written consent to the transaction. Under these circumstances, as Nesterov believed, the minor Victor did not need the consent of his father to complete the transaction. Who is right in this dispute? Will the decision change if Victor's mother agrees to the exchange at the request of the grandmother? Decision:

In this dispute, Victor's father is right. Will not change.

Paragraph 1 of Art. 26 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides that minors aged 14 to 18 make transactions with the written consent of their legal representatives - parents, adoptive parents or guardian. First of all, the current legislation imposes on parents the obligation to protect the rights and interests of children. Parents are the legal representatives of their children and act in defense of their rights and interests in relations with any physical and legal entities, including in the courts. To exercise the functions of protecting the rights and interests of children, parents do not need any special powers. Victor did not receive written consent to the exchange from his parents. Therefore, Victor's father was right in the dispute. Nesterov's argument that the tape recorder was donated not by his father, but by his grandmother, who gave written consent to the transaction, must be rejected, since in this situation, Victor's father and mother, and not his grandmother, are legal representatives. If Victor's mother had agreed (in writing) to the exchange at the request of his grandmother, then Victor's father would have been wrong, since the terms of the transaction made by the minor Victor would correspond to clause 2, clause 4, article 26 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which in turn sends us to clause 2, clause 3, article 28 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (there is the consent of the legal representative).

TASK 17

Travkin bought a concert grand piano in a musical instrument store. The next day, Travkin's wife came to the store manager and demanded to take the piano back and return the amount of money received by the store. At the same time, she explained that Travkin suffers from schizophrenia, is under the supervision of a neuropsychiatric dispensary, and in the near future she intends to go to court with a statement declaring him incompetent. The seller invited by the director of the store, who made the purchase, said that Travkin's behavior did not give the slightest reason to suspect any mental abnormalities. In addition, Travkin, testing the instrument, performed at a very high professional level several technically complex excerpts from the works of Beethoven, Liszt and Debussy. Travkin's wife presented a medical certificate, which noted that Travkin had been subject to periodic attacks of schizophrenia for a number of years, which had become more frequent over the past few months, but in the intervals between them he was quite capable of giving an account of his actions and directing them. Are there grounds for declaring the transaction invalid?

In this case, there are no grounds for recognizing the transaction as invalid, the transaction can be recognized as void only if the citizen is recognized as incapacitated (Article 171, Clause 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Based on Art. 29, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, only a court can recognize a citizen as incompetent in the manner prescribed by civil procedural legislation. Since Travkin's wife does not have a corresponding court decision (Article 285 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation), it means that the transaction cannot be recognized as invalid.
But it is also possible that the court will recognize the transaction as invalid. If later the citizen is recognized as legally incompetent and it is proved that at the time of the transaction he was not able to understand the report in his actions, as well as the guardian will receive a claim to recognize the transaction as invalid (Article 177, paragraph 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Since the medical certificate notes that Travkin is subject to periodic attacks of schizophrenia and in the intervals between them he is able to give an account of his actions and manage them, on the basis of this certificate, citizen Travkin can be recognized as capable at the time of the transaction.
A citizen may be recognized as incompetent due to a mental disorder, when he does not understand the meaning of his actions and cannot manage them (Article 29, Clause 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
The transaction on behalf of an incapacitated person is made by his guardian (Article 29, Clause 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

TASK 18

Golubev, a member of the geological expedition, was on a ship from Nakhodka to Sakhalin. In the Sea of ​​Japan, the ship was caught in a storm and sank. Most of the crew and passengers were picked up by nearby ships, but several people, including Golubev, could not be found. A radiogram was sent to Golubev's wife stating that her husband had gone missing in a shipwreck in stormy weather. After 8 months, Golubev, at the request of his wife, was declared dead by the court. All his property was inherited by his wife: the dacha, Travkin's wife came to the store director and demanded to take the piano back and return the amount of money received by the store. At the same time, she explained that Travkin suffers from schizophrenia, is under the supervision of a neuropsychiatric dispensary, and in the near future she intends to go to court with a statement declaring him incompetent. The seller invited by the director of the store, who made the purchase, said that Travkin's behavior did not give the slightest reason to suspect any mental abnormalities. In addition, Travkin, testing the instrument, performed at a very high professional level several technically complex excerpts from the works of Beethoven, Liszt and Debussy. Travkin's wife presented a medical certificate, which noted that Travkin had been subject to periodic attacks of schizophrenia for a number of years, which had become more frequent over the past few months, but in the intervals between them he was quite capable of giving an account of his actions and directing them. Are there grounds for declaring the transaction invalid?

In accordance with Article 177 1. A transaction made by a citizen, although capable, but who at the time of its conclusion was in such a state when he was not able to understand the meaning of his actions or manage them, may be recognized by the court as invalid at the suit of this citizen or other persons whose rights or legally protected interests are violated as a result of its commission.

2. A transaction made by a citizen subsequently recognized as legally incompetent may be recognized by a court as invalid at the suit of his guardian, if it is proved that at the time of the transaction the citizen was not able to understand the meaning of his actions or manage them.

A transaction made by a citizen subsequently limited in legal capacity due to a mental disorder may be declared invalid by a court at the suit of his trustee, if it is proved that at the time of the transaction the citizen was not able to understand the meaning of his actions or manage them and the other party to the transaction knew or should have know about it.

3. If the transaction is recognized as invalid on the basis of this article, the rules provided for in paragraphs two and three of paragraph 1 of Article 171 of this Code shall apply accordingly.

TASK 19

Golubev, a member of the geological expedition, was on a ship from Nakhodka to Sakhalin. In the Sea of ​​Japan, the ship was caught in a storm and sank. Most of the crew and passengers were picked up by nearby ships, but several people, including Golubev, could not be found. A radiogram was sent to Golubev's wife stating that her husband had gone missing in a shipwreck in stormy weather. After 8 months, Golubev, at the request of his wife, was declared dead by the court. All his property was inherited by his wife: a dacha, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc. Deciding to move to her parents in Moscow, she sold the dacha and the motorcycle, and gave the bicycle to her nephew. Golubev soon returned. It turned out that he, along with two crew members, managed to get off on a life raft, which was carried to a desert island, where they lived all this time, until they were accidentally discovered by the crew of a helicopter flying near the island. Golubev's wife stated that the marriage between them was terminated, since Golubev was declared dead in the manner prescribed by law. Golubev demanded the return of the things that belonged to him from the persons who had them. In addition, he demanded that his wife reimburse the cost of things that were not preserved in kind by the time of his return. Are Golubev's demands justified?

