Common oak quercus robur l. Pedunculate oak - Quercus robur

Botanical characteristic. Beech family. A tree 40 - 50 m high with a wide-spread crown and dark brown bark on the trunk. Leaves are obovate on short petioles, pinnately lobed, dark green. The flowers are small, collected in earrings. The fruits are brownish acorns, splitting into two parts, ripen at the end of September.

Spreading. grows in mixed forests, often continuous arrays in the forest steppe zone European part of the USSR. In the Far East, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, there are other types of oak.

Medicinal raw materials. Use oak bark. It is harvested in early spring during the sap flow, when it is easily separated from the wood. In time, this approximately coincides with the period of bud break. The bark is removed from the shoots, thin trunks and young branches, making two annular cuts at a distance of 25 - 30 cm from one another, and connect them with a longitudinal cut, separating the bark from the wood. The trunks of old trees are usually covered with thick cork layer with cracks. The bark of such trees is unsuitable for harvesting, since the young bark contains much more tannins. Separated from the wood, the bark rolls into grooves or tubes. It is dried in the open air in the shade or under a canopy, in well-ventilated rooms, laid out so that the tubes of the bark do not fall into one another, in order to avoid the appearance of mold and black spots at the points of contact of the bark. It is also necessary to ensure that the raw material does not get rainwater, since the soaked bark loses a significant amount of tannins. When drying, the bark is turned over from time to time. Store it up to 5 years in a wooden container in a dry place.

Chemical composition. The bark contains 10 - 20% tannins, gallic and ellagic acids, up to 6% pectin, 13-14% pentosans, flavonoid quercetin, starch, mucus and other substances, in acorns - starch, tannins and protein substances, sugar, fatty oil (up to 5%), in the leaves - tannins, flavonoids, etc.

pharmacological properties. The presence of a large amount of tannins, pectin, quercetin determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the oak bark; astringent action is based on the ability of tannins to seal cell membranes.

Application. A decoction of oak bark (1:10) is recommended for inflammation of the oral mucosa, pharyngitis (irrigation), inflammation of the stomach and intestines, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Skin burns are treated with stronger (1:5) decoctions. Doses inside: horses and cattle 25 - 50 g, sheep and pigs 5-10, dogs 1-5, cats and chickens 0.2 - 1 g 3 times a day.

Rp.: Decocti corticis Quercus 50.0-500.0

D.S. For washing the mouth (with stomatitis).

Rp.: Decocti corticis Quercus 100.0-500.0 D.S. External (with bedsores).

Beech - Fagaceae

Tree up to 35 - 60 m, trunk diameter 1-1.5 m.

Medicinal raw materials: bark of young branches and trunks. Collection in the spring during the sap flow (April, May). dried in vivo with good ventilation.

Chemical composition: 7–12% tannins (tannins), free gallic and ellagic acids, pectin substances.

Widely used since the beginning of the 19th century, used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent. AT folk medicine acorns are used for chronic diarrhea and scrofula, acorn powder is a surrogate for coffee. The astringent and anti-inflammatory effect is due to tannins. The bark is used as a decoction for rinsing with gingivitis, stomatitis, and others. inflammatory processes oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, larynx.

Umbrella centaury - Centaurium umbellatum G.

Gentian - Gentianaceae

Two- or one-year-old small herbaceous plant 15–40 cm high. Blooms from June to autumn. Found in southern regions the European part of Russia, in Ukraine, the Caucasus, less often in Altai and Central Asia.

Medicinal raw materials: aerial part, collection at the beginning of flowering. Dry spreading out in a loose thin layer.

Chemical composition: bitter glycosides, gentianine alkaloid (0.6–1%), flavone glycosides, oleic acid, vitamin C were found.

The herb is used as a bitter to improve digestion. Included in the bitter collections and bitter tinctures. An aqueous infusion of centaury grass (10:200) is prescribed in a tablespoon 3 times a day before meals.

