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Big poplar glass case - Sesia apiformis Cl. = Trochilium = Aegeria apiformis Cl)
Systematic position: order of Lepidoptera - Lepidoptera, glass family - Sessiidae.
Damages
aspen, balsamic poplar, rarely black poplar, fragrant. Rarely damages willow, birch, linden, ash.
The nature of the damage. Females lay their eggs on the lower part of the trunk, throwing them out singly or in small groups.
The caterpillars that have emerged from the eggs are worn under the bark of the butt and the roots of the trees, first making small areas, then wider and stronger touching the sapwood, but not deep grooved passages filled with sawdust that go into it. On butts and thick roots, the passages are irregular, often merging into platforms, and on the roots they are longitudinal, with a deepening of 20-30 cm into the soil.
Pupation occurs under the bark of butt or roots in a cradle, in a dense cocoon, from sawdust and excrement.
Maliciousness. May flare mass reproduction. A large glass-box, in favorable conditions for it, multiplies in mass and strongly populates trees. In steppe plantings, pest infestation of 80-100% of poplar trees is often noted. The glass case causes a decrease in growth, the formation of dry tops, then the complete death of trees. In the wood of living trees, redness and rot of fungal origin develop.
Spreading
European part of the Russian Federation, forest and forest-steppe zone of Siberia, in the mountains Central Asia.
Favorite stations
Trees and plantings of all ages. But it is more common in cultures older than 7 years.
Generation
Generation
2 year old, in northern regions 3 year. During development, caterpillars go through 8 instars, wintering twice.
Diagnostic features
by phases of development.
butterfly - black-brown with lemon-yellow spots and stripes, 2 lateral spots on the chest, the last segment, as well as wide rings on the 1,2,3,4,5th segments of the abdomen are lemon-yellow. Anterior edge of thorax, veins of transparent wings and legs rusty-brown, rusty underneath. The appearance of a butterfly resembles a wasp. Antennae fusiform. The hindwings are shorter than the front ones. Wingspan: 35-45 mm.
the egg is oval-flattened, brown in color. Egg size: 0.75 x 0.55 mm. The female lays from 100 to 1300 eggs. Egg phase: 2-3 weeks.
caterpillar - young - pale pink, adult - white or slightly yellowish. The head is red-brown, the prothoracic shield is light yellow. The tergite of the last segment of the abdomen bears a small wart with an inconspicuous chitinous spine inclined towards the head. Track length: 55 mm.
the pupa is brownish or red-brown, with rows of spines on the dorsal side of the abdomen. Head and pronotum with a common longitudinal keel-shaped depression. Pupa length: 20-30 mm. Pupal phase: 20-25 days.
Phenology
Belongs to the summer subgroup. AT middle lane Butterflies of the glass case fly in the second half of June - at the beginning of July, and in the southern regions - a little earlier. They live only a few days, but in general years last up to a month. Butterflies are inactive and do not fly well low above the ground, emitting a buzz similar to a bee. They fly during the day.
During development, caterpillars go through 8 instars, wintering twice.
Duration of outbreak
A large glass-box, in favorable conditions for it, multiplies in mass and strongly populates trees.
Reconnaissance supervision. Held in August. A large glass case is identified by flight holes with doll skins sticking out or lying nearby, excrement sometimes thrown out from under the bark. A butterfly is very similar to a hornet.
Detailed supervision. When taking into account the population of trees, they are split into 0.5 meter cuts of the butt of the trunks, butt and upper roots to a depth of 30 cm. In total, at least 3 populated trees are analyzed.
Detailed supervision
in poplar plantations, it is carried out on stationary plots with the laying of temporary trial plots.
Control measures
They are mainly preventive in nature.
On plantations and urban plantations, it is necessary to repair plantings, replace poplars with other species, and select resistant poplar species;
Uprooting in the second half of summer or in spring and removal from plantations or burning of all stumps of trees drying out and shrunken from glass;
Sowing of red elderberry in poplar plantations without undergrowth, heavily populated with glasswort;
Introduction to understory plantings of broad-leaved shrubs, which can provide the formation of a powerful litter;
It is advisable to test the hilling of the butt with soil (to a height of 30 cm), taken from the trunk circles;
Spraying with insecticide during the period when caterpillars hatch from eggs.
This butterfly belongs to an amazing family of glassware (Aegeridae or Sesiidae), which have transparent wings and imitate stinging hymenoptera. Only she has confusion with the name - “apiformis” means “bee-like”, and in Russian it is “poplar” and generally copies not a bee, but a hornet. Glassware are close relatives of moths, although outwardly, of course, they are very different from them.
Unlike most butterflies, glassflies do not have scales on their wings; their wings are transparent. Glassware is like "undressed" butterflies. This was not done in vain: a small butterfly with transparent wings looks very much like a wasp. The flight of the glass case is very fast and also resembles the flight of a wasp. These properties help deter predators. This type of coloration this case- “none”, “zero” - because the wings are transparent) is called “mimicry”, from the Greek “mimesis” - imitation.