According to Part 1 of Art. 45 citizen can be in judicial order declared dead if at the place of his permanent residence there is no information about his place of stay for 5 years, and if he went missing under circumstances threatening death or giving reason to assume his death from a certain accident - within 6 months.
According to Art. 46 in those cases when a citizen declared dead appears at the place of his residence or at the location of his property, the act of declaring him dead is canceled and all property and personal non-property rights are returned to him.
The legislator determined the procedure for returning property to a person declared dead by a court decision (clause 2, article 46 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Claims for the return of property may be filed regardless of the term for the appearance of a citizen declared dead, while only the property that has been preserved is returned to him. However, in those cases when the property of the declared deceased passed to the state by right of inheritance (Articles 552, 553 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and was sold, the amount received from the sale of property is returned to the citizen. Similarly, the norm regulates the return of property preserved in kind, transferred to other persons under gratuitous transactions (for example, heirs gave it to their friends). In this case, it is subject to return, and if the property has already been sold, they are obliged to reimburse the value of the property (provided that they knew that the declared deceased was actually alive).
In the event that the property of a citizen declared dead has passed to other persons through transactions for compensation, then it shall not be returned to the owner. At the same time, these persons will be obliged to return this property to him if it is proved that, when acquiring the property, they knew that the citizen declared dead was alive, and if it is impossible to return such property in kind, its value is reimbursed.

TASK 20

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1.1. Societies of the traditional type are found in the modern world.

1.2. Limited liability companies are public companies.

1.3. The main indicator of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia is the key rate.

1.4. G. Spencer believed that the state arises and develops according to the laws of a living biological organism.

1.5. All federal states are republics.

1.6. The atheistic worldview emerged during the Age of Enlightenment.

1.7. A native of a village who has recently moved to the city is an example of a marginal status holder.

1.8. By general rule an employment contract can be concluded by citizens who have reached the age of 14.

Answer:

1.1.	1.2.	1.3.	1.4.	1.5.	1.6.	1.7.	1.8.
Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No

1 point for each correct answer.

Maximum 8 points per task.

Task 2

non-state media, public organizations, religious associations, private commercial enterprises.

Answer: Civil Society Institutions.

1 point for a correct answer.

Task 3

What unites the following concepts? Give the most accurate answer and write it down on the work sheet.

Deposit, advance payment, retention, penalty, pledge, surety.

Answer: Ways to ensure obligations in civil law.

1 point for a correct answer.

Task 4

Consumer preferences, the number of buyers, the expectation of price changes, the decline in commodity prices, the growth in incomes of buyers.

Answer: Demand factors; superfluous - lower prices for raw materials (supply factor).

Task 5

Give a brief justification for the series (which unites the listed elements) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis. Write your answers on the worksheet.

Analysis, experiment, research, observation, measurement, comparison.

Answer: E empirical methods of cognition, superfluous - analysis (theoretical method). 2 points for a correct answer (1 point for a correct justification, 1 point for indicating an extra one).

Task 6

Answer:

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E
4	1	2	5	6	3

1 point for each correct match.

Task 7

Solve a legal problem. Write your answers on the worksheet.

Citizen Vasiliev applied to the court with a demand to invalidate the sale and purchase transaction made by his 17-year-old son Viktor. AT statement of claim gr. Vasiliev explained that he gave Victor a computer for his birthday. The condition of the donation was that Victor entered the Institute of Communications. However, Victor entered the Institute of Culture, a computer donated by his father, he secretly sold it, and bought a synthesizer with the money received. The plaintiff filed the following claims: cancellation of the computer donation agreement, invalidation of the computer purchase and sale transactions and the synthesizer purchase and sale. The defendant did not recognize the claims, referring to the fact that after the donation the computer became his property, which means that he could dispose of both the computer and the proceeds from its sale at his own discretion. What decision should the court make on Vasiliev's claims?

Answer: The court must satisfy the claim regarding the cancellation of the contract for the sale of a computer and the sale of a synthesizer, ( 2 points), since Victor, being a minor, did not have the right to sell property without the consent of legal representatives, as well as dispose of the funds received from the sale of property ( 2 points). The court must dismiss the claim regarding the requirement to invalidate the donation agreement, since the donation cannot take place under the condition ( 2 points).

Maximum 6 points per task.

Task 8

Solve an economic problem. Write your answers on the worksheet.

Citizen N decided to make a term bank deposit for 3 months in the amount of 100,000 rubles and analyzed bank offers. Bank A offers to open a deposit for 3 months at 12% per annum with monthly interest capitalization. Bank B offers to open a deposit for 3 months at 15% per annum without interest capitalization. Knowing that during capitalization every month interest is included in the amount of the deposit, citizen N opened a deposit in bank A.

What amount will citizen N withdraw from his account at the time of its closure? Did he make a good choice? Justify your conclusion based on calculations. The number of days in months does not need to be taken into account; Calculations are carried out not by days, but by months.

Answer:

ELEMENTS OF ANSWER	POINTS
1) Answer to the first question: by the time of closing his account in bank A, citizen N will withdraw RUB 103,030.1 12% per annum = 1% monthly. first month: 100,000 + 1% = 101,000 rubles. second month: 101,000 + 1% = 102,010 rubles. third month: 102,010 + 1% = 103,030.1 rubles.	2 points for the answer with all the given calculations. 1 point for an answer with incomplete calculations. 0 points for the answer without calculations.
2) Conclusion: citizen N made an unfavorable choice.	1 point
3) Rationale: in bank A, its total income was 103,030.1 rubles, and in bank B, the income would have been more - 103,750 rubles. In the case of a deposit in bank B 15% per annum = 1.25% monthly = 3.75% for three months; 100,000 + 3.75% = 103,750 rubles.	2 points for the answer with the given calculations. 0 points for an answer without calculations.

Task 9

Solve a political problem. Enter your answers in the table on the worksheet.

A 10th grade student after studying the topic “Elections. Electoral Systems ”decided to conduct a study on the system of elections to the parliament of the state of Sh. The student set himself the task of determining the type of electoral system in elections to the parliament of the state of Sh. Getting started, the student wrote out the questions that he had, which he would like to receive answers in in the course of studying information about the electoral system of the state of Sh. There were nine questions in total:

1. Do the constituent entities of the State of Sh. have their own electoral legislation?
2. How regularly are parliamentary elections held in the State of Sh.?
3. Is the state of Sh. divided into several electoral districts during parliamentary elections?
4. How are seats distributed in the parliament of the State of Sh.?
5. Are independent observers allowed to polling stations in country Sh?
6. How is the nomination of candidates for participation in elections to the parliament of the State of Sh.
7. How political parties legally exists in the State of Sh.?
8. What qualifications for voters are established in the State of Sh. in parliamentary elections?
9. Who or what do voters vote for when they make their choice on the ballot?

