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These echinoderm marine animals belong to the class Asteroidea. People often call them starfish.
Echinoderm marine animals, in addition to starfish, include sea urchins, sea lilies and sea cucumbers (holothurians).
Sea stars not fish. They do not have gills or fins, and they move in a completely different way than fish. Starfish have tiny tube-legs.
If you carefully turn a living starfish over, you will see its tubular legs moving towards you.
Starfish move with the help of hundreds of tubes that are located on their underside. The starfish's tubular legs also help it hold its prey, which includes bivalves, mussels, microalgae, snails and sponges, as well as small fish.
Starfish live all over the world, in the intertidal zone and in the deep layers, in warm and cold water. But they do not live in fresh water.
More than 1500 types of starfish. Depending on the species, the skin of the starfish can be leathery or slightly prickly. Starfish have a tough coating on their upper side, which is made up of calcium carbonate plates with tiny spikes on the surface.
The spines of starfish are used to protect against predators, including birds and fish.
Starfish are beautiful animals that come in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes, but they all resemble a star. Some of them are relatively smooth, but all of them have spikes covering their upper surface, while their lower surface is soft.
A starfish usually has five rays with a central disc. The number of limbs in starfish depends on the species. Some of them have many rays. For example, the Sun-Star can have up to 40 rays!
The largest sea stars live in the Pacific Northwest.
Here the sun-stars are 1 meter (3 feet) in diameter and can weigh 5 kilograms (11 pounds). Sunstars are more active than many other starfish species, capable of chasing fast-moving prey. Although they come from cold waters, they have truly tropical colors.
Starfish are painted in the most various colors: blue, red, orange, grey, brown… These marine invertebrates are considered the most beautiful marine animals in the ocean.
If you have ever tried to open the shell of a clam or mussel, you know how difficult it is. Starfish open the shells of a mollusk quite simply.
And how they eat, you can't even imagine it - they push their stomach through their mouth, then digest the caught prey, and then pull their stomach back into their body.
This unique feeding mechanism allows the starfish to eat more big booty than one that can fit through her tiny mouth. The mouth (mouth) of a starfish is located in the center of its lower surface.
The main food for the starfish is benthic invertebrates. The feeding behavior of the starfish is unique. Starfish eat with their stomachs inside out.
The average lifespan of a starfish is 35 years. Life cycle starfish can be performed sexually and asexually.
Starfish can regenerate their lost limbs.
If a starfish is threatened by a predator, it may lose an arm, but then it is able to grow a new organ.
Sea stars have most of their vital organs at their tips. Some can even create a completely new body of their own, with only one limb and part of the central disk left of the starfish. Recovery does not happen quickly - regeneration takes about a year.
They have no blood, no brains and no problems
Sea stars have eyes - the place of the eyes at the end of each arm. This is a very simple eye that looks like a red spot. The eye does not see many details, but distinguishes light and dark tones.
The starfish filters seawater to pump nutrients into its nervous system.
Lacking blood flow, starfish pump sea water through their bodies, take in oxygen and other essential fluids. Sea water serves as a substitute for blood.
The starfish's radiation body is channels filled with sea water, which moves through a complex spiral system of particles.
Sea water is circulated through the body almost mechanically, with muscles and a system of lymph nodes working to move the water.
The sinuses and the various corpuscles and tubal systems all work together with maximum efficiency, without the presence of blood. The body of a star is still a mystery, and we still cannot understand how it works.
For scientific researchers, the starfish body remains one of the most interesting biological objects on this planet.
- People in the Indonesian archipelago, Japan, China and Micronesia eat starfish.
- They are kept in an aquarium or as souvenirs.
Most of us think of starfish as an ornament to the ocean, but starfish are voracious predators, not passive herbivores. It may come as a great surprise to you to learn that cannibalism is a well-documented fact in the life of these strange creatures.
Sea stars look attractive, but they are voracious predators with exceptional hunting abilities.
The ecology of the sea would not be complete without mentioning the ecological danger that the crown-of-thorn starfish represents. Covered in venomous spines, these creatures are half a meter across, endangering the lives of careless divers and swimmers, and destroying coral reefs.
