Neologisms examples of words 21. Neologisms (borrowed words) in our life

Recipes 02.01.2024

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Before we begin to consider the topic of the course work itself, it is still worth clarifying what neologisms are and what they are.

Using the definition taken from the Russian Language encyclopedia, we can say that a neologism (from the Greek neos - “new”, logos - “word”) is a word or figure of speech created to designate a new object or express a new concept.

In modern Russian, neologisms are divided into linguistic and authorial, or individual-stylistic 2.

Linguistic neologisms are created mainly to designate a new subject or concept. They are included in the passive vocabulary and are noted in Russian language dictionaries 3. A word is a neologism as long as it feels fresh. Thus, at one time the word “cosmodrome” was a neologism. Now this word is included in the lexical composition of the modern Russian language. And this, in turn, suggests that if the concept is relevant and the word that names it is well connected with other words, then the word soon ceases to be a neologism.

There are a lot of examples of linguistic neologisms in the Russian press. Take for example a word borrowed from English rating(a digital indicator of assessing someone’s activity, the popularity of someone, something in relation to others, usually based on the results of public surveys or expert opinion). "In November rating Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, according to the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), finally made a significant leap upward, reaching the level of 13-17%" // "Russian Newsweek" dated November 27, 2006.

However, if we delve deeper into the classification of new words, then among linguistic neologisms we can distinguish lexical and semantic ones.

TO lexical neologisms These include those words that are newly formed according to existing models in the language or borrowed from other languages 4.

An example of a lexical neologism formed according to existing models in the language is the word video smuggling(illegal secret duplication and distribution of video products, violating the copyrights of its creators). “There are no fewer counterfeit video products in our markets. Against, video smuggling is thriving." // “Russian Newsweek” dated November 27, 2006. As we can see, the word was formed on Russian soil by combining the root video and the word contraband.

An example of a borrowed lexical neologism - a technical term decoder(device for decoding digital encoded data; synchronous decoder). “The whole problem is that today most of the MMDS television networks are not encrypted, so illegal immigrants may not buy decoders, - and therefore – not to pay a subscription fee.” // “Russian Newsweek” dated November 20, 2006.

This neologism was borrowed due to the appearance of a new device, the name of which did not exist before.

It is worth noting that most of the neologisms we found are lexical.

Semantic neologisms - these are previously known words that, in the light of recent linguistic changes, have acquired new meanings 5 . Such processes are not uncommon for the Russian language, so we came across quite a lot of semantic neologisms in the publications under review.

An excellent example of this kind of neologism is the word mac. In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova defines it as “a coat or raincoat made of rubberized fabric.” This is the original meaning of the word mac. Now it has acquired another meaning (a computer from Apple Computer, not compatible with IBM) and has become a neologism. “At the award ceremony it was especially noted that Apple has gone all the way in the development of computer music from its very origins, starting with the release of the Macintosh computer, and is the leading creator...” // Russian Newsweek dated December 4, 2006.

Word catalog(from the Greek katalogos - “list”) also acquired additional meaning. In the Big Academic Dictionary this word has the meaning:

A list of any items (books, exhibits, goods), compiled in a certain order.

Library catalog - a list of printed works available in the library. Russian libraries differ in purpose (reader and service catalogues), method of grouping (alphabetical, systematic, subject catalogues), types of printed works, etc.

Nowadays this word also means a directory in computer science. “It’s own small LCD screen displays information about the drive’s full capacity, processes running, battery status, and even the structure of stored directories.” // “Russian Newsweek” dated January 22, 2007.

Author's, individual stylistic neologisms are created by writers and poets to add imagery to a literary text 6 . Neologisms of this type are “attached” to the context and have an author. By the very purpose of their creation, they are designed to maintain unusualness and freshness. Author's neologisms formed according to productive models are called potential words.

Unfortunately, we were unable to find a single original neologism in the publication under review. This is explained by the fact that today's magazines rarely resort to artistic means of imparting imagery. In dictionaries, of course, individual stylistic neologisms are also not recorded. Therefore, as an example of the author’s neologism, we will give a classic example from Pushkin: Half my lord, half merchant...

Occasionalisms (from the Latin occasionalis - “random”) are the author’s neologisms created according to unusual models. They do not exist outside of a specific context 7 .

“This is not exactly a piece of Moscow. This - Luzzone" // “Russian Newsweek” dated November 27, 2006.