As a result of the study, the student came to the conclusion that elections to the parliament of the state of Sh. are held according to the proportional electoral system. Which of the following questions helped him come to this conclusion? What answers could he get to these questions in order to come to this conclusion?

Enter the answer in the table on the worksheet, writing out in it only those question numbers and answers to them that allow you to draw a conclusion about the type of electoral system of country III. Indicate the question numbers and give each of them one precise and concise answer.

Answer:

1 point for each correctly identified question with a correct answer.

Maximum 4 points per task.

Task 10

Logic task. Write your answers on the worksheet.

Five friends work at the Enthusiast factory: a milling machine operator, a turner, a metalworker, a steelmaker and a glass blower. Despite the fact that they are friends, they all support different football teams: Spartak (red and white), CSKA (red and blue), Torpedo (black and white), Dynamo (blue and white) and Lokomotiv (red-green). The miller and the steelmaker support the teams, at least one color of which is not repeated among other teams. The turner and the locksmith cheer for the teams that have the color blue. The miller and the locksmith cheer for the teams that have white. Determine who is rooting for which team? Give the necessary chain of reasoning.

Answer:

1. The milling operator and the steelmaker support Lokomotiv (green) and Torpedo (black) (but it is not yet clear who, for which team exactly).
2. The turner and the mechanic support CSKA (blue) and Dynamo (blue) (but it is not yet clear who is for which team).
3. In this case, the milling operator is rooting for Torpedo, and the locksmith for Dynamo.
4. In this case, the steelmaker supports Lokomotiv, and the turner supports CSKA.
5. And so, the milling machine - Torpedo, the steelmaker - Lokomotiv, the turner - CSKA, the locksmith - Dynamo, the glass blower - Spartak.

2 points for a completely correct answer.

3 points for a complete (which contains all the provisions) reasoning.

1 point if not all or erroneous provisions are contained. The order in which the arguments are given is not evaluated.

Maximum 5 points per task.

Task 11

Insert instead of gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Words are given in the list in the singular, in the nominative case, adjectives are in the masculine form. Pay attention: in the list of words there are those that should not occur in the text! Enter your answer in the table on the worksheet.

BUT) ______________ legal norms means the need to refrain from actions prohibited by law, while B) __________________ of the law, on the contrary, involves the commission of active lawful actions. For the correct application of a rule of law, it is important to understand how it is related to other legal rules and what place it occupies in the general AT) __________________.

In these cases, an important role is played by the interpretation of the law, that is, the process of understanding and clarifying G) _________________ legal regulations. There are several ways of interpreting the law.

D) __________________ interpretation involves the analysis of a legal text using the rules of linguistics. In this case, we are talking about finding out the meaning of individual words, formulations, punctuation marks, the connection of words in sentences.

E) _________________ interpretation helps to understand the logical connection between the individual parts of the rule of law, to understand its general meaning based on the rules of formal logic.

AND) _______________ interpretation consists in comparing this rule of law with others and determining its place both in a specific normative act and in common system legal regulation.

H) _________________ interpretation consists in clarifying the conditions for the emergence of a rule of law, the purposes of its adoption, the meaning that the legislator put into it.

The purpose of the interpretation of law is not only the correct understanding and application of legal norms, but also the identification and then AND) ________________ contradictions between them.

Word list:

Answer:

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E	AND	W	And
4	14	5	18	15	9	6	13	8

9 correct inserts - 5 points.

7-8 correct inserts - 4 points.

5-6 correct inserts - 3 points.

3-4 correct inserts - 2 points.

1-2 correct inserts - 1 point.

Maximum 5 points for work.

Task 12

Combine the following concepts into a classification scheme. Enter the serial numbers of concepts in the corresponding columns of the diagram on the work sheet.

Concepts:

10-11 correct elements - 5 points.

8-9 correct elements - 4 points.

6-7 correct elements - 3 points.

3-5 correct elements - 2 points.

1-2 correct elements - 1 point.

Maximum 5 points per task.

Task 13

Consider the illustrations below for various works and complete the tasks.

Divide the illustrations into three groups (three images each). Specify the letter designations of the images that make up each group. Specify what unites the images in each group. Enter your answers in the table on the worksheet.

Figure A Figure B
Figure D Figure E
Figure D Figure C
Figure G

Answer:

1 point for each correctly named group. 2 points for each completely correct correlation. 1 point for matching with one error.

Maximum 9 points per task.

Task 14

Read the materials below and complete the suggested tasks. Number the answers to each item in accordance with the task and write down on the work sheet.

Fluctuations in Russian Savings in 2014–2015 occurred against the background of changes in the key rate of the Bank of Russia and the subsequent large-scale change in interest rates of commercial banks. The sharp increase in the key rate to 17% in December 2014 effectively made it impossible for banks to raise short-term funding on the interbank market (where rates reached up to 30% on overnight, weekly and monthly loans), forcing them to reorient themselves towards attracting short-term deposits. In December 2014-January 2015, some banks promptly raised deposit rates up to 20% per annum. Gradually, the rates were reduced, but in May 2015 there were banks in Russia offering 16-17% per annum.

Interest rates on loans also showed record levels of 25-35% per annum. The reduction of the key rate since February 2015, however, did not lead to the same rapid reduction in interest rates on loans (with the exception of Sberbank, which is a benchmark for the industry and has sufficient capabilities).

One of the reasons why banks do not reduce interest rates on loans at a rate comparable to the rate of reduction of the key rate is the high cost of deposits for a period of 3 months to 1 year, attracted in December-January at the highest rates. Banks cannot instantly replace expensive deposit funding - given that their share in liabilities is more than 60-70% - so a noticeable reduction in lending rates can occur only after replacing expensive funding with cheaper one.

Changes in the financial situation of the population of Russia in 2014–2015 (materials of the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation)

14.1. Define the term " key rate».

Answer:

key rate- This is one of the instruments of the state's monetary policy, which is the annual percentage at which the Central Bank gives loans to commercial banks.

Maximum - 2 points for a complete answer. 1 point for a partially correct answer.

14.2. Expand the relationship between the key rate and the commercial bank lending rate. Give two positions.

Why is the Central Bank raising the key rate?

Answer:

1) Relationship between key rate and commercial bank lending rate:

• low key rate makes commercial bank loans affordable for households and businesses;
• with a high key rate, interest on commercial bank loans to businesses and individuals grows.

2 points for each given position.

2) Key rate hike targets: The Central Bank raises the key rate to contain the depreciation of the national currency and reduce inflation.

2 points for a correct answer.

Only 6 points.

14.3. The key rate is one of the factors affecting interest rates on loans. Name two other factors that affect interest rates on commercial bank loans and explain what each factor does.

