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7th grade. Animals. Lesson number 2 in the section: "Type Chordates". Completed by: Poltavtseva O.A. teacher of biology, MOU Proletarskaya secondary school No. 4 named after. Nisanova H.D. LESSON TOPIC: "Class of fish: Cartilaginous, Bone". PURPOSE OF THE LESSON: To get acquainted with the variety of fish; Give a general description of the classes of cartilaginous and bony fishes; To study the features of the external and internal structure of fish in connection with the consolidated habitat. Make sure that the fish are of the Chordata type.
LESSON PLAN. 1.Updating knowledge: a test based on the material covered with a frontal check. 2. Study of new material: Determine the place of the class of fish in the natural classification of the animal world. To study the general characteristics of the class Cartilaginous fish. To study the general characteristics of the class of bony fish. Consider the external and internal structure of fish. Get to know the variety of representatives of these classes. 10. Consolidation of knowledge: tests. 11. Summing up. Homework.
Examination homework. 1. Chordates include: a) warm-blooded animals; b) non-cranial /lancelets/; c) multicellular animals; d) animals with a nervous system. 2. Vertebrate animals originated from: a) molluscs; b) arthropods; c) modern lancelets; d) skullless. 3. Vertebrates are not characterized by the presence of: a) the brain; b) chords; c) spine; d) hearts. 4. For non-cranial animals, it is characteristic: a) the absence of an internal skeleton; b) replacement of the chord by the spine; c) the movement of blood through the vessels due to the contraction of the heart; d) the presence of a chord throughout life.
The structure of bony fish. The external structure of a fish The internal structure of a fish
SYSTEMATICS. Kingdom - Animals Phylum - Chordates Sub-phylum - Cranial/Vertebrates/ Classes Cartilaginous fishes bony fish Orders Sharks Sturgeon Rays Herring Chimera Salmon Cyprinids Perciformes
general characteristics class Cartilaginous fish. 1. Inhabitants of the marine environment. 2.Cartilaginous skeleton. 3. Gill slits without gill covers. 4. Transverse mouth opening on the underside of the head. 5. There is no swim bladder.
SHARKS RAYS Representatives of the class Cartilaginous fish.
General characteristics of the class Bony fish. They live in the seas, oceans, rivers and lakes, in permanent and temporary reservoirs. The body shape is varied: elongated, circular, torpedo-shaped, flattened, leaf-shaped, snake-like. The head, pointed in front, is merged with the body, which starts from the free edge of the gill covers and ends with the anal fin. Next comes the tail section. The skin is covered with scales. Scales lean on each other, arranged in rows. Various glands are located in the skin / mucus-secreting, poisonous, luminous /. The skeleton consists of the bones of the head /skull/, spine, paired skeleton /pectoral and abdominal/ and unpaired /caudal, dorsal, anal/ fins. There is a swim bladder that is filled with a mixture of gases. Respiratory organs - gills which are covered with gill covers. The circulatory system is closed. The heart is two-chambered, one circle of blood circulation. The organs of excretion are ribbon-like kidneys. The reproductive organs in females are the ovaries, in males the testes. The nervous system has a brain. Sense organs: organs of sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste.
Representatives of the class Bony fish.
Live "fossil" lobe-finned fish Latimeria. About 400 million years ago in the seas and fresh water oyomah of our planet appeared lobe-finned fish. It was believed that these fish became extinct about 7 million years ago. But by 1980, more than 70 coelacanths had been caught. These fish have a primitive organization. The vertebral bodies are not developed, the elastic chord is not ossified. There is a "double heart" that pumps both arterial and venous blood. They reproduce by viviparous. They have skeletal formations in paired limbs, equipped with powerful muscles. It has no practical commercial value.
Consolidation of new material. Choose true statements. 1) In cartilaginous fish, the gills are closed with cartilaginous covers. 2) The largest shark is the whale shark. 3) Most stingrays lead a benthic lifestyle. 4) Sharks and rays lead a benthic lifestyle. 5) All sharks are dangerous to humans. 6) Cartilaginous fish have highly developed muscles. 7) Cartilaginous fish have a swim bladder. 8) The skin of cartilaginous fish is covered with scales. 9) The body of stingrays has a torpedo-shaped body. 10) The coloring of the rays is patronizing.
