In order to be sure that you are right and bring the light of knowledge and culture to the masses, you will have to start with yourself - to clean up the "flaws" of your own speech. Our editorial staff decided first of all to take on the stresses, and we got a kind of rating of 30 words with which “shock” difficulties most often arise. Here it is in alphabetical order and with a hint for the correct accent:

indulge, indulge, indulge

bartender

barrel

water pipeline, gas pipeline, garbage pipeline, oil pipeline, but: electrical wire

contract (and contracts)

blinds

enviably

catalog

quarter

more beautiful

culinary and culinary ( both options are equal)

marketing

masterful

extended

newborn

security

ease

uncork

loop (loop - Appropriate in everyday speech)

call, call, call

pullover

beet

dancer, dancer

cottage cheese and cottage cheese ( both options are equal)

tiramisu

cakes

immediately

shoe

phenomenon

scoop

What is written in pen...

The insidiousness of all the rules and lists is that they do not linger in the head: read - forgot. There are several ways to retain useful information in memory, in our case, words with the correct stress.

#sing now. A difficult word for you needs to be said out loud loudly, clearly, several times (you can also sing) and ... in front of witnesses. Let friends or colleagues support you and join your shock flash mob with their problematic words (“Venice is more beautiful than Paris, more beautiful, more beautiful, more beautiful than Paris”, “they call me, they call me”, “my boyfriend is a barmen, barmen, barmen”). This is our psychology: what we do not alone is better remembered.

#wonderful moment. For those who have a developed imagination, it is easiest to involve associations and images associated with it in the memorization of any information. For example, healthy vegetable beets, and his ruddy grandmother Fyokla sells it. And a great marketing specialist knows everything about how to keep the brand!

#graphomania. Remember how at school, while studying a foreign language, we made up dialogues and stories with new words, picked up rhymes for them or came up with funny poems? The principle also works for the native great and mighty, you just need to give free rein to your imagination! There are a lot of ready-made cheat sheets on the Internet, take note: “We ate cakes for a long time - the shorts didn’t fit”, “You don’t carry curtains for us, we will hang the blinds”, “Phenomen calls on Wednesdays, having accepted the contract for years”, “The ringer is calling, they are calling in a bell, so that you can remember correctly!

And, of course, dictionaries and reference books will always help out: a spelling, orthoepic dictionary (translated from ancient Greek, “orthoepy” means correct pronunciation”), stress dictionary. Online resources will not let you down either: the Gramota.ru portals (be sure to check out the “Memory” section) and gramma.ru, Yandex.Dictionaries, orfogrammka.ru website, which, unlike printed publications, always at hand thanks to the ubiquitous Internet. Let's talk nice!

Questions of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy(from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been in the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking to an audience: state and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, teachers of Russian and foreign languages, preachers, lawyers. But in last years there has been a marked increase in interest in the problems of the culture of oral speech among the most diverse strata of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, the democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, speeches in live: statesmen, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, specialists in various fields of science and culture.

Possession of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate a sounding speech is gradually recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy has developed in such a way that the literary pronunciation is based on the Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of the St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered”.

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and common culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker, sprays the attention of the audience. Regional features of pronunciation, incorrectly placed stress, “reduced” colloquial and everyday intonation, and ill-conceived pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of public speaking.

Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, voluntarily or involuntarily assimilated and consolidated, thereby blurring the idea of ​​​​correctness and purity of speech that is necessary for every cultured person. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of non-normative pronunciation, which tends to spread (especially in conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since in the bulk the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but is fixed at the subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of shaping Russian sounding speech: violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and the text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, pauses that do not correspond to the natural “flow” of speech, cause the listener to have an intuitive feeling of protest, create a feeling of anxiety, psychological discomfort.

Work on one's own pronunciation, on improving the pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated side of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all, is uncritical in evaluating his own pronunciation, and painfully perceives comments in this area. The rules and recommendations on orthoepy, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge in Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary from the point of view of methodological recommendations:

¦ learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

¦ listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is owned by radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word;

¦ consciously compare your pronunciation with exemplary, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

¦ correct them by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: complete recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The full style is characterized primarily by the observance of the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, the correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech as a whole. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is an excessive reduction in vowels, falling out of consonants, indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including official ones), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the field of vowels is their different sound in stressed and unstressed syllables with the same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo reduction. There are two types of reduction - quantitative(when the longitude and intensity of the sound decrease) and quality(when the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). The vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable are subjected to less reduction, the greater - in all other syllables. Vowels [a], [o], [e] undergo both quantitative and qualitative reduction in unstressed syllables; vowels [and], [s], [y] do not change their quality in unstressed syllables, but partially lose their duration.

1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable:

a) after solid consonants in place about and a [a]: v[a] yes?, n[a] ha?, M[a]squa?, s[a]dy?, s[a]bo?r ; after hard sizzling and and w on the spot a and about also pronounced weakened sound [a]: w[a]ra?, w[a]nglör, sh[a]gi?, w[a]fer .

Note 1. After hard sizzling and, w and after c soft consonants are preceded by a sound like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [s uh ] : w[s uh ] lie, unfortunately [s uh ] le? niyu, f [s uh ]ke?t , in plural forms of the word horse: losh[s uh ]de?th, losh[s uh ]dya?m etc. ... in the forms of indirect cases of numerals on - twenty: twenty[s] uh ]ty?, thirty[s] uh ]ty? etc.; in rare cases sound [s uh ] pronounced on the spot a in position before hard consonants: hw[s uh ]Noah. w[s uh ]sm?n .