Answer:

1) Two factors, for example:

• inflation rate;
• the cost of credit resources available to the bank;
• position of the bank in the market of banking services, the degree of competition between banks.

2) Explanations:

• an increase in the level of inflation leads to an increase in the cost of credit for individuals and legal entities;
• the higher the cost of creating credit resources in a bank, the higher the interest rate.

2 points for each named fact.

2 points for each explanation given.

Only 8 points.

Table 1

Questions answered by the respondents.

Do you currently have deposits in any bank?

And if so, where: in Sberbank or in another bank?

	1998	1999	2005	2008	2009	2014	01.04.2015
No bank deposit	83	83	79	74	70	68	66
In Sberbank	13	14	17	21	23	24	24
In another bank	3	1	1	3	4	4	6
Both in Sberbank and in another bank	1	<1	<1	1	1	2	2
Difficult to answer which bank				<1	1	<1	1
Difficult to answer whether or not				1	1	2	2

Source: according to the research data of LLC "inFOM" as part of the orderFoundation "Public Opinion" (FOM-OM project)

table 2

Dynamics of the deposit market by sum segments

Segment	As of 1.01.2011		Growth rate, % for the period					As of 1.04.2015		Change
	billion rubles	% to total	2011	2012	2013	2014	1 sq. 2015	billion rubles	% to total	billion rubles	% to total
Up to 100 thousand	1718	18	9	12	8	–3	–6	2070	11	352	4
100‒400 thousand	2641	27	14	15	11	–1	–4	3690	19	1049	11
400‒700 thousand	1355	14	27	26	26	14	–4	3009	16	1654	18
700 thousand‒1 million	609	6	30	27	29	14	9	1611	8	1002	11
Over 1 million	3485	36	28	23	24	16	14	8690	47	5205	56
Total	9808	100	21	20	19	9	3	19069	100	9261	100

Source: calculations and estimates of Sberbank analystsaccording to the Deposit Insurance Agency

Diagram 1

Dynamics of citizens' deposits in Russian banks

Source: calculations and estimates of Sberbank analysts according to the Bank of Russia

14.4. Official statistics show a decline in real disposable incomes of the population in January-May 2015. Compare these data with the data presented in Chart 1 and draw a conclusion about the relationship between trends in income dynamics and the number of deposits. Name two reasons that explain this behavior of citizens.

Answer:

1) Conclusion about the ratio of trends: with a decrease in the income of the population in January - May 2015, in the same period, an increase in the number of deposits is observed.

2) Two reasons, for example:

• a significant increase in rates on deposits in commercial banks (the text indicates that in December 2014 - January 2015, some banks promptly raised deposit rates up to 20% per annum);
• having felt the reduction in real wages and incomes in general, the population, in order to save money, reduced the volume of expenditures on those purchases that can be postponed "until better times."

2 points for a correct answer.

2 points for each reason given.

Only 6 points.

14.5. Do the data of tables 1 and 2 confirm the conclusions of the analysts formulated in the last paragraph of the given fragment? Justify your answer.

Answer:

The data in the tables confirm the conclusions made, since in 2014 - early 2015 the number of deposits continued to grow due to deposits with amounts of 700 thousand rubles and more. Since these deposits were issued at high interest rates, banks, paying these interest rates, could not quickly reduce interest rates on loans following the dynamics of the Central Bank's key rate.

1 point for a correct answer.

2 points for the given argument.

Only 3 points.

The maximum score for a task is 25 points.

Task 15

Read the text and do the task. Write your answers on the worksheet.

In itself, unity on the basis of interests is natural according to practical calculations and does not contain anything bad in itself. But when it begins to deny purely human unity, when it begins to suggest to us that it is not man, not his lofty and noble qualities, that should be close and dear to us, but only the benefit that he brings to us, then this turns into a doctrine of immorality, into preaching the grossest egoism.

The idea of ​​the Fatherland and the fact of its existence create, on the contrary, such unity, such solidarity, which equally avoid both the incorporeal cosmopolitanism, which easily turns into a simple phrase, and that crude egoism, to which the class idea can lead. The unity of people in the Fatherland remains sensitive to the interests of these people and at the same time contains elements of universal human solidarity, closeness and kinship of people as people - people of different classes and interests, but in all classes and among all private interests remaining close and related in their human nature.

That is why I called the idea of ​​the Fatherland above the greatest of the ideas of the public, since it actually constitutes the natural basis of the public and its best school for people.

Already in its very concept, the Fatherland gives the idea of ​​a common origin, that is, the commonality and similarity of the nature of people. The word "Fatherland" comes from the word "father". It is equivalent to the word "motherland" - from the word "to give birth." It expresses where we come from, how we are generated, expresses the concepts of connection, love, mutual care. What does it mean to act "poetically"? It means to act with love, attention and authority. "Fatherland" means the name of the father. "Fatherland" is a legacy from the father, something successive, passing from father to son, from great-grandfathers to great-grandchildren. The word "domestic" means "one's own", "natural", "innate". "Rodina" means "native land", which gave birth to us. Everything “native”, “related” means its own, similar and close in spirit and feeling. Our folk proverbs explain this by saying that “the sea is for the fish, the air is for the birds, and the Fatherland is the universe circle for a man”, therefore, they lay their belly for the fatherland” and “bones cry for the homeland”, if stacked in a foreign land ...

In such a unity of their nature, their feelings, interests and all life, nations appeared, and their social and state ties developed, which created the fact of the Fatherland. Our feelings and concepts only reflected and expressed the content of the actual socio-historical fact.

The fatherland arose in the world precisely from such a human community and solidarity, higher than any private ties generated by a community of occupations or interests. There is unity in the classroom, and in the trading company and similar areas of private interests. But only the Fatherland has a universal interest, and, moreover, not limited to the present people of the moment. It is an eternal union that creates a dwelling on earth not only for those living today, but also for future great-great-grandchildren, with whom living people are connected by a common eternal union, where people change from generation to generation, but the idea of ​​their solidarity in the unity of a human being remains immortal. , the unity of social tasks, carried by each government through its life and passed on from generation to generation for all eternity.

The life of the Fatherland, therefore, reflects the life of mankind in organized unity at every given moment and over millennia. Ego is the highest actual manifestation of the unity and solidarity of people, and therefore the highest school of the noblest feelings of man.

That is why the feeling of love for the Fatherland is so great and fruitful. That is why it could live even in the heart of the God-man and in His face receive a blessing from above. Apart from our life with God, what more rightfully can receive the blessing of Heaven? Where can our blessings go with more reason?

If the impoverished soul of a person or his undermined mind no longer finds blessing even for the Fatherland, then this means that such a person is not capable of loving anything with ardent, self-sacrificing love.

