With any mention of an astronomical clock, most of us will certainly remember the famous one. However, this masterpiece of engineering is far from the only one in Europe. In the Middle Ages, the creation of astronomical clocks was a very popular craft, although it was considered something of a miracle.
Masters capable of constructing such a complex mechanism were worth their weight in gold, but almost every major city considered it necessary to host such a chronometer. Not many astronomical clocks have survived to this day, but even now their diversity can make quite a strong impression.

Olomouc

Let's start the review with the homeland of Orloi - the Czech Republic. A very interesting astronomical clock can be found in a town called Olomouc. They are located, as in Prague, in a pointed arch, on the wall of the city hall.

The watch was created in 1422 by the watchmaker Antonin Pohl. According to the legend, appearance his future creation was suggested to the master by an angel who appeared in a dream. However, the celestial did not warn Antonin that upon completion of the work, a terrible fate awaited him - as often happened in the Middle Ages, the masters were blinded so that he could never repeat anything like this anywhere.
Chronometer dials show the exact time, current date and day of the week, as well as the phases of the moon, signs of the zodiac and the position of the planets in the sky.
Throughout the entire period of its existence, the figurines and design of the chronometer have repeatedly changed. Depending on the current political situation, new figures were added to the clock, the original German inscriptions were replaced with Czech ones, and after the Czech Republic became a socialist country, the entire design of the clock was redone in the spirit of then-topical socialist realism.

They have remained so to this day. Medieval clock on a Gothic chapel, with ancient dials, which are decorated on all sides with figures of quite modern scientists, workers and peasants. The spectacle is very colorful, albeit very absurd.

Cremona

Italian masters also became famous in the creation of astronomical clocks.

The largest astronomical clock not only in Europe, but throughout the world is located in the Italian city of Cremona. The bell tower on which they are located is also a record holder - it is considered the second largest brick bell tower in the world.
In addition to the fact that the tower is high, it also claims to be one of the greatest long-term construction projects in the Old World. According to official data, the bell tower was erected in the 13th century, but locals we are sure that they started building it five centuries earlier, that is, from the 8th century.
One way or another, the astronomical clock appeared here much later, namely, at the end of the 16th century. The creators of the chronometer were father and son Diviziole. A huge, elegantly painted dial conveys traditional information about the current time and the current position of the Moon and Sun in the signs of the zodiac to the citizens.

Venice

The Venetian astronomical clock is located on the wall of the Moorish Tower, in Piazza San Marco. Since 1499, they have been informing residents and guests of the city about the exact time, the phases of the moon and the transition of the Sun from one zodiac constellation to another. It is interesting that the watch dial has 24 divisions, not 12, as usual, moreover, midnight and noon are located here not on the vertical axis, but on the horizontal one.

This clock also has figurines, but they perform before the audience only once a year - at Epiphany. From which it follows that the performance is dedicated to the scene of worship of the Magi.
Above the clock is a statue of the Virgin, above - the famous symbol of Venice - a proud winged lion.
And even higher, above the clock, on the very roof of the building, there are two more curious figures - two shepherds, beating the bell. One of them, the older one with the beard, symbolizes the Past and strikes the bell five minutes before the next hour. The second, a young shepherd, symbolizes the Future and strikes the bell after the fifth minute of the new hour.

Berne

Switzerland, neighboring Italy, also has its own astronomical clock.
The Zytglogge clock tower, which means “Wheel of Time” in German, is considered the most famous symbol of Bern. For several centuries, since its construction in the 13th century, the tower was part of the city fortifications and served as the western entrance to the city.

She became a watchmaker only at the beginning of the 16th century, but her watches are still considered one of the oldest in Switzerland. The upper dial tells the townspeople what time it is, and the lower one gives comprehensive information about the current position of the main luminaries and the current sign of the zodiac.
Bears in various outfits act as figurines in this watch, which is not at all surprising, because the Bear is a universally recognized symbol of the city of Bern.
Rumor has it that this watch inspired Albert Einstein to explore the mysteries of time and create the famous theory of relativity.

Lear

Another city tower, this time in the Flemish city of Lier, became a sentry as recently as 1930. The unique watch was created by master Louis Zimmer, after whom they were named. Unlike most astronomical clocks in Europe, Simmertoren has not two, but as many as thirteen outer dials, each of which conveys its own unique information to the audience.