Note 2. Unstressed [about] pronounced in conjunctions but and what , and is also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b[o]a?, b[o]mo?nd. rococo?. J[o]re?c .

Note 3. Preservation about in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, so the pronunciation M[o]squa?, p[o]ku?pka, p[o]e?dem, v[o]zi?t. railway station does not correspond to the norm;

b) after hard hissing w, w and c on the spot e a reduced sound like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [s uh ]: w[s uh ]on?, w[s uh ]pt?t, q[s uh ]lu?y ;

c) after soft consonants in place of letters I and e , as well as after soft hissing h and sch on the spot a a weakened sound is pronounced [and] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [and uh ] : m[i uh ]sno?th, R[and uh ]for?n, m[and uh ]sti?, h[i uh ]sy?, sch[and uh ]di?t , as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area uh ]de?th, square[and uh ]dya?m etc.;

d) on the spot I and e a sound is pronounced at the beginning of a word [and] with an overtone [e] , denoted [and uh ] combined with the previous [yi]: [yi uh ]Zda?, [yi uh ]nta?r, [yi uh ]egg?.

Note. Preservation [a] in an unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of the regional pronunciation, so the pronunciation [w’a] for? be, bi? on, h[a] sy?, [ya] egg?, [ya] vi? does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables:

a) at the absolute beginning of a word in place of letters a and about always pronounced attenuated sound [a]: [a] rbu? z: [a] kno ?, [a] car? l, [a] declination;

b) after solid consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed, in place a and about a reduced sound is pronounced, average in sound between [a] and [s] [b]: g[b] lova?, k[b] rand? sh, i? bl [b] k [b] ;

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed, in place and I and e pronounced reduced, middle in sound between [and] and [e] , short in duration, denoted conditionally [b]: [p’b] tacho? k, [l’b] rubbish? b, you? [n’b] su, h[b] catch? k .

3. Vowel and at the beginning of the root after a prefix or preposition, ending in solid consonants is pronounced like [s] : from the institute - and[zy]institute , with Igor - [sy] grief ; save in this position [and] and the softening of the consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and does not correspond to the norm.

4. Stressed vowels in place e and yo . In the pronunciation of a number of words, difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text. e and yo , since only the letter is used to designate them e (Besides educational literature for younger students and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion of not only the graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, and is the cause of frequent pronunciation errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two rows of words:

a) with a letter e , in the place of which sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, being, sleet, firebrand, grenadier, plump, life, alien, religious procession (but Godfather ), fishing line, oblivion, perplexed, invaluable, guardianship, sedentary (settlement), successor, successor, shadowing, modern, yoke, barley and etc.;

b) with a letter yo , in the place of which, sounds [about]: hopeless, buckets, engraver, bile (admissible bile ), bilious (admissible bilious ), mockery, traveling salesman, priest (but priest ), maneuvers, mercenary, convict, brought in, translated, brought, sturgeon, fable, laid down, brought, brought, scabrous, scrupulous, belt, sweep, tyosha, wool (coarse-haired), lye and etc.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the stressed vowel. [about] or [e]: expired (term) - expired (blood), announced (shouts like an announced) - announced (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

1. Consonant [G] in the literary pronunciation of an explosive, instant sound, when stunned, it is pronounced as [to]: sleep [to], take [to] . Pronouncing in his place "Ukrainian" G , conventionally denoted [h] , does not correspond to the norm: [h] uh? be, sapo [h] and? . The exception is the word God , at the end of which sounds [X] .

2. Instead of h in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag-picker , in female patronymics ending in - ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna etc.), as well as in the words what to, nothing pronounced [w] .

3. In words man, defector in place of combination zhch , in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, tougher (and biting ) in place stch , as well as in place of combinations zch and mid pronounced [n]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic account, counter, cost accounting, count and etc.

4. When several consonants accumulate in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) combined stn not pronounced [t]: teaching? [s'n'] ik, ve? [s'] nick, what? i?ro[sn]th ;

b) combined zdn not pronounced [d]: by? [zn] o, right? [zn] ik, nae? [zn] ik , but in the word abyss it is recommended to leave a weak sound [e] ;

c) combined stl not pronounced [t]: happy [s’l ’] and? ; in words bony and send [t] is preserved;

d) combined stl not pronounced [t] ; this produces a double consonant [ss]: maximum? [ss] cue, turi? [ss] cue, race? [ss] cue .

5. In some words, with the accumulation of consonants stk, zdk, ntk, ndk fall out is not allowed [t]: daughter-in-law, trip, summons, typist, cumbersome, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, Scottish but: cloth shotla[nk]a .

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

a) necessarily softens I n before soft h and With: ne? [n’s ’] ia, prete? [n’z ’] ia, rece? [n’z ’] ia, face? [n’z ’] ia ;

b) in combinations tv, dv may soften t and d: Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d’v] and [dv’] ;

c) in combinations sv and St. may soften h and With: beast, ring [z'v '] and [sv']; light, candle, witness, saint [s'v] and [sv'] , as well as in the word snake [z'm'] and [zm’] ;

G) n in front of soft t and d softens: ba[n't']ik, wi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n't']ichny, ko[n't '] text, remo[n't'] ban, b[n'd']it, I[n'd']ia, style[n'd']ia, zo[n'd']irovat, and [n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives are characterized by special rules for pronouncing sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with a particle- Xia in the indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural at the junction of the ending and the particle is pronounced [ts]: meet, meet - meet [tts], check in, mark - note [tts], mark - mark? [tsy], say goodbye - goodbye? [tsy].

