A dream about a bullfinch, like birds in general that visit you in a dream, means...
Class insects unites the most advanced arthropods. More than 1 million species are known. Unlike other arthropods, the body of insects is divided into three sections: head, breast And abdomen. Insects have compound eyes and one pair of antennae, and many have wings. Their oral organs are diverse and specialized. The more ancient type of mouthparts original to insects is gnawing. It consists of an upper lip, a pair of upper jaws, a pair of lower jaws and a lower lip.
In turn, the lower lip and lower jaws bear articulated appendages - palps, which are called chewing. The gnawing apparatus can be sucking, licking, piercing, etc. The chitinized section of the chest is divided into the prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, articulated motionlessly and thereby providing reliable support for the moving apparatus. Each section bears a pair of walking legs, consisting of a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and articulated tarsus. In higher insects, the middle and back of the thorax bear a pair of wings. In insects (orthoptera, cockroaches, beetles), the front wings are modified into hard elytra, which protect the membranous hind wings from damage during flight. In dipterans (flies, mosquitoes), the hind wings have changed into club-shaped organs of balance - halteres.
The abdomen of insects consists of a varying number of segments (from 4 to 10), each of them has a pair of spiracles. Through them, air enters the insect's body. Females often have an ovipositor at the end of the abdomen. The abdominal segments are connected by strips of soft chitin, which ensures its mobility.
With this structure, the entire body of the insect, as well as its limbs, seem to be covered with notches. This is where the name comes from: insects, or "notched".
The digestive system of insects begins with the oral cavity, into which the ducts of the salivary glands open. In many insects they are specialized and play not only a digestive role. In some larvae of butterflies and hymenoptera, they secrete a protein substance from which threads are formed and the cocoon is made. The oral cavity is followed by a muscular pharynx. It serves not only as an organ for pushing food, but often also as an organ for suction. Next is the esophagus in the form of a tube. A number of insects, such as bees, have an enlarged esophagus - goiter where food accumulates. From the esophagus, food enters the muscular stomach, where it is ground by chitinous outgrowths. After this, the food is pushed into the midgut, where its final digestion and absorption occurs. At the border between the midgut and hindgut, excretory organs - thin Malpighian tubules - flow into the intestine. Undigested food remains accumulate in the hindgut and are thrown out through the anus.
Respiratory organs typical of insects - trachea. These are thin tubes, inside of which there is a spiral chitinous thread. It does not allow the walls of the tubes to collapse, which ensures the unhindered penetration of air into the insect’s body. The trachea gradually branches, penetrates all organs and tissues, and brings air to them without the participation of the circulatory system. The latter is responsible only for transporting digested food substances to the cells and tissues. In this regard, the circulatory system of insects does not receive much development. It is not closed and consists of one long dorsal vessel - hearts. Blood enters it from the body cavity and pours out between the organs.
From the blood, harmful substances (decomposition products) penetrate the Malpighian tubules, through them they enter the hind intestine and are excreted.
A characteristic feature of insects that ensures their prosperity on Earth in our time is the good development of the nervous system and sensory organs. The nervous system of insects consists of a large suprapharyngeal paired nerve ganglion, which plays the role of brain; peripharyngeal ring and ventral nerve cord. The nerves to the limbs and wings arise from the nodes of the thoracic chain. Insects have varied sense organs. The skin has formations in the form of hairs, inside of which there are receptors; very sensitive to mechanical stimuli - the organs of touch, air movement - the organs of hearing. Smell receptors are located on the antennae, taste receptors are located on the mouthparts. The organs of vision - the eyes - are built like those of crustaceans. Many insects can distinguish colors. For example, a honey bee can distinguish all the same colors as a human. Unlike humans, it also detects ultraviolet rays.
Insects are dioecious animals. Males and females often differ noticeably in external characteristics: size, color, etc. In the ancient silkworm butterfly, males are winged, and females are wingless. In the winter moth, females have greatly shortened wings.
The ovaries of females, as a rule, consist of thin oviducts, from which mature eggs enter the oviduct. The females of many insects have a special organ called spermatheca. It preserves for a long time the fertilizing fluid received by the female at the time of mating. Thus, the queen bee mates once in her life and then stores viable sperm in the seminal receptacle for three years.
When the egg passes through the oviduct, it is fertilized by this sperm. The females of some insects, such as locusts, have accessory glands that secrete mucus that coats the laid eggs. The mucus hardens, and the clutch of eggs in the ground receives reliable protection. Such a clutch of locusts, protected by hardened mucus, is called an egg capsule.