The doubling of phytoplankton levels was associated with a 10-fold increase in the populations of these animals. Changes in ocean temperature and currents, as well as a decrease in natural predators, have also occurred due to booms in the population of crown-thorn starfish. The spikes in the population of these echinoderms cause significant damage to coral reefs. One of the most serious cases is damage to the Great Barrier Reef.
A 50% decrease in total coral cover on surveyed reefs older than 30 years showed that half of this decline can be attributed to an increase in starfish thorn populations.
Sea stars found at different depths; some species live at depths of thousands of meters, others near the coast, sometimes remaining at low tide for several hours without water. Stars are hardy in many respects, but (like other echinoderms) are extremely sensitive to the degree of salinity of the water, requiring water of normal oceanic salinity (about 3%). Therefore, they are absent in the Black and Baltic Seas.
Stars can reach large sizes, up to 70 cm or more from the end of one ray to the end of the opposite ray; often bright and variegated. The number of species is over 1700.
Structure and physiology. The body of starfish has the appearance of a five-pointed star, in which a central disk and five rays, or arms, are distinguished. However, there are stars that have more than five rays: with six ( Hexaster) or with nine, eleven, thirteen rays or more. Especially big number rays (more than 30) have stars from the family Brisingidae.
For the convenience of orientation in the body of echinoderms, firstly, lines extending from the center to the end of the rays, called radii or radial lines, are distinguished; secondly, lines ending at the edge of the disk between adjacent rays, which are designated as interradii or interradial lines.
The body of the star is flattened along the axis of symmetry. In the center of one of the flat sides is placed the mouth (oral side), in the center of the other is the powder (aboral side). The animal crawls along the bottom with its mouth down. Crawling is performed with the help of special processes, ambulacral legs, located at the bottom of the ambulacral groove on the lower (oral) side of each ray.
The body wall consists of a single layer of usually ciliated epithelium and a layer of underlying connective tissue; under the connective tissue lies the peritoneal epithelium, which limits the secondary cavity of the body, or the whole, in which all the insides are placed.
In the subcutaneous connective tissue, a calcareous skeleton develops, first in the form of microscopic bodies, which later merge into larger and regularly located plates. The skeleton is more developed on the oral side of the body. Each ray has two rows of ambulacral plates, which are interconnected in pairs and cover, like a gable roof, the ambulacral sulcus of the oral (oral) side.
The skeleton of the aboral side is mostly represented by only numerous narrow calcareous crossbars. Among them, in one of the interradii of the disk, a rather large, sometimes differently colored than the rest of the disk, madrepore plate is distinguished, pierced by numerous small holes. Spikes, small calcareous needles, etc. extend from the surface of the skeletal plates. In some stars, short curved calcareous needles can join like two halves of scissors and form the so-called pedicellariae. Pedicellaria open and close with the help of a system of special muscles. All muscles in echinoderms are smooth.
Digestive system begins in the center of the oral side of the disc with the mouth, which is surrounded by a soft annular lip. There are no special organs for capturing and crushing food. The mouth is connected by a short esophagus with a large, folded, well-marked stomach that occupies the interior of the disc. The stomach passes into a short and narrow hindgut (often with a special rectal gland), which opens in the center of the aboral side of the disc. 5 pairs of long blind protrusions, seated with lateral outgrowths, depart from the stomach into the coelom of the rays. Stars are big predators. They feed on various invertebrates, but mainly attack sedentary forms, such as bivalves, sea urchins, etc. P . Stars swallow small prey whole, and to master large prey they twist the stomach through the mouth and wrap it around the prey; the digestion of the latter goes, therefore, outside the body of the predator. Gathering on oyster banks, the stars exterminate large numbers of these molluscs.
Nervous system primitive. It lies almost entirely in the outer epithelium. The main part of the central nervous system consists of a perioral epithelial thickening, or nerve ring, and five radial nerves extending from it, located at the bottom of the ambulacral sulcus. The nerves reach the end of the beams. Deeper, under this superficial nervous system, in each beam passes another double, weaker deep radial nerve.
sense organs. The organs of touch are ambulacral legs, as well as five short tentacles at the ends of the rays. At the base of the tentacles lies an eye; the eyes are arranged simply, like the eye fossae and are able to determine only the degree of brightness of light. Asteroidea, apparently, have a sense of smell: they crawl in an aquarium for a moved piece of meat and after artificial removal of eyes.