In the form of the imperative at the place of combination - be two soft sounds [t's']: mark - mark? [t's'], meet - the wind? [t's'] .

2. In the endings of the genitive case of the masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns - wow /-his on the spot G pronounced [c]: big house (lake) - big? [b], blue flag (sea) - si? not [b] . The same rule applies to words today - se [in] o? days, total - total [in] o? .

Note. Surnames ending in - ago (Shembinago, Zhivago ), the sound is pronounced [G] .

3. Graphic abbreviations, occurring in the text, for example, surname initials , as well as abbreviations like l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), p / box (“letter box”), etc. (etc.), s (page) and etc. in reading "decipher", i.e., "unfold" into full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written speech only for visual perception, and their literal reading is perceived either as a speech error or as irony, appropriate only in special situations.

The combination of name and patronymic is used in various situations, both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, composition of production and training groups, in business and private correspondence, in circulation to the interlocutor, in the representation and naming of third parties.

In an official setting business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, employee of government or commercial structures, there is a need to address by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is desirable to take into account in a particular communication situation. So, when meeting, at the first introduction of a person, a distinct, clear, close to spelling pronunciation is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics are acceptable, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech.

1. - uy (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Eugene, Valery, Gennady ) ending in combinations - evich, - evna preceded by a separator b: Vasil evich, Vasil evna; Grigory evich, Grigory evna . When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasil evna, Anatole evna, Grigory evna etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted options are allowed: Vasya?[l'jb']ich and Vasya[l'ich], Anato?[l'jv']ich and Anato?[l'ich], Grigo?[r'jb']ich and Grigo?[p' ich] etc.

2. Patronymics formed from male names on - her and - ah (Alexey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) end in combinations - eevich, - eevna, - aevich, - aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna . In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows both full and contracted options: Alexeyevich and Alex?[i]h, Alekseyevna and Alek[s’e?]vna; Sergeyevich and Serge?[i]h, Sergeevna and Ser[g’e?] vna; Korne?evich and Cornet?[and]h, Korne?evna and Kor[n’e?]vna; Nikolaevich and Nikola?[i]h, Nikolaevna and Nikola?[ext]a etc.

3. Male patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ovic , can be pronounced both in full and in contracted form: Anto?novich and Anto?n[s]h, Alexandrovich and Alexa?ndr[s]h , Iva?novich and Willow?n[s]h etc. In female patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ram , the full pronunciation is recommended: Alexander ram, Boris ram, Kirill ram, Victor ram, Oleg ram etc.

4. If the middle name starts with and (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in pronunciation with a name ending in a solid consonant, but goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[s]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[s]saevich .

5. Usually not pronounced ov n and m: Willow? [n:]na, Anto?[n:]a, Efi?[mn]a, Maxi?[mn]a .

6. Not pronounced unstressed - ov in female patronymics from names ending in in: Vyachesla?[ext]a, Stanisla?[ext]a .

Part of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features, which are fixed by the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign origin in place of unstressed about pronounced sound [o]: ada? gio, boa?, bomo? nd, bonto? n, cocoa? o, radio, three? o . In addition, there may be stylistic hesitation in high-style text; preservation of unstressed [about] in words that are foreign in origin - one of the means of attracting attention to them, the means of highlighting them. Word pronunciation nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, creed, foyer and others with unstressed [about] optional. foreign names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain unstressed [about] as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e]: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exoticism, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm , encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, epoch, effect, effective and etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of a hard or soft consonant in borrowed words before the letter e , for example, in words pace, swimming pool, museum etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, bill, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; word pace pronounced with a firm t .

In other words before e a hard consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fe, business, western, child prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, scarf, codeine, code, computer, tuple, cottage, bracket, marten, billionaire, model, modern, morse, hotel, parterre, pathos, polonaise, purse, poetess, summary, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known to us for at least a hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.

In loanwords beginning with a prefix de- , before vowels dez- , as well as in the first part compound words starting with neo- , with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n , for example: devaluation, de-ideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neo-globalism, neo-colonialism, neo-realism, neo-fascism.

Solid pronunciation of consonants before e recommended in foreign proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaures, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de?], Carter, Ionesco, Minelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone and etc.

In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [relay], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ne; ne], reputation [re; me], secretary [se; re; te], ethnogenesis [gene] and etc.

In relatively few words of foreign origin, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e , for example: with the normative pronunciation of a solid consonant before e in words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in words dean, complaint soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard pronunciation is also allowed [de] and [te] ; in the word session variants of hard and soft pronunciation are equal. It is not normative to soften consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in words laser, computer , as well as in colloquial pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intense, interval .

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Berta, The Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck and etc.

3. Solid [w] pronounced in words parachute, brochure . In the word jury pronounced soft hissing [and'] . Names are pronounced the same way Julien, Jules .

Word stress in Russian is characterized by heterogeneity(can be on any syllable and any part of a word: but? lead, science, education, bourgeoisie? etc.) and mobility (in different grammatical forms, the word can move from one syllable to another: head?, head; head; accepted, accepted?; bold, bold? etc.).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles usually do not have independent stress on themselves and are adjacent to independent parts of speech: beyond the city, haven’t been?, father? . In some cases, the emphasis shifts to the preposition: up the mountain, on? gender, for night . Thus, independent and functional words have one verbal stress, making up a single phonetic word in sound.