In the tower itself there is a kind of planetarium, where there are 34 more dials with more detailed astronomical information. Now the clock is rightfully considered the pride and one of the most popular attractions of Lir.
In 1960, master Zimmer created another miracle chronometer in Lier, now located in a pavilion next to the tower. This watch also has several dials, and around one of them moves the slowest hour hand in the world. It completes its full revolution within 25,800 years, so no one living today, alas, will be able to wait for this moment.

Lyon

In France, rich in talents, great masters of watchmaking also met.
The astronomical clock, which is located inside the Saint-Jacques Cathedral of Lyon, is considered the oldest in France. According to historians, they were created in the XIV century. At the end of the 16th century, their appearance was significantly changed - the old chronometer was added to the baroque splendor that was fashionable at that time.

In addition to time, the clock indicates the location of the sun, moon, as well as the most bright stars ascending over Lyon. The dates of all the main church holidays, up to our time, are also indicated here.
Located on upper tier figures, act out their pantomime 4 times a day. Before the start of each performance, a rooster suddenly appears from the bowels of the clock, which crows three times, which is somewhat reminiscent of the third bell in the theater. The theme of the pantomime is the Good News, so the Virgin Mary, the Archangel Gabriel and a host of angels participate in the performance. And from above, the whole action is watched by the Lord God himself, blessing all the spectators at the end of each performance.

Besançon

The unique astronomical clock is considered to be the main attraction of the French Besançon. They are located in the city's cathedral, but you can see them only during a special tour, which is held several times a week.

The chronometer with a height of more than five meters boasts the largest number of dials, there are 57 of them. At the same time, information on the dials is not duplicated. By carefully examining the watch, you can find out not only the exact time and the current position of the planets, but also the time in some other European cities. Continuing to carefully study the dials, you can find out the tide schedule in all major ports in France, the exact dates of countless religious holidays, and much, much more.

The clock was created in the middle of the 19th century and has been repaired more than once since then. An incredibly complex and fragile mechanism requires the most careful maintenance, so the best watchmakers of the city vigilantly monitor their condition.

wells

Separated by a strait from the main continent, the inhabitants of Great Britain also found themselves subject to the general fashion for astronomical watches. At the same time, the British would not be British if they could not stand out among other peoples of Europe.
In the 14th century, the original clock appeared on the Cathedral of Wells, the dials of which are located both inside and outside the temple.

It looks very original and symbolic. On the outer facade of the cathedral, which is open to the vain world, there is an ordinary clock dial that tells the townspeople the exact time so that they can easily navigate the schedule of their worldly affairs. But inside the temple, the same clock gives deeper information - about the position of the main luminaries and stars in the sky. This secret knowledge is not available to those who are outside, and only by entering the temple, and being closer to God, people can try to comprehend all the secrets of the Universe and the hidden springs of the universe.

Lund

Residents of Northern Europe also have their own astronomical clock, they are located in Sweden.
The chronometer is located in the main medieval cathedral of Scandinavia, in 1424 and consists of two large dials.
The upper one traditionally shows the current time and the location of the main heavenly bodies, and the lower one allows you to calculate the exact dates of all major church holidays. The chronometer is decorated with figures of St. Lawrence, the patron saint of the cathedral, and four evangelists.

Twice a day, at 12:00 and 15:00, a tiny organ starts playing inside the clock, and wooden figurines play out the traditional biblical scene of worship of the Magi in front of the audience.

The watch is carefully monitored and overhauled once a century, with the next scheduled for 2023.

Here is just a small part of all that chronometric splendor created in Europe over many centuries. What is the reason for such popularity of astronomical clocks is still a mystery. Perhaps they became a kind of tribute of medieval people to the pagan past, when knowledge about the position of the heavenly bodies was vital for every peasant. But in this case, one can only guess why the Church not only encouraged the creation of such masterpieces, but also allowed many of them to be placed in churches. Let these difficult questions historians understand, and tourists just need to admire these amazing mechanisms and admire the skill of their creators.

An astronomical clock is a high-precision clock in which a uniform time scale is set by the oscillations of a pendulum. Astronomical clocks have been used for many years to keep time (see Time Service).

One of the first systems of astronomical clocks was created in 1657 by X. Huygens. The basis of their design was a pendulum device, which provided a countdown of equal time intervals with very high accuracy.

