An accountant is a specialist on whom the financial well-being of a particular company largely depends. A person who wants to become a professional in the field of accounting needs to regularly make various calculations. Real specialists also understand the basics of economics and communication.

First of all, a person must ask himself the question of whether he is ready to connect his life with important but routine work. The profession of an accountant does not imply creativity or even a regular change of environment. And you need to be mentally prepared for all this. You can’t choose a profession based on the principle: “just so long as it takes.”

If a person is serious about becoming an accountant, then there are two options for the development of events:

1. Homeschooling. You can “attend” webinars, take online courses, read books and articles. You definitely need to master, in particular, C1. There are now many resources and opportunities available for a self-study student.
2. Studying at a higher educational institution. In principle, the accounting profession is provided in many colleges, so people with 9 years of education can also go to study. But later you will still have to get a higher education, since this is more valued among employers.

It is worth considering that a self-taught accountant will also need to undergo practical training. Not every company needs personnel without a diploma and recommendations, so you will have to try hard to get the desired position. It is recommended to take training courses to obtain a certificate.

A true specialist constantly improves his skills, masters new programs and monitors specialized literature.

Is it possible to become a professional at home? Yes, you can. But you should understand that without the appropriate education it will be much more difficult to find a job. Therefore, it is recommended to study at colleges, universities and universities. A person with “crusts” can be firmly confident that he will not be left without work.

An accountant is a specialist who controls the losses and profits of a particular company, as well as prepares financial documentation.

There are representatives of this profession in every organization: commercial, public, government.

Accountants work in a special system (1C), which allows them to organize all the necessary information and make calculations.

The responsibilities of accountants include the following tasks:

• calculation of production costs and profits received;
• control of financial discipline;
• preparation and submission of reports on the financial condition of the organization;
• issuing wages to employees;
• interaction with tax companies.

Not all accountants perform a large volume of tasks. It all depends on the turnover and size of the company, as well as its field of activity. Many organizations employ a whole staff of accountants. Each professional deals with specific tasks: for example, issuing wages to employees or calculating total expenses for the month.

Every company, even the smallest one, needs accountants. Since 2013, the need for accounting according to the simplified tax system was introduced, which made the profession even more in demand. Now even small business owners are required to have an employee responsible for financial and tax reporting.

What qualities does an accountant need? First of all, the ability to perform monotonous paperwork. Also, representatives of this profession must be sociable, intelligent and resourceful. It depends on them whether the company will stay afloat (especially if it has recently opened). Accounting professionals are highly valued and well paid.

There are many specific terms and definitions used in the accounting field. A novice accountant must master the basic terminology:

The LIFO method of estimating the cost of goods is prohibited and has not been used since 2008.

This is not all the terminology that is used in the field of accounting. The remaining definitions can be learned from books or through an educational program. It is extremely important to know the basic terms as they help you understand the basics of accounting as well as reporting.

Accounting training for 2018

There are many options for studying accounting in 2018. You can learn a profession through webinars or get a full-fledged education at an educational institution, and then take advanced training courses.

Modern companies need professionals who keep up with the times.

You can master your specialty at a college or university. It is best to choose educational institutions located in Moscow or St. Petersburg.

The central cities of Russia have the highest level of education, meeting all the necessary requirements. You can study to become an accountant at the following universities and universities:

• MATI;
• University of Humanities and Economics;
• MNEPU (non-state academy);
• Academy of Management and Business (international);
• Institute of Business and Law.

The list includes leading educational institutions in Moscow. The specialty that will need to be mastered is called accounting, analysis and auditing. After obtaining a diploma, a person can also become an economist.

Homeschooling is suitable mainly for those who do not want to connect their lives only with accounting activities. Mastering a profession at home will take a minimum of time if a person approaches the process responsibly.

Supporting literature (all books published in 2016):

1. Accounting and analysis. Authors: Eremina and Rachek. The book consists of 2 sections. The first contains information about the development of accounting in different time periods, starting from the ancient world. The second section includes a description of the various accounting methods.
2. Accounting theory.
3. All about tax audits. Authors: Sukhovskaya, Myrtynyuk, Sharonova. As mentioned earlier, accountants constantly have to deal with tax inspectors. This book describes in detail which aspects of a company's activities are most often inspected by inspectors.

These manuals are the most informative and new. It is also recommended to read books such as: Accounting in 10 days (2012), Workshop on accounting (2010). They contain useful and relevant information, despite the fact that they were released quite a long time ago.

Exists five forms of financial statements:

1. Balance— reporting on the financial condition of the enterprise for a specific period of time. It is calculated using a form (table) consisting of two parts: the first contains information about the company’s liabilities, the second - about assets.
2. Loss and Profit Report— information that allows you to display the results of the financial activities of an enterprise for a specific time period. When drawing up a document, you must indicate all information about the organization’s income, even if the revenue was not received from the main activity.
3. About budget (capital) changes. The document must be filled out based on letter of the Ministry of Finance No. 117 (dated December 23, 1997). It is important to adhere to the basic provisions in order to correctly prepare reports. All information about capital should be indicated step by step, using not only general data (about use and receipts), but also information about cash balances on the account.
4. About cash flow. The reporting indicates data on funds received and spent for the year. At the same time, all amounts are divided into several parts corresponding to the current, financial and investment activities of the organization. The goal of current activities is to obtain maximum profit from the sale of goods or services. Investment cash movements are associated with the purchase or sale of equipment, real estate, and assets. Financial activities are called financial activities that do not greatly affect the overall budget of the company.
5. . The document must be filled out in accordance with the requirements set out in Letter of the Ministry of Finance No. 4n (dated January 13, 2000). The letter contains information about all forms of accounting. reporting of organizations.

All documents must be drawn up correctly, since the main activity of the enterprise depends on this. If the accountant makes a mistake in the calculations, the company may suffer large losses.

Primary documentation is papers that are needed primarily for reporting to tax companies. They are stored for 4 years.

Primary documentation includes:

• sales receipts and invoices;
• certificates of services performed;
• cash receipts;
• expense reports;
• current account statements;
• documents confirming payments to employees;
• statements and limit-fence cards.

Primary documentation is drawn up in a generally accepted form or on forms developed by the organization itself.

How long does it take to study to become an accountant? People who have completed 9th grade will need 3 years and 10 months to master a profession in college. Training based on 11 classes will take 2 years and 10 months.

Some educational institutions offer an accelerated program. You can study it in 2 years and 10 months (based on 9 classes) or in 1 year 10 months (based on 11 classes).

There are also special courses, the duration of which rarely exceeds 6 months. On average - 2.5-4. You need to choose your courses carefully, as some people teach with an outdated or incomplete curriculum.

The duration of home study directly depends on a person’s abilities and his desire to master a specific profession. Some people learn completely in a year, while others take 3-4 years.

How long will it take to become a chief accountant? A person with a higher education can apply for this position after 3 years of work in one company.

A lecture on accounting for beginners is presented below.