It is recommended for malaria, dysentery, heartburn, anemia, liver and kidney diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis, alcoholism and as an antihelminthic. Apply decoction, infusion and tincture of herbs. Infusion: 1 tablespoon of raw materials per 200 ml of boiled water, 30 minutes in a water bath, cool, filter, take 1 tablespoon half an hour before meals. For control: centaury herb infusion, diluted 1:2000, should be bitter. Tincture: 100–150 ml of 40% alcohol (vodka) for 20 g of raw materials, insist 7–14 days, shaking several times daily, filter and take 15–20 drops 20–30 minutes before meals (Nosov, 2001).

Cassia holly (senna) - cassia acutifolia D.

Legumes - Fabaceae

Semi-shrub up to 1 m tall. Distribution: grows wild in desert and semi-desert areas - the Nubian Desert, along the shores of the Red Sea, in some areas of South Arabia. It does not grow wild in our country, it is cultivated in specialized state farms as an annual crop.

Medicinal raw materials: sheet.

Chemical composition: leaves in the seedling phase contain 2.8% anthraquinones (anthracene derivatives), as they grow in the budding phase 3.6%, then it decreases and remains 2.3%, in the stems from 1.6 to 0.96%, in the roots - 0.7%, flavonoids of various structures.

Water infusions as a laxative: 10–20 g of cassia leaf or beans in 1 cup of boiling water, taken at night, acts after 6–10 hours.

Included in the anti-hemorrhoid and laxative teas (fees).

Coriander seed - Coriandrum sativum.

Celery - Apiaceae

Annual herbaceous plant 70 cm high. Blossoms in June - July. Fruits in August. It is bred in specialized state farms in Russia, Ukraine, and the North Caucasus. As a wild plant it is found in the Caucasus, in the Crimea, Central Asia.

Medicinal raw materials: fruit. Collection in the phase of 60-80% ripening, spicy taste, strong smell, specific, fragrant.

Chemical composition: up to 1.4% essential oil containing linalool 70%, geraniol 5%, borneol, terpinolene, phellandrene, pinene, cymol, decyl aldehyde, decyl acid, up to 2% fatty oil (glycerides fatty acids up to 7.5%), a small amount of alkaloids, proteins.

In medicine, coriander preparations are used as a digestive, choleretic, anti-hemorrhoid agent, in the treatment of wounds, as an aromatic agent and improves the taste of some drugs. Coriander essential oil has a choleretic, antihemorrhoid, analgesic, antiseptic effect, enhances the secretion of the digestive tract. The fruits are part of the choleretic and gastric fees.

In folk medicine, used for diseases gastrointestinal tract as a means of stimulating and regulating its activity. Currently, to increase appetite, with diseases of the liver, gallbladder, flatulence, as an antiseptic and analgesic. Improves digestion.

Burnet officinalis - Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Rosaceae - Rosaceae

Perennial herbaceous plant tall with a thick horizontal rhizome and numerous large roots. The rhizome is woody, up to 12 cm long.

Blossoms in June-August, fruits ripen in September. Distribution: Siberia, Ukraine, Far East, in the mountains of Tien Shan, Crimea, Caucasus.

Medicinal raw materials: rhizome, roots. Collection - in autumn or early spring before the growth of the vegetative part. Shelf life - 5 years.

Chemical composition: tannins - rhizome - 12-13%, roots - 17%, and calluses (nodules) - up to 23%, free gallic, ellagic acids, triterpene acids, triterpene saponins (up to 45%) - sanguisorbin, lossin, including arabinose.

It is used as an astringent bactericidal and hemostatic agent for gastrointestinal diseases, with diarrhea of ​​various etiologies, enterocolitis, intestinal, uterine and hemorrhagic bleeding, uterine fibroids, hemoptysis, and also as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of gingivitis and stomatitis. The broth is prepared in a ratio of 15:200 (1 tablespoon of raw materials is poured into 200 ml of water, boiled for 30 minutes, insisted for 2 hours). Take a tablespoon 5-6 times a day before meals. In folk medicine with hemoptysis in tuberculosis patients, with gynecological bleeding and as an external wound healing.

Contraindications: during pregnancy (Nosov, 2001).