Since the accuracy of the astronomical clock depends on the pendulum device, the designers' efforts were aimed at ensuring the most favorable conditions for its operation.

It is known that the period of oscillation of a pendulum depends on its length: as the length increases, the period increases. In addition, the period of oscillation of the pendulum changes with a change in the density of the surrounding air. To prevent these reasons from affecting the accuracy of the clock, special measures are taken to maintain a constant temperature in the premises where the astronomical clock is installed. And so that even small temperature fluctuations do not change the length of the pendulum, starting from the 18th century. pendulums of astronomical clocks began to be made from several rods connected in such a way that when the temperature changes, some of them, while lengthening, increase the total length of the pendulum, while others, on the contrary, reduce it. The use of such a compensation mechanism made it possible to significantly increase the accuracy of the astronomical clock.

To protect the astronomical clock from the influence of extremes atmospheric pressure and to reduce air resistance to pendulum oscillations, they began to be placed inside a hermetic casing, in which a reduced pressure was maintained.

In addition, to protect against all kinds of fluctuations and vibrations, astronomical clocks were placed in basements, at a depth that guarantees against various concussions.

The most advanced pendulum mechanism with a special suspension and an improved thermal compensation system was created at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. Soviet engineer F. M. Fedchenko. The accuracy of the watch designed by Fedchenko reached c per day, which is comparable to the accuracy of the quartz watch.

Short's astronomical clock uses two pendulums. One of them, the so-called independent, is placed in the basement under a hood with reduced pressure; this pendulum sets the rhythm of the clock. With the help of a system of electromagnets, the oscillations of an independent pendulum control the oscillations of the second, so-called dependent, pendulum, which directly controls the clock mechanism.

Now in the service of time, mechanical pendulum astronomical clocks have given way to quartz and atomic clocks.

From time immemorial people have been attentive keep track of time, take into account when making arrangements, planning affairs. Astronomical and academic hours are often taken into account when controlling time, and the terms are defined at the legislative level for the convenience of citizens of the country.

Information from history

time reckoning based on the duodecimal system used by the Sumerians. Hours have long been divided into minutes. Also take into account the sexagesimal system of calculus. The combination of two systems: duodecimal and sexagesimal determines the convenience of time control.

The ancient Egyptians began to divide the day into 24 hours, which has survived to this day.

The duration of the hour depended on the time of day (day and night), the season. Subsequently, it was decided to divide the day into 2 identical parts: day and night. The timing system changed gradually. For example, in the Middle Ages European countries took into account church services. Variable duration persisted for several centuries, but now the system includes several terms that everyone knows and correctly translates the clock when necessary.

Clock change

In Russia, already in the 16-17 centuries, the duration of the hour was constant. Duration day and night varied according to the time of year. After 1722, the time system became similar to the modern one.

Interpretation of concepts

So, how many minutes are in an astronomical hour? He equals 60 minutes. The indicator is standard for each country.

An academic hour is the duration of one training session in an educational institution. Usually it is 45 minutes.

The following interpretations are defined:

• academic hour- the minimum accounting unit of study time;
• two academic hours form a pair (according to this scheme, training at universities is organized).

You need to remember about the set values ​​\u200b\u200bin order to know how to correctly convert astronomical hours to academic ones.

Features of the astronomical hour

Even a child should know what an astronomical hour is, because modern time reckoning is based on this term.

In this case, an hour is always equal to 60 minutes.

Life circumstances, plans and agreements are tied to the available time, so it is easier to resolve issues if you know how much time. It is better to purchase reliable steel watches, which are accurate and allow you to carefully keep track of time for the proper planning of public, personal affairs.

Women's watch with crystals on a ceramic bracelet, OKAMI(price link)

astronomical hour is a standard time span, so it is always 60 minutes or 3600 seconds. However, the unit of time is not included in international system units. Despite the fact that the duration of the astronomical hour is standard for the whole world, the value in question does not belong to the decimal number used.

Academic hour data

Academic hours may vary. She always means time interval during which the lesson continues. The value is set for educational institutions, and people of different age groups take into account different indicators.

In kindergartens, teachers always shorten the duration, in schools they use the standard value, in universities they spend couples

For this reason, the translation of two meanings: the academician and the astronomical hour in each situation will be carried out according to a special scheme. This is due to the difference in the concentration of attention, since young children are not able to absorb information for a long time. If you do not take into account the attention of the listeners, children and adolescents will be tired, so they will not be able to absorb educational material in the optimal amount. This means that the indicators of the academic hour should be different for educational institutions.