Choose one answer out of four: 1. The class of bony fish does not include: a) carp; b) slope; c) perch; d) coelacanth. 2. Bony fish, unlike cartilaginous fish, have: a) pectoral and ventral fins; b) streamlined body shape; c) gills covered with gill covers; d) developed tail fin. 3. The number of chambers in the heart of fish: a) two; b) three; c) one; d) four. 4. Adaptation of fish to aquatic environment is not: a) the presence of paired fins; b) lateral line; c) brain and spinal cord; d) breathing with gills. 5. The circulatory system of fish: a) has one circle of blood circulation; b) has two circles of blood circulation; c) has a three-chambered heart; d) open. 6. With the help of the swim bladder, the fish: a) digests food; b) move faster c) perceives the direction and strength of the water current; d) sinks to a depth or rises. 7. Cartilaginous fish does not include: a) white shark; b) European chimera; c) common catfish; d) dipterous slope. 8. Lung breathing is typical for fish: a) chimeras; b) brush-finned; c) salmon-like; d) sharks. 9. Latimeria - a representative of fish: a) perch-like; b) brush-finned; c) cyprinids; d) herring. 10. Gills are closed by gill covers in: a) sharks; b) slope; c) perch; d) chimeras.
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The internal structure, reproduction and development of fish Sports, be mistaken, make mistakes, but, for God's sake, think, and although crookedly, but yourself. Gotthald Lessing
The bone skeleton of a fish The basis of the bone skeleton is the spine and skull
Internal structure In the body cavity of the fish are the digestive organs: the esophagus, stomach, intestines and liver, as well as the swim bladder, heart, paired kidneys and sex glands.
Digestive system Small or large teeth are located on the jaws of the fish
Respiratory system Respiratory organs of fish - gills
Circulatory system heart vessels Fish have only one circulation. The system is closed.
The structure of the heart The heart of fish consists of one atrium and one ventricle. There is always venous blood in the heart. atrium vein artery ventricle
Blood vessels Arteries Veins atrium vein artery ventricle these are the vessels through which blood leaves the heart these are the vessels through which blood returns to the heart
PHYSICAL MINUTE
Nervous system The nervous system consists of: the brain and spinal cord and outgoing nerves
Cerebrum diencephalon cerebellum medulla oblongata forebrain midbrain
Reproduction of fish Fish are dioecious. Females spawn eggs, males - milk containing spermatozoa. Fertilization in most bony fish is external.
fish larvae
Fish development
Test answers: 1 - B 2 - C 3 - A 4 - A 5 - C
Evaluation criteria: All answers are correct - "5" 4 correct answers - "4" 3 correct answers - "3" 2 correct answers - "2"
Homework § 32.33 Sports, be mistaken, make mistakes, but, for God's sake, think, and even if it's crooked, yes yourself. Gotthald Lessing
Preview:
Test
The internal structure of fish
- The skeleton of a fish consists of:
A - skull and spine
2. Fish Heart:
A - single chamber
B - three-chamber
B - two-chamber
A - external fertilization
5. The circulatory system of fish:
A - closed, no heart
B - closed, there is a heart
Test
The internal structure of fish
- The skeleton of a fish consists of:
A - skull and spine
B - skull, spine and skeletal fins
B - spine and skeleton of fins
2. Fish Heart:
A - single chamber
B - three-chamber
B - two-chamber
3. The nervous system of fish consists of:
A - brain and spinal cord, nerves
B - brain and nerves
B - brain and spinal cord
4. Most fish are characterized by:
A - external fertilization
B - internal fertilization
5. The circulatory system of fish:
A - closed, no heart
B - open, has a heart
B - closed, there is a heart
Preview:
Lesson on the topic:
"Internal structure, reproduction and development of fish".
Biology teacher of the highest category MBOU secondary school "School No. 226"
Shilova Tatyana Viktorovna
The purpose of the lesson: form an idea of the internal structure of fish.
Lesson objectives:
Educational : to consolidate knowledge of the general features of chordates, to continue the formation of ideas about vertebrates using the example of river perch, its internal structure, to form an idea of the systems of organs of vertebrates.
Educational : develop logical thinking, the ability to compare, highlight the main thing.
Educational: to cultivate love for nature, a culture of communication.
Equipment: computer presentation, computer, multimedia complex.
