After the death of Ivan IV in 1584 and his son Fyodor in 1589, the Rurik dynasty was interrupted. The boyars took advantage of this and fought among themselves for power. In 1604, Polish troops invaded Russian territory. The Polish intervention in Russia - the military expansion of Poland - was carried out for the purpose of land acquisitions and the elimination of Russian statehood. During the “Time of Troubles” in Russia, the Polish army began a campaign against Smolensk in the fall of 1609. At the same time, S. Zholkniewski’s detachment moved around Smolensk to Moscow, in 1610 he defeated the Russian-Swedish army of Vasily Shuisky, then the Russian-Polish army of False Dmitry II. The boyar government elected the son of the Polish king Sigismund III Vladislav as Russian Tsar. Only in the summer of 1611, having taken Smolensk, Sigismund’s army moved to Vyazma. But by this time, the people’s militia of Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky had driven the Poles out of Moscow. Upon learning of this, Sigismund stopped the movement of his army.

With the expulsion of the interventionists from Russia, the restoration of its statehood began. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne in 1613. But the fight against the Poles continued for more than one year.

In 1617, the Poles repulsed the Russian army besieging Smolensk and launched an attack on Moscow. Faced with the threat of a siege of Moscow, Tsar Mikhail Romanov agreed to an extremely unfavorable peace. On December 1, 1618, a truce was signed between Russia and Poland. The borders of Poland moved closer to Vyazma.

Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders October 25 (November 7), 1612 – Day of Military Glory (victory day) of Russia

On September 21, 1610, Polish invaders, taking advantage of the betrayal of the boyars, captured Moscow. Residents of the capital and other Russian cities rose up to fight them. In the fall of 1611, on the initiative of the townsman of Nizhny Novgorod, Kozma Minin, a militia (20 thousand people) was created. It was headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kozma Minin. At the end of August 1612, the militia blocked the 3,000-strong Polish garrison in Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin, thwarted all attempts of the Polish army (12,000 people) of Hetman Jan Chodkiewicz to release the besieged, and then defeated it. After careful preparation, the Russian militia took Kitay-Gorod by storm on October 22. On October 25, the Poles holed up in the Kremlin released all the hostages, and the next day they capitulated.

1. Polish-Swedish intervention. General characteristics

The Polish-Swedish intervention was an attempt by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to establish its dominance over Russia during the Time of Troubles.

At the beginning of the 17th century. Polish and Swedish feudal lords, taking advantage of the weakening of the Russian state caused by the unfolding struggle within the ruling class, began intervention. They wanted the dismemberment of the Russian state and the enslavement of its peoples. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resorted to a disguised intervention, supporting False Dmitry I. In return, False Dmitry I promised to transfer the western regions of the Russian state to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (and partly to his father-in-law J. Mniszek), support it in the fight against Sweden, introduce Catholicism in Russia and take part in the anti-Turkish coalition. However, after his accession, False Dmitry I, for various reasons, refused to make territorial concessions to Poland and conclude a military alliance against Sweden. The murder of the impostor in May 1606 during the anti-Polish uprising in Moscow meant the collapse of the first attempt at aggression by the Polish feudal lords against Russia.

The beginning of the 17th century was marked by a general political crisis, and social contradictions intensified. All layers of society were dissatisfied with the rule of Boris Godunov. Taking advantage of the weakening of statehood, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden attempted to seize Russian lands and include it in the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church.

In 1601, a man appeared who pretended to be the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry, the son of Ivan the Terrible. The pretext for the start of the intervention was the appearance of False Dmitry in 1601-1602. in the Polish possessions in Ukraine, where he declared his claims to the royal throne in Rus'. In Poland, False Dmitry turned for help to the Polish gentry and King Sigismund III. To get closer to the Polish elite, False Dmitry converted to Catholicism and promised, if successful, to make this religion the state religion in Rus', and also to give Western Russian lands to Poland.

In October 1604, False Dmitry invaded Russia. The army, joined by runaway peasants, Cossacks, and servicemen, quickly advanced towards Moscow. In April 1605, Boris Godunov died, and his warriors went over to the side of the pretender. Fedor, Godunov's 16-year-old son, was unable to retain power. Moscow went over to the side of False Dmitry. However, he did not live up to expectations: he did not give the outskirts of Russia to the Poles and did not convert the Russians to Catholicism. In May 1606, an uprising broke out in Moscow, False Dmitry I was overthrown and killed. Boyar Vasily Shuisky was “shouted out” as king on Red Square. In 1607, a new impostor appeared in the city of Starodub, posing as Tsarevich Dmitry.