Also in this work we will consider updated words, which can also be classified as neologisms. We will talk about the actualization of concepts or realities below.

1 Examples of words that were new in the last century and became commonly used, and some of them became obsolete:

calculator
collective farm
Komsomol
astronaut
laser
record player
metro
pioneer
vacuum cleaner
workers' faculty
TV
drummer

2 Examples of some neologisms that appeared at the end of the last century (nowadays we can say that the words have become commonly used):

Wi-Fi
default
joystick
dress code
drifting
goalkeeper
Internet
computer
Xerox
manager
mobile phone
playoffs
rating
roaming
security
skate
tagline
smiley
training
florist

3 Examples of neologisms in the modern Russian language that have appeared in recent years:

big date
blockchain
vaper
geopositioning
hoverboard
deadline
life hack
kiting
quadcopter
quest
cleaning
copywriting
coach
cryptocurrency
mining
navigator
offshore
tablet
promoter
selfie
smartphone
spinner
trolling
freelance
hater
electric car

Dictionary The meaning of these and other words can be found in our New Words Dictionary.

The emergence of neologisms

How are new words born in the Russian language? Experts name different sources, but there are two main ones:

New words are borrowed from other languages (general linguistic neologisms);
New words are created by writers and journalists (copyright neologisms).

Thousands of new words appear in the Russian language every year. Conventionally, they can be divided into the following groups:

New words do not become widespread and “die”;
New words are popularized and move from neologisms to common ones;
New words do not become widespread and remain neologisms.

Many of the new words do not become widespread; a small part of the words “settles” in the vocabulary of the Russian language. This is due to the fact that technologies and concepts that are called words are not widely used in people's lives.

Over time, neologisms cease to be new and become common words. Once upon a time, the words TV, traffic light, astronaut, and landing on the moon were new. Now they are understandable to any Russian-speaking person.

There are words that remain neologisms and do not become commonly used. They are formed on the basis of morphemes existing in the Russian language and are constructed according to well-known models of word formation. Such words can be found in the works of Russian writers, for example, the words “hulk” and “merge” in V.V. Mayakovsky.

The Russian language has a constantly changing vocabulary: some previously frequently used vocabulary is now almost never used, while others, on the contrary, are increasingly used by us. Examples of obsolete words and neologisms are numerous, which indicates the development of the language.

Such phenomena are closely related to changes in social life: a new word appears with the appearance of a new concept, and if people no longer refer to a certain object or phenomenon, then the term that serves to designate it is not used. In this article we will look at obsolete words and their uses, types and features.

Obsolete words: definition

Outdated words are those that in a given period of time are either very rarely used or not used at all (for example, right hand, child, Red Army soldier, mouth, people's commissar).

Word obsolescence is a process, so different concepts may be at different stages. Words that have not yet fallen out of active use, but are used less frequently than before, are called “obsolete vocabulary.”

Neologisms and archaisms are used for different purposes. The latter are used, for example, to name phenomena and objects, that is, they perform a nominative function (for example, in scientific and historical works). In works of fiction devoted to a historical theme, such vocabulary plays a nominative-stylistic role - it serves not only to designate a specific reality, but also creates a certain flavor of a given era.

In a literary text, obsolete words can be used to indicate the time when the action takes place. Archaisms (and neologisms) can also serve a stylistic purpose. They give the text solemnity, being means of expressiveness.

Neologisms: definition

We will answer the question of what neologisms are; we will also try to give examples. These are new words that have not yet become everyday and familiar. Their composition is constantly changing, some of the neologisms take root in the Russian language, while others do not. Thus, the word “satellite” in the mid-20th century was a neologism. Every year the media uses tens of thousands of new terms and concepts, but not all of them are in everyday use. Some are used only once in oral speech or any text, while others are included in the linguistic composition and, being used many times, lose their novelty. Certain new terms, not yet having time to enter the main lexical fund, immediately fall out of use and become obsolete (this is the fate that befell, for example, the vocabulary of the post-revolutionary years: vseobuch, zhendelegatka, businessman, kerenka).