Ambulacral system. Movement occurs with the help of the ambulacral system - a system of channels filled with an aqueous liquid. It begins on the aboral side of the disc with a madreporous plate. The pores of the plate lead to a special stony channel, the walls of which contain lime. The canal descends to the oral side of the body and here flows into the perioral annular canal, which lies under the stomach. Five radial ambulacral canals originate from the annular canal, giving lateral branches. Each branch sends to the oral side a tubule of the leg, which passes between the ambulacral plates into one of the legs, and gives a small hollow ampulla inside the body. Ambulacral legs - hollow, very extensible muscular outgrowths, equipped with a small suction cup at the free end. The legs sit in 2 or 4 rows at the bottom of the ambulacral furrows of the rays. Movement is carried out in the following way. The elongated legs stick with suction cups to the substrate. Then the muscles of the legs contract, the liquid from the legs is pushed into the corresponding ampoules, and the legs themselves are greatly shortened. As a result, the animal is somewhat pulled up on attached legs in the direction of movement. Further, the legs are unhooked from the substrate, the liquid is again driven into them by contraction of the ampoules, they are pulled out in the direction of movement, again stick to the bottom, etc.
The speed of movement of starfish (as well as other echinoderms) is low: a starfish crawls no more than 5-8 cm per minute.
Respiratory system. The ambulacral system also plays a role in the respiration of stars, but the main organs of respiration are skin gills. These are short thin-walled protrusions of the body wall into which the continuation of the coelom extends. They are present mainly on the aboral side of the animal, as well as on the sides of the ambulacral sulcus. Through the walls of the gills, oxygen dissolved in sea water diffuses into the coelomic fluid. The latter is transparent, colorless and contains numerous amoeboid cells.
Circulatory system. Lacunas are placed inside the septum, which lies in the perihemal canals. circulatory system. They are united by a near-mouth ring. In addition, there is also an aboral blood ring, connected by means of the so-called axial organ with the perioral one.
Unlike the perihemal system, which is lined with peritoneal epithelium, the circulatory system is a system of gaps in the connective tissue (lacunae) devoid of its own epithelial lining. The fluid accumulates mainly due to the flow of nutrients from the intestinal wall into the lacunae located here. Thus, it corresponds not so much to the blood as to the lymph of higher vertebrates, that is, it carries nutrients throughout the body.
Selection. There are no special excretory organs. A significant part of the metabolic products formed in the body is excreted with the help of amoeboid cells scattered in the fluid that fills all body cavities. When injecting finely ground ink as a whole, amoebocytes are loaded with grains of paint and exit the body through its integuments. At the same time, they choose the thinnest parts of the body wall, namely the skin gills; whole clusters of amoeboid cells, loaded with ink and normal waste products, come out through them. Part of the excretions is directly deposited in the skin and other tissues in the form of accumulations of yellow grains, etc. The stock of amoeboid cells in the body must be constantly replenished. For this purpose, special lymphatic organs serve: the Tiedemann glands and the axial organ.
reproductive system arranged simply. Sea stars have separate sexes. The gonads have the form of branched, grape-like sacs that occur in pairs at the base of the rays and open outwards with the help of short channels between the rays. Sexual products are excreted into the surrounding water, where fertilization takes place.
Sea stars have a highly developed ability to regenerate. A new ray grows in place of the torn ray. The cut beam of some stars is able to repair at the damaged end new star. Some stars ( Linckia) the process of disintegration of the animal into separate rays and subsequent regeneration occurs spontaneously, so that the ability to regenerate leads to asexual reproduction.
Classification and distribution. The class Starfish, which includes 3 orders, has an almost worldwide distribution. Starfish populate all areas of the World Ocean with normal oceanic salinity, but they are especially richly represented in tropical waters: in coastal zones, on shallows and banks, on coral reefs, etc. Stars eat polyps, and dead sections of reefs undergo rapid destruction under surf action. This detachment is quite widely represented in temperate and northern regions. the globe, where multiray stars from the family Solasteridae. In the Far Eastern seas, it is often found forming large accumulations on the shallows Patiria- a blue star with orange spots, having the shape of a pentagon with slightly concave edges. In the same areas, representatives of the third detachment are also common - Forcipulata, which have very flexible rays and characteristic pedicellaria, consisting of three movably articulated skeletal elements.