He gathered an army from representatives of the oppressed lower classes, Cossacks, service people and detachments of Polish adventurers. False Dmitry II approached Moscow and camped in Tushino (hence the nickname “Tushino Thief”). A large number of Moscow boyars and princes went over to his side.

In the spring of 1609 M.V. Skopin-Shuisky (the Tsar's nephew), having gathered detachments of people's militia from Smolensk, the Volga region, and the Moscow region, lifted the 16,000-strong siege of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. The army of False Dmitry II was defeated, he himself fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.

In February 1609, Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden. This gave the Polish king, who was at war with Sweden, a reason to declare war on Russia. Open intervention began under the leadership of Sigismund III. The Polish army under the command of Hetman Zholkiewski moved towards Moscow, and near the village of Klushino it defeated the troops of Shuiski. The king finally lost the trust of his subjects and was overthrown from the throne in July 1610. After the overthrow of Shuisky, a provisional government of seven boyars was established in the country, and the period of the so-called “Seven Boyars” began. But, fearing the expansion of the newly flared peasant unrest, the Moscow boyars invited the son of Sigismund III, Vladislav, to the throne, and surrendered Moscow to Polish troops.

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The Polish-Swedish intervention of the 17th century was the actions of invaders from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Poland) and Sweden, aimed at dismembering Rus' into separate parts and eliminating Rus' as an independent state.

For several centuries, Poland and Sweden wanted to seize territories belonging to Rus' and liquidate the state, since it was a fairly strong rival for them. By the beginning of the 17th century, Rus' was in a weakened state - many were dissatisfied with the rule of Tsar Boris Godunov and conflicts constantly arose within the country. This was the ideal moment for Sweden and Poland to intervene.

Intervention is the intervention of one or more states in the affairs of another state. Intervention can be either military or peaceful, using exclusively political and economic means.

The Polish intervention is divided into two periods according to the reign of False Dmitry 1 and 2):

Period of False Dmitry 1 (1605 – 1606)

Period of False Dmitry 2 (1607 – 1610)

Background

In 1591, under unclear circumstances, the heir to the Russian throne, Tsarevich Dmitry, died from a knife wound to the throat. Two people subordinate to Boris Godunov were accused of murder, but Prince Vasily Shuisky, who soon arrived in Uglich, stated that the death of the prince was accidental, allegedly he fell with his throat on a knife. Despite the fact that the mother of the deceased prince was against Godunov, he soon ascended the throne, taking the place of Dmitry’s legal heir. The people reconciled themselves, but there were many dissatisfied people in the country who believed the words of the queen and did not want to see Godunov at the head of the state.

False Dmitry 1

In 1601, a man appears who pretends to be the surviving Tsarevich Dmitry and declares his claims to the Russian throne. The impostor turns to Poland and King Sigismund 3 for help, promising in return to accept Catholicism and preach Catholicism in Rus'. The appearance of an impostor becomes an excellent chance for Poland to begin an intervention.

1604 - the army of False Dmitry 1 invades the territory of Rus'. With the support of Polish soldiers, as well as the peasants who quickly joined him (who were dissatisfied with the existing political situation), he quickly moved deeper into the country and soon reached the walls of Moscow.

1605 - Boris Godunov dies and his son Fedor ascends the throne. However, former supporters of Godunov go over to the side of False Dmitry 1 and soon the young tsar will be found killed.

1605 - False Dmitry 1 becomes king with enormous support from Moscow.

During the year of his reign, False Dmitry 1 showed himself to be a fairly good manager, but he made a mistake - he did not give the Poles the lands that he promised and did not convert Rus' to the Catholic faith. In addition, he refused to observe the original Russian traditions and displeased many. There were rumors that he was a Catholic.

1606 - an uprising breaks out in Moscow, during which False Dmitry 1 is killed. Vasily Shuisky took his place.

Later it became known that the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepyev was hiding under the guise of False Dmitry.

False Dmitry 2

In 1607, another impostor, False Dmitry 2, appears. He gathers a small army from the lower and oppressed classes and goes with him to Moscow.

1609 - the army of False Dmitry 2 was defeated by a detachment led by the nephew of the sovereign Vasily Shuisky, who concluded an agreement with the Swedes. In exchange for help in the fight against the impostor, Sweden receives part of the Russian lands that it has long claimed. As a result, the lands captured by False Dmitry were returned, and he himself was forced to flee to Kaluga, where some time later he would be killed.

The failure of False Dmitry 2, as well as the weakness of the government of Vasily Shuisky, leads to the fact that Poland decides to begin the second stage of intervention, since the first one failed. At the same time, Shuisky concludes an agreement with Sweden, which allows Poland (which is at war with Sweden) to officially declare war on Russia.