Tasks for the text:

1. Indicate the political ideology to which the author can be attributed (the ideological basis of the text).
2. Name three principles of the political ideology you indicated, reflected in the text, and illustrate each principle with a corresponding fragment from the text.
3. Provide a detailed critique of the ideological basis of the text from the point of view of some alternative political ideology. Name an alternative political ideology from which you will criticize this text. Give antitheses to each principle of political ideology that you formulated when answering question 2, the adherent of which is the author of the text.

Answer:

1. Political ideology of the text - nationalism (patriotism does not count). 3 points.
2. Example principles and snippets

a) Fatherland (homeland, nation) as the highest value

Fragment:

“... I called the idea of ​​the Fatherland above the greatest of the ideas of the public, since it actually constitutes the natural basis of the public and its best school for people.”

“In such a unity of their nature, their feelings, interests and all life, nations appeared and their social and state ties developed, which created the fact of the Fatherland.”

b) Association on the principle of blood or soil.

Fragment:

“The word “Fatherland” comes from the word “father”. It is equivalent to the word "motherland" - from the word "to give birth." It expresses where we come from, how we are generated, expresses the concepts of connection, love, mutual care.

c) Opposition to cosmopolitanism and the class principle.

Fragment:

“The idea of ​​the Fatherland and the fact of its existence create, on the contrary, such unity, such solidarity, which equally avoid both the ethereal cosmopolitanism, which easily turns into a simple phrase, and that crude egoism, to which the class idea can lead.”

Other fragments can be used to confirm the conclusions, as well as other provisions of nationalism reflected in the text, with confirmation by the corresponding fragments.

3 points for each principle presented and 3 points for each fragment presented. Total 18 points.

1. Criticism of the text:

Example:

Criticism in terms of socialism:

a) Cosmopolitan. Class differences prevail over national ones. The proletarians do not have their Fatherland. proletarian internationalism.

b) The movement of mankind along the path of unification leads to globalism, and not to closed nationalism.

c) Associations based on nations are characteristic of capitalist societies, but in a communist society there will be no such associations, since everyone will be equal (radical socialism).

The antithesis must be precisely an objection to the thesis being criticized, and not an abstract proposition of another political ideology, unrelated to the thesis being criticized. Criticism of the text from the standpoint of another alternative political ideology can be given.‒ conservatism, liberalism, etc.

1 point for the named ideology.

2 points for each given antithesis.

Only 7 points.

Task 16

Here are the statements of famous domestic and foreign thinkers. Choose one of them that will become the topic of the essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to the problem raised in this statement and substantiate it with the arguments that seem to you the most significant. Having chosen a topic, be sure to indicate from the position of which basic science (culturology, political science, sociology, philosophy, economics, jurisprudence) you will consider it.

1. “The state is powerful when it guarantees to every citizen not only the preservation of life, but also his property, security, honor and freedom” (Spinoza).
2. Human rights and the interests of the state do not always coincide, but the desire to combine them is the path to democracy (I. Shevelev).
3. Private property is the main guarantee of freedom, not only for those who own this property, but also for those who do not own it. (F. Hayek).
4. None of today's world problems can be solved by force, there is no global power, technological power, military power that could guarantee complete security. (Fidel Castro).
5. Where laws can be broken under the pretense of common salvation, there is no constitution (N. Malebranche).
6. Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key (T. Fuller).
7. Freedom is the right to inequality (N.A. Berdyaev).
8. Creativity is impossible without freedom, without freedom it fades. Labor can be forced, and has been so often too ... But forced creativity is an absurd phrase (N. Berdyaev)

Criteria for evaluating an essay.

1. The ability to identify the problem posed by the author, the rationale for its significance for the social sciences and social practice.
2. The ability to formulate and justify one's own point of view on the formulated social science problem. (If the point of view of the author of the essay is reduced to a retelling of the selected statement or a statement of agreement or disagreement with it, then 0 points are given for this criterion.)
3. Argumentation level:

• a) internal semantic unity, consistency of key theses
• and statements, consistency of judgments;
• b) reliance on scientific theories, knowledge of the concepts of the course;
• c) reliance on the facts of public life, personal social experience;
• d) examples from works of spiritual culture (literature, theater, cinema, painting, etc.).

1. The ability to formulate the main conclusions based on the results of the consideration of the topic.

Up to 4 points for each criterion.

The maximum for the task is 28 points.

Maximum 140 points for work.

2 OPTION

A task. Citizen Vasilyev was unlawfully taken into custody, in connection with which he suffered material damage in the form of loss of earnings for 12 working days, as well as payment for the services of a lawyer. A year after the illegal decision of the investigator to apply a measure of restraint to Vasilyev was canceled, Vasilyev filed a lawsuit in court for compensation for the harm caused to him.
The judge refused to accept the claim, explaining to Vasiliev that, in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for compensating damage caused to a citizen by illegal actions of bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation, prosecutor's office and court, approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 18, 1981, he must apply for compensation harm to a higher body of internal affairs, and if the latter refuses compensation - to the prosecutor.
Did the judge do the right thing?

Solution.
In accordance with Article 16 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, losses caused to a citizen or legal entity as a result of illegal actions (inaction) of state bodies, local government bodies or officials of these bodies, including the issuance of an act of a state body that does not comply with the law or other legal act or bodies of local self-government are subject to compensation by the Russian Federation, the relevant subject of the Russian Federation or a municipality.
In addition, it follows from Article 11 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation that the protection of violated or contested civil rights is carried out in accordance with the jurisdiction of cases established by procedural legislation, by a court, arbitration court or arbitration court (hereinafter referred to as the court).
Protection of civil rights in the administrative procedure is carried out only in cases provided for by law. An administrative decision may be challenged in court.
Thus, the judge acted incorrectly, since the Regulation on the procedure for compensation for damage is not the Law, Vasilyev rightfully applied to the court.

Task 2. Danilchenko, who lived together with his son Alexander, bequeathed to him all his property for a total of 500 thousand rubles. However, at the same time, the will said that Alexander was obliged to transfer 20 thousand rubles to his sister Irina.
After the opening of the inheritance, it turned out that the testator owed I. Krasilnikov 30 thousand rubles, and I. Krasilnikov, before the expiration of a six-month period after the opening of the inheritance, filed claims about this notary's office.
Alexander agreed to pay 4/5 of the debt, offering to collect the rest from his sister Irina. Irina categorically refused to participate in paying the debt.
Assess the legitimacy of the actions described in the task.