ABC of accounting Alexey Vinogradov

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Title: ABC of Accounting

About the book “The ABCs of Accounting” Alexey Vinogradov

The book outlines the basics of accounting. The publication may be useful to individuals studying accounting on their own, students, and aspiring entrepreneurs. The book can help in obtaining both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The material necessary for working with accounting software for both accountants and programmers is presented. The publication contains the majority of business transactions and provides typical entries based on practical examples.

On our website about books, you can download the site for free without registration or read online the book “The ABCs of Accounting” by Alexey Vinogradov in epub, fb2, txt, rtf, pdf formats for iPad, iPhone, Android and Kindle. The book will give you a lot of pleasant moments and real pleasure from reading. You can buy the full version from our partner. Also, here you will find the latest news from the literary world, learn the biography of your favorite authors. For beginning writers, there is a separate section with useful tips and tricks, interesting articles, thanks to which you yourself can try your hand at literary crafts.

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Fundamentals of accounting. Textbook. Bogachenko V.M.

3rd ed., rev. - R on D.: 201 5. - 3 36 p.

The textbook was prepared in accordance with the program of the general professional discipline “Fundamentals of Accounting” and complies with the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) of the third generation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No. 282 of 04/06/2010. The textbook will allow you to master all the general and professional competencies of an accountant. This is a great assistant for students, students and anyone starting to study accounting. The book contains educational theoretical material on the discipline, including the history of accounting, its subject and method, the concept of the balance sheet, accounting accounts and double entry, accounting of business processes and financial statements. For ongoing monitoring of the study of material on all topics, questions and tests are provided to help students consolidate their knowledge and teachers to monitor the degree of mastery of this subject. When preparing the textbook, all current regulatory documents on accounting and the new law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 were taken into account. This is an excellent assistant for students, students and anyone who is starting to study accounting. The appendix contains the Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, taking into account subsequent changes, and a table of classification of accounts.

Format: pdf

Size: 3.8 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

Table of contents
Introduction 3
History of the development of accounting 6
Chapter 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOUNTING 22
1.1. The concept of business accounting, its types 22
1.2. Financial, management and tax accounting 26
1.3. Requirements for business accounting 29
1.4. Types of meters used in business accounting 29
1.5. Basic requirements for accounting 30
1.6. Main tasks of accounting 32
1.7. The role of the accountant in making decisions on the management of the organization 32
Test questions 46
Test 47
Chapter 2. REGULATORY REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING.... 53
2.1. Federal legislative acts in the field of accounting regulation 53
2.2. Current legislative acts in the field of accounting regulation 56
2.3. Accounting policy of the organization 59
Test questions 65
Test 66
Chapter 3. SUBJECT AND METHOD OF ACCOUNTING 73
3.1. Classification of household assets by composition and placement 73
3.2. Classification of economic assets by sources of education and intended purpose 78
3.3. Characteristics of the subject of accounting 83
3.4. Characteristics of the accounting method 84
Test questions 87
Test 88
Chapter 4. BALANCE SHEET 96
4.1. The concept of the balance sheet, its structure and content 96
4.2. Types of balances 101
4.3. Types of balance sheet changes influenced by business transactions 104
Test questions 110
Test 110
Chapter 5. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND DOUBLE ENTRY 118
5.1. Accounting accounts as an element of the accounting method 118
5.2. Double entry of business transactions on accounts 123
5.3. Correspondence of accounts 126
5.4. Accounting entries 126
5.5. Synthetic and analytical accounts. their purpose and relationship 127
5.6. Turnover statements for synthetic and analytical accounts 132
5.7. Classification of accounting accounts 137
5.8. Chart of accounts 1 54
Test questions 1 5 7
Test 172
Chapter 6. DOCUMENTATION OF FACTS OF ECONOMIC LIFE 177
6.1. Documentation - element of accounting method 1 77
6.2. The value of accounting documents 179
6.3. Document details 180
6.4. Requirements for filling out documents 181
6.5. Correcting erroneous entries in documents 181
6.6. Classification of documents 182
6.7. Acceptance, verification and accounting processing of documents 186
6.8. Organization of document flow 187
6.9. Procedure and terms of storage of accounting documents 191
Test questions 192
Test 194
Chapter 7. ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS PROCESSES 203
7.1. Accounting for the supply process 203
7.2. Production process accounting 211
7.3. The concept of the cost of products and services, its types 221
7.4. Accounting for the sales process 224
7.5. Valuation of economic assets in the balance sheet and in current accounting. Types of assessments 232
Test questions 238
Test 239
Chapter 8. INVENTORY OF VALUES 241
8.1. Inventory - an element of the accounting method 241
8.2. Inventory goals 242
8.3. Types of inventory 244
8.4. Inventory procedure 245
8.5. Documentation of inventory 248
8.6. Identifying inventory results and reflecting them in accounting 258
Test questions 262
Test 264
Chapter 9. REGISTERS AND ACCOUNTING FORMS 267
9.1. The role of accounting registers in accounting 267
9.2. Classification of accounting registers 269
9.3. Requirements for maintaining accounting registers 276
9.4. Methods for correcting erroneous accounting entries 278
9.5. Accounting forms 284
Test questions 294
Test 295
Chapter 10. ACCOUNTING REPORTING OF THE ORGANIZATION 304
10.1 Types of reporting 304
10.2. Users of financial statements 308
10.3. Procedure and deadlines for preparing financial statements 311
Dictionary of accounting terms 313
Applications 321
Literature 331

What is accounting, why is it needed and how is it carried out? What is Accounting and Posting? How to distinguish an asset from a liability and what is an accounting policy

How to organize accounting at an enterprise

In order to competently keep records at an enterprise, draw up transactions, draw up primary documents, and calculate taxes, you need to understand how accounting is organized in an enterprise.

First of all, it should be noted that the main legislative projects that regulate the accounting process are the Federal Law “On Accounting” No. 402-FZ and the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting in the Russian Federation.

The fundamental law is No. 402-FZ, and the Regulations complement and specify it. The Law “On Accounting” was last amended on July 19, 2017. In the new edition, many points of the law are presented in a new form, and various clarifications have been made.

The above documents define the basic principles of accounting.

Basic accounting rules

1. The collection and processing of information at the enterprise occurs continuously.
2. From the approved Chart of Accounts, a work plan is formed on which accounting will be carried out at the enterprise.
3. Accounting is carried out in monetary terms in rubles and in Russian.
4. For each business transaction at the enterprise, accounting entries are made using the double entry principle.
5. For each business transaction, a primary document is drawn up, which must be drawn up at the time of the transaction or immediately after its completion. Posting for each operation should be carried out only if there is a supporting document.
6. To prepare primary documents, standard forms are used (if they are developed and approved). If there is no unified form for the document, then it is drawn up in any form, but containing all the required details.
7. Information from accounting documents is collected and systematized in accounting registers. The register forms have an approved form.
8. Periodically, an inventory of the enterprise's assets and liabilities (property and liabilities) is mandatory. The frequency of the inventory is approved by the head of the organization.
9. To properly organize accounting at an enterprise, an accounting policy is developed and a corresponding order from the manager is drawn up.

These basic accounting principles are fundamental; it is on them that accounting in an enterprise is based. By following the specified accounting rules, you can be confident in the competent organization of accounting in the accounting department.