1610 - Polish troops approach the borders and begin to actively invade the country. The Poles defeat Shuisky's army, which causes discontent among the people. Another uprising breaks out and Shuisky is overthrown from the throne.

1610 - Moscow boyars recognize the victory of Poland, surrender Moscow and invite the son of the Polish king Sigismund, Vladislav, to the throne.

The country plunged into another period of division.

Getting rid of the Poles

The arbitrariness of the Poles on Russian soil could not but lead to discontent. As a result, in 1611 patriotic movements began to actively manifest themselves. The first uprising failed, since there was no agreement in the army, but already in 1612 a new army was assembled under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky.

In August 1612, the army approached Moscow and began a siege.

In October 1612 the Poles finally surrendered and were expelled. Mikhail Romanov became Tsar of Russia.

1617 - peace is concluded with Sweden.

1618 – peace is concluded with Poland.

Despite the dire consequences of the Polish-Swedish intervention, Russia retained its state independence.

10. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and his political actions

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov became king at a difficult time. He had to restore the country's economy and return lands lost during unsuccessful wars. Correct all negative consequences Time of Troubles.

Domestic policy. During the reign of Mikhail Romanov, the issue of peasants arose sharply. In 1613, a massive distribution of state lands took place. As a result, masses of people flocked to sparsely populated and empty lands. In 1627, a law was passed that allowed nobles to transfer their lands by inheritance only on condition of service to the king. Noble lands were equal to boyar estates. A 5-year search for fugitive peasants was also established. But the nobility demanded that the summer lessons be cancelled. Then, in 1637, the period for searching peasants was extended to 9 years, in 1641 - to 10 years, and those who were taken out by other owners could be searched for 15 years. This was an indicator enslavement of peasants. To improve the tax system, scribe books were compiled twice.

It was also necessary to centralize power. A voivodeship administration appeared and the order system was restored. Since 1620, Zemsky Sobors began to carry out only advisory functions. They gathered to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates (questions about taxes, war and peace, the introduction of new money, etc.).

Mikhail also tried to create regular army. In the 30s, the so-called “regiments of the new system” appeared; they included free people and boyar children, and the officers were foreigners. At the end of his reign, Mikhail created cavalry dragoon regiments that guarded the external borders of the state.

Mikhail was also involved in the restoration of Moscow. In 1624, the Filaretovskaya belfry (in the Kremlin), a stone tent and a striking clock (above the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower) were built.

In 1632, the first railway plant was opened near Tula.

In 1633, a special machine was installed in the Sviblova Tower to supply water from the Moscow River.

In 1635 – 1639 the Terem Palace was built and the Kremlin cathedrals were reconstructed. The Velvet Yard appeared in Moscow - an enterprise for teaching velvet crafts. Kadashevskaya Sloboda became the center of textile production.

Under Mikhail, imported garden roses first appeared in Russia.

The king also founded the Znamensky Monastery for men.

The German Settlement was founded in Moscow. Foreign military men and engineers lived there. They will play an important role in reforms in 100 years Peter I.

Foreign policy. During the reign of Michael, the main task in foreign policy was to end the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.

In 1617 in Stolbov it was signed peace treaty with Sweden, which stated that Russia was getting back the Novgorod region. But Sweden retains Korela and the coast of the Gulf of Finland.

The Poles undertook campaigns against Moscow. In 1617, Vladislav reached the walls of the White City. But soon Russian troops drove him further from the capital. In 1618, an agreement was concluded between Russia and Poland Truce of Deulino. The king must leave Russia with his army. And Russia, in turn, cedes the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Smolensk, Chernigov and the Seversk land. This truce was concluded for 14.5 years. The Poles refused to accept Michael's right to the royal throne. Vladislav believed that he was the Russian Tsar.

The Nogai Horde left the subordination of Russia. In 1616, a peace agreement was concluded with her. But despite the fact that Russia sent expensive gifts to Bakhchisarai, Tatar raids on Russian lands continued.

Russia in 1610–1620 was in political isolation. To get out of it, the king tried to marry first a Danish princess and then a Swedish one. But in both cases he was refused.

Mikhail tried to return Smolensk. In 1632, Russian troops besieged the city. Then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khan entered into a conspiracy against Russia. Vladislav IV approached Smolensk and surrounded the Russian army. On February 19, 1634, Russian troops were forced to capitulate. Vladislav IV went east, but was stopped at the White Fortress.

In March 1634, Russia and Poland concluded Polyanovsky Peace Treaty. Vladislav IV ceased to lay claim to the Russian throne and recognized Michael as the legitimate Tsar. And Russia received the city of Serpeisk for 20 thousand rubles.

In 1620–1640, Russia was able to establish diplomatic relations with Persia, Denmark, Turkey, Holland and Austria.