Two types of mimicry can be distinguished. One is when an edible species (usually rare, i.e. less numerous) imitates in color a relatively inedible one (dangerous, tasteless, poisonous, etc.), which is usually more common than the first. Predators, meeting with such an edible species, confuse it with an inedible one and do not touch it.
Another type of mimicry is when several non-edible species are colored in a similar way, which increases their chances of scaring off a predator. The second type of mimicry is based on the fact that predators (for example, birds) are trained to distinguish edible species from inedible. Once "burned" on a poisonous species, they will no longer touch all insects colored in a similar way. If many poisonous species are colored the same, then a predator “learned” not to touch one of these species will not touch their entire set, and thus the protection of each species is enhanced at the expense of others.
Studies of mimicry were carried out in the second half of the 19th century and were one of the major successes of the theory natural selection. Without resorting to a Darwinian explanation, it is difficult to explain why many unrelated insect species resemble each other in minute detail. Particularly elegant are those examples of mimicry in which many species are combined within one genus, each of which imitates its own, different model of a protected species (Mimacraea, Lycaenidae).
True, these explanations are arbitrary - the butterfly looks like a wasp in our opinion, who knows if the bird sees this resemblance. Not to mention the fact that, on occasion, many birds are able to eat a hornet ... Many studies have been carried out that have shown that everything is much more complicated. Not all examples of "obvious" mimicry from our point of view can be easily explained in this way, and in explicable examples there are many contingencies (for example, it should be assumed that the prey species is sufficiently interested in searching for a new complex coloration - although other species do without such devices).
It seems wonderful that butterflies could achieve such a perfect resemblance to wasps, as we see in the glass case. But in order to select, one must have something to choose from. Indeed, among butterflies it has been established that those groups whose variability is especially great give mimetic forms especially often. In addition, it is important to remember that mimicry only affects external features but no signs internal structure. A mimic species can deceive an artist, but not an anatomist. Thus, the venation of the wing of the glass cases remains characteristic of butterflies, and not in any way for wasps. Why, and it is used in order to deceive the eye of an animal hunter.
Caterpillars of glassware are "drillers", they bore through the stems of herbaceous and shrubs. The caterpillars of the poplar glass-box drill the trunks of willows and poplars. The females lay their eggs in the lower part of the trunks. Caterpillars feed on wood for two years, and in the third year they gnaw out a cradle under the bark and pupate in it in a cocoon built from sawdust and excrement. The butterfly itself, of course, will not get out from under the bark, and the chrysalis “prudently” before the butterfly leaves, crawls to the exit hole and protrudes from there.
Here are other Egerias
this is beautiful, but the photo is large, let it be at the link
Plan
Introduction
1 Description
2 Distribution and habitats
2.1 Nutrition
3 Notes
Introduction
Large poplar glass (lat. Sesia apiformis) - a lepidoptera from the glass family, easily identified by the yellow color of the head, black-brown chest with two spots near the wings. The adult emerges in June and July and can be found perched on trunks around noon.1. Description
The wingspan reaches 45 mm. The large poplar glass case has transparent wings with brown edging. The head is yellow, the chest is black-brown chest and two yellow spots in front of the wings from the side of the head. The first and fourth segments are dark blue, almost black, the posterior margins of the remaining segments are blue-black or brown.The female can be distinguished from the male by the shape of the end of the abdomen and the structure of the antennal segments, which are clearly sawtooth in the male. The caterpillar is light, white-yellow with a dark, sometimes invisible stripe on the back. The caterpillar of the last stage reaches a length of 25 mm.
2. Distribution and habitats
Widely distributed throughout Europe, with the exception of the very north, as well as on the territory of the former USSR, including the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as in the forest zone and forest-steppe of Siberia, the Urals, Altai, in the mountains of Central Asia, in Western Asia and North America.2.1. Food
Caterpillars of the large poplar glass-case more often live and feed in the wood of black alder, or black sedge ( Sesia apiformis), but can also be found in other poplar species.3. Notes
Small butterflies with narrow transparent wings resembling hymenoptera insects. The hindwings are shorter than the forewings, the scales are concentrated on the veins. The body is rather slender, the abdomen is long, protruding far beyond the wings, the antennae are fusiform. They fly during the day.
Caterpillars are whitish, 16-legged, with a brown head and sparse hairs regularly arranged along the body rings. Most species live in the wood of trees, often causing them great harm. The most common are dark-winged and large poplar glassware.
dark-winged glass(Paranthrene tabaniformis Rtt.) - the most common and dangerous pest poplars in the plantations of most cities. Butterfly with a wingspan of 24-28 mm, bluish-black, shiny, with narrow yellow rings on the abdominal segment. The forewings are coffee-brown, and transparent at the base with a slightly darker fringe. Hindwings transparent, vitreous (Fig. 27).