During the classes.
1 Learning new material.
slide 1
Hello guys, my name is Tatyana Viktorovna. Today, working in the lesson, we will discover another secret of biological science. But first I would like to draw your attention to the wordsGotthold Lessing (read out). I would like these words to be the guiding thread of our lesson.
Remember what animals you met in the last lesson?(fish)
What place do they occupy in the system of the animal world?(what type and class they belong to) well done, thank you!
? What features external structure did you learn the fish in the last lesson?(streamlined body shape, the presence of fins, the skin is covered with scales and mucus, etc.)
On Click
Today in the lesson we will conduct a study, during which we will try to find out: “The internal structure, reproduction and development of fish.” This is the topic of our lesson, please write it down.
slide 2
Let's start with internal structure fish - from the skeleton.
? Why do you think the skeleton is needed?(support, protection).
On the slide you see the skeleton of a fish.What main parts does it consist of?I suggest that you discuss this question in pairs, 1 minute for discussion. Listening to your responses....
Now let's see if that's the case.
On Click
Yes, you were right, the fish skeleton consists of a skull, spine and fin skeleton (write in a notebook).
The structure of the skull includes: the cranium, the upper and lower jaws, the bones of the orbits, the gill covers.
What is the spine of a fish made of?Well done, these are vertebrae.
Are they all the same in a fish skeleton?(No)
As we can see, the spine of a fish consists of different vertebrae that form two sections: the body and the tail. Trunk vertebrae are special, they consist of a body and three spinous processes - one process is directed upwards, and two look down, ribs adjoin them.
What do you guys think, why do we need ribs?(correctly, to protect internal organs)
slide 3
Organs and organ systems are located in the body cavity of the fish.
What organ systems do you already know?(calling) Well done.
slide 4
We continue our research. You have the digestive system.
What organs make up the digestive system?(answers) Well, well done, let's see if we named the organs of the digestive system correctly.
Click
What do you think is the feature of digestive system fish, what distinguishes it from other previously studied animals?I propose to discuss this with a desk mate or find the answer in the textbook (p. 156) (answer teeth) click Write this down in your notebook.
slide 5
The next system we will be introduced to is − respiratory.
What is the main habitat of fish?(water) is correct.
Click . All aquatic animals have a special respiratory organ - gills.
Fish are constantly swallowing water. From the oral cavity, water passes through gill slits, washes the gills and comes out from under the gill covers.
On Click
The gills are composed of the gill arch, stamens and petals.
Stamens - protect delicate gills from clogging with food particles.
Petals - permeated with the smallest blood vessels - capillaries. Gas exchange occurs through the walls of the capillaries: the blood is saturated with oxygen, and carbon dioxide goes into the water.
slide 6
The next object of our study iscirculatory system.
What feature in the structure circulatory system can you note?I propose to discuss this with a neighbor (closed, there is a heart, one circle of blood circulation).
Slide 7
The heart of fish is two-chambered - it consists of an atrium and a ventricle.The heart beats very weakly and rarely - only 20 beats per minute.
Slide 8
The major blood vessels in fish are the arteries and veins.
How would you define a blood vessel - an artery?Look at the picture, maybe it will help you, or discuss the answer in pairs.
And so: an artery is ...
Vienna is ... (write in a notebook) click slide definition.
slide 9 charging
Slide 10
The coordinated work of organs and organ systems is provided by the nervous system.
Which features in the structure nervous system can you name?(consists of g / m and s / m and nerves extending from them; located on the dorsal side).
slide 11
The fish brain has five sections: oblong, anterior, intermediate, middle and cerebellum. Due to this structure of the brain in fish, the formation of simple conditioned reflexes is possible.
Are there any fishermen among you? Explain why fish are fed for several days before fishing?(correct or explain myself)
You can observe the formation of a simple conditioned reflex on aquarium fish(story)
slide 12
Fish are dioecious animals.
The reproductive organs of females are the ovaries, in which eggs - eggs - mature.
The reproductive organs of males are the testes (milk), in which spermatozoa mature.
Fertilization in fish is external, since the fusion of the sperm and egg occurs outside the body of the female.
slide 13
From the fertilized eggs, larvae first appear, which live and develop due to the yolk sac.