Until 2014, the duration was established by the charter of educational institutions, but was limited 45-50 minutes. Currently, kindergartens, schools, universities independently determine the duration of the hour, focusing on local documents.

couple in universities

Universities traditionally spend couples(two academic hours are combined). This rule is not established at the legislative level.

Academic hour at the university

At the same time, you need to know how long classes last at universities, colleges outside of Russia, the CIS. Traditionally 60 minutes divided into 2 parts with a 15 minute break. It is believed that such a schedule contributes to the easy assimilation of the material for listeners, as they have enough time for rest and recuperation.

Duration of lessons in schools

One lesson per Russian schools lasts differently.

First grade:

• September-December - 35 minutes;
• January-May - 45 minutes.

In other classes, the duration does not exceed 45 minutes. Usually one academic hour is exactly equal to 45 minutes, but sometimes educational institutions set other values ​​​​according to the needs (special documentation is accepted for this).

Kindergartens

For kindergarten students duration of classes will be minimal, with lessons scheduled only for the afternoon after afternoon naps. The duration of the lessons is as follows:

• 3-4 years - 15 minutes;
• 4-5 years - 20 minutes;
• 5-6 years - 25 minutes.

Classes do not last long, as small children need regular breaks for concentration, performance.

Academic hour in kindergarten

In the 21st century, time is considered significant for citizens. Time bound plans, graphics, lesson planning in educational institutions.

Most people are used to astronomical hour, because it is always 60 minutes and allows you to successfully navigate the society. The academic hour is defined only for educational institutions, as it helps to plan lessons and draw up reporting documentation.

Some information about the astronomical clock in Europe.

1. The term "astronomical clock" is used rather ambiguously. In principle, any clock that shows some astronomical information besides time can be called astronomical. They can show the position of the Sun or Moon (as well as its phases) in the sky, the current zodiac sign, or even star charts. We will start with the most famous - Orla in Prague.


2. To say that this clock is astronomical is to state the obvious. Another word that can describe them: "masterpiece". The first thing to know about them is that they were installed 80 years before the discovery of the Americas by Columbus, that is, in 1410. Immediately striking is the dial in the center, which shows the position of the Sun and Moon. Tourists in Orloi are also attracted by the mechanical figurines of the apostles, which move every hour. In addition, there are other moving figures and a dial with the months of the year.

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4. There is a belief that if the residents do not take care of the clock, a curse will fall on the city, and it becomes clear why, after so many years, the clock is still in perfect condition. Of course, they had to be restored several times. A fire due to the shelling of the square in 1945 during the Nazi uprising severely damaged the clock. Years passed before the clock could be fully repaired. For example, the figure "Death and the Turks" was almost completely destroyed.
Lund, Sweden

5. But the clock is a little younger than the Prague ones. They are in the cathedral city of Lund in Sweden.


6. It is believed that work on the clock was completed in 1424. The full name of the watch is Horologium mirabile Lundense. In 1827 they were dismantled, and their restoration took almost a hundred years. Every hour the clock plays on a small organ, and three wise men with servants pass by the figurines of Jesus and Mary (pictured below). It is almost impossible to realize that such a complex mechanism was created in the fifteenth century.


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8. Two knights at the top mark the hours, and astronomical dials show the phases of the moon, where and when the sun will set, and much more. The third dial from the top is the calendar. With the help of it, our ancestors calculated the dates of religious holidays, but today we can do it too, since the dial changes once every hundred years. This one will need to be replaced in 2123. As you can see, not all calendars end in 2012.
Strasbourg, France


9. There were three whole astronomical clocks in the Strasbourg Cathedral.


10. The first ones were installed in 1352 and worked for two hundred years until they installed more advanced ones in 1547, which worked until 1788. In 1838, the last ones were installed - those that still stand to this day, and are a monument to the ambitions and life work of the creator. If the clocks in ordinary homes only needed to be replaced twice in six hundred years...


11. Jean-Baptiste Schwilge began work on the clock in 1838. He was born in 1766 and from childhood dreamed of building a new clock for the cathedral. Fifty years later, he fulfilled his dream - that's how long it took to study mechanics, mathematics and clockwork. Before starting work, he and thirty of his assistants spent a year on design. And the time spent paid off: the clock was completed in less than five years and started working in 1842.