Ways of new words appearing

Outdated words and neologisms in the Russian language are a very interesting phenomenon. It is especially interesting to know how new concepts emerge. They arise in several ways:

Formation of a lexical neologism (new term) from morphemes and words already existing in the language according to existing models: drywall, disk drive, fiber optic;

Borrowing some foreign word with the subsequent formation of new ones from it according to existing word formation models in the language: scanner, scanning, scan;

The formation of a new lexical meaning of a term that already exists in the language (in this sense, words are called semantic neologisms), which occurs, among other things, through tracing the meanings of words in another language: a mouse is both a device for entering information into a computer and an animal; A hard drive is both a device for storing information on a computer and a gun;

The formation of some stable phrases with a new meaning (including calculating ones): motherboard, hard drive.

Archaisms and historicisms

Among the vocabulary that has fallen out of use, archaisms and historicisms are distinguished. Outdated words and neologisms, examples of which are indicated in this article, have different fates.

It is determined by their use in speech, and not by “age”: those naming necessary, vital concepts and terms do not age for centuries, while others quickly become archaic, we stop using them, since the objects themselves denoted by these words disappear. For example, the education system in our country has changed, and therefore terms such as class lady, schoolgirl, realist (meaning “student of a real school”) have disappeared from speech.

The concept of "historicism"

Words that serve as names for already disappeared concepts, objects and phenomena are called historicisms. All the above terms refer to them. These words occupy a special position in our language, since they are the only designations for objects that have fallen out of use. Historicisms, therefore, do not and cannot have any synonyms. In works of art and historical literature about the past of a people, they are inevitably used, since thanks to them the flavor of a particular era is recreated. These words add a touch of historical authenticity to the description of the past.

Thus, historicisms are words that we have stopped using due to the fact that the phenomena and objects they designate have disappeared: caftan, bursa, posadnik. They are used mainly in various texts describing the past (both artistic and scientific).

The concept of "archaism"

Archaisms are words that have become a passive stock because the phenomena, objects and concepts they denote, which still exist today, have new names. There are different types of them, depending on which aspect of a particular word is outdated:

Lexical, if the word itself has become obsolete and its sound-letter complex is no longer used, and the meaning is now denoted by a new unit of vocabulary;

Semantic - in the case when a word exists in a modern language, but has lost some meaning or several of them (“to deprive the belly”);

Phonetic - if the sound appearance of a particular term has changed, reflected in its spelling (“eighteen years”);

Derivational - when the word-formation structure of the word itself is outdated (“poison caplet”);

Grammatical - if certain grammatical forms have fallen out of use.

Archaisms are not fundamentally different from historicisms. If the latter are the names of some obsolete objects, then the former are the obsolete names of ordinary concepts and phenomena that we encounter in everyday life.

Types of archaisms

Among the archaisms, specific groups of words can be distinguished. Some of them differ from their commonly used synonyms by specific features in sound, incomplete sound combinations (young - young, gold - gold, city - hail, shore - breg, raven - vran; the second words in these pairs sound archaic). These obsolete words are called phonetic archaisms. These include terms such as klob (club in modern vocabulary), number (number), stora (curtain), goshpital (hospital) and other outdated words and phrases in the Russian language that can be found among writers and poets of the 19th century. They often differ from their “rivals” by just one sound, less often by several of them, or by a now obsolete accent.

As you can see from the examples, vocabulary that has fallen out of use is distinguished by the degree of its archaism: some words are still used in speech, for example by poets, while others are known to us only from works of literature of the last century. There are also those that are completely forgotten today.

A very interesting phenomenon is the archaization of a certain meaning of a word.

Its result is the appearance of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words that are used in an outdated, unusual meaning for us. Their knowledge helps to correctly understand the language of classical literature.

How do neologisms appear?

We have already answered the question of what neologisms are; we have given examples of them above. Now let's find out how they arise in the Russian language. What appears faster: archaisms and neologisms? Let's figure it out.

The rate of emergence is different for such layers of vocabulary as obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are offered in this article. The process of replenishing the language with new vocabulary occurs much more intensely and quickly. In recent years, over about 15-20 years, great historical changes have occurred in our country, which directly affected the state of the vocabulary of the Russian language. Neologisms that appeared at this time include such formations that did not exist before not only in the literary language, but also in any other spheres of its use (territorial and social dialects, functional styles). Only with perestroika did the vocabulary include concepts such as agrobank (that is, a land bank), corporatization (transformation of a state-owned enterprise into a joint-stock company by issuing and selling various shares), targeted (addressed to a specific group of people), anti-market (that is, opponent of the transition countries to a market economy), as well as hyperinflation (inflation that is rapidly developing and threatens economic collapse) and some others.