Rice. 27. Glassware:
1 - poplar; 2 - dark-winged
The flight begins in the middle lane from the end of June and in July, and in the south at the end of May. Females lay oval-elongated, pitch-black eggs, one at a time or, more rarely, several at once, on branches and trunks in places of various injuries. The fertility of one female is 200-600 eggs. The development of the caterpillar in the egg is 12-13 days, and when high temperatures(up to + 30°C) is reduced by 2-3 times. The caterpillars emerging from the eggs bite under the bark, where they make separate platforms (cavities), and then go deep into the wood up to 15-24 mm. A characteristic sign of the colonization of trees with glassware is heaps of brown excrement and drilling flour on the trunks in the places of holes and at the base of the trees.
Young caterpillars are whitish-pink, while adults are white or yellowish. Head and occipital shield brownish-brown, with two brown spinules on the last abdominal segment. Body length 22-24 mm.
Caterpillars molt 5 times and have 6 instars. They live for two calendar years - the first year they winter at the III age in the cavities under the bark, and the second time at the VI age in the passages in the wood. Before pupation in the third calendar year in spring, they make a lateral flight path below the upper end of the passage in the wood to the surface of the bark. The caterpillar then pupates at the upper end of the passage in wood in a yellowish cocoon. The place of pupation is fenced off by the caterpillar from the rest of the course with a cork made of sawdust and cobwebs. The pupal phase is 12-14 days. Before the butterfly emerges, the pupa advances along the course with the help of abdominal spines, pushes a thin layer of bark apart and protrudes outward by about 2/3 of its length. The pupa is dark yellow or red-brown, becoming almost black before the butterfly emerges. Length 15-20 mm. The generation of the dark-winged glass-case is two-year.
The glass-box populates trees of almost all ages, including coppice shoots already from the second year of their growth with a thickness of 0.7 cm or more. Gall-like or unilateral swellings are formed on young shoots, stems and branches in places of pest settlement. On trees from 10 years old and older, glass can populate not only the lower part, but the entire trunk, forming growths throughout its entire length. flowing brown juice. Inhabiting the stumps, it prevents the development of overgrowth. Through the passages of caterpillars, trees can become infected with fungi and bacterial diseases, and redness appears inside the wood.
Large poplar glass(Aegeria apiformis Cl.) (see Fig. 27, 1). Butterfly with a wingspan of 35-45 mm, black-brown with lemon-yellow spots and stripes, transparent wings. By appearance she looks like a wasp.
The flight begins in the middle lane in July, in the south in June and lasts about a month. Females lay oval-flattened, brown eggs one at a time or in small piles on the lower part of tree trunks, on roots and soil. The fertility of one female is 1000-1300 eggs (sometimes it reaches 2500 eggs). The development of the caterpillar in the egg lasts 2-3 weeks.
The caterpillars that have emerged from the eggs are sewn under the bark of the roots of the lower part of the tree trunks, where they first gnaw out small areas, and then go deep into the sapwood and make grooved passages clogged with sawdust. In the butt part of the trunks and in thick roots, the passages are irregular, often merging into platforms, and on the roots they are longitudinal, sometimes with a deepening in the soil by 20-30 cm.
Young caterpillars are pale pink, adults are white or slightly yellowish. The head is red-brown. The tergite of the last segment of the abdomen bears a small wart with an inconspicuous chitinous scutellum inclined towards the head. Body length up to 55 mm.
Caterpillars molt 7 times and go through 8 instars. They usually live for two calendar years, winter in tunnels, and in the third year in spring they pupate in a cradle under the bark at the butt neck in a dense cocoon of sawdust and excrement; often - in the soil near the roots. The pupal phase lasts 20-25 days. The pupa is brown and red-brown, with a row of spines on the dorsal side of the abdomen. Head and pronotum with a common longitudinal keel-shaped depression. Length 20-30 mm. Before the butterfly emerges, the chrysalis 2/3 protrudes from the flight hole. After the flight of the butterfly, the skin of the pupa remains sticking out in a round flight hole. By this sign and by large bore flour protruding from under the bark, it is easy to determine the inhabited trees.
Description
The wingspan reaches 45 mm. The large poplar glass case has transparent wings with brown edging. The head is yellow, the chest is black-brown chest and two yellow spots in front of the wings from the side of the head. The first and fourth segments are dark blue, almost black, the posterior margins of the remaining segments are blue-black or brown.
The female can be distinguished from the male by the shape of the end of the abdomen and the structure of the antennal segments, which are clearly sawtooth in the male. The caterpillar is light, white-yellow with a dark, sometimes invisible stripe on the back. The caterpillar of the last stage reaches a length of 25 mm.
Distribution and habitats
Widely distributed throughout Europe, with the exception of the very north, as well as in the territory former USSR, including the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as in the forest zone and forest-steppe of Siberia, the Urals, Altai, in the mountains of Central Asia, Western Asia and North America.
Food
Caterpillars of the large poplar glass-box often live and feed in the wood of black alder, or sedge ( Sesia apiformis), but can also be found in other poplar species.
Notes
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