Literature: A. Dogel. Zoology of invertebrates. Edition 7, revised and enlarged. Moscow "High School", 1981
Most starfish have a coarse eye at the tip of each arrow. These compound eyes contain several lenses (ommatidia), each of which creates one pixel of the total image that this creature sees. Tropical starfish are able to see rough images with their own eyes that allow the animals to stay closer to home.
Scientists have found that some species of deep-sea starfish, found up to 1 km below the surface of the water, where sunlight does not penetrate, can see despite the darkness. Most species that can see in the dark depths of the ocean have more sensitive eyes, but see cruder images. These same starfish seem to distinguish objects more distinctly than their tropical counterparts living on a light shoal.
Scholars offer different explanations for this. Some species seem to see clearly in the horizontal direction, but less clearly in the vertical direction, which is absolutely true for an organism that lies on seabed. Other species appear to have less ability to detect changes in what they see over time.
These two species are also bioluminescent, meaning they are able to produce short bursts of light on the surface of their bodies. The combination of these flashes of light and the ability to see clearly allows these deep-sea starfish communicate with potential partners.
Regeneration
Hungry predators, crabs or fish, can bite arrows off starfish. If a fight breaks out, some species of starfish voluntarily lose their limbs so that the rest of the body can escape. What's more, they can regenerate an entire limb. If you find a starfish that has one arrow smaller than the rest, chances are it's a new limb.
On sea water
Starfish do not have the usual set of muscles. Instead, they move with the help of sea water, which is under pressure in vascular system their tel. They draw sea water through the pores, then it passes through the internal channels to the limbs, and those already set in motion thousands of tubular "legs".
Muscles and valves inside each tube compress the water, allowing them to stretch and retract, creating movements like walking with your feet, but multiplied hundreds of times. At the end of each tubular leg is a tiny suction cup that can stick to surfaces and help the stars accelerate.
Ejection of the stomach
Starfish are extremely efficient predators of the seafloor, feeding on a wide range products - mussels, clams, oysters. They sneak up on their prey and use their legs to grab the prey at the same time and pin it to the sea floor.
If the prey is small enough, the starfish will swallow the entire animal, distending its central stomach. While holding a death grip position, the starfish will gradually dissolve the edible soft tissue using enzymes inside the stomach, and then expel the inedible hard parts of the shell.
But if the prey is too large to fit in the stomach, the starfish will first try to open the shells and then push its belly into the gap so that it can destroy the soft tissue inside the victim and digest it right in her house, as if sucking through a straw.
Sea stars are amazing!
Everyone has seen the stars that can be seen every night in the night sky. In order to observe them, you need a telescope, since these stars are located very far from us.
However, there are stars that live next to us in the sea. We can easily observe these stars without a telescope. It is, of course, starfish.
Despite the fact that almost every person has seen a starfish at least once in his life, information about its biological features is little known to a wide audience. In the process of analyzing literary sources, it turned out that in encyclopedias about animals, information about these marine life presented quite a bit. That is why we turned to the study of highly specialized sources.
In the process of work, the following research methods were used:
1) theoretical, including analysis of sources of information; and
2) empirical - observation of the anatomical structure and behavior of the starfish.
1. 1. WHO ARE THE Echinoderms?
Sea stars belong to the type of echinoderms.
Echinoderms are headless animals whose body is divided into five rays. The ancestors of starfish inhabited the Earth about 580 million years ago. Over 13,000 species of extinct echinoderms have been discovered, and there are slightly more than 6,000 species living today.
Among modern echinoderms, five classes are distinguished:
➢ Sea lilies. This class includes animals resembling flowers. Their rays are branching.
➢ Sea capsules, or sea cucumbers. Their bodies are sac-like or worm-shaped.
➢ Sea urchins. This class includes animals with an almost spherical body shape.