Slide 14
Then the larvae are covered with scales, their mouth is cut through, and they become fry. The fry grow, feed and turn into adult fish.
Our study is over, I suggest you take a test and check what you remember while learning new material.
Slide 15 Answers
Slide 16 - evaluation criteria
Peer review, grading. Who coped with 5, 4. Are there those who failed to complete the test?
Slide 17
D / z § 32.33. click
In conclusion, I want to return to the words that became the motto of our lesson
Today we learned how fish are arranged. We were wrong, we tried to argue, "although it's crooked, but on our own." I would like you to follow this motto not only in the classroom, but also in life.
Thank you guys, it was a pleasure to work with you.
General characteristics of the sturgeon-shaped or bone-cartilaginous order. The skeleton is bone-cartilaginous. The skeleton is cartilaginous. There is a chord that persists throughout life. There is a chord that persists throughout life. Most species are sea dwellers northern hemisphere temperate latitudes that spawn go to rivers. Most species are inhabitants of the seas of the northern hemisphere of temperate latitudes, which go to rivers to spawn.
Elongated body. Elongated body. There is a flattened. There is a flattened snout, on the lower side of which there are 2 pairs of antennae. The mouth is in the form of a transverse semilunar fissure. The mouth is in the form of a transverse semilunar fissure. There are 5 rows of bone plaques located on the ridge and on the sides. There are 5 rows of bone plaques located on the ridge and on the sides. Paired fins are attached horizontally to the body. Paired fins are attached horizontally to the body. The caudal fin is unequal. The caudal fin is unequal. There is a swim bladder. There is a swim bladder.
General characteristics of the order HERRING Marine, anadromous and freshwater fish. Marine, anadromous and freshwater fish. Elongated body, slightly compressed laterally. Elongated body, slightly compressed laterally. The color is dark blue or greenish, the belly is white with a silver tint. The color is dark blue or greenish, the belly is white with a silver tint. Paired and unpaired fins are soft. Paired and unpaired fins are soft. The lateral line is not visible. The lateral line is not visible. large species- predators, the rest - feed on plankton. Large species are predators, the rest feed on plankton.
General characteristics of the order SALMON-LIKE Marine, but more often anadromous and freshwater fish. Marine, but more often migratory and freshwater fish. The skeleton is not completely ossified. The skeleton is not completely ossified. The second dorsal fin (adipose) has no rays. The second dorsal fin (adipose) has no rays. Commercial fish with valuable meat and caviar. Commercial fish with valuable meat and caviar.
General characteristics of the order CARP-LIKE Inhabitants of fresh waters. Inhabitants of fresh waters. Outgrowths of the anterior vertebrae connect the swim bladder to the inner ear. Outgrowths of the anterior vertebrae connect the swim bladder to the inner ear. There are pharyngeal teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones. There are pharyngeal teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones. There is no stomach, food from the esophagus immediately enters the long intestine. There is no stomach, food from the esophagus immediately enters the long intestine. Carnivores, omnivores and herbivores. Carnivores, omnivores and herbivores.
General characteristics of the perch-like order They live in all water bodies the globe. They live in all water bodies of the globe. The presence of two dorsal fins with sharp spines. The presence of two dorsal fins with sharp spines. The swim bladder is closed. The swim bladder is closed.
Subclass lungfish ۷ Ancient group freshwater fish. ۷ Most of the skeleton remains cartilaginous. ۷ The chord is preserved. ۷ Presence other than gill and pulmonary respiration. ۷ Droughts are carried out by burrowing at the bottom of a reservoir in a mink, falling into hibernation in a mud cocoon.
Origin
On the left is one of armored fish- bothriolepis.
Right jaw of a fossil carcharadon shark
- ancient group fish.
- Sharks and rays
- 600 species
- cartilaginous skeleton
- Body covered with bony scales
- Sharks include fish with an elongated torpedo-shaped body and a length of 20 cm to 20 m. Shark skin is rough, covered with numerous teeth. Paired pectoral and ventral fins are horizontal and provide movement of the fish up and down. On the head there are underdeveloped eyes that can see objects only in black and white.
- The respiratory system begins with 5–7 pairs of gill slits.
- In the intestine, a spiral valve stretches along its entire length, increasing the suction surface.
- The arterial cone of a two-chambered heart is capable of independent contraction and gives an additional blood impulse.