Types of neologisms

As you have already noticed, neologisms are opposed to outdated words. New units of vocabulary, in their design, are either individual words (tenancy, anti-Stalinism, audio cassette, ATM, bandit formation) or compound names (NFO - poverty line - a certain level of well-being of the population, ensuring a minimum amount of consumption of basic material goods).

Such neologisms are considered lexical. We can also note here phraseological ones, which are recently emerged, for example: turn on (that is, start additional printing of paper money, which is not supported by the production of goods), hang noodles on one’s ears (meaning “to mislead someone”), etc.

Lexical and phraseological neologisms are phraseological units, compound terms and words.

Four groups of neologisms

As you can see, the functions of obsolete words and neologisms are different. We have already mentioned the role of the former. All new words can be divided into four main groups according to their purpose.

The first of them includes the names of concepts and realities that previously did not exist in the life of the people: revivalists are followers of pseudo-patriotic movements of Russia striving for its revival, grant are certain subsidies that are a form of additional financial support for scientific research, etc.

The second group of neologisms is created to designate phenomena that already take place in public life, but for some reasons, for example ideological, have not received their designation: returnee - who voluntarily returned from emigration to his homeland, extrajudicial - who is outside the scope of legal proceedings, Leninist, command-bureaucratic and etc.

The third group consists of those pointing to realities that do not exist in real life, but are possible in fantasies, predicted with the further development of technology and science: spaceship, nuclear winter, cyborg.

The last, fourth group includes lexical units that duplicate words with a specific lexical meaning. This includes ideographic (full) synonyms, identical in stylistic coloring and meaning: thoughtful - balanced, statesman - sovereign, historical - fateful, servile - loyal.

Interstyle and characteristic neologisms of a particular style of speech

Neologisms in the sphere of use are mainly inter-style, that is, used in all (intergirl, image, case, yogurt, beneficiary, liberal-democratic, drug business, interbank). However, a certain part of them is characteristic of a specific style: journalistic (dissenter, kickback, drug lord, integrator, balance), scientific (dowsaw, aura, ozone hole, radioecology, clone), business (dealer, depository, natural monopoly) or colloquial (xerite, compromising evidence, cash, cheating, bad luck, strain).

We answered the question about what obsolete words and neologisms are. A variety of examples can be given; only a few of them were indicated in this article. In fact, both of them represent a significant layer of vocabulary. There are even special dictionaries in which you can find other examples of outdated words and neologisms.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The Russian language is constantly enriched with new words.

They are borrowed from other languages, appear as a result of scientific progress, or are invented by specific people, most often writers or media figures.

And then these words go among the people and become a familiar part of our speech. A similar phenomenon called neologisms.

What is it and examples of the emergence of neologisms

This term itself, like many in the Russian language, has ancient Greek roots. And it literally translates as “ new word" - "neos" (new) and "logos" (word).

For every time are characterized by their own neologisms. For example, the words we are familiar with today

PUMP, OXYGEN, DRAWING, CONSTELLATION, THERMOGENER, DIAMETER, HORIZON, SQUARE, MINUS

introduced into the Russian language by Mikhail Vasilievich. That is, until the middle of the 18th century they did not exist in the Russian language at all. Lomonosov read many foreign works on physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, and then translated them. And for ease of understanding invented new words.

“I was forced to look for words for certain tools, things and actions. And although at first they will seem somewhat strange, I hope that over time they will become more familiar” (M.V. Lomonosov)

Or another example. In the middle of the last century they began to actively explore space. And the following words entered our vocabulary:

COSMONAUT, SPACE SUIT, SPACEMODROME, MODULE, WEIGHTLESS, etc.

Now we take them for granted. And then these were also considered neologisms.

At all in Soviet times a lot of new words appeared:

Komsomol, Kolkhoz, Sherpotreb, Catering, Sberkassa and others.

But also present day constantly gives us new terms. For example, with the development of mobile communications, the following words have become firmly established in the Russian language:

And SELFIE was actually recognized as the word of the year a couple of years ago. Our parents had never heard of this, but now every schoolchild is familiar with it.