➢ Starfish. As the name implies, this class includes animals with a body in the form of a star (five- or multi-beam).
The body dimensions of echinoderms usually range from 5 to 50 cm, but there are species whose length does not exceed a few millimeters, while in others, on the contrary, it can reach up to 5 m.
All echinoderms live in the sea. AT fresh waters They are not here. They are called so because of the needles that cover the surface of their calcareous shell. However, only sea urchins can truly be called that. In animals of other classes, needles are found only in some parts of the body or are completely absent. Almost all echinoderms are able to move slowly with the help of suction cups on their legs.
1. 2. WHERE DO THE STARS LIVE?
Among the animals that have survived to this day, starfish are one of the most ancient groups. There are about 1,500 species of starfish on Earth, belonging to about 300 genera and 30 families. They are found in all oceans and salty seas - from the Arctic Ocean and the waters washing the coast of Antarctica, to the tropical and equatorial zones of the ocean. In seas with normal salinity, starfish can be seen near the shore, so starfish were well known to man already in ancient times. Their images were found on frescoes found during excavations on the island of Crete; their age is over 4000 years. The very name aster, that is, a star, was given to these amazing animals by the ancient Greeks.
1. 3. WHAT "DRESS" IS THE STAR?
Starfish can be various shades of orange, pink and red. There are also stars painted in purple, blue, green, brown and even black. Sometimes the coloring is spotty, and various bright colors can form a bizarre pattern.
The typical dress cut for starfish is five points, but many species have six or more points. For stars living in Antarctic waters, the number of rays can reach 45, and for a solar star even 50! Sometimes the number of rays in stars of the same type is different. So, in a star that is common in our northern and Far Eastern seas, the number of rays ranges from 8 to 16.
1. 4. HOW ARE THE STARS?
Sea stars usually have a more or less flat body with a central disk gradually turning into rays or arms radiating from it. The downward side of the star with a mouth opening in the center is called oral, that is, oral, and the upper side is called aboral. Sometimes the oral side is conditionally called the ventral side, and the aboral side is called the dorsal side. In stars that have an anus, it is located near the center of the aboral side of the disk.
Sea stars have a primitive nervous system. They do not have any clearly defined brain cells. But the experiments of scientists show that some stars can develop conditioned reflexes.
1. 5. HOW MANY LEGS IS A STAR?
In the middle of the lower side of each ray there is a furrow, in which there are numerous soft mobile outgrowths, mobile tentacles - ambulacral legs with suckers at the end. They are connected to a system of channels through which water circulates under pressure. The legs are located mostly in two, and in some stars in four rows along the entire length of the beam. Their total number in each of the rays can reach several hundred. The ambulacral legs serve the starfish for locomotion and for breathing.
1. 6. HOW DO THE STARS “WALK”?
At first, it may seem that starfish are completely motionless. In fact, all adult starfish constantly crawl along the bottom surface or burrow into the sand, only very slowly. Such a leisurely lifestyle is explained by the fact that the muscles of the stars are relatively poorly developed.
Each leg is connected to an ampulla located inside the beam - a muscular sac in the form of a small bubble that can contract and stretch. As pressure increases, the ambulacral pedicles stretch and change direction in response to muscle contraction. The starfish moves through the coordinated movements of the ambulacral legs.
The thrust force developed by a star can reach several kilograms. Thanks to this, starfish manage to open bivalve shells. At first, the shell closes tightly, but it cannot live like this for a long time, because it needs fresh water to breathe, and its muscles get tired. And as soon as a gap appears, the starfish stretches the shells of the mollusk and, turning its stomach outward, envelops the mollusk with it and begins to digest.
1. 7. WHERE IS THE STAR'S EYES?
Surprisingly, the starfish actually has eyes! Eyes are the only sense organs that are developed in starfish.
The last unpaired ambulacral leg of each ray is devoid of a sucker and is a short tentacle, at the base of which there is a red eye, consisting of numerous separate eye cups. With the help of the eyes, the star cannot "see" in the true sense of the word, but is only able to distinguish between the intensity of illumination and the direction of light. In addition to the unpaired terminal tentacle, several ambulacral legs adjacent to it may also lack suction cups and perform the function of touch. The creeping star pulls them forward and feels the surface with them.