Insect development occurs with complete or incomplete transformation. In some insects, fertilized eggs produce larvae that differ sharply in structure and lifestyle from adult insects. After a series of molts and changes, they turn into a stationary pupa, from which an adult insect emerges after some time. This development was called development with complete transformation. It is characteristic of beetles, butterflies, flies, silkworms, etc.
Other insects (locusts, grasshoppers, bedbugs) develop with incomplete transformation. Their larvae are basically similar to adult insects, differing only in size and underdevelopment of the gonads.
At the head there is mouth - sense organ. Eat mustache, some animals have proboscis. The eyes have a special structure: insects are myopic, but they see movement and color perfectly. The limbs are located on the chest, insects have 6 legs. At the same time, the paws serve not only for movement. Some use them to collect pollen, others use them for hunting and jumping, while others use them for swimming or to sense sounds with them. The abdomen contains internal organs. There is everything there to ensure the life of the body. One of the distinguishing features is the presence wings. Most members of this class can fly.
With the exception of the seas, insects are found almost everywhere: in swamps, meadows, forests, mountains and even in human habitation. Their diversity is great, but they are distributed unevenly around the world.
Scientists insects are divided into 2 groups according to their method of reproduction:
1. when a larva emerges from the egg, resembling an adult insect (Fig. 2);
2. The larva turns into a pupa, and then turns into an adult (Fig. 3).
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Rice. 2. The first method of reproduction ()
Rice. 3. Second method of reproduction ()
Found in nature herbivorous insects. They feed on plants, pollen and plant sap. Such insects include. These are lovers of camouflage. It is difficult to spot the Stick Insect among the trees and foliage. If there is a threat of danger, he can easily lose his leg, but a new one will still grow (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Stick insect ()
They feed on plant juices. Their males are the loudest singers among insects. The chirping sound resembles the whistle of a steam locomotive. There are cicadas of very large sizes (Fig. 5).
The variety of butterflies is simply amazing. Their wings look like magnificent flowers. They pollinate plants by flying from one plant to another. Nectar is obtained with the proboscis.
Herbivorous insects also include aphids, bees, and leaf beetles.
Meet predatory insects. They feed on other insects and their larvae. A striking representative of predators is (Fig. 6). It can lie in wait for its prey for hours, blending into the terrain. Then instantly attacks the victim.
Who doesn't know ladybug? It turns out that she is also a predator, only useful to humans and outwardly attractive. Destroys aphids and spider mites.
And how the flight of amazing creatures fascinates us - dragonflies(Fig. 7)! These helicopter pilots develop quite a decent speed and can go on long journeys. The predator likes to feed on mosquitoes and other insects.
Rice. 7. Dragonfly ()
Among the predators there is a swimming beetle and ground beetle.
Should also consider omnivorous insects. These animals can feed on vegetation, as well as other animals and even their blood. For example, a cricket (Fig. 8) eats leaves, but when it meets it can eat its rival.
Among omnivorous insects there are bloodsuckers. They feed on the blood of humans and animals. These are mosquitoes, horseflies, midges.
Others chose the corpses of other animals as food for themselves. They lay eggs there. These include gravedigger beetle(Fig. 9) , corpse-eating beetle(Fig. 10).
Rice. 9. Gravedigger beetle ()
Rice. 10. Corpse-eating beetle ()
There are even insects that do not hesitate to feed on the remains of human and animal life. These are the dung beetle (Fig. 11) and the scarab.
Rice. 11. Dung beetle ()
Insects that live in families are called social. Who among us has not at least once seen a bee family or an anthill? These insects live in their own states, where they have their own orders and laws. Bee family- this is a well-oiled mechanism where each individual has its own responsibilities. There is a main queen, drones, and worker bees. Each family member knows his place.
Ants- the most famous social insects. Anthills are entire cities in which a real economy is organized. There are females, males, worker ants, and also soldiers. Some species of ants keep aphids in their homes like milk cows.
Termites also social insects. Their way of life is similar. These insects are even confused with ants, although their ancestors are cockroaches.
Bumblebees and wasps are considered social insects.
Among insects there are also those which are beneficial. The man has been cheating for a long time silkworm, it produces silk threads (Fig. 12).
Rice. 12. Silkworm ()
People also breed domestic bees to collect honey.
Lacquer bug can produce natural resin and paint.
Among insects, there are plant pollinators that contribute to the reproduction of plants, and therefore a good harvest.
Some insects are beneficial because they destroy garden and vegetable pests. This fire beetle(Fig. 13), fly- hoverfly(Fig. 14), lacewing(Fig. 15).