How is accounting carried out in a company?

All accounting is built on a very important principle - its continuity.

Every day, an accountant or other employee responsible for accounting records business transactions. Day after day, he reflects transactions using postings, generates documents, and fills out accounting registers. It is important to understand that this process is continuous, from the moment the company is opened until the end of its existence, the accountant must keep accounts, fill out and submit accounting and tax reports.

At the initial stage of formation of the company, it develops a working chart of accounts; for this purpose, the necessary accounts are selected from the Chart of Accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on which all transactions will be recorded. Depending on the size of the organization, as well as the characteristics of its activities, the set of accounts may vary.

Also, when opening an enterprise, an accounting policy is approved, on the basis of which accounting will be conducted.

Then, every day, the enterprise will carry out many operations: purchase of materials, fixed assets, sale of goods, production of products, payment of goods to the supplier and receipt of payment from the buyer, etc. For each such operation, the accountant fills out the corresponding primary documents, on the basis of which he makes an entry in the accounts from the approved plan.

At the end of each month, the turnover for the month and the final balance are calculated on each account. At the beginning of the next month, all accounts are opened again, the ending balance from the previous one is transferred to the next month.

During the month, every day all business transactions are recorded on open accounts using postings; at the end of the month, the accounts are closed again, balances are calculated and transferred to the next month.

This process is endless; the same actions will be performed month after month. This will be the fundamental principle of continuity in accounting.

In order to competently organize accounting in the accounting department, you need to be able to do three things:

• know your working chart of accounts
• be able to make transactions
• be able to draw up documents and fill out accounting registers

A little about the Accounting Law (No. 402-FZ)

In November 2011, the Plan for the development of accounting and reporting of enterprises in the Russian Federation was approved. Its goal was to achieve greater accessibility of information in the field of accounting, improve the quality of reporting and bring it to international standards. The most important step in the implementation of this plan was the adoption of Federal Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting,” which came into force on January 1, 2013.

The new legal act replaced the previously in force Law No. 129-FZ. In general, the document introduces detailed clarifications to the rules of accounting and financial reporting, clarifications are given to many concepts, and some provisions of the old edition are completely changed. Thus, the scope of application of the Accounting Law was expanded. Now entrepreneurs, private practice lawyers and notaries (except for those who pay taxes under the simplified scheme) must also keep records. State and local government bodies, various funds and branches of international organizations are also required to maintain accounting records. Another innovation is related to the definition of accounting objects. Now they are also called assets, as well as income and expenses of the enterprise.

The Federal Law “On Accounting” consists of four main sections. Let's take a brief look at each one, and also highlight the main changes compared to the old edition.

Structure of the Accounting Law

It is determined here that the main purpose of the Law is to establish uniform requirements for accounting. A definition of accounting is given as a system for generating information about economic entities taking into account the requirements and creating financial statements based on this information. Article 2 describes the scope of this Federal Law. As already mentioned, it has been expanded, and now everyone to whom the Federal Accounting Law applies is called not “organizations,” but “economic entities.”

2. General requirements for accounting.

This chapter describes in detail the procedure and rules for accounting. The responsibility of the enterprise manager to properly organize this work is noted. An important innovation is the prohibition on the head of the enterprise personally maintaining accounting records. This provision does not apply to small and medium-sized businesses. All other enterprises must have a chief accountant on staff or have an agreement for the provision of relevant services. At the same time, the minimum requirements for applicants for this position are listed.

Article 8 emphasizes that each economic entity can choose its own accounting policy.

Article 9 regulates the preparation of primary documents. Instead of the previously used unified forms, primary forms are being introduced, approved by the head of the enterprise. In this case, a mandatory list of items is provided. This article also talks about the possibility of creating documents in digital form, certified by an electronic digital signature.

Article 10 deals with the maintenance of accounting registers. The authority of the manager in terms of approving document forms has also been expanded. In addition, these documents no longer constitute a trade secret.

Articles 13–18 regulate the creation of financial statements as a source of reliable data on the position of the entity, the result of its work, and the movement of financial assets for the reporting period. Here there was a requirement to submit one copy of financial statements to the statistical authorities within a period of no more than three months from the end of the period. Reporting documents are also prohibited from being given the status of a trade secret. Federal Law 402 on Accounting, unlike its predecessor, does not regulate methods for providing financial statements to users.

3. Regulation of accounting.

This chapter talks about regulatory documents in the field of accounting, bodies authorized to carry out regulation and their functions. Law No. 402-FZ introduces a number of fundamentally new provisions in this part.

A requirement is introduced for accounting reporting to comply with federal and industry standards, as well as compliance with accepted international requirements. Such standards establish the classification of accounting objects, the content and form of the information provided and other provisions. The standards will be developed by the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank, as well as subjects of non-state regulation: unions of entrepreneurs, auditors and other interested organizations.

Articles 26–28 discuss the procedure for creating accounting standards. At the same time, the great importance of publishing drafts of such documents in print media and on the Internet is pointed out for the purpose of their public discussion.

4. Conclusion.

The final chapter talks about the procedure for storing accounting documents and the specifics of applying the Law. The storage of accounting documents must occur in accordance with the rules of archiving. In this case, the storage period cannot be less than five years.

To summarize, we can say that Federal Law No. 402-FZ, making accounting more open and democratic, requires compliance with uniform standards in this work.

Primary accounting documents - getting to know each other

All business transactions occurring daily at the enterprise must be documented. The purchase of materials, goods, fixed assets, the sale and shipment of goods to the buyer, all movements of funds, the production process, payment of wages and transfer of taxes - all these and many other operations are displayed in primary accounting documents.

The paper in question is a written certificate of business processes that have taken place, having legally approved force and not requiring any further clarifications or amendments.

Unified forms

Primary accounting documents may have a standard form, for which Goskomstat develops and approves unified forms of primary documents, which are contained in albums of unified forms of production documentation.

In accordance with the affixing of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 835 of 07/08/1997, all powers regarding the design development and approval of albums of unified forms and their digital versions have been transferred to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. All details of the content and regulatory composition of the albums are necessarily agreed upon by a special committee with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation.

If a standard form of primary accounting documents has not been developed, then the organization independently prepares for itself the necessary forms that it will use in its activities. At the same time, the forms developed independently must contain the mandatory details of the primary documentation.

List of mandatory details in primary accounting documents:

• A name that fully reflects the financial and economic content of the production process. A document that has an incorrect, hard to read or unclear title has no legal force.
• Name, in correct cases, addresses and current accounts in banking institutions of the parties entering into the agreement (legal entities and individuals). If the necessary requirements are not met, the document automatically loses its addressability and cannot be used in any operations.
• Date of compilation. If the date is missing or unclear, the agreement has no legal force.
• The general content of the operation performed, which reveals the essence of the name in a general form and contains a brief description of the production aspects.
• Measuring instruments of a completed business transaction. In their absence, the form remains without an accounting and settlement base, without which further operation of the agreement is not carried out.
• Signatures of persons (legal and physical) responsible for the agreement. They are the director of a particular organization and the chief accountant.