1. 8. WHAT IS A STARFISH FOR DINNER?
Many stars, especially those that live in shallow waters, are predators. The Star Dinner consists of various molluscs, crustaceans, coelenterates and other invertebrates. Stars can also eat their own kind - echinoderms, for example, sea urchins.
1. 9. DOES THE STARFISH HAVE CHILDREN?
Yes there is. Most starfish are dioecious. But there are times when young stars are males, and grown to a certain size are females.
Sex cells are released into the water; fertilization takes place in water. The fertilized eggs develop into larvae that swim freely in the water. The larvae then attach themselves to rocks or the bottom and grow.
Many stars often show concern for offspring. Sometimes a star attaches eggs in sheltered places and then crawls away. However, among the inhabitants of cold waters or great depths, even the already formed young stars are hatched on the mother's body until they become independent.
Sea stars are very prolific. For example, Asterias rubens can release about 2.5 million eggs into the water in just 2 hours, and this can happen several times during the breeding season.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY
The research methodology consisted in using the method of direct observation, in particular, of the behavior and movement of the starfish on land and in the marine environment, as well as observing its structure. The observation was carried out for 4 hours.
This summer, my parents and I rested in the village of Plastun, which is located in the north of Primorsky Krai. Plastun is known as a sea and commercial port. Once we went on a boat to the sea to catch scallops and sea urchins. Vitaly Ivanovich Antonov, an amateur diver with 20 years of diving experience, put on a diver's suit and went down into the water to a depth of 25 meters. Thirty minutes later he surfaced and pulled out a net full of scallops and a few sea urchins. Then he dived a second time. When he appeared on the surface of the water, we saw huge tentacles of light orange color. When he swam closer, we saw that it was a starfish, but its size was enormous. In diameter, the star reached 50-60 centimeters! This is how I first met the starfish. We examined the starfish from all sides and took several pictures with the sea beauty. When we arrived at the port, we released our friend into the sea.
Our star belongs to the species Asterias rubens, that is, a red star.
This type of stars lives on rocks or stones, from shallow water to a depth of 650 m, and is common in the Baltic, North Seas and along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.
Its size can reach a diameter of 12 to 40 cm. Thus, our friend was a giant!
The hallmarks of Asterias rubens are usually 5 thick rays; relatively small disc of the body; short needles. We could observe all these signs in our specimen. The length of the starfish rays in our case reached 50 cm.
We could also observe that there were furrows in the middle of the underside of each ray, in which there were ambulacral pedicles with suction cups at the end. The legs were arranged in four rows along the entire length of the beam.
The photo shows that in our case the color of the star on the oral side is light orange, the color of the aboral side is brick-reddish. The color of this type of star can be different - gray, yellowish, reddish or slightly purple.
The star feeds on snails, bivalves, sea urchins and crustaceans. Such a gigantic size of the star can probably be explained by a fairly rich diet in the habitat. Since, according to local residents, the area is known for a large number of scallops and sea urchins.
In the process of research, we could observe how the star moved with the help of its legs on land (on a boat). The ambulacral legs at the end of the beam were extended, as if feeling the surface, and then the body of the star contracted very slowly and thus movement took place. For 2.5 hours of travel, the star was able to move 20 cm.
When we tried to raise a star, it was not very easy. She strongly stuck to the surface of the boat and her traction force was quite large. An adult man barely managed to tear it off the surface. When we held it in our hands, it seemed that the star froze, it was completely motionless.
Upon returning to the port, we released our friend into the sea and watched her behavior. For some time, 20 minutes, the star remained motionless. However, the star then released its ambulacral legs, and it was clearly visible how it felt the surface with a single beam. This confirms the presence of peculiar organs of touch located at the tips of the rays of the starfish.
CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the observed specimen is a typical representative of starfish belonging to the species Asterias rubens, which corresponds to all the anatomical characteristics of this species. The exception is the size of the starfish, which exceeds the standard parameters for stars of this type. Presumably big size of the observed specimen is explained by favorable habitat and nutritional conditions. During the study, we observed anatomical structure starfish, as well as the features of its movement in various environments. The way the starfish moves is confirmed by the fact that there are special organs of touch and vision located at the ends of the rays.
