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You will rarely meet a person who has not looked into a dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.
Let's talk about what kinds of dictionaries there are, what their classification is and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.
The Science of Dictionaries
Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who deals with classification and puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.
Scientists who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards on which the meanings of words and their forms are recorded. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by an entire staff of linguists.
Classification of modern dictionaries
All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.
Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Encyclopedic ones include
What types of linguistic dictionaries are there? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.
Bilingual dictionaries contain languages and their equivalent in a foreign language.
Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.
The most used types of dictionaries
What types of dictionaries are there? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be highlighted:
Famous dictionaries of the Russian language
Let's now discuss what kinds of Russian language dictionaries there are.
- The most famous is the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dahl. This reference book contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is one of the most complete and widely used in our time.
- The second no less important “Explanatory Dictionary”, compiled by another famous linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
- The “Spelling Dictionary” was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
- We also note the “Dictionary of Synonyms” by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the “Dictionary of Antonyms” edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.
What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many familiar words by turning to N. M. Shansky’s work “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language,” and A. I. Molotkov’s “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you become familiar with phraseological units and their meaning.
It is also worth noting the “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language,” edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova.
Structure of a dictionary entry
In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.
Any dictionary entry begins with a heading word, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.
Let us note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, so if you doubt the correct spelling of a particular word, it is not necessary to consult a spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any one you have at hand.
Most dictionaries also indicate the correct accent. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?
After the heading word there is information about which part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books and magazines. If a given word has peculiarities in its use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.
conclusions
We have discussed what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.
Remember, if you have difficulty writing or pronouncing a word, you can’t find the most suitable one, you just need to open one of the books we listed.
In chapter Other to the question Who invented the first Russian dictionary? And when was it invented? given by the author Alexander Makhnovsky the best answer is The first Russian dictionaries appeared at the end of the 13th century and were small lists of incomprehensible words with their interpretation, found in monuments of ancient Russian writing.
Since the 16th century, dictionaries began to be compiled in alphabetical order, as a result of which they received the name “alphabet books”.
In 1596, the scientist Lavrentiy Zizaniy Tustanovsky published the first printed dictionary in Vilna, “Lexis, that is, speeches, briefly collected and interpreted from the Slovenian language into simple Russian and dialect,” which contained 1061 words.
The Dictionary of the Russian Academy is the first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, containing 43,357 words in 6 parts. Work on the dictionary began in 1783 and took 11 years. The dictionary contained elements of an etymological dictionary: words were arranged according to a common root, forming branched semantic nests. Using a dictionary, it was possible to determine where the word came from; in addition, the publication included many new words in the Russian language - in particular, scientific terms introduced into science by M.V. Lomonosov. The costs of the dictionary, especially in terms of intricate botanical terminology, were criticized on the pages of V. I. Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary.
Everything about everything. Volume 1 Likum Arkady
Who wrote the first English dictionary?
Do you know how the dictionary appeared? In Latin there was a word “dictionarius”, which meant “collection of words”. An English teacher named John Garland first named this list of Latin words that students were required to know by heart. This was around 1225. The English name of the explanatory dictionary comes from this Latin word.
For more than 300 years, not a single English word appeared in any dictionary. Most dictionaries in England were written to help people learn Latin. The titles of these books were truly picturesque, for example, “Warehouse for Little Ones” or “Garden of Words.”
Finally, in 1552, the first dictionary of English words was published. It was compiled by Richard Haloet. The title of the dictionary was long: “Absedarium Anglico-Latinum pro Tirunculis.” As you can see, this book was also called in Latin. Its difference from other dictionaries was that every English word in it had an English explanation, and only then only a Latin translation. Because the dictionary placed English words and their explanations first, it was recognized as the first English explanatory dictionary.
Abcedarium contained 26,000 words. It was very popular, but very expensive. As a result, a large number of similar books were published, smaller in volume, but more accessible to the common reader.
In those days, dictionary makers did not try to include every word in the English language: they explained only the most difficult ones. The first book called The English Explanatory Dictionary appeared in 1623. It was compiled by Henry Cockeram.
In 1807 in the United States, Noah Webster began work on a huge dictionary, which was published in 1828. The dictionary contained 12,000 words and 40,000 comments to them. No one had done this kind of work before Webster. Webster slightly simplified the spelling of difficult words, causing the spelling of some English words to differ between England and America.
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From the author's bookWHY DID I WRITE THIS BOOK? Dear readers! I am pleased to present to your attention my third book, which I have been “bearing” for quite a long time. After all, it is dedicated to a topical topic that, alas, can affect each of us - the topic of road transport
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In ancient times, people transmitted information to each other in different ways - for example, they used the so-called knot letter, or painted their messages on special tablets or fabric.