Or, for example, let's take financial sector. The latest neologisms in the Russian language are (virtual money) and (mine cryptocurrency), and the word FARM has acquired another meaning. Previously, it was an enterprise for the production of agricultural products, but now it is also a computer network for “breeding” virtual money.

A little later we will give a lot of similar examples taken from different areas.

Classification of neologisms

appear in our language constantly(for example, I’ll come up with a couple now and they will appear), but not all of them are fixed in it.

Therefore, “new words” can be divided into three categories:

Words that don't get it no spread and “die”;
Words that don't become popular, but remain in memory;
Words that are popularized and move from neologisms to commonly used ones.

It’s interesting that the main “parents” of such words are children who simply do not have enough vocabulary (read “From 2 to 5” and find out that you can “spaghetti”):

Mom, let me UNPACK the bags.
Dad, look how it's raining.
If you can call on the phone, it means he is a SPINE.

Lips are flushed from the cold (V. Mayakovsky)
And who do you want to surprise with your BLESSINGS? (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
PLAYING LEMON with young ladies in a mazurka (F. Dostoevsky)

Examples of neologisms that came from literature

Writers and poets gave us many, many words. For example, the English writer Thomas More wrote the book “Utopia”. In it, he talked about a fictional island on which an ideal state system was built. But in real life this was impossible to achieve.

And so it became synonymous with a certain perfection, which, no matter how hard you try, cannot be achieved.

Another example is word ROBOT, which appeared thanks to the Czech science fiction writer Karel Capek. In 1920, he wrote the novel "R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)" and it included a factory where "artificial people" were produced. The author called them robots, taking as a basis the Czech word “robota”, which means “hard labor”.

Or let's take Russian classics. Ivan Goncharov wrote the novel “Oblomov” and gave us all the word Oblomovshchina. It has become synonymous with stagnation, laziness and routine.

And thanks to Ivan Turgenev and his novel “Fathers and Sons,” we learned, namely, a philosophy that denies any generally accepted values and ideals. And although the word itself was not invented by Turgenev, it was not used in the Russian language before him.

Here are more examples of neologisms that were born thanks to writers and poets:

And some of the brightest heroes of the books have become household words, which can also be considered neologisms. For example, SHERLOCK HOLMES (smart, makes difficult conclusions), PLYUSHKIN (drags everything into the house), LEFT-HANDED (skillful, skilled), WINNIE THE POOH (offensive nickname for fat people), LOLITA (young, attractive girl), DERZHIMORDA (rude, with the police inclinations) and so on.

Dictionary of neologisms

And now, as promised, we will give examples of some neologisms that appeared in our language quite recently, just a couple of decades ago.

Most of them were simply borrowed from other languages (mainly from English).

Economics and trade

– a foreign financial center where foreign companies store money
FUTURES - a type of transaction on the stock exchange
– depreciation.
— running a business “according to a ready-made template”
- type of bankruptcy

Policy

BLOCKCHAIN – election control system
MUNICIPALITY - local government

Computer techologies

SOFT – software
FLASH DRIVE – data storage device
MAIL – email
– publication (including repeated) on social networks
LIKE – marking a liked publication
– improvement
BLOG – online diary
- search on the Internet
— deadline for completing the work (order).
- problem with meeting deadlines
- deception, fake
— training

mobile connection

ROAMING – communication services in other countries
RINGTONE - ringtone on your phone

Gastronomy

FURCHET - type of meal
SHAKER – a vessel for preparing cocktails
BLENDER – a device for whipping and grinding
MERCHANDISER - merchandiser

Cosmetology

LIFTING – skin tightening
SCRUB – skin cleansing cream
PEELING – skin cleansing

Culture and entertainment

CASTING – competitive selection
PRODUCER – financial manager when creating films or performances
event organizer
REMAKE / REMIX - a new version of old music or film
REALITY SHOW - type of television program
DRESS CODE - dress code at work and in other places

Advertising and fashion

– a showroom where product samples are presented
PR – brand promotion
– the prevailing trend
- a famous person who goes to concerts, theaters, and cinema

Sport

FAN ZONE – a place of mass gathering of fans
REFEREE – synonym for judge

It is also worth noting that neologisms may include words that have been in the language for a long time, but they have acquired completely new meanings. For example, ROOF began to be called security, MOUSE - a computer accessory, TEAPOT - an inept newcomer, and SCOOP - reminiscent of the USSR.