Buckthorn alder (brittle) - Frangula alnus Mill.

Buckthorn – Rhamnaceae

Bush or tree 2–3 m tall. Distributed in the forest-steppe zone of the European part in Western Siberia, in Northern Kazakhstan, in the mountains of the Caucasus.

Medicinal raw materials: bark. The collection is carried out in areas designated by the forestry. Re-procurement of raw materials in one area is permissible only after 10-15 years. Dry with good ventilation. Well-dried raw materials do not bend, but break with a bang.

Chemical composition: up to 7% of anthracene derivatives, mainly in the form of glycosides (anthraglycosides), aglycones, triterpene compounds, flavonoids, resins and other substances were also found.

For medicinal purposes, buckthorn bark can be used only after one year of storage or heating at 100 0 C for an hour. Freshly picked and dried bark causes vomiting and severe pain in the intestines. The medicinal properties of the bark have been known since the 14th century, it was used as a laxative and for the treatment of skin diseases. It is currently used as a laxative, due to the content of anthracene derivatives. Buckthorn preparations are prescribed for chronic constipation, intestinal atony. The laxative effect develops slowly, the effect occurs 10-12 hours after taking the drug. The bark is part of the laxative and gastric fees. From the bark of buckthorn extract of buckthorn dry and in tablets, extract of buckthorn liquid and the drug "Ramnil" containing at least 55% anthracene derivatives are obtained.

Contraindications: with prolonged use, increased hyperemia of the pelvic organs may develop; contraindicated during pregnancy (Nosov, 2001).

NCBI EOL t:30739 IPNI 296690-1 TPL kew-174750

Pedunculate oak, or summer oak, or Common oak, or English oak(lat. Quércus róbur) is the type species of the genus Oak ( Quercus) of the Beech family ( Fagaceae); large tree, reaching a height of 30-40 m, forming broad-leaved forests (oak forests) in the south of the forest and in the forest-steppe zones.

Name

This species received the specific epithet "petiolate" for the long stalks that distinguish it from other species.

Botanical description

A large, usually strongly branching tree with a huge crown and a powerful trunk. It reaches a height of 20-40 m. It can live up to 2000 years, but usually lives 300-400 years. Growth in height stops at the age of 100-200 years; the increase in thickness, although insignificant, continues throughout life. Probably the oldest representative should be considered the Stelmuzh oak with a trunk circumference of 13 m in Lithuania. Its age, according to various estimates, is from 700 to 2000 years.

Acorns have good germination and are spread by birds, mainly jays. Up to eight to ten years, seedlings grow slowly, later the average growth in height is 30-35 cm per year, and sometimes 1-1.5 m per year. In the middle of summer, secondary ("Ivanov") shoots start to grow. Growth in height continues up to 120-200 years. Renewal is also provided by stump growth. Most modern oak forests are of coppice origin. Oak early develops a powerful root system, which allows it to use a large amount of soil and resist windfall. Single-standing trees begin to bear fruit from 40-60 years old, in close plantations - even later.

Genome

Botanical systematics: subspecies

• Quercus robur subsp. brutia (Ten.) O.Schwarz
• Quercus robur subsp. imeretina (Steven ex Woronow) Menitsky
• Quercus robur L. subsp. Robur

Spreading

The common oak is one of the main forest-forming species of the broad-leaved forests of Europe, as well as communities of the European forest-steppe; grows next to hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, elm, beech, birch, spruce, fir, pine and some other trees. It does not form large massifs in the middle forest zone.

AT taiga zone grows along river valleys, to the south on watersheds in mixed forests with spruce; in the zone deciduous forests and forest-steppe forms oak forests or oak forests with an admixture of linden, maple, elm; in the steppe zone - along ravines, beams, in floodplains of rivers. Quite a heat-loving breed, therefore it does not go far to the north and high into the mountains. It suffers from late spring frosts, does not tolerate shading from above, but lateral shading stimulates the growth of undergrowth. Demanding on soil fertility, the best stands are on powerful gray forest loamy soils and degraded chernozems. The stock of timber in them is 250-600 m³/ha.