Note. A small number of service parts of speech are weakly stressed and do not change the quality of the “stressed” vowel. These are unions but, as if, for sure, then ... then , some prepositions that do not violate the semantic connection with adverbs ( along, opposite, besides, next to, between etc.), particle well .

Compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, over-, super-, ex- and others may have, in addition to the main, side(or secondary) stress, conventionally denoted by the grave sign ( ‘ ). But among the complex words there are many single-stressed ones: pre-war, independent, car, dormitory etc. Collateral stress usually in order is the first (closer to the beginning of the word), and basic- second (closer to the end of the word): oath th, inter-republic? nsky, su and etc.

Right choice places of stress in the word has great importance in work on the culture of oral speech. The following are examples of the most common mis-emphasis. These can be both individual words and some grammatical forms of words:

1) Common nouns:

agent, agronomy, alphabet? t, apo? krif, apostrophe, are? st, asymmetry? , bravura? rny, rattling, gross? e, gross? m wali? t, faith? giving, supremacy? nstvo, supper, genesis, citizenship, grotesque, ground? e, gave? y-la?ma, hyphen?s, dia?spore, diopter?I, dispensary?r, do?gmat, old?vko, confessor?k, blinds? sk and flint, kitchen, marketing, masterful, messi, mimicry, many hours, garbage chute, intention, real estate, unsleeping(eye), not? netsky, untrodden, unspeakable? (relations), oil pipeline, newborn, provision, depreciate, facilitate, encourage, educate, one-component, wholesale, inform, recall(for manuscript) review (deputy), rebuff, partly, remembering, fir, plateau, repeated, teenage, anticipating, coercing, acquiring, reasoning, sanitary? I, modest, convoking ?in, concentration, means, carpenter, status, statute? t, history, taboo?, customs, customs, bidding? simple, deepen, Ukrainian, reduce, simplify, facsimile, extravaganza, phenomenon(phenomenon), needles? I, cotton? (norm), linguistic (sausage).

In many words, there are fluctuations in the setting of stress: equal options - denim and denim, zai?ndevely and frosty, combiner and combine operator, metallurgy and metallurgy, propolis and propolis, the loop? and the loop, erysipelas and childbirth, rust and rust, sa?zhen and soot?, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, fanza and fanza? ; with normative stress and? vgustovsky admissible augustian , at birch bark admissible birch bark , at shell admissible shell , at wary admissible wary ; with normative stress industry - obsolete industry , at swept away - obsolete quick-witted , at ra?course - obsolete cancer?rs ;

2) Proper names:

Aigi?, E?vno, Aze?f, A?be, Ko?be, Eli?n Peli?n, Zakhode?r, P?res de Cue?lier, Steinbeck, Se?linger, Rua?l A Mundsen, Balmont, Vorontso? va-Da? Alexi?y, Ignaty Loyo?la, archpriest Avvak?m, Julian?n Tu?vim, Sokolo?v-Mikito?v, Sa?yudis, Ana?dyr, Balashi?ha, Veliky U? Stug, Ki?zhi, Ra?donezh, Mount Narodnaya, Stavropol Territory, Hanno?ver, Che?t'i-Mine?i, Apoka?lipsis, Kali?gula, Molo?x, Karnegi Hall, Comedy? France?z. Metropolitan-Opera, Myanmar?, Nikara?gua, Peru?, Quebec?c, S?days, Massachusetts, Missouri, Foro?s, Sri Lanka?.

In some proper names, a variable accent is acceptable: New? tone (but traditionally: Newton?n ), Re?mbrandt (but traditionally: Rembra?ndt ), Li?ncoln (but traditionally: Linko?flax ), De?vid Ko?pperfield (but traditionally: Davi?d Copperfly?ice ).

Note. In cases where one proper name refers to two (or more) persons, objects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning given word and using encyclopedic dictionaries, to find out correct stress. For example, Washington George, first President of the United States but traditionally Washington- the capital of USA, Macbe?t - a character in Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, but in the title of Leskov's story "Lady Ma?kbet Mtsensk district".

The mobility of Russian stress, i.e., its transfer from one syllable to another in various grammatical forms of a single phonetic word, causes a number of difficulties in pronouncing these forms.

1. Shifting emphasis to prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without possible if there are no words explaining it in the sentence after the noun:

1) in combination with a preposition per

"on the other side, behind" , for example: atgo for? river, for mountain; pawn for? cheek, for ear; lay your hands on? back, for head;

"during" do for? year for? day, for night, for winter pay for? year for? day etc.;

2) in combination with a preposition on the (with accusative case) meaning:

"in the direction, on top of smth" , for example: fall (sit down, lie down) on? floor, climb on? mountain, something got on? hand, on nose, load on? back, put something on? head, on legs, on arms;

"indication of the point of contact with the support" , for example: lie down on back, fall on? back, on hands on? head, stand on? legs, on hands on? head;

"within the specified period" (with units of time), for example: stock up (stretch, enough) for? year, on day, on night, on winter, take a loan for? year etc.;

"indication of the measure of difference" , for example: on the? a year older, on? the day before, on head up etc.;

3) in combination with a preposition on (with dative case) - with the meaning of this preposition "on the surface, within" (about movement), for example: walk on? semi, by field, by yard, walk around? forest, fly through? the sky, swim across? sea, crumble over? semi, by forest.