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Olomouc, Czech Republic


14. We are back in the Czech Republic, this time in Olomouc. In 1420, when this clock was built, the city was the capital of the state of Moravia. The clock is installed on the main square of the city, and was rebuilt about once every hundred years.

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16. The Czech Republic suffered greatly at the end of World War II, when in 1945 the German troops retreated under the pressure of the Soviet. The clock shot by the Germans, or rather their remains, are stored in the local museum. Czechoslovakia after the war fell under the rule of the USSR, and when the clock was restored, it was done with great care. But, of course, the saints and kings known to all have been replaced by athletes and workers.


17. From afar, the clock looks ancient, and only when you come close do figures become visible, traces of a regime that has lived half as long as every new clock set by the good citizens of Olomouc.
Wells, UK

18. All the clocks that we talked about before were installed inside or outside buildings.
The inhabitants of the city of Wells in the west of England in the fourteenth century decided to build such a clock that would be both there and there at once. Pictured above - inner part hours. On this dial is a model of the universe. The sun moves in a circle against the background of stars. On the 24 hour dial there are hours from one to twelve in the afternoon and from one to twelve after midnight.


18. The same mechanism drives the clock outside the cathedral so that people do not have to enter the holy place just to find out what time it is.


20.
Bern, Switzerland


21. Although Switzerland is famous for cuckoo clocks, Bern's most recognizable landmark is the Zytglogge Tower. It was built in the thirteenth century, and the astronomical clock was installed in the fifteenth. The dial is shaped like an astrolabe, a navigational instrument that determines the position of the stars, the Sun, the Moon and the planets. Also, if you measure the height above the horizon with an astrolabe, you can find out the local time, and vice versa.

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23. The dial is delightfully painted, and, like the other watches we talked about, has been restored several times. Switzerland did not participate in any of the European conflicts of the twentieth century, but time has its own laws, and it took a lot of effort to keep the clock in working order. To better understand what the parts of the dial represent, see the photo below.


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Cremona, Italy

26. Finally - the largest astronomical clock. They are located in Cremona, Italy, in the second tallest brick tower in the world.

27. The tower itself was built at the beginning of the thirteenth century, but the locals boast that construction began as early as the eighth. And, of course, it is not surprising that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Roman foundation under it.
The clock was created by a father and son - Francesco and Giovanni Divizioli. The dial shows the passage of the Sun through the signs of the Zodiac.

Astronomical clocks are not the usual run-of-the-mill dials that any of us are used to seeing every day. These are the most complex mechanisms equipped with special dials and devices capable of displaying astronomical information in addition to the usual time: the position of the sun, moon, major planets and zodiacal constellations, ebbs and flows, solar and lunar eclipses, high years, etc. The construction of such clocks requires considerable knowledge and extensive experience in the mechanical arts. Today, there are very few masters who create astronomical clocks all over the world, they can literally be counted on the fingers. Unfortunately, many of the clocks created, for example, in the 14th and 15th centuries have not “survived” to this day, but those that have survived, I think, are worthy of our attention.

Pleasant viewing and wonderful mood for the whole day!

So let's go.

This wonderful astronomical clock was built in the 15th century and is located in the Cathedral of Lund in southern Sweden. The clock of the cathedral was stopped in 1837 and was started again only in 1923. On top of the clock are two knights who show the time. The top panel of the clock shows the exact (astronomical) time, the phases of the moon and the position of the sun. The bottom panel of the clock is a calendar by which the passing church holidays are determined (and used as a regular calendar). In the middle of the calendar, you can see St. Lawrence, the patron saint of the Cathedral, who is surrounded by the symbols of the four evangelists. Instead of a fight, organ music plays in the clock.

Wales Cathedral Clock, UK

This clock, as the name implies, is located in the Cathedral of the Principality of Wales in the UK and is one of the most outstanding Astronomical clocks. It is believed that they were created around 1386-1392, and the surviving mechanism was replaced in the 19th century. The watch dial is made according to the geocentric worldview, because. At that time, it was believed that the Earth is the center of the universe, around which all other stars and planets move. This astronomical clock shows the time (24-hour analog dial with Roman numerals) and also moon calendar and phases of the moon. As the clock strikes, a figure named Jack Blandifer hammers two bells. And every quarter of an hour, 4 knights ride out of the clock and arrange a mini-battle. Another clock with a similar mechanism is installed on the outer wall.