The pedunculate oak is the official flower emblem of the Swedish province of Blekinge.

famous trees

The life expectancy of English oak is 400-500 years, but trees are known that are up to 1000 and even 1500 years old. In terms of life expectancy, oak is one of the first places in flora.

Among the oaks there are many famous trees. The most famous: Kaiser's Oak, Zaporozhye Oak, Tsar Oak, Stelmuzhsky Oak, Taurida Bogatyr Oak, Chapel Oak, Tamme-Lauri Oak, Major Oak (Sherwood Forest). The age of such trees is several centuries - for example, Grunwald oak, growing in the city of Ladushkin, Kaliningrad region, lives for more than 800 years, and Granite oak - the sights of Bulgaria - is already more than 1700 years old.

Pests and diseases

pathogenic fungi

In the south-east of the range and in the forest belts of the Volgograd region, since the end of the 20th century, massive drying of adult trees has been noted due to damage by another ascomycete - Ophiostoma roboris Georg. et Teod.. It can also be affected by oak powdery mildew, autumn honey agaric and sulfur-yellow tinder fungus.

Pathogenic bacteria

Economic importance and application

Pedunculate oak is a woody, medicinal, volatile, food, melliferous, dyeing, fodder, ornamental and phytomeliorative plant.

From top to bottom: wood - longitudinal and transverse cuts; bonsai

Oak bark and wood are the source of one of the best tanning agents. For the tanning industry, oak bark at the age of 15-20 years is considered the best. Since its bark is a beautiful tanning agent, it is used directly as a tanning material, and tanning extracts are produced from the tree. In practice, the bulk of tannins are obtained from waste products from the woodworking industry, which usually make up at least 20%. With a large mass, the oak tree is one of the main sources for the production of tannins. First-class tanning extracts obtained from oak are the basis of modern tanning production.

Oak wood has a beautiful color and texture. It is dense, strong, resilient, well preserved in the air, in the ground and under water, moderately cracks and warps, easily pricks, resistant to decay and house fungus.

Strong and durable oak wood has long been used in shipbuilding, the furniture industry, in the construction of mines ("mine rack") and hydraulic structures(bridges, mills), residential buildings, for the production of parquet, sleepers, doors, frames, for the manufacture of rims, skids, plywood and sliced ​​veneer, turning and carved products, parts of horse-drawn vehicles: drawbars, shafts, divorces, wheels. Oak wood does not have a special smell, it is used to make barrels for cognac, wine (contained in oak wood tannins give drinks a peculiar taste and aroma), beer, alcohol, vinegar, oil.

Oak wood is also used to make coffins. The custom of burying the dead in wooden coffins, borrowed by Christianity from the beliefs of the Slavic and other Indo-European tribes, was spread by him almost throughout Northern Europe (both Eastern and Western). It has been established that at one time these territories were characterized by the burial of the dead in decks, log cabins or coffins made of various types of wood, including oak. In this regard, oak wood is already acquiring a ritual character in some way (hence the comic expression “give oak”, in the sense of “die”, “die”). Echoes of these traditions have survived to this day in the usual painting of pine (or from other cheap softwood) coffins "under the oak".

Especially appreciated in the furniture industry "bog oak". Under the influence of iron salts contained in water, oak wood darkens and hardens.

Non-commercial oak wood is used for firewood, it provides excellent fuel with a high calorific value.

Oak ordinary - spring pollen. Bees collect a lot of highly nutritious pollen on it, in some years they collect nectar from female flowers. But honeydew and honeydew often appear on oak. In places where oak occupies large arrays, bees collect a lot of honeydew and honeydew, from which they produce honeydew honey unsuitable for winter eating. In order to avoid the mass death of bees during wintering, such honey is pumped out.