Rice. 13. Fireman beetle ()
Rice. 14. Hoverfly ()
Rice. 15. Lacewing ()
There are insects that participate in the formation of soil. They loosen the soil, helping it to become saturated with oxygen.
Insect nurses process the remains of animals and plants.
Many of the insects are food for other animals.
There are outright pests in the insect world . These include mole. Its larvae eat wool, which means they spoil things (Fig. 16).
Many insects damage and destroy crops. This locusts(Fig. 17) , Colorado potato beetle(Fig. 18) , leaf roller(Fig. 19). It is quite difficult to cope with their invasion.
Rice. 18. Colorado potato beetle ()
Rice. 19. Leaf roller ()
They destroy buildings and damage furniture. grinder beetle(Fig. 20) , longhorned beetle(Fig. 21) .
Rice. 20. Grinder beetle ()
Rice. 21. Longhorn beetle ()
interesting facts from their lives.
For example, one of the smallest insects is North American wingwing. This bug's body length does not even reach 1 mm.
The longest is tropical stick insect. Can have a body up to 36 cm.
Some moths have a wingspan of 32 cm. They are also record holders.
Or the sea water strider, is perhaps the only insect currently known to live in the sea (Fig. 27).
Rice. 27. Water bug ()
The largest beetle on the planet - titan beetle from South America (Fig. 28). It can reach the size of a hamster. Body length can be up to 22 cm.
Rice. 28. Titan beetle ()
Tiny stinging insects woodlice flap their wings at an incredible speed of 62,760 times per minute.
Dragonflies- the fastest flying insects. Their speed can reach 50 km/h.
In the southern USA there is seventeen year cicada. Its larvae burrow into the soil, live and grow there. And only after 17 or 13 years they are born.
Did you know that ants never sleep? And butterflies taste food using their hind legs. Crickets have ears located on their front legs.
A female cockroach can lay more than 2 million eggs in a year. In addition, a cockroach can live for 9 days without a head.
The list of interesting facts from the life of animals goes on and on.
The following lesson will help you get an idea of the topic “Pisces. Signs of fish." Here we will look at animals for which the water element is their home. We will learn the features of their structure, habitats and distinctive features of fish.
Bibliography
- Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world around us 1. - M.: Russian Word.
- Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: Enlightenment.
- Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: VITA-PRESS.
- Mir-nasekomyh.ru ().
- Maaam.ru ().
- Micromirok.ru ().
Homework
- Describe insects. Name the representatives.
- Tell us about the structure of insects.
- What interesting facts do you know about insects?
- * Prepare a report on the topic: Which animal is the most voracious? Wolf, goat, dragonfly. Prove it.
A typical representative of the class Insects are Khrushchev May (Melolontha melolontha). The body length reaches from 5 to 60 mm, the wingspan does not exceed four centimeters.
Features of the external structure
Body parts - head, chest and abdomen, each of which performs its own functions. Chairman formed from 6 segments that completely merge. The head has antennae, eyes and mouthparts. The antennae, which are called antennae or siblings, are one pair. In beetles they are lamellar and perform the function of an olfactory organ. The mouth has three pairs of organs: upper jaws (mandibles), lower jaws (maxilla) and upper and lower lips. These organs form gnawing mouthparts. There are projections on the lower jaws and lower lip - palps, which serve as organs of touch and taste. Along with the antennae there are complex (faceted) eyes. In insects they can be simple or complex.
Depending on the type of food, the mouthparts of insects are modified, which leads to the formation of different types of mouthparts:
gnawing mouthparts - oral organs, which include top And lower lips, upper And mandibles(e.g. grannies, beetles, cockroaches, orthoptera, termites, ants)
gnawing-licking oral apparatus- oral organs in which the lower lip and lower jaws form proboscis, A upper jaws lost chewing function and participate in the construction of honeycombs (bees, bumblebees)
sucking mouthparts - mouth organs have been transformed into proboscis, which is adapted to feeding on nectar from flowers (butterflies)
piercing-sucking mouthparts- oral organs in which the lower lip forms proboscis for sucking liquids, and the upper and lower jaws are turned into long, spiny ones stilettos for piercing body coverings (bugs, aphids, lice, some dipterans).
Some adult insects (silkworms, gadflies) do not feed, so their mouthparts do not function and are very reduced.
Thoracic region consists of three segments (prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax), which have organs of movement - legs and in winged insects - wings. On each segment of the chest there is one pair of limbs, and therefore in insects 3 pairs of walking legs, which is why they are also called hexapods (six-legged). In other insects, these limbs can perform other functions and therefore the following types are distinguished: jumping, swimming, grasping, digging, running, and the like. Two pairs of wings are attached to the second and third segments of insects. Wings are folds of integument, the walls of which are built from the upper and lower layers of epithelial cells covered with a cuticle. Between these layers there is a gap with hemolymph. The supporting frame of the wing is formed by a system of longitudinal and transverse thickenings called veins. In beetles, the first pair is modified into hard elytra. Elytra- modified fore wings that protect the membranous wings from damage when the insect is not flying.
