Presentation on the world around "Spiders: Familiar Strangers". Presentation on the topic "spiders" Presentation about surprisingly interesting spiders

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Biology presentation on the topic: Spiders. Their structure. Diversity.
Prepared

Spiders
Spiders belong to the arthropod class. They are also part of the arthropod phylum Arthropoda, which is a Greek word meaning "joined foot". The earliest of all arthropods is thought to be the trilobite, which is an extinct marine animal. The first arachnid is considered to be a scorpion that lived about 500 million years ago. Today there are more than a million classified species of insects. Under the general name "SPIDER", there are approximately 34,000 varieties of arthropod insects. Like other varieties of arachnids, spiders are terrestrial, although some individuals have adapted to freshwater life. Spiders belong to the class of arachnids, or arachnids, other orders of this class include scorpions, false scorpions, haymaker spiders, ticks and others.

About 32,000 species of spiders are known to science. There are a lot of spiders and they are found in all corners of our planet. The length of most of them is less than 1 cm, but there are spiders with a body length of approximately 9 cm. Spiders differ from other arthropods in their characteristic appearance and, in addition, in the large number of species. There are more than 600 varieties of spiders in the UK, all harmless to humans. They prey on other insects, have eight legs and a body divided into two parts: a combined head with chest and a big belly. Most spiders have eight eyes arranged in two rows of four.
Many insects are herbivores, but most arachnids are predators, feeding mainly on insects. Spiders produce silk threads, spider silk is only 1/200 of a millimeter in diameter and is so light that if a spider could spin a strand around the world, it would weigh less than 170 grams.

spider body
The body of a spider consists of two parts. The first part is the head. It is made of durable material, chitin. The second part is the soft belly. A tiny tube connects the cephalothorax and abdomen. The back of the spider is the dorsal side and at the base is the ventral side.

Eight legs, two jaws and a pair of pedipalps are associated with the cephalothorax. Males have oblong bulbs at the ends of the pedipalps that fill with semen prior to mating and are used to introduce semen into the genitals of the female. There are usually eight eyes on the cephalothorax. In Europe, you can also find spiders with six eyes. In other places, you can find spiders with fewer or more, up to twelve, the number of eyes.
t Inside the body there is an extensive nervous system (blue in the figure). The brain is located in the cephalothorax, and the heart (red in the figure) is in the anterior upper side of the abdomen. The spider's heart beats at a frequency of 30 to 70 beats per minute. When the spider is tense or exhausted, the heartbeat can increase to 200 beats per minute. FROM back side spinning organs (white in the figure) are located in the abdomen, producing silk. They are associated with glands that produce various proteins. When these proteins are mixed, they polymerize and silk is formed. Liquid silk, passing through the spinning organs, turns into a thread. The sexual organ and egg-producing organ (white in the figure) is located between the book lungs (orange in the figure) and the spinning organs. The digestive tract (shown in yellow) runs through the entire body. At the end of it is the excretory (excretory) system (green in the figure).

leg tentacles
All spiders spin a web, which plays a very important role in their lives, and find a variety of uses for it. These are spider cocoons, where tiny cubs develop from eggs in warmth and safety; and lifelines like climbing ropes that attach to plants and keep the spider from falling to the ground. From the web, spiders make nests for the winter and, finally, weave trapping nets. Spiders can spin different threads for different purposes. If you need a thread for a trapping net, then special glands located next to the cobwebs cover it with a layer of adhesive. To move from place to place or to attach a trapping net, a dry thread is produced. Other glands secrete substances from which a thread is spun to twist a cocoon. The thread of the web is stronger than steel wire of the same diameter and can, without breaking, stretch for another third of its length.

Tireless Spinners
All spiders spin a web, which plays a very important role in their lives, and find a variety of uses for it. These are spider cocoons, where tiny cubs develop from eggs in warmth and safety; and lifelines like climbing ropes that attach to plants and keep the spider from falling to the ground. From the web, spiders make nests for the winter and, finally, weave trapping nets.
Spiders can spin different threads for different purposes. If you need a thread for a trapping net, then special glands located next to the cobwebs cover it with a layer of adhesive. To move from place to place or to attach a trapping net, a dry thread is produced. Other glands secrete substances from which a thread is spun to twist a cocoon. The thread of the web is stronger than steel wire of the same diameter and can, without breaking, stretch for another third of its length.