Oak brooms in the Russian bath are valued on a par with birch ones. [ ]

Oak acorns are a highly nutritious food for domestic pigs, however, cases of poisoning by acorns (especially green ones) of other domestic animals are known. Cows (especially dairy cows) and horses are most sensitive to poisoning, sheep are less sensitive. Solitary oak trees bear fruit annually; in plantations, abundant fruiting is repeated after 4-8 years, and in the north of the range less often than in the south. Individual trees produce up to 40-100 kg of acorns. The yield of acorns in an oak forest is 700-2000 kg/ha.

Acorns serve as food for many wild animals, including commercial ones, they are also used for fattening domestic pigs. Cattle are often grazing in oak plantations, which causes great damage to the normal growth and development of young plants.

In the old days, ink was prepared from painful growths on oak leaves caused by gall midges - "ink nuts".

In medicine

The bark has astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and hemostatic properties. A decoction of the bark is used for rinsing the mouth and throat with gingivitis, stomatitis, tonsillitis, halitosis and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx, in the form of baths, washings and compresses is used to treat burns, frostbite, abscesses and other skin diseases, for foot baths for sweating feet, for washing bleeding hemorrhoids, they drink for diarrhea, dysentery, poisoning with alkaloids and salts of heavy metals, gastrointestinal bleeding, heavy menstruation.

Fresh crushed leaves are applied to ulcers and wounds for their healing.

Dried oak seeds, crushed into powder, are used for diseases of the bladder, with diarrhea.

From acorns, a coffee surrogate is made, which is not only nutritious, but also a remedy for gastrointestinal diseases, rickets, anemia and scrofula in children. It is also useful for nervous patients and for excessive menstrual bleeding.

Oak bark is widely used in veterinary medicine as a remedy for indigestion.

In green building and ornamental gardening

Common oak is used in green building as an ornamental and phytoncidal plant when creating suburban groves, alleys, curtains, single plantations in parks and forest parks. Such decorative forms of common oak are known: with a pyramidal crown and a form in which foliage falls 15-20 days later than that of ordinary oak.

Common oak is recommended as the main species in forest reclamation plantations, in field-protective forest belts, in anti-erosion plantations along beams and ravines, on washed-out soils. It can be planted along irrigation canals because its root system does not drain canal walls or destroy their coverings.

Garden forms and cultivars

1. The plant Polygonum bistorta has raw materials ...
- roots
- flowers
+ rhizomes
- leaves
- grass

2. In the plant Cotinus coggygria, the raw materials are ...
- roots
- flowers
- rhizomes
+ leaves
- grass

3. Do Quercus plants robur raw materials are harvested…
- during flowering
- during the summer
+ during sap flow
- in autumn at the end of the growing season

4. The raw material of the coil is dried in the ... way at a temperature of ... degrees.
+ air-shadow
- air-solar
— 70-90
— 50-60
+ up to 40

5. Burnet officinalis belongs to the family ...
+ Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
— Fabaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

6. Storage of raw materials "Oak bark" is carried out ...
- list B
+ according to the general list
- according to the general list separately

7. Medicinal raw materials of the serpentine were received - serpentine-curved rhizomes, slightly flattened with numerous thin roots. Fracture granular, pinkish. The smell is weak. The taste is astringent. Give an opinion on the quality of raw materials.
- Quality raw materials.

8. Indicate the pharmacopoeial method for the quantitative determination of tannins in MPC.
— Gravimetric.
+ Titrimetric.
— Photocolorimetric.
— Spectrophotometric.

9. The Alnus incana plant has raw materials ...
– seeds
+ infructescence
- grass
- leaves
- roots

10. The raw material of burnet officinalis is dried by ... method at a temperature of ... degrees.
+ air-shadow
+ air-solar
— 70-90
+ 50-60
— 25-35

11. The rest of the twig at the alder fruit should not exceed ...
+ 15 mm
- 20 mm
- not standardized

12. Common oak belongs to the family ...
– Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
+ Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

13. Highlander snake belongs to the family ...
– Rosaceae
+ Polygonaceae
– Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