Solution.
Responsibility for the debts of the testator shall be borne by the heirs, in proportion to the part of the inheritance received.
Russian legislation has traditionally established limited liability of heirs for creditors' debts within the limits of the value of the inherited property that has passed and a preemptive period for creditors to file claims against heirs. According to Art. 434 of the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1922, the heir who accepted the inheritance, as well as the state to which the escheated property passed, are liable for debts encumbering the inheritance only within the limits of the actual value of the inheritance property. months from the date of adoption of measures for the protection of the inheritance. According to Art. 553 of the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1964, the heir who accepted the inheritance was liable for the debts of the testator within the limits of the actual value of the inherited property that passed to him. On the same grounds, the state responded, to which the property was received in accordance with Art. 552 of the Civil Code of 1964, article 554 of which provided for a preemptive period within six months from the date of opening the inheritance.
Art. 1175 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
1. Heirs who have accepted the inheritance shall be jointly and severally liable for the debts of the testator (Article 323). Each of the heirs is liable for the debts of the testator within the cost ...

Whether it's raining or snowing, the feeling of painful ache in the bones before the rainfall is familiar to many people. In addition, with sudden changes in temperature, especially cold snap, most people experience not very pleasant emotions, but this also has a very bad effect on the nervous system and circulatory processes, which has been scientifically proven. In both of the above cases, all the prerequisites for the development of pathology have already been created, but it can still be prevented by certain measures - you just need to remember: all such measures must be approved by a doctor without fail. Treatment with traditional medicine has nothing to do with illiterate self-medication, which can only bring harm.

People with high or low blood pressure, as well as those suffering from angina pectoris, very often feel unwell at low atmospheric pressure, patients with bronchial asthma - with high humidity or lack of oxygen in it in extreme heat. Patients with rheumatism invariably and painfully perceive changes in the weather. A sharp gusty wind can exacerbate many diseases, and during periods of magnetic storms, even quite healthy people should take care of their health ...

The strongest factor affecting human health is air pollution. It also leads to a change in air temperature. There are areas where heating due to human activity exceeds by 10% the temperature from solar radiation. Pollutants interact with the constituent elements of the troposphere and have a detrimental effect on health.

Everything is interconnected in Nature, and changes in the Earth's magnetic field can significantly affect atmospheric pressure, the formation of cold and warm air fronts, and other processes.

Phenomena such as electric fields, changes in conductivity, the formation of a large number of negative or positive ions determine the electrical properties of the atmosphere in clear weather, and the movement of air masses, winds, temperature and water vapor distribution have a greater influence on the distribution of charged aerosols and radioactive particles of terrestrial origin.

Another scientific conclusion is also quite important: very often a pathological effect on a person is not caused by the magnitude of any meteorological parameter, but by its variability. So, there are cases when a sharp increase in temperature from minus to plus during one January night led to the flu of a huge number of people. Daily fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are observed during the transitional seasons of the year, causing the so-called seasonal peaks in the incidence of a number of indicators - during such periods, preventive measures to protect one's health are especially important and effective.

The great doctors of antiquity - Hippocrates and Avicenna - wrote about the influence of weather phenomena on a person. The dependence of human health on climate and weather was known in ancient India, Egypt, Mesopotamia long before the beginning of our era. In the Middle Ages, Paracelsus pointed to the connection of diseases with weather conditions. Our great researchers, doctors and scientists, such as Lomonosov, Zakharyin, Botkin also did not bypass this issue in their works.

Today, the impact of atmospheric phenomena on the human body is purposefully studied by scientists of various specialties, including doctors. It is known that ailments such as migraine, joint pain, and depression are directly related to the weather. Natural phenomena make millions of people suffer: every third person is sensitive to weather changes. And if for some this sensitivity does not go beyond slight dizziness, then for others the vagaries of the weather become the cause of severe suffering.

The causal relationships of such phenomena are extremely complex, much has not yet received a scientific explanation. There are no exact answers to such questions yet, but one hypothesis is that electric fields are to blame for many cases of weather illnesses: it is assumed that atmospheric ions affect the production of the hormone serotonin, which promotes signal transmission between nerve cells. Thus, the electromagnetic fields that constantly arise during the charging or discharging of the atmosphere can affect human health. In addition, recently the fact of the complex impact on the human body of several atmospheric factors at the same time is considered to be recognized. That is, discomfort or illness is caused not by any one weather element, but by the general state of the atmosphere. At the same time, different parameters and values ​​may be more significant for different people.

Chapter three. What types of meteotropic reactions are distinguished by clinical medicine?

It can be called extremely negative with full confidence that even today, when the development of painful reactions to the weather in many people is scientifically proven, there is no consensus among scientists on this matter. Moreover, the definitions in many, and often highly respected sources, are vague and by no means complete. Here is an example of that:

“Meteosensitivity is a deterioration in the well-being and state of human health due to the influence of meteorological phenomena. Important natural factors include, first of all, those that affect the thermal regime and fluid balance in the body; this also includes atmospheric pressure and aerosols (smog). Particularly strong biotropic effects are exerted by the frontal activity of cyclones with sharp temperature fluctuations; along with a change in the thermal balance, they affect sleep, the reactivity of the body and the ability to concentrate. Some diseases caused by weather sensitivity, with a corresponding predisposition, can manifest themselves even before the weather changes.

This is a quote from the latest edition of the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. As you can see, not a word is said about how people suffer from the passage of atmospheric fronts, jumps in temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. This suggests that even now quite a few researchers are stubbornly inclined to consider meteosensitivity not as a disease itself, but rather as a sharp reaction of the body to certain stimuli that appear under various meteorological conditions. That is, we are talking, rather, about physical vulnerability, about the insufficient ability of the body to adapt to weather changes. Undoubtedly, the degree of adaptive adaptability is very important. And yet, as has been said more than once, it is the weather (or its change) that undoubtedly creates very significant changes in the well-being of the masses of people. However, it is also true that our reactions to the weather differ in the intensity of their manifestation. Therefore, those scientists and physicians who are closely involved in the issues of such reactions have created a special classification, according to which three different degrees of reaction to the weather are distinguished. Below is a brief and somewhat simplified description of them.
So the first degree weather sensitivity. It occurs when people react to an approaching change in the weather with complaints of a general deterioration in well-being. This can be expressed in severe malaise associated with headaches, migraines and sleep disturbances, as well as palpitations and a significant increase in blood pressure.
Further, according to this classification, it follows weather reaction. It is expressed in a change in mood and well-being, not accompanied by pain or illness. Researchers have characterized this form of sensitivity as a protective reflex, a kind of acquired early warning system necessary in order to have time to tune in to changing weather conditions.
Finally, the third, and most severe in its manifestations and consequences, the degree of possible physiological reactions to the weather is weather dependence. With this form, in chronic patients, with a certain influence of the weather, painful symptoms develop. For example, old injuries, healed fractures, or amputated stumps cause significant pain. With chronic diseases of the respiratory tract, severe asthma attacks are possible, with coronary heart disease - myocardial infarction.