Processing of primary documents

When receiving an accounting document, you must check that it is correctly formatted and that all required details are present. All necessary lines must be filled out, the information must be readable, signatures of responsible persons must be present, and a stamp must be applied if necessary. When processing accounting papers, you need to pay attention to the seal; the information on it should be clearly readable, you can see the name, details, etc.

After the document has been checked for correctness, it must be registered in a book or journal intended for this purpose. For example, travel certificates are registered in the travel certificate journal, cash orders in the KO-3 register of incoming and outgoing cash orders.

Storage and destruction

The storage periods for primary accounting documentation and the procedure for their destruction are fully specified in List No. 41.

How to fix

No one is immune from mistakes. What to do if there are errors in the primary documents? If errors are identified at the registration stage, then everything is simple, you can simply take a new form and fill it out again. How can you correct an error in a document if it is discovered later?

In general, there are three ways to correct errors in primary accounting documents:

• A corrective method, which is allowed to be used only if errors were identified before the balance sheet was drawn up, or if they were made in the accounting registers, the errors should not affect the correspondence of accounts. The essence of this method is to carefully cross out with a thin line the erroneous value of the amount, the wrong word, etc. The required text or number is written next to or on top. In addition, you must write a disclaimer next to the error, with the corresponding date and signature of the person responsible. For example, “1000 rubles crossed out, corrected to 1200, believe corrected, date, signature”
• The method of additional entries is made when the amount of a business transaction is erroneously understated. This rule occurs in two cases: if the accounting register does not contain the necessary data from the primary document, and also when an erroneously underestimated amount is displayed in the register.
• The reversal method consists in the fact that an incorrectly made entry, usually a numeric one, is deleted by the negative value of the erroneous amount. In this case, incorrect correspondence and the value of the amount are repeated in red ink. At the same time, the required number is written using ordinary ink. This method is used when errors are made in correspondence or when the amount is exaggerated.

The right to sign primary documents

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the director of the organization and the chief accountant can sign primary accounting papers. Also, the deputy chief accountant has the right to sign primary accounting documents, but in this case all responsibility for the executed agreement passes to him. The right to sign by an employee other than the manager and chief accountant must be formalized using a power of attorney for the right to sign.

To summarize the above, we can say that primary documents are one of the important components of the correct organization of accounting at an enterprise. Moreover, only if they are available is it possible to conduct accounting; it is on the basis of documents that accounting entries are made. Therefore, it is very important to fill out forms and forms correctly and check the accuracy of the format when receiving them from contractors.

Let's understand the assets and liabilities of the enterprise

In accounting, there are special concepts “assets” and “liabilities”. Both are an important component of the balance sheet and represent the most convenient way to summarize information about the activities and financial position of an organization.

Everything that an enterprise has is divided into assets that generate profit and liabilities that participate in the formation of the former. It is important to learn to distinguish between them, to understand what this or that enterprise object is.

Asset and liability balance

The concepts under consideration are the main components of the balance sheet - the main report, which is drawn up in the accounting process at the enterprise. The balance sheet is shown as a table with assets on the left side and liabilities on the right. The sum of all positions on the left side is equal to the sum of all positions on the right side. That is, the left side of the balance is always equal to its right side.

Equality of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet is an important rule that must be followed at any time.

If equality is not met when drawing up the balance sheet, it means that there is an error in the accounting that needs to be found.

In order to correctly draw up a balance sheet, you need to understand what belongs to assets and what to liabilities.

Assets as an element of accounting

These are the resources of an organization that it uses in the process of economic activity, the use of which in the future implies profit.

Assets always display the value of all tangible, intangible and monetary assets of the company, as well as property powers, their content, placement and investment.

Examples of business assets:

• Fixed assets
• Securities
• Raw materials, materials, semi-finished products
• Goods
• Finished products

All this is property that the enterprise will use in the course of its operation in order to generate economic profit.

Asset classification

According to the form of the functional composition, they are divided into material, intangible and financial.

• Material refers to objects that are in material form (they can be touched and felt). These include company buildings and structures, technical equipment and materials.
• By intangible we usually mean that part of the production of an enterprise that does not have a material embodiment. This can be a trademark or a patent, which also take part in the organization’s office work.
• Financial - imply various financial instruments of the company, be it cash accounts in any currency, accounts receivable or other economic investments with different terms.

According to the nature of participation in the production activities of the enterprise, assets are divided into current (current) and non-current.

• Current assets - used to carry out the company’s operational processes and are completely consumed in one full production cycle (no more than 1 year)
• Non-negotiable - they take part in office work repeatedly, and are used exactly until the moment when all resources are transferred into the form of products

According to the type of capital used, assets are:

• Gross, that is, formed on the basis of own and borrowed capital.
• Net, which implies the formation of assets only from the company’s own capital.

According to the right of ownership of assets, they are divided into leased and owned.

They are also classified by liquidity, that is, the speed of their transformation into a financial equivalent. In accordance with such a system, the following resources are distinguished:

• Assets with absolute liquidity
• With high liquidity
• Medium liquid
• Low liquidity
• Illiquid

Long-term assets include land plots, various types of transport, technical equipment, household and industrial equipment, and other company supplies. Assets of this type are reflected at their cost of acquisition less accrued depreciation, or, in the case of land and buildings, at a price determined by a professional expert.

Liabilities of the enterprise and their participation in production activities

The liabilities of an enterprise mean the obligations that the company has undertaken and its sources of financing (including its own and borrowed capital, as well as funds attracted to the organization for some reason).

The equity capital of an enterprise with any form of ownership, except for state ownership, contains in its structure the authorized capital, shares, shares in various business companies and partnerships, proceeds from the sale of company shares (primary and additional), accumulated reserves, public finances in the organization.

For state-owned enterprises, the structure includes public financial resources and deferred deductions from revenues.

Borrowed capital

The structure of funds borrowed consists of capital for which this or that property is pledged, regardless of whether the mortgage is issued or not, loans received from banking institutions, bills of various types.

Summarize.

What refers to the assets of the enterprise:

• Fixed and production assets
• Movable and immovable property
• Cash
• Inventory
• Securities
• Accounts receivable

What refers to the company's liabilities:

• Authorized capital
• Credits and borrowings from other individuals and legal entities
• retained earnings
• Reserves
• Taxes
• Accounts payable

Difference between liability and asset

The difference is their different functions; Each of these elements of the balance sheet illuminates its own aspect of office work. However, they are closely interrelated.

When an asset increases, the liability necessarily increases by the same amount, that is, the debt obligation of the enterprise increases. The same principle also applies to liabilities.

For example, if a new loan agreement is concluded with a bank, assets automatically increase, as new finances are received by the organization, and at the same time the enterprise has a liability - debt to the bank. At the moment when the organization repays this loan, there will be a decrease in assets, since the amount of funds in the enterprise’s account will decrease, and at the same time, liabilities will also decrease, since the debt to the bank will disappear.

It is from this principle that the equality of liabilities and assets of an enterprise follows. Any change in the former entails a change in the latter by the same amount and vice versa.

Getting to know accounting accounts

What are business accounts? This concept comes up all the time in accounting. And this is not surprising, because this is the basic concept of accounting; it is on the accounts that all business transactions occurring in the enterprise are recorded.