14. Name the life form of the drug burnet.
.
.
- Shrub.
- Semi-shrub.

15. Tannins of the condensed group with iron-ammonium alum give ... coloring.
— black-blue
+ black-green
- blood red

16. Life form of Polygonum bistorta...
- an annual herbaceous plant
+ perennial herbaceous plant
- shrub
- semi-shrub

17. The plant Quercus robur is harvested ...
- rhizomes
+ bark
- grass
- leaves
- flowers

18. Alder raw materials are harvested ...
- during the summer
- during the period of sap flow
+ from November to March

19. Raw alder is stored ...
- according to the general list
- list B
+ according to the general list separately

20. The leaves of the tannery are released from the pharmacy ...
- by doctor's prescription
- without a doctor's prescription
+ raw materials from the pharmacy are not released

21. Select plants whose raw materials are not rhizomes.
+ Tanning sumac
- erect cinquefoil
— Badan thick-leaved
- Highlander snake

22. Tannins of the condensed group with FeCl3 give ... coloring.
— black-blue
+ black-green
- blood red

23. Leather mackerel belongs to the family ...
– Rosaceae
+ Anacardiaceae
– Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

24. The raw material of tannery is dried by ... method at a temperature of ... degrees.
+ air-shadow
+ air-solar
— up to 70
+ up to 60
- up to 35

25. In the plant Sanguisorba officinalis, the raw materials are ...
- rhizomes
+ rhizomes and roots
- grass
- bark

26. Serpentine-curved, with annular thickenings, the fracture is even, pinkish or pinkish-brown, the taste is strongly astringent - these signs correspond to rhizomata ...
— Tormentillae
+ Bistortae
— Bergeniae

27. Indicate the plant whose raw material is the bark.
– Vaccinium myrtillus
– Bergenia crassifolia
— Alnus incana
- Padus racemosa
+ Quercus robus

28. What is the effect of raw burnet?
+ Astringent
- Expectorant
+ Hemostatic
+ Bactericidal

29. The pharmacy received oak bark - pieces of bark of various lengths and thicknesses up to 3 mm with the rest of the wood on the inner surface. Such a raw material...
- is of high quality
+ is of poor quality, violated general rules collection
- is of poor quality, drying conditions are violated

30. Storage of coil raw materials is carried out ...
+ according to the general list
- list B
- according to the general list separately

31. Tannins of the hydrolyzable group with iron-ammonium alum give ... coloring.
+ black-blue
- black-green
- blood red

32. Tannins of the hydrolysable group with FeCl3 give ... coloring.
+ black-blue
- black-green
- blood red

33. Drupes are spherical or ovoid, wrinkled, without a stalk, with a white scar at the site of its fall, inside one dense bone, black color - this is fructus ...
— Myrtilli
+ Padi
— Alni

34. Cylindrical pieces with scaly remnants of leaf petioles and rounded traces of roots on the surface, granular fracture, light pink - this is rhizomata ...
+ Bergeniae
— Bistortae
— Sanguisorbae

35. In bird cherry, the raw materials are fruits ...
- with stalks
+ without stalks
- indicator is not standardized

36. Indicate the plants whose raw materials are fruits.
+ Common blueberry
+ Common bird cherry
- erect cinquefoil
— Badan thick-leaved
— common oak

37. Raw blueberries are harvested ...
+ all day long
- in the morning or evening

38. Raw bergenia is dried ... by a method at a temperature of ... degrees with preliminary drying
— 70
+ 50
— 35
+ air-shadow
- air-solar

39. Potentilla erect belongs to the family ...
+ Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
– Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

40. Life form of badan thick-leaved ...
- an annual herbaceous plant
+ perennial herbaceous plant
- shrub
- semi-shrub

41. In the plant Padus racemosa, the raw materials are ...
+ fruits
- grass
- rhizomes
– seeds
- flowers

42. False berries, at the top there is a remnant of a cup in the form of an annular rim, inside there are numerous seeds, the color is black - this is fructus ...
+ Mirtilli
— Padi

43. Raw cinquefoil is dried ... in a way at a temperature of ... degrees.
— 70-90
+ 50-60
— 25-35
+ air-shadow way

44. Raw blueberries are dried ... by a method at a temperature of ... degrees with preliminary drying.
— 70-90
+ 55-60
— 25-35
+ air-shadow way
+ air-solar way

45. The pharmacy received raw cinquefoil - rhizomes with roots, rhizomes of indefinite shape, hard, heavy, thin roots, mixed up.
- Quality raw materials.
- The raw materials are of poor quality, the collection deadlines are violated.
+ The raw materials are of poor quality, primary processing of raw materials has not been carried out.
- The raw material is of poor quality, the drying conditions are violated.