Gros Horloge astronomical clock in Rouen (Normandy), France

A very beautiful huge clock (diameter 2.5 meters) in the form of a golden sun with 24 rays against a blue starry sky is located on the ancient tower of the same name Gros Horloge, which means Clock Tower. The clock is one of the oldest mechanisms in France, its creation dates back to the 14th century. The watch is decorated with old colored engravings. The Gros Orloge watch shows the usual time, the days of the week, the phases of the moon, and the lunar calendar.

Prague Astronomical Clock or Prague Orloj, Czech Republic

The Prague Clock was created in the 15th century and is the third oldest working astronomical clock. According to the teachings of that time, in the center of the dial is the earth, around which the sun revolves. Above the dial are windows in which wooden figurines of the apostles appear every hour. In addition, every hour there is a presentation of small figures, and after that a rooster crows and the clock is heard. Orloi shows the time, days, months and years, the time of sunrise and sunset and the moon, as well as the position of the signs of the zodiac.

The Swiss clock was created in 1530 and installed on the tower, which from that time became known as the Zytglogge, which means "Time Bell" in translation. The Zytglogge, like many other astronomical clocks of the time, was built in the spirit of geocentrism. The clock shows the normal time, current date, day of the week and month, sunrise and sunset, moon phases, zodiac signs, etc. The watch has two fights, one of which comes into action every hour, the other every 15 minutes. Approximately four minutes before the fight of the first mechanism, the performance of mechanical figures takes place, in which a crowing rooster, God Chronos and bears (symbol of the city of Bern) participate, playing musical instruments.

Astronomical clock of St. Mary's Church in Rostock, Germany

The date of creation of the Rostock clock is 1472. The clock consists of two dials: the first is the clock itself, the second is the calendar. The clock shows the exact time, the phases of the moon and the sun, the signs of the zodiac, the month and the year. It is very strange that the calendar ends in 2017, perhaps earlier it was assumed that the end of the world would come during this period. Every day at noon, you can watch the performance of the figures from the procession of the Apostles around Christ.

Astronomical clock of Notre Dame Cathedral in Strasbourg, France

The creation of the Strasbourg clock dates back to 1843. On the southern facade of the cathedral there is a beautiful dial, which is the outer part of the clock located inside the cathedral. Under the dial is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary with a baby. The clock mechanism allows you to determine the dates of passing church holidays on next year and it is believed that this calendar can calculate dates indefinitely, that is, such a perpetual calendar. These watches, in addition to time, show the month, year, phases of the moon, eclipses and the position of the planets. The presentation of the figures takes place in the following order: every 15 minutes, one of the four figures, symbolizing age, appears; every hour - Jesus Christ drives away death; and once a day at 12.30 there is a main performance with the participation of Jesus Christ, the apostles, an angel and ancient gods.

Astronomical clock Olomouc, Czech Republic

Different sources give different dates for the creation of watches, among them 1422 and 1474, although the first written mention of them is found only in 1519. Initially, the clock was built in the spirit of the time with a geocentric system, but after the reconstruction, the clock acquired the form that we can see now. In particular, after the Second World War, religious figurines were replaced by communist teachings with workers and peasants. So every day at noon you can watch the performance of the working class.

Astronomical clock Tower of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy

This clock is the largest of all astronomical clocks and is installed in the Cremona Cathedral on the tower, which is the bell tower (the third highest in the world). The Lombard clock was built between 1583-1588. Their c The dial is designed in the form of a celestial sphere with zodiac constellations along which the Sun and Moon move, and the center, of course, is the earth.

Astronomical clock in the Cathedral of St. John in Besançon, France

The Besançon clock was built in 1860 and is the most complex mechanism, consisting of more than 30 thousand parts and 11 moving parts and having 57 dials. The clock is located in a closed room of the cathedral, which is opened by the clock keeper for guided tours. The clock shows the time in different cities, calendars, the movement of the planets, the seasons, lunar and solar eclipses, the time of tides, low tides and other phenomena.

Their list, of course, is not limited to the listed astronomical clocks. For example, there are such watches in Belgium, Venice, Turkey and even India. By the way, the Indian astronomical clock, which is also solar, has been declared a monument world heritage UNESCO as having the greatest astronomical instruments at the end of the Mughal period.