An accounting account is depicted as a two-sided table, the left side is called debit, the right side is credit. Each separate account is used to record certain business transactions, which are grouped according to homogeneous characteristics. For example, materials are accounted for on the account. 10 “Materials”, accounting of fixed assets – 01 “Fixed assets”, calculation and payment of wages to employees – 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”.

There are 99 accounts in total; their list is given in a special book called the Chart of Accounts. An organization may not use them all. In the process of forming an accounting policy, it is determined which accounts will be needed to record transactions occurring at this enterprise. Next, they are selected from the standard Plan, their list is approved in the order on accounting policies. Thus, the organization forms its working chart of accounts – that is, a list that will be used in accounting, taking into account the specifics of the organization’s activities.

Each enterprise develops its own work plan, enshrining it in its accounting policies.

What is a Chart of Accounts?

This is a list of all available accounting accounts. This document is being developed by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

All accounts in a single Plan are divided into sections. For each, subaccounts for it are indicated and brief information about what it is intended for and what operations are taken into account on it.

Each account in the standard Plan is assigned a two-digit code and name. For example, cash is kept in an account. 50 "Cashier".

In addition, the standard Plan also contains so-called off-balance sheet accounting accounts, which are intended to account for property that does not belong to a given enterprise. They are assigned three-digit codes. For example, accounting for fixed assets leased is kept on an off-balance sheet account. 001 “Leased fixed assets.”

Plan Structure

There are 8 sections in total in a single Plan. The first 5 sections are accounts on which property, finished products, goods, materials, and the production process are recorded. For example:

• Section 1 – non-current assets – provides a list of accounts related to non-current assets (01 “Fixed assets”, 02 “Depreciation”, 04 “Intangible assets”, etc.).
• Section 2 - production inventories - a list of accounts intended to account for the production process (20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, etc.).

Section 6 shows the accounting accounts on which the company's liabilities are kept.

In sections 7 and 8 - where capital and financial results are recorded.

How does accounting work using accounts?

In accounting accounts, information is presented in monetary terms.

When performing any operation, a primary accounting document is required to be drawn up, on the basis of which this operation is recorded in the accounts.

This entry is made using the double entry principle and is called an accounting entry. In short, when performing any transaction, the transaction amount is simultaneously recorded as a debit to one account and a credit to another; this will be a posting.

For example, the cash desk of an enterprise received money from a buyer. The accountant must draw up a primary document, a cash receipt order, which indicates the amount of cash received at the cash desk. Based on this order, a posting will be made to the account. 50 “Cashier” and 62 “Settlements with customers” - the amount received must be simultaneously recorded as debit 50 and credit 62.

Each business transaction is subject to mandatory recording in accounting accounts, in the debit of one and in the credit of the other.

Every day for a month, the accountant records all transactions using entries.

At the end of the month, debit turnover and credit turnover are calculated for each account.

The initial debit balance, if any, is added to the debit turnover for the month (Snd). From the resulting value, the sum of the loan turnover for the month and the initial loan balance, if there was one, is subtracted (Snk)).

Formula for calculation:

Sk = (Snd + Od) – (Snk + Ok)

If the resulting balance is positive, then we have a debit final account balance, if negative, we have a credit balance.

At the beginning of the next month, each account is opened anew, the ending balance from the previous month is transferred to the current month, the debit ending balance is transferred to debit, and the credit balance is transferred to credit. This will be the opening balance.

This process is continuous, this is the main principle of organizing accounting in an enterprise - accounting continuity.

Thus, accounts are the main tool used in the accounting process.

An example of accounting for transactions on an accounting account

Let's take the account. 10 "Materials". At the beginning of the month (February), the company has materials worth 100,000 rubles in its warehouses. During February, the company purchased more materials in the amount of 20,000 and 30,000. During February, materials in the amount of 70,000 were released into production. What will the invoice look like? 10?

Account 10 is active, which means that the company’s assets (materials) are accounted for on it. All receipts are reflected on a debit basis, disposals (release into production) - on a credit basis.

February:

1. At the beginning of February we have materials worth 100,000 - this will be the initial debit balance (Snd = 100,000).
2. During February, materials were received for 20,000 and 30,000. These amounts should be entered in the debit of account 10.
3. 70,000 worth of materials were released into production, this amount is credited to account 10.

February is over, we close account 10:

• We calculate debit turnover and credit turnover:

Od = 20000+30000 = 50000
Ok = 70000

• We calculate the final balance:

Sk = Snd + Od – Ok = 100000 + 50000 – 70000 = 80000.

March:

1. We transfer the ending balance from February to March. We enter in the debit account 10 the debit balance Sk = 80000, this will be the initial debit balance for the current March.
2. We record all current operations regarding the receipt of materials and their release into production.
3. We close account 10 at the end of the month (we count turnover and final balance)

April:

1. We transfer the ending balance from last month to the current one.
2. etc.

The process continues ad infinitum.

Types of accounting accounts, description and application

Let's look at the types of accounting accounts. Let's get acquainted with active, passive and active-passive accounts, as well as synthetic and analytical.

Based on the type of relationship with the economic balance, accounting accounts are divided into active and passive, as well as active-passive. Let us consider these types in more detail, since they are the main elements in the classification of the financial balance sheet.

The concept of an active accounting account

Necessary for displaying all processes directly related to the presence and use of property assets of the enterprise. This implies reflection not only of property in tangible form, but also of the company’s intangible assets (trademarks, patents, etc.). In this case, the number of the active accounting account can tell with approximate accuracy what type of property is owned by the owner of the organization - the owner of the financial balance sheet.

In simpler terms, active accounts keep records of the company's assets. In order to understand whether an account is active or not, you need to know their distinctive features:

• The opening balance is always a debit
• The ending balance is also a debit
• The debit reflects the increase in the asset, the credit - the decrease

Examples:

Active accounts include - 50 “Cash”, 10 “Materials”, 01 “Fixed assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, etc.

Let's take account as an example. 10 “Materials”, all three characteristics indicated above are met for it. It keeps records of assets – materials. When materials arrive (an increase in an asset), a debit entry is made, and when materials are disposed of (an asset decrease), a credit entry is made. The balance is always in debit, because it is not possible to release more materials into production than are in stock. This means that the debit will always be greater than the credit. That is, count. 10 – active in all respects.

The concept of passive account in accounting

Aimed at recording and monitoring information about all sources of financing of the enterprise, which are divided into own and attracted (borrowed). The company's own capital contains in its structure all the profit that the organization received without financial assistance from outside. Attracted sources consist of all loans and credits involved in the company's office work, which the enterprise has issued.

Thus, passive accounts keep track of the company's liabilities. Passive ones are characterized by:

• Credit opening balance;
• Credit ending balance;
• An increase in a liability is reflected in a credit, and a decrease in a debit.

Examples passive accounts:

80 “Authorized capital”, 83 “Additional capital”, 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”, 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”, etc.

Let's take account as an example. 67, it is intended for accounting for loans issued to an enterprise for a period of more than 1 year, that is, it keeps track of liabilities.