46. ​​Common bird cherry belongs to the family ...
+ Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
– Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

47. Badan thick-leaved belongs to the family ...
– Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
– Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
+ Saxifragaceae

48. Raw bird cherry is stored ...
- list B
- according to the general list
+ according to the general list separately

49. The life form of bird cherry ordinary ...
- an annual herbaceous plant
- perennial herbaceous plant
- shrub
- semi-shrub
+ tree or shrub

50. Blueberry shoots…
+ have an astringent effect
+ Reduce blood sugar levels
- have an expectorant effect

51. Indefinite shape, hard, heavy, on the surface there are pitted traces of cut roots, the taste is strongly astringent - this is rhizomata ...
+ Tormentillae
— Bistortae
— Bergeniae

52. Rhizomata Tormentillae harvested…
- at the beginning of the growing season
+ during flowering
- at the time of decay
- during the summer
- at the beginning of the growing season and during the period of fruit ripening

53. What kind of cinquefoil uses rhizomes as a raw material?
- Potentilla goose
- silver cinquefoil
+ Potentilla erect

54. Raw blueberries contain…
— anthraglycosides, pectins, microelements, vitamins
+ tannins, flavonoids, vitamins
- polysaccharides, flavonoids, vitamins

55. Medicinal raw materials of bird cherry were received - drupes of spherical or ovoid shape, wrinkled, with short stalks, inside one dense stone, black color, weak smell, taste pungent.
- Quality raw materials.
- The raw materials are of poor quality, the collection deadlines are violated.
+ The raw materials are of poor quality, primary processing of raw materials has not been carried out.
- The raw material is of poor quality, the drying conditions are violated.

56. The Arfazetin collection includes ...
- cherry fruits
+ blueberry shoots
- Oak bark

57. Blueberries keep ...
- list B
- according to the general list
+ according to the general list separately

58. In the plant Vaccinium myrtillis, the raw materials are ...
- roots
- grass
+ fruits
- flowers
- bark

59. The plant Potentilla tormentilla is harvested ...
+ rhizomes
- bark
- grass
- leaves
- flowers

60. In what ways does Potentilla erecta differ from other species?
- Type of fruit - achene.
- Fruit type - drupe.
+ The structure of the flower is a 4-petal corolla.
- The structure of the flower is a 5-petal corolla.

61. Raw bird cherry is dried ... in a way at a temperature of ... degrees.
— 70-90
— 50-60
+ 40-50
+ air-shadow
+ air-solar

62. What effect do blueberries have?
+ Astringent
+ Stimulate blood formation in case of anemia
+ Diuretic
+ Enveloping
+ Improve eyesight

63. The raw material of bergenia is harvested ...
+ in the first half of summer
- in early spring at the beginning of the growing season
– from November to March

64. Common blueberry belongs to the family ...
– Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
– Fagaceae
+ Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

65. Raw bergenia is stored ...
- list B
+ according to the general list
- according to the general list separately

66. Potentilla erecta belongs to the family ...
+ Rosaceae
– Polygonaceae
– Fagaceae
– Ericaceae
– Saxifragaceae

67. The figure shows the formula ...

gallic acid
- ellagic acid
- hexaoxydiphenolic acid

68. The figure shows the formula ...

- gallic acid
+ ellagic acid
- hexaoxydiphenolic acid

69. The figure shows the formula ...

- gallic acid
- ellagic acid
+ hexaoxydiphenoic acid

70. Match.

hexaoxydiphenolic acid - 1
gallic acid - 2
ellagic acid - 3

The bark of young branches and trunks is used as raw material. Oak bark has astringent, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and antiseptic properties.