Web types
Different types of spiders weave different webs. The most common - and perhaps the most beautiful - round web often catches the eye somewhere in the park or in the backyard. Dew drops that have settled on thin threads on a cool morning give it a special beauty. In shape, it is close to a circle, in which spokes of radial threads scatter from the center in all directions, connected by the thinnest sticky spirals.

spatter spiders
European and American spatter spiders catch their prey by spitting out two thin streams of a sticky substance from their chelicerae, after which they envelop it in a dense cocoon of sticky threads. The Australian man-eating spider weaves a small trapping web, which it holds in front of it with its four forelimbs. When some insect crawls under the spider, it abruptly throws its legs to the sides, trying to spread the net as wide as possible, falls on the caught victim and drags it into its nest. These spiders have excellent eyesight. They hunt at night and are more sensitive to light than most other animals.
Spider-horses hunting during the day, slowly creeping up to their prey, rush at it in a lightning-fast jump. Usually they do not jump too far, but sometimes the length of the jump is 20 times the length of the body of the spider itself.

Deadly Poison
Almost all spiders have poisonous glands, but of all those living in the world, few are truly dangerous to humans - no more than 3% of the total. Poison glands similar to two sacs are located at the base of the chelicerae. Sufficiently large glands can also capture part of the head. They are connected to the claw of the chelicera by a special duct that opens at the very tip.
Spider venom affects different animals in different ways. A bite that is fatal for some has little effect on others, and this does not always depend on the size of the victim. For example, a black widow spider needs 160 times more venom to kill a frog than a much larger chicken. There are two types of spider venom - neurotoxic and hemolytic. Neurotoxins are present in most spider venoms and affect nervous system victims.

Spider species
Most spiders are in two suborders. These spiders are densely covered with hairs and most often they are large. Mygalomorphs are considered primitive mainly because of the structure of the jaws (chelicerae): they have a claw only on the upper jaw and are directed downwards. Many migalomorphs live in underground burrows. All these spiders live mainly in warm climatic zones.
Among them:
tarantulas
ctenizides
funnel spiders
digger spiders

tarantula spider

Many people confuse spiders with insects. A spider can be easily distinguished from an insect: for this, it is enough to count the number of legs: a spider has 4 pairs of legs, and an insect has 3 pairs. Many people confuse spiders with insects. A spider can be easily distinguished from an insect: for this, it is enough to count the number of legs: a spider has 4 pairs of legs, and an insect has 3 pairs.

The body of a spider consists of two parts. The first part is the cephalothorax, it is made of durable material, chitin. The second part is the soft belly. A tiny tube connects the cephalothorax and abdomen. Eight legs, two jaws, and a pair of pedipalps (sensory tentacles) are associated with the cephalothorax. There are usually eight eyes on the cephalothorax. The brain is located in the cephalothorax, and the heart in the anterior upper side of the abdomen.

Spiders have many enemies. Birds catch a large number of spiders on the ground or directly from their webs. Wasps are also enemies of spiders. Wasps specialize in hunting certain varieties of spiders and use captured spiders to lay their eggs inside those spiders. The larvae then eat the paralyzed spider. Ants also catch spiders. Praying mantises are great killers, they eat all kinds of insects and spiders. Wasp and Mantis Spider

The modern spider uses its jaws (chelicerae) to grab and bite its prey. Most spiders use venom to kill their prey. At the end of the jaws there are two hollow and very sharp syringe-like structures. They are used to pierce the victim's body and inject poison. Poison is produced by special glands.

The lethality of spider venom to humans is greatly exaggerated. However, there are spiders that are really dangerous to humans. The Black Widow species, the Australian Sydney tunnel spider and some wandering spiders from the American South are really dangerous. The venom of these spiders contains a substance that disrupts the nervous system and can knock down the heart rate, cause convulsions, trembling, pain and dizziness. The bite of such a spider can be fatal for children and people with a weak physique.

Presentation on the topic "Spiders" in biology in powerpoint format. The purpose of this presentation for schoolchildren is to expand students' understanding of spiders, to make it more intense, vivid, and memorable. Cultivate respect and love for nature. Auto presentations: Mazanko Elena Ivanovna, biology teacher.

Fragments from the presentation

• Of the creatures that live next to us, spiders are without a doubt the most interesting ... (Karl Frisch)
• I am a spider - a cross. I want to introduce you to my glorious classmates. We belong to the phylum Arthropoda. There are about 60,000 of us known.
• We have populated the land-air habitat, and some have also mastered the water.
• Our Latin name ARACHNOIDEA - ARACHNE. An ancient Greek legend tells of the beautiful girl Arachne, a skilled weaver who was not afraid to challenge Pallas Athena herself to a competition. According to legend, the fabric woven by Arachne was not inferior to the fabric of Athena. But the goddess did not recognize her virtues.
• Be you a spider - forever weaving its web, - cried Athena and turned the beautiful girl into a spider.

Spider structure

• Let me tell you a little about mine appearance. All spiders, despite their diversity, have a spidery appearance: two ovals, one is always larger than the other, connected by a narrow stem.
• The smaller oval is the cephalothorax. On it are located: hook-shaped jaws - chelicerae, nearby, covered with sensitive hairs - tentacles and 4 pairs of walking legs. The large oval is the abdomen on which the spider glands are located. Here is my portrait.