With other meanings of these prepositions, stress transfer may not occur, for example:

a) to take something for a mountain, for a river, for a leg, for winter, he is valued for his head, for his hands, a reward for his head, I fear for his hair, for head, for the legs;

b) pay attention to the hands, to the legs, to the nose, to the floor, to the day, despite the night, to the winter, the land tax;

in) longing for the sea, for the sky, judging by the yard?, for the forest, everyone got the field.

Stress transfer usually does not occur, if in a phrase a noun is followed by a word or words explaining it (subordinate to it or connected with it by a coordinative connection), for example:

a) across the Ural River, for a year and two months, for a year of hard work, for a day of his duty, holding on to the hand of a comrade, took hold of his father's shoulders;

b) on Mount Yaman-Tau, put a load on the back of a porter, put a hat on the head of a neighbor, older by a year and two months;

in) around the yard? hotels, on the snow and ice of the Gulf of Finland, on the Laptev Sea.

2. Stress in the forms of adjectives.

1) the stress goes to the ending in the short form of the feminine: loud, loud?, loud, loud, loud, louder; to? long, long?, to? long, to? lies, more; bad? th, bad?, bad? ho, bad? hi; heavy, heavy?, heavy, heavy; right(no full form) right?, right? in, right? you;

2) the stress passes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and to the suffix of the comparative degree: glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious; whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole; satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying; fast, fast, fast?, fast, fast, fast; young, young, young, young, young, young, young;

3) the stress moves to the ending in the short form of the feminine and plural (as an equal option), as well as to the suffix of the comparative degree: poor, poor, poor?, poor, poor, poor? pale, pale, pale?, pale, pale, pale?, paler; important, important, important, important, important, important, important; true, true, true, true, true, true, true; free(free) , free, free?, free, free?, free? e, slim, slim, slim?, slim, slim?, slim? e;

4) movable stress accompanied by alternation yo and e: distant, far, far?, far? and far, far? and far, yes? more; cheap, cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap, cheap? tough, tough, tough?, tough, tough, tougher; easy, easy, easy?, easy?, easy?, lighter; dark, dark, dark?, dark?, dark?, dark?e; clear, clear, clear? and clear, clear, clear, clear .

3. Difficulties in placing stress in verb forms(indefinite form, personal forms, participles, participles):

1) verbs ending in - ing with indefinite stress on the last syllable: bombarded, bombarded, bombarded; engraving, engraving, engraved; make-up, make-up, make-up; reward, reward, reward; to form, form, form, formed; costumed, costumed, armored(armor), armored, armored; bathroom; corrugated, corrugated, corrugated; grouping, grouping, grouped; sealing;

2) root verbs call for: called?, called? lo, called?, called? but, called; called? l, called?, called? lo, called? called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called;

3) verbs with a root rub: rubbed, rubbed, rubbed, rubbed? and admissible rubbed, rubbed ; the same stress pattern in verb forms wipe, wipe ;

4) verbs lock up, unlock: for? per, locked?, for? perlo, for? locked, for? first, locked? in and admissible for?pershi, locked?locked, locked?locked, locked?, locked?locked, locked?locked; o?tper, unlocked?, o?tperlo, o?tperli, o?tpershiy, unlocked? and admissible open?, open, open, open, open, open, open . The same stress pattern for the verb die , except for the form dead , where the stress falls on the root vowel;

5) verbs remove, borrow, understand, accept, undertake, take away, take over and verb to begin : With took off, took off?, took off? lo, took off, took off? busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy; similar stress pattern in verb forms to accept and undertake; understand, understood, understood?, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood?, understood, understood; take away, o? took away and admissible took away? l, took away?, about? took away and admissible taken away? lo, oh? taken away and admissible taken away, taken away, taken away? in, taken away, taken away, taken away ?, taken away, taken away; take over, take over and admissible adopted? l, adopted?, adopted and admissible adopted? lo, adopted and admissible adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted? in, adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted ?, adopted, adopted; start;

6) verbs depart, arrive: ubu? du, ubu? desh, ubu? ; the same stress pattern in verb forms arrive ;

7) verbs with a root to give (you?give, publish, transmit, sell, surrender ); in verb you?give in all forms, the stress falls on the prefix; publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish , and? issued, and? issued, published? and admissible and?building, and? building, and? building ; similar stress pattern in verb forms sell ; Phand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over and admissible handed over? l, handed over?, handed over and admissible handed over, handed over and admissible handed over, handed over, handed over? to, handed over, handed over, handed over? and admissible handed over, handed over, handed over; give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up and admissible gave up .

The study of the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation, the analysis of "difficult cases" of placing stress in words and grammatical forms, an attentive, thoughtful attitude to the sounding side of speech are necessary prerequisites for independent work over the improvement of the culture of oral speech. But the acquired orthoepic information only partially ensures the successful preparation of a public speech, the ability to pronounce (or read) a complete voluminous text of a message, report, speech, report, etc. Suggested below guidelines can be taken into account in the process of preliminary work of the speaker on the text of the speech.

1. Pausing- the division of a sounding phrase into smaller speech segments (speech measures, or syntagmas) is one of the most important features of sounding speech. Another feature is the presence of pauses that naturally occur at the boundaries of speech measures and individual phrases.

speech beat, or syntagma, is the minimum content unit. The sentence in sounding speech is perceived by the listener and translated from one language to another in separate speech measures. Different division of the phrase into speech measures can interpret the meaning of the sentence in different ways, for example: "Execution cannot be pardoned" , in which two pause options are possible: 1) Execute / cannot be pardoned ; 2) You can not execute / pardon . Or: 1) Need to study / work / and rest ; 2) We must learn to work / and rest .