It is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for rinsing the mouth and throat, with stomatitis, pharyngitis, gingivitis, etc. It is recommended for excessive sweating of the feet, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, chronic enterocolitis, inflammation of the urinary tract and Bladder, poisoning with salts of heavy metals.

Substance used to manufacture the drug:

Oak bark powder. Included in the drug "Tonsilgon".

5. Blueberry fruits (FructusMyrtilli), blueberry shoots (CormusVacciniimyrtilli). Common blueberry (Vacciniummyrtillus) . Cowberry (Vacciniaceae). Distributed in

The fruits and leaves of blueberries increase the acidity of gastric juice, have astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and diuretic effects.

Blueberry preparations are used for acute and chronic digestive disorders associated with increased putrefactive and fermentation processes, for enterocolitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastroduodenitis, stamatitis.

1. Blueberry fruits. Included in the fees "Arfazetin" and "Mirfazin".

2. Dry blueberry fruit extract. Included in the preparation "Mirtilene forte".

33. Name the medicinal products used to obtain hormonal preparations.

1.Grass nightshade lobed (HerbaSolanilaciniati). Nightshade lobed (Solanumlaciniatum). Nightshade (Solanaceae).

The raw material contains the alkaloids solasonine and solamargin, the aglycone of which is solasodine.

It is used for the semi-synthesis of progesterone, cortisone and other steroid hormones - analogues of the hormones of the adrenal cortex.

Drugs: "Progesterone", "Cortisone".

34Sources of obtaining biogenic stimulants.

1. Fresh aloe leaves (Folia Aloes arborescens recens), dry aloe arborescens siccum leaves (Folia Aloes arborescens siccum), fresh lateral shoot of aloe arborescens recens (Cormus lateralis Aloes arborescens recens). Aloe tree (Aloe arborescens). Liliaceae (Liliaceae).

The plant contains anthracene derivatives, the main of which are aloe-emodin glycosides, as well as resinous and bitter substances, traces of essential oil, vitamins, and enzymes.

Aloe and sabura preparations (condensed aloe juice) have a laxative effect, selectively affecting the large intestine. The laxative effect occurs 8-10 hours after ingestion. In addition, aloe enhances the secretion of the digestive glands, has a choleretic effect, improves appetite and digestion, and has pronounced anti-inflammatory, wound healing and antibacterial properties. Fresh aloe juice is used for chronic gastritis with low acidity, with a tendency to constipation, to improve appetite, to increase the body's resistance to infectious diseases.

Externally, aloe juice is used in the treatment of diseases of the skin (purulent wounds, burns, ulcers, etc.) and mucous membranes - in diseases of the oral cavity, in gynecology - with erosion of the cervix. The appointment of aloe juice inside requires caution. Higher doses can inhibit peristalsis and cause inflammation of the large intestine. Aloe preparations are contraindicated in hemorrhoidal and uterine bleeding, they should not be prescribed in the second half of pregnancy pregnancy.

An extemporaneous dosage form is widely used - an aqueous extract of aloe. To make an extract, aloe leaves are placed for 20-25 days in a dark place at a temperature of up to +3С. At the same time, the so-called. biogenic stimulants, which have a high physiological activity, expressed in the stimulation of metabolic processes in the tissues of the body, an increase in immunoresistance and, as a result, in the suppression of sluggish inflammatory processes.

Substances used for the production of drugs:

1. Leaf powder. Makes up the drug "Aloe tablets" (Tabulettae Aloes).

2. Aloe juice. It is used for the production of preparations “Aloe Juice” (Succus Aloes), is part of the preparations “Alorom” (Alorom), “Aloe liniment” (Linimentum Aloes), “Aloe syrup with iron” (Sirupus Aloes cum ferro).

3. Aloe extract liquid. The preparation “Liquid aloe extract” (Extractum Aloes fluidum) is produced, it is part of the preparation “Doctor Theiss Swedish bitterness” (Schweden Dr. Theiss bitter).

4. Dry aloe extract. Included in the drug "Holaflux" (Cholafluxum).