Various events were recorded by carving pictures on stone. Gradually, the need arose to make these images coherent, and a kind of alphabet was made from the drawings. But this was not very convenient, and over time, pictures began to be replaced with symbols.
Later, this method of transmitting information underwent changes, and symbols began to represent combinations of sounds. The so-called syllabic writing arose.
A look into history
The first alphabet of letters appeared about four thousand years ago. It is reliably known that letters were already used by the ancient Phoenicians, and after them by the ancient Greeks and Romans, who appeared two and a half thousand years ago. 
About three and a half thousand years ago, the inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast began to use the same symbol to represent one sound in different combinations. The Egyptians created a unique alphabet of 24 symbols representing certain sounds. The Slavs began to use letters later - about a thousand years ago.
Today it is impossible to unequivocally answer the question of who first invented the letters. We only have the opportunity to analyze the emergence of writing in this or that country, among this or that people.
Writing was not invented overnight, and its author could not be one person. Although there are examples when the alphabet was born as a result of a creative process during a certain period of time. And we know for sure the names of the creators of the Slavic alphabet - their names are Cyril and Methodius. They are often called “Thessalonica Brothers.”
Cyril and Methodius
The emergence of Slavic writing is associated with the transition in Moravia in the 9th century to worship in the Slavic language. To do this, it was necessary to train priests and translate church books. This means that the need arose to create a literary Slavic language. 
The translation mission was entrusted to two brothers from the city of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki) - Constantine and Michael, or Cyril and Methodius. Cyril knew many languages and was a very educated man; Methodius was distinguished by his oratorical talent. Both brothers spoke Slavic perfectly.
It is believed that the Glagolitic alphabet was created by the brothers on the basis of Greek writing and some Hebrew characters even before leaving for Moravia. The first translations of church books were made into Old Church Slavonic, and the Glagolitic alphabet was used.
The Cyrillic alphabet was invented later in Bulgaria, and scientists are still arguing about its authorship. According to one version, the Cyrillic alphabet was created by a student of the Thessaloniki brothers, Kliment Ohridski, who named the alphabet after his teacher.
Glagolitic and Cyrillic: differences
In the study of any alphabet, substantive and formal approaches are used: the substantive approach studies the correspondence of a letter to a specific sound, and the formal one studies the history of the letter as a symbol. Glagolitic, from the point of view of scientists, is a more interesting subject for research than Cyrillic. 
In the Glagolitic alphabet, the number of letters corresponds to the number of sounds in the Old Church Slavonic language. The symbolism of both alphabets is reminiscent of the Greek, but at the same time, the Glagolitic alphabet has features characteristic specifically of the Slavic alphabet. In the Cyrillic alphabet, some letters are a complete borrowing of Greek characters. In both the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet, each letter is not just a sound, but a concept.
Creating dictionaries- the task of a special branch of linguistic science lexicography.
More than a thousand years ago, the language had only a few tens of thousands of words.
Books in Rus' were written and copied many times by hand. It often happened that the monk-scribe encountered words unknown to him. To save time, the monk wrote down explanations of unknown words found in other books in the margins of a handwritten book or between lines of text.
Experts called similar explanations of incomprehensible words directly in the text glosses(from Greek glossa - an outdated word that requires explanation).
Gradually the language developed and was enriched with new words. More and more glosses appeared on the margins and pages of handwritten books.
This made it very difficult to read the main text and led to the idea of creating explanatory books, and then the first ancient Russian dictionaries-glossaries, which included unknown and difficult to understand words with explanations for the reader.
The first dictionary experiments in Rus' have been known since the 13th century. These are small lists of words with interpretations, explanations and translations that translators and scribes supplied ancient manuscripts with.
First dictionary appeared in China, and the first Russian dictionary it is generally accepted Azbukovnik , placed in the list of the Helmsman's Book of 1282 and containing 174 words.
The first printed dictionaries The Eastern Slavs had “Lexis” by Lavrentiy Zizaniy Tustanovsky and “Lexicon of Slavic Russians and Interpretation of Names” by Pamva Berynda, published in 1627 in Kyiv.
During the Petrine era in Russia, work on creating dictionaries continued. In 1704, Fyodor Polikarpov's Lexicon was published in Moscow. Six-volume dictionary of the Russian Academy, published in 1789-1994. and republished later, opened the tradition of normative explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.
Second half of the 19th century. gave the world the famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dalia.
The situation in our lexicography changes dramatically after the Great October Socialist Revolution.
In a relatively short time, a four-volume dictionary was published, edited by prof. D. N. Ushakova, one-volume dictionary by S.I. Ozhegova; in 1965, the publication of the seventeen-volume “ Dictionary of modern Russian literary language» Academy of Sciences.
V. Dahl's dictionary was republished and, in addition, a complete dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language was created, dictionaries of synonyms and a number of others were published.