The appearance of a loan (increase in liability) is reflected in credit account 67, its payment (decrease in liability) is reflected in debit. The balance will remain in credit until the loan is repaid and the account is closed.

Active-passive accounts

Usually you can immediately determine it by the names of the accounting documentation. As a rule, with this type of accounting accounts, the name of the document begins with the word “calculation” (for example, “settlements with personnel”, “settlements with the budget”, etc.). They also serve to display all settlements with different types of counterparties (active and passive), to report information about receivables and payables, to monitor the results of the enterprise’s office work, its profits or losses.

That is, active-passive accounts take into account both the assets and liabilities of the enterprise. They are characterized by features of both active and passive accounting accounts.

Examples active-passive:

60 “Settlements with suppliers”, 62 “Settlements with customers”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”, 99 “Profits and losses”, etc.

Example - is count 62 active or passive?

When selling goods to a buyer, a receivable from the buyer arises to the organization, which is an asset, its occurrence is reflected in the debit of account 62, when the buyer repays the debt, we will enter the repayment amount in the credit of account 62. We see that the appearance of an asset is reflected in debit, and its decrease in credit, it turns out that for the account. 62 the characteristics of active accounts are fulfilled.

Let's take another situation: the buyer makes an advance payment to the organization, until the organization ships the goods against this payment, and it will have accounts payable to the buyer. We will reflect the appearance of this debt (that is, receipt of an advance) on the credit account. 62. At the time the goods are shipped to the buyer, accounts payable will decrease, and an entry will be made in debit 62. That is, the appearance of a liability (debt) will be reflected in the credit, and its decrease in the debit. It turns out that account 62 is subject to the rules characteristic of passive accounts.

Based on this, we can conclude that account 62 is active-passive, since it is characterized by the features of both active and passive accounts; it records both assets and liabilities.

Synthetic and analytical

According to the degree to which all accounting information is detailed, they are divided into synthetic and analytical.

Synthetic Accounting accounts imply a generalized description of data in which all information is presented concisely and without clarification. Subaccounts are used to enter any additional information into the document. A subaccount is a component of a synthetic account. Accounting is carried out in monetary terms.

For the highest level of detail use analytical invoices in which the required data is displayed in detail, including all the necessary elements and nuances. In analytical accounts, accounting can be kept in other equivalents: in kilograms, meters, liters, pieces, etc., as is convenient for the accountant.

For example, an organization has an account. 41, which takes into account goods (various types of cereals) in a general form in rubles. To the synthetic count. 41, for convenience, analytical accounts “Millet groats”, “Semolina groats”, etc. have been opened, in which records are kept in kilograms.

What other types of accounting accounts are there?

In accordance with the economic content, they are divided into accounts of assets, sources of formation of assets and business transactions. They display all types of active funds, as well as those capitals that are intended for subsequent sale. Accounts showing sources of assets formation, contain information about all the ways where funds come from, including own income and borrowed capital. Business accounts include in their structure all data on the financial profit of the enterprise, as well as information on the company's expenses for various purposes.

According to the sequence of indications in the accounts, the accounts are divided into nominal And off-balance sheet.

According to their purpose and structure, they can be basic, regulatory, budgetary and distribution, operational, financial and performance, etc.

Features of the use of off-balance sheet accounts

Often, in the process of work, enterprises have to carry out operations to record the movement and storage of property that does not belong to them. In addition, it is necessary to keep records of transactions related to the fulfillment of requirements and obligations to partners. For these purposes, off-balance sheet (off-balance sheet) accounts are used.

Off-balance sheet accounts are intended for recording and entering information about material assets that do not belong to an economic entity and are at its disposal temporarily. Off-balance sheet accounts are also used to control certain types of financial transactions. Their name emphasizes that they are outside the balance sheet and are not taken into account in it.

The need for separate accounting of values ​​that do not belong to an economic entity is explained by the fact that only own funds and the sources that form them should be taken into account in the main balance sheet. If assets that do not belong to it are reflected on the balance sheet of an enterprise, it turns out that they are taken into account twice: by the owner and by the temporary owner. This will contradict the law and distort the real financial position of enterprises.

The main purpose of off-balance sheet accounts

• control of the use and safety of material assets that are owned by the enterprise on lease, safekeeping, transferred for installation, processing and other similar purposes
• accounting for contingent rights or obligations of a business entity
• control of relevant types of business transactions
• providing comprehensive information on funds off the balance sheet for management purposes, as well as the ability to assess the financial position of the enterprise.

The off-balance sheet account has a traditional, albeit slightly simplified structure. It reflects the opening balance, receipts and write-offs of material assets during the month, and the ending balance.

Types of off-balance sheet accounts

In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 N 94n (as amended on November 8, 2010), several main types of off-balance sheet accounts are used for organizations and enterprises of the Russian Federation, which are listed below.

Off-balance sheet accounts include:

001 “Leased fixed assets.” Required to enter information about leased fixed assets. Such funds are accounted for in accordance with the valuation adopted in existing leases.

002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping.” This off-balance sheet account is used to enter information about material assets for which, for one reason or another, payment has not been made, or which have been temporarily accepted onto the balance sheet.

003 “Materials accepted for processing.” Intended to display the availability and movement of raw materials or materials taken for processing and not paid for by the manufacturer. Accounting is carried out in prices reflected in the relevant contracts.

004 “Goods accepted for commission.” Used by organizations that accept goods on commission in accordance with the contract. Accounting is carried out at prices determined by acceptance certificates.

005 “Equipment accepted for installation.” An off-balance sheet account is used by contractor organizations to reflect information about all types of installation equipment that was provided by the customer.

006 “Strict reporting forms.” Displays available and issued forms for certificates, diplomas, subscriptions, tickets, receipts and other similar reporting forms. The account is kept in conditional prices. Each type of form is counted separately.

007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss.” This contains information about written off debts. Such accounts are maintained for five years after the debts have been written off, in order to monitor the possibility of repayment if the borrowers' solvency changes.

008 “Securities for obligations and payments received.” Contains information about the availability and movement of funds received as guarantees for securing obligations, as well as security that were received for goods transferred to other organizations. The amount of the guarantee to be accounted for is determined by the terms of the contract.

009 “Securities for obligations and payments issued.” Reflects funds issued as guarantees to secure obligations.

010 “Depreciation of fixed assets.” This off-balance sheet account is intended to summarize data on the movement of amounts reflecting the depreciation of housing facilities, landscaping, road facilities and the like, as well as fixed assets (in the case of non-profit organizations). Depreciation is calculated at the end of the year according to depreciation rates.

011 “Fixed assets leased out.” Serves to display data on objects classified as fixed assets and leased. It is used in cases where, according to the terms of the agreement, the property must be reflected on the balance sheet of the lessee. Accounting is carried out at the prices specified in the lease agreement.

In addition to those listed, the list of off-balance sheet accounts can be supplemented by the organization itself, in accordance with the specifics of its activities. This should be reflected in the accounting policies.

For some types of economic entities, slightly different off-balance sheet accounts are used. Thus, Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 157n determines the chart of accounts for state and local authorities, extra-budgetary funds, scientific and educational institutions, and government agencies. This plan identifies twenty-six types of off-balance sheet accounts that can be used by these organizations as needed.