CONCLUSION
This work was aimed at studying biological features and lifestyle of the starfish. In the course of the study, a review of the literature on the biological and anatomical features of the starfish, its habitat, nutrition and reproduction was carried out. During the observation, the ways of moving the starfish in different environments were studied. The results of the study are presented in the form of a presentation.
This is outstanding work! A lot of questions ... Help, please! I only put half in here. Answer please! Prokaryotes, unlike eukaryotes, haveChoose one answer: a. mitochondria and plastids b. plasma membrane c. nuclear substance without a shell d. many large lysosomes Participate in the intake and movement of substances in the cell Select one or more answers: a. endoplasmic reticulum b. ribosomes c. liquid part of the cytoplasm d. plasma membrane e. cell center centrioles Ribosomes are Select one answer: a. two membrane cylinders b. rounded membranous bodies c. microtubule complex d. two non-membrane subunits A plant cell, unlike an animal cell, has one answer: a. mitochondria b. plastids c. plasma membrane d. Golgi apparatus Large molecules of biopolymers enter the cell through the membrane Select one answer: a. by pinocytosis b. by osmosis c. by phagocytosis d. by diffusion When the tertiary and quaternary structure of the protein molecules in the cell cease to function Select one answer: a. enzymes b. carbohydrates c. ATP d. lipids Question text
What is the relationship between plastic and energy metabolism
Choose one answer: a. energy exchange supplies oxygen for plastic b. plastic exchange supplies organic matter for energy c. plastic exchange supplies ATP molecules for energy d. plastic metabolism supplies minerals for energy
How many ATP molecules are stored during glycolysis?
Choose one answer: a. 38 b. 36 c. 4 d. 2
In the reactions of the dark phase of photosynthesis involved
Choose one answer: a. molecular oxygen, chlorophyll and DNA b. carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH2 c. water, hydrogen and tRNA d. carbon monoxide, atomic oxygen and NADP+
The similarity of chemosynthesis and photosynthesis is that in both processes
Choose one answer: a. solar energy is used to form organic matter b. the formation of organic substances uses the energy released during the oxidation of inorganic substances c. organic substances are formed from inorganic d. the same metabolic products are formed
Information about the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule is rewritten in the nucleus from DNA molecule to molecule
Choose one answer: a. rRNA b. mRNA c. ATP d. tRNA Which sequence correctly reflects the way of realization of genetic information Choose one answer: a. trait --> protein --> mRNA --> gene --> DNA b. gene --> DNA --> trait --> protein c. gene --> mRNA --> protein --> trait d. mRNA --> gene --> protein --> trait
The whole set chemical reactions in a cell called
Choose one answer: a. fermentation b. metabolism c. chemosynthesis d. photosynthesis
The biological meaning of heterotrophic nutrition is
Choose one answer: a. consumption of inorganic compounds b. synthesis of ADP and ATP c. obtaining building materials and energy for cells d. synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic
All living organisms in the process of life use energy, which is stored in organic substances created from inorganic
Choose one answer: a. plants b. animals c. mushrooms d. viruses
In the process of plastic exchange
Choose one answer: a. more complex carbohydrates are synthesized from less complex b. fats are converted to glycerol and fatty acids c. proteins are oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen-containing substances d. release of energy and synthesis of ATP
The principle of complementarity underlies the interaction
Choose one answer: a. nucleotides and the formation of a double-stranded DNA molecule b. amino acids and the formation of the primary structure of the protein c. glucose and the formation of a cellulose polysaccharide molecule d. glycerin and fatty acids and the formation of a fat molecule
The importance of energy metabolism in cellular metabolism lies in the fact that it provides synthesis reactions
Choose one answer: a. nucleic acids b. vitamins c. enzymes d. ATP molecules
Enzymatic breakdown of glucose without the participation of oxygen is
Choose one answer: a. plastic exchange b. glycolysis c. preparatory stage of the exchange d. biological oxidation
The breakdown of lipids to glycerol and fatty acids occurs in
Choose one answer: a. oxygen stage of energy metabolism b. the process of glycolysis c. the course of plastic exchange d. preparatory stage of energy metabolism
1. Which of the named "acquisitions" of animals can be considered aromorphosis?a. elephants losing their coats b. horse limb lengthening