Actually, there is no doubt that susceptibility to meteorological processes once served as an effective way to preserve and survive the species. However, the volume of complaints that today makes in connection with changes in the weather is already clearly a painful reaction. Therefore, these problems are dealt with today by doctors - to a greater extent than meteorologists and climatologists, as it was before.

Chapter Four. What are extreme weather events?

Here it should immediately be noted that “normal” weather factors, such as heat, cold, wind or rain, etc., can become extreme when their values ​​​​exceed a certain threshold. You have probably heard reports of extreme heat in European countries (especially Greece and Italy). In recent years, there have been several cases where the heat has become a real disaster on a national scale. Many scientists tend to associate this fact with the consequences of global warming and other factors of man-made impact on nature and climate; others dispute this view - but the fact remains that today extreme weather events associated with critically higher than normal temperatures occur almost daily in a wide variety of geographical areas - and at the same time their frequency is increasing.
However, there are a number of weather factors that are extreme "by definition". And it is not for nothing that in everyday life people call them not “extreme weather events”, but natural disasters.
At the same time, most of these disasters, which are associated with destruction and human casualties, are somehow determined by the state of the weather, because they are directly related to various processes occurring in the atmosphere. The damage caused by the elements often has catastrophic consequences on the scale of entire countries and even geographical areas.
In our country, fortunately, some of these terrible weather phenomena have not yet been observed. In particular, tropical hurricanes and tornadoes (although tornadoes have become noticeably more frequent in recent years). Nevertheless, tropical hurricanes in the Caribbean and Australia, tornadoes over the territories of the United States and Cuba, when a destructive wind twisted by a funnel destroys everything in its path, sometimes take away many human lives.
In lower latitudes, they are competed with by destructive tornadoes, which also affect certain regions of Russia. In addition, in the southern regions, snow avalanches in the mountains, showers that cause mudflows are not uncommon.
In European countries, floods are observed almost every year, affecting one or another country or entire regions. In recent years, floods have increasingly affected England.

We now list the weather phenomena that are called extreme, in order to further analyze their consequences in more detail. So, some of these phenomena are caused tropical cyclones. These are areas of strongly reduced pressure, the occurrence of which is typical for tropical latitudes. During cyclones, storm winds form in cloud masses around the center very low atmospheric pressure. Warm and damp air rises from vast territories for a long time, dragging the air of the surroundings with it and forming a wind that involves more and more new air masses; while the pressure in the center continues to fall. Under these conditions, there is tropical cyclone, which gains destructive power until it moves to an area with a lower temperature, when its replenishment with warm, moist air stops. A cyclone usually brings with it an amount of precipitation that causes severe floods.
Nowadays, a large number of people die in destructive floods, which now occur in previously relatively prosperous areas in terms of this indicator.
floods occur when the amount of water as a result of, for example, heavy rainfall, begins to sharply exceed the capacity of rivers in the area. Thus, floods, one way or another, are connected with the weather. They can be caused not only by showers (such floods are typical both for low latitudes, where they occur annually, and for areas with a monsoon climate), but rapid snowmelt (which is more typical for middle latitudes). Finally, in coastal areas, flooding can be the result of powerful winds driving masses of sea water onto the coast.
Apart from floods, brought by the cyclone, blows in its band for several hours hurricane wind, and if it affects populated areas, the consequences are difficult to predict.
It is even more difficult to predict such a highly destructive phenomenon as tornado. This is the name of a spinning column of air, stretching like a funnel from a thundercloud to the ground; the wind at the same time reaches speeds up to 320 km / h. it only takes a few minutes for this phenomenon to completely devastate a vast area. Tornado common in Asia, and on the islands of the sea, and in Australia, but the absolute primacy belongs to the United States. This terrible phenomenon claims human lives every year.
It should be noted that although the wind of tropical cyclones is not as strong as during a tornado, it captures much larger areas, often reaching from 500 to 1600 km in diameter, and the zone of a hurricane wind reaching a speed of 250 km/h can cover areas with a diameter of more than 50 km/h. km. At the same time, cyclones carry a huge amount of water, which causes not only floods, but also debris flows.
sat down- this is one of the most dangerous natural disasters; are characteristic mainly for mountainous regions (for our country - this is the Caucasus). sel is a powerful stream of mud and stones that it carries with it, rushing down the slopes of the mountains or the channels of mountain rivers. In mountain gorges, blockages of stones, rubble, pieces of ice, as well as snow dams are not uncommon. With the rapid melting of the glacier, water can accumulate in front of them, forming a lake. Under the pressure of all the melt water coming from above, the obstacle in its path may not withstand and rush down. Then the stream (and its height can be tens of meters) rolls uncontrollably into the lowlands, taking in new masses of stones and dirt on the way, until it breaks out of the gorge into the valley. Here, its speed gradually decreases until the mudflow stops completely. But if a settlement is in the way of a mudflow, the consequences very often become human casualties, not to mention the huge economic and material damage.
If floods, hurricanes and mudflows can be predicted with relatively high probability, then such an extreme event as tsunami, almost unpredictable. Tsunami - these are huge waves, sometimes more than 10 meters high. They can be considered a phenomenon that is not related to meteorological in the full sense of the word, since the most common cause of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes in the oceans. However, phenomena very similar to a tsunami can also be observed during the passage of a tropical cyclone, when water rises by 3–4 meters in its center, which increases the height of coastal waves several times.
Finally, one should also mention such a potential source of danger as severe thunderstorms. Although thunderstorms are one of the usual weather phenomena, they carry a rather dangerous potential, which, unfortunately, is not so rarely realized. What is it connected with? First of all, with heavy wind. There are several options for the occurrence of a thunderstorm, but the first and indispensable condition is a certain instability of the atmosphere at this point in time. Further, the air masses play a decisive role: first of all, the air must rise quite significantly, and subsequently cool and condense. Thus, during the passage of a thunderstorm, the vertical movement of air directly below the cloud can generate strong gusts of wind. In addition, precipitation sometimes forms very strong downdrafts, but the main danger associated with thunderstorms is lightning, electric discharge with a force of millions of volts. In addition to those cases when, when struck, lightning injures and kills people, it can also cause fires and man-made disasters.

Chapter five. What are the consequences of exposure to extreme meteorological factors on human health? How does this relate to weather sensitivity?