Learning to make accounting entries

In every enterprise, during the course of its activities, many business transactions arise that must be taken into account in accounting. To record them, there are accounting accounts. Transactions are recorded in accounting accounts using postings. What is this wiring? How to prepare accounting entries? What is the principle of double entry in accounting?

The essence of double entry

At the time of any transaction, a change occurs in the funds and sources of the enterprise, which are recorded in the accounting accounts. Each operation affects two accounts, the transaction amount is simultaneously reflected in the debit of one and in the credit of the other. This is the double entry method.

Example:

Let us explain the principle of double entry using a simple example. Let's take any operation, for example, the receipt of cash from a buyer to the cash register. In this case, there is a simultaneous increase in cash on hand and a decrease in the buyer’s debt. Cash accounting is carried out on the account. 50 “Cashier”, all settlements with customers are reflected in the account. 62.

According to the principle of double entry, we must reflect this event on two accounts: 50 “Cash” and 62 “Settlements with customers”. The amount of cash received must be reflected as a debit for one and a credit for the other.

Cash is an asset of the enterprise, an increase in the asset is reflected in the debit of the account, that is, the amount received must be reflected in the debit of the account. 50.

The buyer's debt is also an asset; the reduction in debt is reflected in the credit account. 62.

That is, a business transaction - the receipt of cash from the buyer in the accounting department is reflected using a simultaneous double entry for debit 50 and credit 62. The entry is made for the same amount in the amount of cash received.

The concept of accounting entry

A double entry in accounting is a posting, or rather an indication of the accounts for the debit and credit of which an entry was made for the amount of the transaction.

Let's take the example above, we made a simultaneous entry for debit 50 and credit 62, an entry of the form Debit 50 Credit 62 will be a posting. For convenience, it is reduced to the form D50 K62.

The two accounts that participate in the accounting entry are called corresponding accounts. And the relationship between these accounts is called correspondence of accounting accounts.

Examples:

Here are some more examples of accounting entries:

D10 K60 – materials from the supplier are accepted for accounting.

D70 K50 – wages were paid to the employee.

D71 K50 – cash was issued on account to the employee.

D20 K10 – materials released for production.

How to wire - three simple steps

Every day the enterprise carries out many business transactions, for each of which the corresponding primary documents are drawn up. Based on these documents, posting will already be made. In order to correctly account for transaction amounts, you need to be able to correctly prepare transactions.

For a novice accountant, preparing accounting entries often causes a lot of difficulties and is in vain. Making wiring is quite simple, how to make wiring correctly?

You need to follow three simple steps:

• Step 1 - Determine which accounting accounts are involved in the transaction by taking a working chart of accounts and selecting suitable accounts from it
• Step 2 - Determine which account the transaction amount should be debited and which account should be credited
• Step 3 - Perform simultaneous double entry on these accounts

Let's look at these steps with an example.

Example of preparing accounting entries

So, some event occurred at the enterprise, for example, goods arrived from the buyer. How to make a posting?

We are analyzing the operation - the goods have arrived from the buyer, which means that there are more goods in the warehouses, and the organization began to have a debt to the supplier. Moreover, the amount of debt is equal to the cost of the goods delivered.

1. Step 1- You need to select 2 accounts that are involved here:
   - the goods are taken into account on the account. 41 "Products";
   - all relationships with suppliers are conducted on the account. 60 “Settlements with suppliers.”
   Thus, the transaction amount must be reflected in two accounts: 41 and 60.
2. Step 2- A product is an asset of an enterprise. The receipt of goods is an increase in the asset. On the active account. 41 increase in assets is reflected in debit.
   Debt to the supplier is accounts payable (liability); the appearance of debt means an increase in liability. On the active-passive account 60, we will reflect the increase in liabilities on the loan.
3. Step 3- We carry out the posting according to the double entry principle - we enter the amount in debit 41 and credit 60 - we get posting of the type D41 K60.

The concept of an enterprise's accounting policy

Organizations, enterprises and other economic entities differ in their form of ownership, asset structure, number of employees and other characteristics. In such a situation, it is impossible to apply strict uniform accounting standards to all participants in economic activity. Therefore, there was a need to differentiate accounting methods for different types of enterprises. This is where the concept of the accounting policy of an economic entity emerged.

Accounting policy is a set of methods for organizing accounting by an economic entity. In other words, federal standards allow for various types of forms of accounting documents and organization of accounting, from which each entity chooses the most suitable methods for its activities. These methods include various options for grouping and assessing the activities of an enterprise, repaying the value of its assets, ensuring the circulation of documents, conducting an inventory, using accounts, accounting registers, and others.

The accounting policy is approved by order of the manager, which can be drawn up according to the following model:

Who forms the accounting policy of the organization

The accounting policy of the enterprise is regulated by Federal Law No. 402-FZ of December 6, 2011 (Article 8) as amended on July 18, 2017 and the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008). In accordance with these regulations, the accounting policy must be developed by the chief accountant (or another person authorized to conduct accounting) and approved by its head.

Law No. 402-FZ abolishes the previously used standard forms of primary documentation; now such documentation is also approved by the head of the enterprise. A list of required items is provided. Paragraph 4 of Article 8 clarifies that in the absence of accounting methods adopted by federal standards for a specific type of object, the latter can independently develop such methods in accordance with the requirements of the law and existing standards.

Development of an enterprise's accounting policy

Regulation PBU 1/2008 explains the organization of accounting policies in more detail. Thus, in paragraph 5, implied assumptions are introduced:

• the assets and liabilities of the enterprise are separated from the assets and liabilities of its owners (and assets of other organizations)
• the organization will carry out continuous activities on a long-term basis and the fulfillment of its obligations will be guaranteed
• consistent annual accounting policies will be ensured
• the facts of the organization’s economic activities correspond to the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of receipt of funds.

Paragraph 6 of the PBU specifies the general principles of accounting policies, which should ensure:

• comprehensive display of all facts of economic activity
• timely entry of these facts into accounting documents
• priority of recognition of all expenses and liabilities before possible income and value of assets
• priority of the economic component of economic activity over its legal form
• compliance of analytical accounting results with synthetic accounting accounts on the last day of the period
• rationality of accounting in accordance with the type of activity and size of the organization.

Clause 4 of the Regulations introduces the main sections of accounting policies that make up the structure of accounting activities. The head of the organization must approve:

• accounting chart of accounts (synthetic and analytical accounts).
• forms of primary documentation, accounting registers and internal reporting
• methodology for inventorying an organization's assets and liabilities
• options for valuing these assets and liabilities
• procedure for document flow and information processing
• methods of control of economic activities
• other documents regulating accounting at a specific enterprise.

The third section of the Regulations PBU 1/2008 is devoted to changes in accounting policies. It is valid in three cases:

• changes in federal legislation and regulations on accounting
• the organization's development of more advanced and efficient accounting methods
• significant reorganization, change in the scope of activity of the enterprise.

The introduction of a new accounting policy must be carried out mainly from the beginning of the reporting period. It is mandatory to approve the new accounting structure by relevant orders of the head of the enterprise. The possible financial consequences of such a change must be reflected in the financial statements.