Abdomen formed by a different number of segments (no more than twelve) and contains the bulk of the internal organs. This section is devoid of limbs, has openings of the tracheal system - spiracles, and ends with an ovipositor.
Veils are represented by the hypodermis and chitinous cuticle with a waxy film that prevents the evaporation of water. On the body of an insect there are numerous hairs that perform the function of organs of touch, create an air layer that protects the body from water during rain, from overheating, determine coloring, and the like. The ducts of odorous glands open onto the surface of the body, which help individuals find each other during reproduction. In other insects there may be poisonous (in hairy caterpillars), wax (in bees), silk (in butterfly larvae) and other glands.
Features of the internal structure and life processes
Digestive system consists of the anterior (oral cavity with salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach), middle (midgut with pyloric appendages, without liver) and posterior (hindgut with anus) sections. Khrushchev eats plant foods, so the outgrowths of its intestines contain symbiotic microorganisms that secrete enzymes for digesting fiber. In larvae, the intestine is relatively long and food is retained in the body for a long time. Absorption of water in order to prevent its loss occurs in the hindgut with the help of the rectal glands.
Respiratory system - tracheal type. A system of tracheal tubes branches throughout the body, which open on the abdomen with dichals - stigmas (on one segment - a pair). Air moves in this system due to diffusion and abdominal movements.
Circulatory system open The heart is tubular, located in the dorsal part of the abdomen.
System fluid - hemolymph- colorless and does not participate in the transportation of gases, which is associated with the development of the trachea. It performs functions such as transport of nutrients
Internal structure of the May beetle: A - antennae; B - subpharyngeal nerve ring: B - December ganglia; G - trachea; D - heart; E - ovary; F - Malpighian vessels; WITH - spiracle; AND - goiter; AND - stomach
substances, transfer of metabolic products, distribution of hormones, protection with the help of phagocyte cells from microorganisms, etc. Hemolymph circulation is carried out by contractions of the heart. When the walls of the heart are stretched with the help of muscles, hemolymph enters the heart through the lateral openings (ostia), and when contracted, the valves close the ostia and fluid enters the arteries.
Excretory system represented by Malpighian vessels and the fat body. Malpighian vessels are excretory tubes at the border of the midgut and hindgut. The number of these outgrowths varies from 2 to 150. The fat body is loose connective tissue, which, among other functions, absorbs metabolic products.
Nervous system - nodal chain type, which is characterized by a well-developed “brain” - a suprapharyngeal accumulation of neurons. It is divided into C sections - anterior, middle and posterior. The anterior section is more complex and provides complex forms of behavior. The ventral chain consists of the pidpharyngeal ganglion and, as a rule, 10 thoracic and abdominal enlarged ganglia.
Behavior very complex and is determined by the interaction of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Such innate forms of behavior as instincts play a big role for insects.
Endocrine system carries out humoral regulation with the help of hormones that are secreted by the suprapharyngeal and subpharyngeal nodes, brain appendages, etc. Biologically active substances such as ecdysone, that affect shedding, " juvenile hormone"- inhibits maturation pheromones influence members of their own species sexual attractants- attract individuals of the opposite sex during reproduction, etc.
Sense organs - the most diverse, which is associated with the general high level of organization and complex behavior of insects. Basically, these are hair or other creations with a receptor inside: organs of vision - eyes, complex faceted and simple, organs of smell - antennae, organs of taste - on the mouth and other parts of the body, organs of touch - sensitive hairs on the integument of the body, hearing organs ( tympanic organs, chordotonal organs) are located on the abdomen (in grasshoppers - on the legs). In May beetles, as in other flying insects, there are special antennae at the base. Johnston bodies to control the speed and direction of flight.
Reproduction. May beetles, like almost all insects, are dioecious. Fertilization is internal. The sexual dimorphism of the May beetle is expressed in the fact that the antennae of males have seven segments, while females have only six; females have an ovipositor for laying eggs, extended shin legs for burying them in the soil, etc.
Development in the May beetle it is indirect, in which a pupa is observed in the life cycle. Doll - a stage of insect development with complete metamorphosis, in which internal restructuring occurs, as a result of which the insect turns from a larva into an adult. The transformation from egg to adult insect stage is regulated by hormones and continues for several years in the beetle.