2. Correct pausing, i.e., the correct division of the text into phonetic phrases, and phrases into speech measures, is the first stage in preparing the text for voicing. Although the sound segment between pauses (syntagma) can be of various lengths, its average length is usually seven syllables. But the speech tact (syntagma) has a relatively complete meaning and a certain syntactic design. For example: On the banks of the Moskva River, / opposite the Southern Port of the capital, / a modern residential area has grown. / Pauses divide this simple sentence into separate phrases. Another example: In order to divide speech into measures, / stops are needed, / or, in other words, / logical pauses. This complex sentence is divided into simple ones (pause after the word so you ), simple - for phrases. Thus, thoughtful pausing helps the logical analysis of individual sentences, complex syntactic wholes (see Ch. XLIX), the entire completed text.

3. In Russian, orientation to punctuation marks can serve as the basis of the correct pausing of the text. So, in a simple sentence with separate participial, adverbial, comparative phrases, introductory and interstitial sentences, appeals, punctuation marks that highlight these syntactic constructions are signals for a pause. For example: On the southwestern outskirts of the US capital / - Washington, / where Highway No. 95, / leading south from the city, / crosses the muddy Potomac River on two bridges, / opposite Arlington Cemetery, / there is a building of grayish reinforced concrete. / /

Note. A pause may be absent with isolated single introductory words and single gerunds: The adoption of a new law is, of course, necessary; When you leave, turn off the light.

4. Pausing in cases where there are no punctuation marks:

1) between the subject group and the predicate group: A road trip across America/is like a trip across the ocean// (I. Ilf, E. Petrov);

2) after circumstantial words, usually with the meaning of place, time, reason, and also after additions at the beginning of the sentence: One of the autumn evenings of 1969 / in the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda / about “One-story America” a conversation turned at a meeting of young satirists / /(Shatunovsky, Strelnikov);

3) before the union and , if with three or more homogeneous members it combines the last two: Occasionally / we met farms scattered throughout the steppe-prairie, / with the obligatory red barn, / silo tower /and a mighty hundred-year-old tree in front of the porch of the house (Shatunovsky, Strelnikov).

5. Psychological pause arises in addition to the logical and is possible when the speaker wants to highlight a word in particular, to draw the attention of listeners to it. In the second case, we can talk about the ability to "keep a pause", which is owned by actors and experienced speakers.

Below is the text prepared for the speech with preliminary markup of pauses. red oblique lines(/) (in texts a continuous oblique line) indicate obligatory pauses, blue oblique lines (¦ ) (in texts broken line) - into possible, optional.

For Vysotsky¦ there are no forbidden topics, / he fearlessly, / with defiant courage / wrote and sang about everything / that worried him. / But it was that freedom / which is provided morally / with an accurate attitude to the subject¦ or phenomenon. / Vysotsky ¦ not just fixes, / transmits, / reflects the drama of life. / He is dramatic himself, / by the nature of his subjectivity, / individuality, / talent. / / Everything / that he did, / and everything that he succeeded, /- this is from restlessness, / from a feeling of anxiety that did not leave him.//

Dramatic, / in the words of A. S. Pushkin, / is associated with “passions¦ and outpourings of the human soul”. / In full accordance¦ with this precise observation! / Vysotsky¦ at the very time / when half-whisper dominated, / on the one hand , / and pop noise / - on the other hand, / began to speak and sing in an “open voice”, / passionately, / angrily, / sometimes turning into a scream. / / So, / as people sing at home, / in a free, / relaxed , / environment not constrained by strict rules. / /(V. Tolstykh, In the mirror of creativity).

The expressive sound of the text is facilitated not only by the correct pausing, but also by the correct, natural intonation that meets the requirements of the traditionally established literary norm.

There are two main types of intonation in Russian: ascending(with rising tone) and descending(with decreasing tone). Rising intonation can also be called the intonation of incompleteness, and descending- intonation of completeness.

A special rise in tone, accompanied by an increase in word stress, a greater intensity of the stressed syllable, is called logical stress. It is used to make sense of a word or phrase in a sentence. There is a certain pattern between the ways of intonation and punctuation marks, on the one hand, and the semantic relationships in the sentence, on the other.

1. Falling intonation(decrease in tone), conditionally indicated in the texts by an icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold italic

1) point: Moscow. 7 October. Today at the Museum fine arts named after Pushkin opened an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Marina Tsvetaeva;

2) ellipsis(if it denotes the completion of a thought): "Petersburg is taken Finns... Kolchak took Syzran. Tsaritsyn…” (Bunin);

3) comma in non-union and compound sentences with enumerative relations between parts: “In July evenings and nights, the quail no longer screams and corostels, nightingales do not sing in forest ravines, does not smell flowers. day longing forgotten, everything is forgiven, and the steppe easily inhales the wide breastfeeding…» (Chekhov);

4) semicolon(the pause between parts is longer than with a comma);

5) colon in a simple sentence: The company needs workers: locksmiths, turners, millers; in a complex sentence: And my request is next: take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language… (Turgenev).