Managers of many organizations underestimate the importance of the connection between accounting policies and the results of the enterprise's activities. Correct accounting policies have a positive impact on the cost of production, gross profit, and other indicators of the financial position of the organization. In the absence of an effective accounting policy, it is impossible to make a comparative analysis of the enterprise’s activities in different periods, as well as compare the results obtained with the indicators of other similar enterprises.

Download sample

Accounting policy for 2017 sample free download for OSNO - link.

Small businesses

Organizations and individual entrepreneurs can be classified as small businesses if they meet the criteria established by Article 4 of Federal Law No. 209-FZ of July 24, 2007. This article, first of all, says that small enterprises include commercial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms and consumer cooperatives if they meet the criteria established by this article.

On June 30, 2015, Federal Law No. 156-FZ of June 29, 2015 came into force, which introduced some changes to the criteria for determining a small business entity. The criteria existing today, as well as the changes introduced by the new law, will be discussed below.

Small businesses can maintain simplified accounting, submit simplified financial statements, and apply a simplified cash discipline procedure.

Criteria for small businesses in 2015

Criterion 1 - Average number of employees

Enterprises does not exceed 15 people, then the enterprise belongs to microenterprises (a type of small business entity).

If the average number of employees does not exceed 100 people, then the organization or individual entrepreneur can be classified as a small enterprise.

If the average number of employees over 100, but does not exceed 250 people, then the enterprise belongs to medium-sized businesses.

The average number is taken for the past calendar year.

Change 2015: According to the new law, an enterprise can be classified as a small business if this condition is met for three years in a row (previously 2 years was enough). An organization or individual entrepreneur will cease to be small if the average number exceeds 100 people for 3 years in a row.

Criterion 2 - Revenue from sales of goods or services

There is a limit on revenue from the sale of goods and services, which distinguishes between small and medium-sized enterprises.

If the revenue for a calendar year is excluding value added tax does not exceed 60 million rubles., the enterprise is considered a micro-enterprise.

If revenue does not exceed 400 million rubles. per year, then this is a small enterprise.

If revenue does not exceed 1 billion rubles., then the enterprise is considered medium-sized.

Revenue limits are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Change 2015: To classify an organization or individual entrepreneur as a small enterprise, it is necessary that this criterion be met for at least three years in a row (previously it was 2 years). An organization or individual entrepreneur can lose the status of a small enterprise only if its revenue exceeds the limit for three years in a row.

Criterion 3 - share of participation in the authorized capital

An organization or individual entrepreneur can be classified as a small business entity if in the authorized capital of the organization:

• share of the state, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, charitable and other foundations, public and religious organizations no more than 25%
• the share of other organizations that are not small, no more than 49%(previously it was 25%)
• share of foreign organizations no more than 49%(previously it was 25%)

Based on materials from: buhs0.ru

The textbook was prepared in accordance with the program of the general professional discipline “Fundamentals of Accounting” and complies with the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) of the third generation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No. 282 of 04/06/2010. The textbook will allow you to master all the general and professional competencies of an accountant.
The book contains educational theoretical material on the discipline, including the history of accounting, its subject and method, the concept of the balance sheet, accounting accounts and double entry, accounting of business processes and financial statements. For ongoing monitoring of the study of material on all topics, questions and tests are provided to help students consolidate their knowledge and teachers to monitor the degree of mastery of this subject.

History of the development of accounting.
The history of science (from the Greek ictoria - narrative, story about what has been learned, researched) is a reflection of the centuries-old development of the cognitive activity of mankind. It allows you to show the process of formation of problems and their solutions, teach you to objectively evaluate new things. By studying history, an accountant cannot change it, but he can rethink it.

Pythagoras stated: “The beginning is half of the whole.” The same can be said regarding the origins of accounting. It arose along with human civilization 6 thousand years ago. And his first steps had enormous consequences for history. The needs of economic life led to the improvement of accounting, which in turn stimulated the development of civilization, especially such integral parts as writing and mathematics. The first traces of developed accounting systems are found in the valleys of the Tigris, Nile, and Euphrates rivers.

Table of contents
History of the development of accounting
Chapter 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOUNTING
1.1. The concept of business accounting, its types
1.2. Financial, management and tax accounting
1.3. Requirements for business accounting
1.4. Types of meters used in business accounting
1.5. Basic requirements for accounting
1.6. Main tasks of accounting
1.7. The role of the accountant in making decisions on the management of the organization
Control questions
Chapter 2. REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING
2.1. Federal legislative acts in the field of accounting regulation
2.2. Current legislative acts in the field of accounting regulation
2.3. Accounting policy of the organization
Control questions
Test
Chapter 3. SUBJECT AND METHOD OF ACCOUNTING
3.1. Classification of household assets by composition and placement
3.2. Classification of economic assets by sources of education and intended purpose
3.3. Characteristics of the subject of accounting
3.4. Characteristics of the accounting method
Control questions
Chapter 4. BALANCE SHEET
4.1. The concept of the balance sheet, its structure and content
4.2. Types of balances
4.3. Types of balance sheet changes influenced by business transactions
Control questions
Test
Chapter 5. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND DOUBLE ENTRY
5.1. Accounting accounts as an element of the accounting method
5.2. Double entry of business transactions in accounts
5.3. Account correspondence
5.4. Accounting entries -
5.5. Synthetic and analytical accounting accounts, their purpose and relationship
5.6. Turnover statements for synthetic and analytical accounts
5.7. Classification of accounting accounts
5.8. Chart of Accounts
Control questions
Chapter 6. DOCUMENTATION OF FACTS OF ECONOMIC LIFE
6.1. Documentation - an element of the accounting method
6.2. The meaning of accounting documents
6.3. Document details
6.4. Requirements for filling out documents
6.5. Correcting erroneous entries in documents
6.6. Document classification
6.7. Acceptance, verification and accounting processing of documents
6.8. Organization of document flow
6.9. Procedure and terms of storage of accounting documents
Control questions
Chapter 7. ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS PROCESSES
7.1. Accounting for the supply process
7.2. Production process accounting
7.3. The concept of the cost of products and services, its types
7.4. Accounting for the sales process
7.5. Valuation of economic assets in the balance sheet and in current accounting. Types of assessments
Control questions
Chapter 8. INVENTORY OF VALUES
8.1. Inventory - an element of the accounting method
8.2. Inventory Goals
8.3. Types of inventory
8.4. Inventory procedure
8.5. Documentation of inventory
8.6. Identifying inventory results and reflecting them
Control questions
Chapter 9. REGISTERS AND ACCOUNTING FORMS
9.1. The role of accounting registers in accounting
9.2. Classification of accounting registers
9.3. Requirements for maintaining accounting registers
9.4. Ways to correct erroneous accounting entries
9.5. Accounting Forms
Control questions
Test
Chapter 10. ACCOUNTING REPORTING OF THE ORGANIZATION
10.1 Types of reporting
10.2. Users of financial statements
10.3. Procedure and deadlines for preparing financial statements
Glossary of accounting terms
Applications
Literature.

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