Development in most insects is usually indirect, but there is direct:
1) straight (in primary insects without wings, or bristletail)
2) indirect (or development with transformation - metamorphosis):
■ with complete transformation: egg - larva - doll - imago (in Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, fleas)
■ with incomplete transformation: egg - larva - imago (in Orthoptera, cockroaches, bedbugs).
The biological significance of the transformation is that: a) larvae and adults live in different conditions and therefore do not compete for habitat and food; b) insects have a greater opportunity to survive under unfavorable living conditions (low temperature, lack of food) at one or another less vulnerable stage of development, in general promotes an increase in the number of individuals of the species.
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Wing-body articulation
Attachment of wings to the body and their movement
The ability to fly was developed in insects throughout evolution: as is known, the most primitive orders can move only with the help of, since they do not have. Moving through the air is more advantageous in terms of speed, and, moreover, it uses much less energy than walking.
The insect wing can be compared to a double-armed lever. The short arm is represented by its inner part (base), which is hidden under the membrane, and the long arm is located on the outside: in fact, this visible part is considered to be the wing. On the inner surface of the exoskeleton, just below the junction of the wing and the body, there is a dense projection called the pleural column; this structure plays the role of a fulcrum during the swing. (photo)
When an insect is about to straighten, it contracts special muscles () attached to the back. The back will move slightly downward, pressing on the inside of the wing plate. It, in turn, rests on the playral column. In this case, the base of the wing lowers, and its outer part simultaneously goes up. If it is necessary to lower the wing, the backrest rises again, and everything returns to its original position.
Wing interaction during flight
Insects move either with the help of four (beetles, butterflies) or with the help of two. Typically, a pair of wing plates located on one side of the body, when expanded, form a single flight surface. The only exceptions are some representatives of the class. For example, among dragonflies there are both homoptera, in which they move in the same way, and heteroptera, in which each wing moves in its own way. (video)
Flight types
The division of flight into varieties can be carried out from different points of view. For example, depending on its purpose, experts distinguish two main types:
- trivial (ordinary)- flight for the purpose of obtaining food, finding a partner for, etc.
- migration- a flight carried out to search for new habitats.
This gradation is not one of the most successful, since it does not reflect the peculiarities of the functioning of the insect’s wing apparatus in a particular case. Thus, both locusts and butterflies can migrate long distances, but the specific ways in which they do this differ, and this must be taken into account. For this reason, the most convenient seems to be the functional classification of flight into passive and active methods.
Passive flight
- carried out without active muscle work, under the influence of gravity, air currents or kinetic energy accumulated in active flight (force of inertia).It happens:
Active flight
: it is possible thanks to active movements. The insect performs wing strokes, which ensure its movement forward and upward. Active movement is divided into two main types:- flapping flight- carried out using high-amplitude strokes, during which the insect moves relative to the ground.
- standing (quivering) flight- the insect makes small movements, while it hangs in the air, but does not fly forward.
All winged orders have the ability for flapping flight, while standing flight can only be demonstrated by flies, butterflies and some other, rather few, insects. At the same time, while standing still, the tip of the wing describes a figure of eight. If the insect moves forward, this figure “stretches” and the wing “draws” a sinusoid. (video)
Speed and range
It would seem that the lighter the insect, the faster it should fly, but in living nature everything often happens the other way around. The smaller the flyer, the more difficult it is for him to resist the flow of air, and the more effort he must put into moving. Therefore, medium and large flies, butterflies and dragonflies fly the fastest. Beetles are inferior to them in this: with increasing body size, Coleoptera become heavier and clumsier. For example, a hawkmoth butterfly in complete calm can move 15 m in one second (54 km/h) 1046 times per second.
External conditions such as wind and rain greatly affect the ability to fly. Typically, insects try not to take off under unfavorable environmental conditions. However, some have very unusual relationships with natural phenomena. For example, at wind speeds of up to 0.7 m/s, blue blowflies fly very actively - such an intensity of air currents has a stimulating effect on them. However, as soon as the indicator reaches large values, flight immediately becomes an extremely unpopular activity for these Diptera.
During settlement or migration, insects can sometimes make quite long flights, but not all are capable of this. For example, most flies travel a few meters in calm conditions and then sit down to rest. If you deprive them of this opportunity, they will fly a little more than a kilometer, and then get tired and fall. Others are strong enough to fly over much greater distances. For example, dragonflies have been seen in the middle of the Caribbean Sea, more than 500 km from the nearest landmass. Considering that such an insect has a sufficient reserve of strength to return back, it shows fantastic endurance results.
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