My internal structure has features:

• Digestion - extraintestinal, sucking stomach. The chelicerae contain venom glands.
• Respiratory organs - lungs and trachea.
• The heart looks like a long tube with holes called awns.
• The excretory system is represented by malpighian vessels
• The nervous system consists of the cephalothoracic ganglion and nerves extending from it.

The wealth of all spiders is the web.

• This is a special liquid protein secreted by arachnoid warts - modified abdominal legs, and solidifying in the air into a beautiful work of nature.
• The web has great strength as it is five times stronger than steel thread and three times stronger than the best synthetic fibers. If spiders weaved a web with a thickness of the order of a millimeter, then it would be quite possible to hold a person on it.

We spiders use the web in different ways.

• This is our home and dining table. Here we "celebrate weddings".
• Eggs are hatched in a spider cocoon, which prevents them from drying out, enemies and bacteria.
• On the cobweb, young spiders are carried by the wind
• Some use a sticky drop on a thin cobweb as a "lasso",

Spider-cross

Manifold external structure and lifestyle is simply amazing. Let me tell you about some of us. I'll start with myself. The spider-cross lives throughout Europe, it can be found in the forest, fields and gardens. Prefers damp damp places. He builds a magnificent web. It has 39 radii, 35 turns of the spiral, 1225 points of attachment of the radii to the spirals. Having caught the prey, the spider injects gastric juice into it and waits for the prey to be digested in its own chitinous cover. The spider's mouth is less than 1 mm and there are no chewing jaws, so it drinks digested food, as if through a straw. Spider - the male is smaller than the female. Attaches the thread to the edge of the trap and pulls. If she is ready to mate, she goes to the calling thread. After mating, the female eats the male. In autumn, she lays her eggs in a warm cocoon, and she herself dies. In the spring, new spiders appear.

Karakur

• In places where hot summers are replaced by warm autumns, Karakurt lives, nicknamed the black widow. The meaning of the nickname is very accurate: immediately after the wedding, almost all spiders of this kind doom themselves to widowhood - they kill ephemeral husbands. If a second spider comes after the first, seeking love, then the same sad fate awaits him.
• Poison Karakurt 15 times stronger than poison one of the most feared snakes - the rattlesnake. Karakurt bites cause a very severe poisoning in a person, which, if not treated in time, can end in death.

Pisaura is amazing

• But not all males resign themselves to their fate - to be eaten by a female. There are spiders that do not make trapping nets, but lead a wandering lifestyle. These are spiders - wolves. For example, Pisaura is amazing.
• It is very mobile, has a small abdomen and long legs. The male presents the female with a "wedding" gift. Having caught a fly, he carefully wraps it in a multi-layer web. Covering himself with a gift like a shield, he slowly crawls towards the female. The female grabs the bundles. Now everyone is busy with their own business. The female calmly sucks out the fly, and the male hurries to continue the genus.

Tarantula

• Tarantulas are a group of hairy and very large (about 3-4 cm long) spiders that belong to the tarantula family.
• Tarantulas live in deep and damp burrows in steppes and deserts. Tarantula venom is not very dangerous to humans, and some can even be kept as pets.

golden orbweb

• The hardest working spider
• Golden spinner (Nefilov family) - works with incredible diligence. Every day he restores his golden cobweb, whose diameter reaches a meter.
• Scientists believe that the color of the web attracts insects during the day, and hides the spider's nest in the evening.
• By the way, the web itself is comparable in strength to steel
• Females can live 10 to 15 years, while males can only live for a few months.

The kindest spider.

The spider is a vegetarian from the family of horses. Feeds on parts of plants. Has an accommodating disposition. Even the male and female take care of the offspring, which is a rarity among spiders.

The fluffiest spider

The tree tarantula spider, popularly known as the brooch spider, lives on several Caribbean islands - Martinique, Guadeloupe, Antilles. Here, in the dense crowns of trees, he weaves a dense funnel-shaped web, in which he spends most of his life.

The most dangerous spider in the tropics

The brown recluse spider is one of the few spiders in the world that is harmful to humans. It lives in the Midwest, California. The spider is small - from 0.6 to 2 centimeters - which makes it not very noticeable. It seeks warm, dry and dark places. The brown recluse has 6 eyes in 3 pairs. When bitten by a brown recluse, symptoms often appear within the first 24 hours. At the same time, all the venom spreads throughout the human body. Hermits are not aggressive and only bite when they are threatened.