Let's start with floods. They can be seen as part of a natural process that changes the shape of the earth's surface. And in this case, their beneficial effect to a certain extent at the level of ecological and biological systems is undoubted. In particular, the regular floods of full-flowing rivers of our planet saturate huge areas with moisture (the most striking example of this is the Nile Delta in Egypt, where one of the oldest civilizations on Earth was born), this makes the soil extremely fertile, which is why today the deltas of large rivers are, as a rule, , the largest agro-industrial areas, with a highly developed agricultural culture. But even in this case, the authorities of these regions have to take measures against floods in order to ensure the safety of the population. Because floods still remain an extreme weather factor, and they can cause enormous damage, and most importantly, with far-reaching and long-term negative consequences.
By the way, when a person builds dams, embankments or canals, and all these are the most common measures of protection from the elements everywhere, the harm caused by floods often increases. For example, artificially raised riverbanks do not release water until it exceeds their boundaries, and without it, the water would quickly leave the river, naturally lowering its level. Now, water accumulates for days and weeks within the boundaries of stone embankments. This, as well as the artificial straightening of the river bed, leads to the fact that the speed of the flow increases and even the calmest rivers can become turbulent. If we add to this the drainage of the coastal area, coupled with its covering with asphalt or concrete, which does not allow water to go into the ground, it becomes quite clear why the threat of flash floods has increased everywhere.

Some areas of the globe are highly prone to monsoon rains, and often the population does not take natural protection measures seriously enough. For example, the terrible floods that everyone remembers in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh would certainly not have been so devastating if the forest had not been completely cut down on the slopes of mountains and hills. In addition, the short-sighted policy of agricultural structures to replace the natural plant environment with an artificial one also, no doubt, increased the terrible effect of these floods.
But floods under any conditions can become powerful destructive factors if the water level sharply exceeds the average values. What can contribute the most to this? It:
◦ Heavy rainfall, especially in monsoon-affected areas, overwhelms tributary rivers. As a result, water rises in the main channel (river floods). A heavy downpour, for example, during a short but powerful thunderstorm can cause flash flooding in almost any area.
◦ Storm surges during powerful cyclones—and by no means limited to tropical latitudes—can raise sea levels so much that coastal lands are flooded.
◦ Dams, that is, human-made barriers to water, can block its path, causing powerful floods in the upper reaches of the river, although its channel there is not too wide. Such floods are also often sudden and therefore destructive.
◦ In the spring, broken river ice can accumulate in narrow passages, creating ice jams that can cause massive flooding when the weather changes quickly to warmer weather.
◦ Any artificial reservoirs can cause terrible floods when their walls, dams and locks are destroyed for one reason or another.
◦ Not to mention tsunamis, when underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions can cause monstrous waves that crash into coastal areas. At the same time, depending on the geographical features of the region, tsunamis in some cases are able to travel inland up to several kilometers (!),
◦ So far, this has not happened, which means that the issue is considered controversial - and, nevertheless, increasingly today, prominent scientists are talking about the danger of flooding the polar ice caps as a result of global warming. If this happens, the increased level of the world ocean will flood many islands and coastal areas - in Europe, and in America, and in Asia.

Now let's talk about the wind. Strong winds cause significant damage, both directly injuring people and destroying their homes. Meanwhile, even during a sufficiently strong thunderstorm, the wind can become gusty, then squally, reaching a speed of 80 km/h and more. A gale-force wind sweeping through densely populated areas - a kind of air tsunami - overturns cars, uproots trees, rips roofs off houses. Long-term consequences - the abundance of man-made disasters and the difficulties associated with their elimination, given the large number of victims.
In terms of the development of hurricanes, the most dangerous is the vertical movement of air directly under the cloud front - it generates the so-called downward gusts of wind. Such hurricanes, squalls and tornadoes are much stronger, their speed can reach 240 km/h.
But strong ascending air currents are dangerous because they are able to keep hail in the clouds until the hailstones reach a significant size, which makes hailstorms extremely destructive. The long-term consequences are massive loss of crops, which in the long run often means food problems, and for the poorest countries, even simple famine.
Wind during thunderstorms can be unpredictable in the nature of sudden gusts (squalls), which carry a huge destructive potential.
Extremely strong wind annually causes huge losses, in whatever form (hurricane, tornado, thunderstorms, etc.) it manifests itself. And the consequences take a long time to eliminate. If a hurricane hits in the winter, entire cities or densely populated areas can be left without electricity for a long time, the number of diseases associated with hypothermia increases dramatically.

Tragically, every year, extreme weather factors claim dozens, hundreds, thousands of human lives. However, if we talk about long-term consequences, two troubles undoubtedly come to the fore: the destruction brought to the economy and a very significant increase in the incidence (of one class or another of pathologies) of the population.
At the same time, in economic terms, it is often difficult to even immediately assess the so-called secondary losses - this refers to the temporary provision of people affected by the elements with shelter and food, the cost of restoring damaged buildings and communications, and much more.

But how all this is connected with meteorological reactions, meteorological dependence - the reader may ask. Answer: in the most direct way, although at first glance it does not seem so self-evident. The fact is that the number of extreme meteorological phenomena is growing all over the world today - this is proved by statistics. Meanwhile, any extreme exposure weakens the human immune system in the first place. But it is she who is responsible for the development of the degree of meteosensitivity. In other words, if the passage of several powerful cyclones and anticyclones during one winter or summer simply increases the number of weather-sensitive people, then after extreme meteorological events, the number of such people in the affected area doubles at least. These are the data of the WHO Subcommittee on Extreme Weather Events, specially created at the UN, and they can be found both in the press and on the Internet. In addition, WHO issues official bulletins every year, and data on extreme events, their immediate and long-term consequences are always present in such bulletins.
Thus, the relationship between long-term exposure to extreme weather events or impact factors and public health is obvious, and one of the important components of this relationship is the annually observed increase in the incidence of meteosensitivity phenomena in all regions and countries of the globe.

Chapter six. What factors, besides weather and climate, can negatively affect human health, causing dependence on them?

A few words about the danger of lightning and how they can be avoided.

Lightning may or may not be classified as a weather phenomenon. In fact, it is quite logical to speak of them as one of the effects of thunderstorms, which undoubtedly belong to the category of meteorological phenomena, while lightning itself is a discharge of atmospheric electricity. In addition, the impact of thunderstorms on human health in terms of meteosensitivity is directly related to the passage of atmospheric fronts, wind, etc.; a lightning strike is a rather rare phenomenon, and a huge potential for damage is associated with the impact of an electric current on the human body. For the reasons listed above, we will talk about lightning in this section of the book. It seems necessary to talk about them, at least briefly: let lightning not be a factor in the development of metadependence, their danger is enormous and in any case it is worth knowing what opportunities and ways you have at your disposal to avoid trouble when faced with this formidable natural phenomenon.

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