2. Rising intonation(raising the tone), conventionally indicated in the texts by the icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold), is required when the following punctuation marks are used:

1) exclamation mark: I beg attention! Please stop debate!;

2) question mark: What is the feature modern stage development societies?;

3) comma:

a) in a series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, connected by connecting unions and yes (in meaning "and" ), or without conjunctions, is accompanied by the intonation of the same type of enumeration: The team crept up business, cheerful, vigorous. Everyone works with full bestowal and enthusiasm;

b) in a simple or complex sentence in the presence of adversatives ( but, but, however ), separating ( either ... or, then ... that, not that ... not that etc.), double comparative ( like…and; although ... but; if not...then etc.) of unions is accompanied by a heterogeneous, non-uniform intonation: the ascending intonation is replaced by a descending one: Mal spool, Yes roads. Is not the outside, a avenue. In economics, there is no other choice: either strength, or ruble ;

c) in a simple sentence with isolated members of the sentence: Editorial thanks readerswho sent their wishes. AT decisionadopted on meetingsummed up the results of the work. Despite the difficult weather conditions, the transcontinental flight took place;

d) in a simple sentence in the presence of introductory words and appeals, if they are allocated in a speech tact, i.e. accompanied by a pause: Reportedly printing, the visit of the head of government may not take place;

e) in a complex sentence on the border of its simple sentences: to me seemsthat the style of translation will not be violated if we transmit foreign proverbs with moderation and tact Russiansthat correspond to them in content and style, especially in cases where the literal translation is clumsy and wordy(K. Chukovsky);

4) a dash in a simple sentence: Life live- not field go. On right- sea, left- the mountains; in a complex sentence: Century live- century learn .

3. Rising intonation(raising the tone) is required in all cases when a pause at the boundaries of speech measures (syntagmas) occurs in the absence of a punctuation mark:

Oftenwe can still hear statement:/market in its purest form/no longer exists nowhere, / especially in industrial countries.// cruel delusion.// If not to tell/illiteracy¦and blindness.// Yes, / the state today / tries to correct everywhere market.// Yes,/monopolies/plan their production,/ are fighting for control of market.// But over market,/ but not over anything others!// …Nothing useful from Togo, / what's the story economyaccumulated for century, / the modern economy has not lost. // AND, add,/- can not lose.// For the market and social division labor/not detachable.// And the deeper this division labor, /themes wider, /more branched¦ market.// BUT means,/ and its tools:/money,/price,/taxes,/credit/currency well.// (N. Shmelev, Either strength or the ruble).

4. Logical stress(a special rise in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable, in texts) conventionally indicated by the icon (") (in the examples, the accented letter is highlighted bold), is allowed only when the semantic selection of the word and phrase in the phrase:

1) within one simple sentence, it is recommended to resort to logical stress no more than once, thus emphasizing new, important information for this statement, since the meaning of the message as a whole changes from a change in the place of logical stress. For example, a proposal Pushkin was born in Moscow can have three options for setting a logical stress, depending on what you need to pay attention to: a) PatShkin was born in Moscow; b) Pushkin familyandwas in Moscow; in) Pushkin was born in Moscowe.

The presence of more than one logical stress in a simple sentence is allowed in a series of homogeneous members, if you need to emphasize each of them: Pushkin's draft is a precious documentent, in which all stadii of the creative process, all of its lasteconsistency, all gradualenia;

2) in a connected text, logical stress helps the speaker to clearly distinguish the beginning of a new thought, emphasizes the auxiliary words that form the compositional beginnings: firstly, secondly, thus, so, of course, naturally, after all etc.;

3) stands out accented word class, the logical underlining of which is typical for public speaking, since with the help of them the speaker expresses his attitude to the subject of speech: very, completely, absolutely, not at all, again, again, earlier, always, annually, usually; is, no, it is impossible, it is possible, it should not be; important, little, much etc.;

4) stand out "reference points" text - words that name the object of speech; first of all, these are terms, as well as words that clarify the meaning of terms, explaining them.

Below is an excerpt from the article by N. Shmelev, divided into speech measures, containing intonational markings and logical stress with a focus on the pronunciation norms of public speech.

Legend:

(/) a continuous oblique line indicates mandatory pauses, (¦ ) a broken oblique line - for possible, optional pauses;

- falling intonation(decrease in tone);

- rising intonation(raising tone);

(") - logical stress (a special rise in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable, in texts).

Everyone at least a few times in their life doubted how to pronounce the word correctly, where to put the stress, because the Russian language is one of the most difficult languages.
Difficulties arise for several reasons.

Not in Russian general rule preservation of stress, it can be in any part of the word, unlike, for example, from French where the stress is always placed on the last syllable.

Emphasis plays a semantic role. Depending on the stress, the meaning of the word changes, this can be observed in homonymous words, or rather, in homographs (words that are spelled the same, but sound differently): a rit and steam and th, a tlas and atl a s, cr e dit and credit and t.

Our language has a lot of foreign words borrowed from other languages. This, on the one hand, enriches the language, and, on the other hand, creates difficulties in pronunciation and writing. Especially often, difficulties arise with the letter “e”: it is written “e”, and pronounced “e” (parterre, sex, dash).

There are many territorial varieties of the Russian language - dialects - which also affect pronunciation. So, in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, meat cooked on a spit will be called differently: shawarma and shawarma.

Communication with Slavic "brothers" has a huge impact on the native speakers of the Russian language. Even TV announcers began to pronounce many words in the Ukrainian manner, thereby making speech errors. Most often I hear such errors in the stress of verbs: n a chala instead of beginnings a, P about nyala instead understood a etc.