The most water spider

A water spider - a silverfish spends almost its entire life under water, which is very unusual for spiders. To breathe there, the spiders use domed web nests in which they store a supply of air. To replenish their stock, they carry air bubbles on special hairs on their abdomen from the surface. Also, oxygen can penetrate into these domes from the water, which saves the spider from having to climb to the surface.

The most unusual spider.

The Gasteracanthus spider from East Africa warns of its venom and thorns with bright colors.

Our importance to people's lives can hardly be overestimated.

• Spiders help people in the fight for the harvest. People would have died of starvation long ago if it weren't for spiders. Every year, more than 2 centners of pests are destroyed on each hectare.
• Yes, and the web finds practical use. For example, in the optical industry In the manufacture of telescopes, microscopes, optical sights.
• In ancient times, fresh cobwebs stopped the blood.
• They tried to use spider silk in the textile industry. Louis XV was even presented with spider silk gloves and stockings. But it is not yet commercially available. Eight-legged weavers eat only freshly caught prey.

Hello. My name is Rudak Dominik. I am in class 1 "B".

The theme of my project is "Spiders: Familiar Strangers"

1 slide . I chose this topic because many adults and children are afraid of spiders and kill them. I am interested in the life of animals, including the life of spiders.

Spiders are very intelligent creatures, they are not insects, as some mistakenly think. Spiders are invertebrates and are included in large group arthropods. The order of spiders includes more than 20 thousand species distributed throughout the globe. The science that studies spiders is called arachnology.

2 slide Let's look at the structure of the body of a spider using the example of a spider - a crusader. The body consists of two sections: the cephalothorax and the abdomen.

The spider is easy to distinguish by the two most noticeable signs: they have no antennae, there are 8 walking legs on the chest.

The abdomen of a spider is most often oval in shape. On the abdomen there are arachnoid warts through which cobweb threads stand out. Spiders have 2 to 12 eyes, but most spiders have 8. 2 of them look forward, 4 point up and 2 look behind. But, despite this, the spiders are short-sighted, although they feel the vibration of the web very well.

3 slide On the territory of our country, the so-called knitting spider is common. His distinguishing feature- the ability to disguise. If he is in danger, he stretches his front legs along the branch on which he sits, becoming invisible. If the knitter is disturbed, it will fall down like a stone and immediately run into cover. In addition, he is a good runner on the water surface.

4 slide But the jumping spider is considered the most jumping small spider. His forte is excellent glass climbing. In addition, horses do not weave networks. They attack their prey with a lightning-fast jump.

5 slide Silverfish is the only spider adapted to life in the water. His element is freshwater stagnant and slow-flowing waters.Under water, it appears silvery due to the air that lingers on its hairs. Silver - poisonous spider so when you see it, don't pick it up!It hibernates under water in its bell house. Spiderlings appear in the spring. Their number is from 50 to 100.

6 slide Unfortunately, not all spiders are harmless. Some of them have poison that is dangerous to humans.

One of the most poisonous spiders in Russia is karakurt or black widow. They bite, mainly females, in cases where they are crushed, when they defend themselves, during the mating season.

7 slide Another one not without dangerous spider- This is a South Russian tarantula. This creature lives in the mountains. It is difficult to confuse it with other relatives, since these individuals have a kind of cap dark color. A tarantula bite can cause an allergic reaction.

8 slide Cheyracantium. This is another poisonous spider that lives on our territory. It mainly attacks humans when defending its territory.

9 slide Do spiders bite people?

It turns out that they very rarely bite people and only in case of defense.

If you are still bitten by a poisonous spider, remember the first aid rules:

Squeeze the poison out of the wound

Rinse the bite thoroughly with water

Bandage the wound

Apply a cold compress

Urgently consult a doctor

10 slide The web is a real miracle of nature. She looks likewonderful lace.Spider web is one of the most durable natural materials (5 times stronger than steel). AT South America cobweb bridges over gorges can be so strong that monkeys climb over them. And in New Guinea they catch fish with a web.

The elasticity of the web is simply incredible! Scientists have calculated that a thread woven from spider silk, as thick as a pencil, can stop a flying Boeing 747.

11 slide Scientists claim that spiders exterminate harmful insects more than all other animals combined! And such dangerous pests, like cotton aphids, harmful turtles and, of course, mosquitoes and flies. In turn, spiders are food for birds. Spider venom is used in medicine. As you can see, everything in nature is interconnected. Therefore, there is no need to destroy anyone, you can just watch the animals and not interfere with them, then they will not touch anyone either.

12 slide The benefits of spiders are obvious. It can be concluded that humanity must definitely protect these arthropods. And if you have a spider in your house, don't kill it. Let him become a pet that guards your home. Treat spiders of any kind with respect, and then they will answer you the same. In the old days they said: “If you want to be healthy, don’t you dare kill the spider”

Thank you for your attention.