- The sense organs are represented by the organs of smell, vision, touch (lateral line)
- Fertilization in almost all cartilaginous fish is internal.
- Many of them have a cloaca.
- Cartilaginous fish are viviparous or lay eggs.
The most dangerous sharks
White shark
Hammerhead shark
- These are relatively large fish, some of them reach a width of 6 - 7 meters and a mass of 2.5 tons. Their body is flat, flattened in the dorsal-ventral direction, diamond-shaped - with fused pectoral fins expanded on the sides. The tail fin looks like an elongated thin whip. The skin of some stingrays is smooth, but many of them have developed scales and spines similar to sharks.
- Gill slits are located on the ventral side
- The body is strongly flattened.
- Wide pectoral fins grow to the edges of the body and head. The caudal fin is thin, and its lobes are often reduced. The anal fin is absent.
- They use their pectoral fins to move, flapping them like wings.
- The spatters are much better developed than those of sharks.
- Most species are seabed dwellers, giving their backs a protective coloration that matches the color of the ground.
- Skates reproduce by laying encapsulated eggs on the bottom or by live birth.
- Some species of stingrays have electric organs.
- The discharge lasts 0.03 seconds with voltage up to 220 V.
European chimera
american hydrolag
- The jaws are completely fused with the skull.
- The gill slits are covered with a skin fold.
- There is no cloaca, the anal and urogenital openings are separated from each other.
- A naked body up to 1.5 m long, gradually thinning, passes into a long tail.
- They live from the shelf to the great depths of the oceans.
- Chimeras feed on marine invertebrates and fish.
- They have practically no commercial value.
Test task "Wave"
1) in cartilaginous fish, the gills are covered with cartilaginous
lids;
3) most stingrays are bottom-dwelling
4) sharks and rays lead a benthic lifestyle;
5) all sharks are dangerous to humans;
6) cartilaginous fish have highly developed muscles;
7) cartilaginous fish have a swim bladder;
8) the skin of cartilaginous fish is covered with scales;
9) the body of stingrays is torpedo-shaped;
10) the coloring of rays is patronizing.
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Slides captions:
Class Bony fish
Class bony fish sturgeon-like herring-like salmon-like pike-like cod cypriniform perch-like
The skeleton is cartilaginous. There is a chord that persists throughout life. Most species are inhabitants of the seas of the northern hemisphere of temperate latitudes, which go to rivers to spawn. General characteristics of the detachment sturgeon or bone-cartilaginous
Elongated body. There is a flattened snout, on the underside of which there are 2 pairs of antennae. The mouth is in the form of a transverse semilunar fissure. There are 5 rows of bone plaques located on the ridge and on the sides. Paired fins are attached horizontally to the body. The caudal fin is unequal. There is a swim bladder.
paddlefish shovelnose
Marine, anadromous and freshwater fish. Elongated body, slightly compressed laterally. The color is dark blue or greenish, the belly is white with a silver tint. Paired and unpaired fins are soft. The lateral line is not visible. Large species are predators, the rest feed on plankton. General characteristics of the herring order
anchovy herring
Marine, but more often migratory and freshwater fish. The skeleton is not completely ossified. The second dorsal fin (adipose) has no rays. Commercial fish with valuable meat and caviar. General characteristics of the salmon order
omul vendace
Inhabitants of fresh waters. Outgrowths of the anterior vertebrae connect the swim bladder to the inner ear. There are pharyngeal teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones. There is no stomach, food from the esophagus immediately enters the long intestine. Carnivores, omnivores and herbivores. General characteristics of the cypriniform detachment
They live in all water bodies of the globe. The presence of two dorsal fins with sharp spines. The swim bladder is closed. General characteristics of the perch-like squad
An ancient group of freshwater fish. - Most of the skeleton remains cartilaginous. - The chord is preserved. - Presence other than gill and pulmonary respiration. - Droughts are carried out by burrowing at the bottom of a reservoir in a mink, falling into hibernation in a mud cocoon. Subclass lungfish
protopter horntooth
An ancient and almost extinct group of freshwater fish. -Prefer shaded habitats. -Predators, the mouth is armed sharp teeth. - The vertebrae are rudimentary, there is a chord. -The fins are fleshy, blade-like. Subclass lobe-finned fish