in. the appearance of reptile eggs and their development on land
3. Which of the directions of evolution leads to serious rearrangements of the organism and the emergence of new taxa?
a. turning cactus leaves into thorns b. warm-bloodedness
in. loss of digestive organs in flatworms
4. Different types Darwin's finches arose by:
a. aromorphosis b. degeneration in. idioadaptation
5. Algae are classified as lower, and mosses as higher plants, because:
a. mosses reproduce by spores, but algae do not b. mosses have chlorophyll, but algae don't
in. mosses have organs that increase their organization compared to algae
d. division into lower and higher plants conditionally, because both mosses and algae are at the same level of development
6. Which of the following refers to aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration?
a. cellular lungs in reptiles b. primary cerebral cortex in reptiles
in. bare tail in a beaver d. lack of limbs in a snake
e. lack of roots in dodder
e. the occurrence of a septum in the ventricle of the heart in reptiles
and. mammary glands in mammals h. walrus flipper formation
and. lack of a circulatory system in tapeworms
k. absence of sweat glands in dogs
7. As a result of the appearance of chlorophyll, organisms have passed:
a. to autotrophic nutrition b. to heterotrophic nutrition
in. to a mixed type of food 8. A variety of devices is explained by:
a. only the influence of environmental conditions on the body
b. interaction of genotype and environmental conditions c. only genotype traits
8. The biological progress of a particular group of organisms is achieved in the following ways:
A. aromorphosis b. idioadaptation c. general degeneration
D. a+b e. a+b+c
9. A species that is in a state of biological progress is characterized by:
A. raising the level of organization b. declining level of organization
B. expansion of the range, increase in numbers, splitting of the species into subspecies
D. decrease in numbers and reduction in range
10. The species is in a state of biological progress:
A. bison b. ginkgo c. black crane d. house sparrow
11. Which of the following types of organisms are in a state of biological regression?
A. Canadian elodea b. Colorado potato beetle c. Ussuri tiger d. gray rat
13. The path of evolution, in which there is a similarity between organisms of different systematic groups living in similar conditions is called:
A. gradation b. divergence c. convergence d. parallelism
14. Of the following pairs of organs are not homologous:
A. balance organs of flies (halteres) that ensure their stable flight - insect wings
B. gills of tadpoles - gills of molluscs C. gill arches of fish - auditory ossicles
15. Of the listed pairs of organisms, an example of convergence can be:
A. white and Brown bear b. marsupial and polar wolf
AT. red fox and arctic fox d. mole and shrew
frog, fish, small pond snail, swimming beetle
2Answer the questions:
a) Why does the frog stick its head above the surface of the water?
b) How long can she stay underwater?
c) Does the fish stick its head out of the water like a frog?
d) How long can a fish stay underwater?
e) Why does a small pond snail rise from the water along an aquatic plant?
e) How long can a pond snail stay under water?
3Think about which of these animals absorb oxygen for breathing from atmospheric air, and which ones get it dissolved in water
4 Draw a plant standing waist-deep in water (reed, reed). Do all plants living near a reservoir have such a structure?
5 Describe the movement of various animals: flying, crawling, running, swimming. Think about why they all need movement
6Go to a lawn covered with flowering plants, and carefully, without disturbing the insects, see what is happening in the flowers at this time. Try to describe and draw your observations
7While walking through the forest, field, wasteland, in pasture areas, find the answer to the question: can a plant protect itself from enemies? Write down or draw plants that have such adaptations.
8 Grow some vegetables in the garden and write down your observations:
a) Did the young plants have to contend with unfavorable conditions?
b) Did they have enemies?
c) Did all the plants you planted survive? Gave a harvest? Write down what examples of the negative impact of man on nature you observed in your area.
9Watch the anthill for a few days. Describe the behavior of ants. Keeping a diary is very helpful when making observations. Here is an example of such a diary: Date of observation What I observe What I think about the causes of the observed phenomena Schemes and drawings