But despite the many factors that negatively affect the language, one must strive to speak correctly, since speech is the hallmark of every person. By the way a person pronounces words, you can tell a lot about his origin, upbringing, education. And if the native speakers, those for whom Russian is their native language, do not take care of it, then who will save the language?

Let's talk right!

With this article, I open a series of texts on correct pronunciation.

For starters, here's a set of words that cause difficulty in stress.

One of the most common mistakes is stress in feminine past tense verbs (I wrote about this already above, but I will repeat it):

Wrong: began, understood, took, took, created.
Correctly: began, understood, took, took, etc. But in the masculine gender: began, understood, created.

It is considered bad manners to say they are calling, calling. That's right: call, call, call.

You can buy funds and use the funds, but not the funds.

A child in childhood should be pampered.

Ukrainian is spoken in Ukraine. By the way, whether “in Ukraine” or “in Ukraine” is correct, the question remains open, there is no common opinion.

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms, which are a model correct use words.

Science of orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws correct spelling words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "right", "correctly", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "talk". Therefore, the question of what orthoepy is can be answered directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech, and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Adhering to the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science allow you to determine how to pronounce a particular word, and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy developed already in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. On the basis of northern Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the center of the political and cultural life of the country became new capital Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, a clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

stress

About what orthoepy is, you can consider the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case of the given word. For example, a city, but a city, a train, but a train, will be accepted, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, obituary, quarter instead of well-established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to correct the stress. For example, in the mid-1950s, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song "Hymn of Democratic Youth" helped to correct the mistake. The song was created by the composer Novikov to the verses of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the anthem were the words: "Young people sing this song." The widespread "youth" did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be recorded using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sounds of the language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found in the study of languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Currently, special dictionaries will help to put the correct stress in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

To explain what orthoepy is, you can use the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "box" only the third sound "o" is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly worn out in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" are pronounced with a pronounced [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

AT existing rules orthoepy says that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like paired deaf ones. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases "zzh" and "zhzh" are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I'm coming, we pronounce [I'm coming], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a fairly serious work on orthoepy. The deeply elaborated editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

Speech is part of a person's image. According to statistics, speech accounts for 25% of the impression of a person. The interlocutor pays more attention to literacy and beauty of speech, diction and voice. Let's talk about how to learn to speak beautifully and competently in Russian and in English.

Even if you have to communicate only with family members and neighbors, good speech will come in handy in life. Communicating with you, people will listen to your opinion and consider you a great conversationalist.

A good conversation will help in a career, increase the level of importance in the eyes of colleagues and ensure respect. Correct, beautiful and competent speech will be of help for speaking at meetings, conferences and other events.

The skills of competent speech should be owned by a person who occupies a leadership position or claims it. The head is the face of the company, and only with the help of competent speech can he conclude contracts, find partners and lead a team. Poor vocabulary brings a lot of trouble at the wrong time.

Step by step action plan

Consider a time-tested algorithm, using which you can quickly master the art of competent speech at home. Having reached certain heights, share knowledge and experience with loved ones. Those skills don't hurt.

Video tips

With the help of this algorithm, learn to speak beautifully and competently in Russian or English at home. As a result, the interlocutors will consider you an educated and intelligent person. Speaking correctly and beautifully, you will achieve success in life.

Learning to speak Russian competently and correctly

Russian language is difficult. It is not surprising that it is not easy even for a native speaker to master the correct and beautiful speech. Fortunately, there are no unattainable goals, it is enough to set a goal.

Video instructions

If you don’t like learning on your own, sign up for a collective public speaking course. Studying in a group, you will quickly polish a speech that will become a source of pride.

We speak English correctly

The English language pushes the boundaries of the picture of the world, but the school method of teaching does not give the desired result. It intimidates the level of complexity and does not provide the knowledge necessary to talk with a foreigner.

Learning English literate speech is easier than learning how to spell. The main thing is to remember the pronunciation of words and learn how to make sentences.

Skills for learning English

First of all, I will highlight the main character traits that will be needed to successfully achieve the goal. Then we will consider effective methods and ways of mastering English speech.

• Regularity . Only a serious approach will bring results. Study regularly to expand your vocabulary and combinations without forgetting the material you have learned.
• Honesty. Not every person boasts a penchant for self-study. If you doubt that it will be possible to organize training on your own, use the services of a tutor. With it, learn English faster at home.
• perseverance . A trait of character necessary to achieve a goal. Learn to speak English language not easy. You will have to learn words, memorize the translation, use it correctly in sentences. What to say about pronunciation. Audiobooks and the Internet will help with this.
• Motivation. Remember, even a person without positive characteristics can succeed. Desire is enough to eclipse the negative qualities, since the desiring person will easily step over the obstacle for the sake of the goal. Even laziness won't hurt.
• self control . To make training effective, control yourself and objectively evaluate the results. Only you can determine when to repeat material and when to move on.

Where to start learning

In none of the above paragraphs have I ever mentioned the need to have certain talents in relation to this language. This proves that, if desired, everyone will master English speech.

Why is it necessary to speak correctly and competently?

If you learn to correctly, correctly and beautifully convey a thought, you will always be heard, regardless of the volume of your voice. This truth was proved by the ancient Greek sophists who were engaged in teaching.

Speech courses offer a range of topics for learning in this direction. Classes conducted by masters of oratory help students who are striving to achieve a great goal in life, learn the wisdom of correct speech delivery.

Regardless of the profession, an archaeologist, policeman or salesman will improve conversational skills. Even a sales assistant working in a store cannot do without the right diction and the ability to convince.