11. Schism in the Russian Orthodox Church

One of the most significant events of the 17th century. there was a church schism. He seriously influenced the formation of cultural values ​​and worldview of the Russian people. Among the prerequisites and causes of church schism, one can single out both political factors, formed as a result of the turbulent events of the beginning of the century, and church factors, which, however, are of secondary importance.

At the beginning of the century, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail, ascended the throne. He and, later, his son, Alexei, nicknamed “The Quiet One,” gradually restored the internal economy that had been ruined during the Time of Troubles. Foreign trade was restored, the first manufactories appeared, and state power was strengthened. But, at the same time, serfdom was formalized into law, which could not but cause mass discontent among the people.

Initially, the foreign policy of the first Romanovs was cautious. But already in Alexei Mikhailovich’s plans there is a desire to unite Orthodox peoples who lived outside the territories of Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

This confronted the Tsar and the Patriarch, already during the period of annexation of Left Bank Ukraine, with a rather difficult problem of an ideological nature. Most of the Orthodox peoples, having accepted Greek innovations, were baptized with three fingers. According to Moscow tradition, two fingers were used for baptism. You could either impose your own traditions or submit to the canon accepted by the entire Orthodox world.

Alexey Mikhailovich and Patriarch Nikon chose the second option. The centralization of power that was taking place at that time and the emerging idea of ​​the future primacy of Moscow in the Orthodox world, the “Third Rome,” required a unified ideology capable of uniting the people. The reform carried out subsequently split Russian society for a long time. Discrepancies in the sacred books and interpretations of the performance of rituals required changes and restoration of uniformity. The need to correct church books was noted not only by spiritual authorities, but also by secular ones.

The name of Patriarch Nikon and the church schism are closely connected. The Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' was distinguished not only by his intelligence, but also by his tough character, determination, lust for power, and love of luxury. He gave his consent to become the head of the church only after the request of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the church schism of the 17th century was laid by the reform prepared by Nikon and carried out in 1652, which included such innovations as triplicate, serving the liturgy on 5 prosphoras and other changes. All these changes were subsequently approved at the Zemsky Sobor in 1654.

However, the transition to new customs was too abrupt. The situation in the church schism in Russia was further aggravated by the brutal persecution of opponents of innovations. Many refused to accept the changes in rituals. They refused to give up the old sacred books according to which the ancestors lived; many families fled to the forests. An opposition movement formed at court. But in 1658 Nikon's position changed dramatically. The royal disgrace turned into a demonstrative departure of the patriarch. Nikon overestimated his influence on Alexey. He was completely deprived of power, but retained wealth and honors. At the council of 1666, in which the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch participated, Nikon’s hood was removed. The former patriarch was sent into exile to the Ferapontov Monastery on White Lake. However, Nikon, who loved luxury, lived there far from living like a simple monk.

The Church Council, which deposed the willful patriarch and eased the fate of opponents of innovation, fully approved the reforms carried out, declaring them not the whim of Nikon, but the work of the church. Those who did not submit to the innovations were declared heretics.

The final stage of the church schism was the Solovetsky uprising of 1667–1676, which ended in death or exile for those dissatisfied. Heretics were persecuted even after the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. After the fall of Nikon, the church retained its influence and strength, but not a single patriarch any longer laid claim to supreme power.

October 30, 2018 | Category:

The Time of Troubles in Russia was marked by massive foreign intervention of 1598-1613. due to the severe economic and socio-political crisis.

After the death of Ivan IV (the Terrible) in 1584, the ruling dynasty ended. The only legitimate heir to the throne could only be Tsarevich Dmitry, who was killed. But during the years of troubles, not everyone thought so. Those who disagreed with the leadership spread rumors that the Tsar's son Dmitry was alive. This began the first stage of foreign intervention on Russian territory.

At the beginning of 1604, an impostor appeared who pretended to be the miraculously saved son of Tsar Dmitry. In history he is known as False Dmitry I. In April 1604, he converted to Catholicism. For recognition of the right to the Russian throne and help from Poland, False Dmitry promised to give Sigismund the Seversky and Smolensk territories after the accession of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the same time, the impostor’s army entered Russian lands. Some Russian cities (Putivl, Chernigov, Moravsk) surrendered to False Dmitry without a fight. The Moscow militia that opposed him F.I. Mstislavsky was defeated near Novgorod-Seversky.

On June 20, 1605, amid festive popular rejoicing, False Dmitry entered Moscow. On July 18, Empress Martha, who arrived in the capital, recognized the adventurer as her missing son. On July 30, he was crowned on the throne.

After his accession to the throne, the impostor attempted reforms with the aim of reorienting Russian policy towards Poland. But part of the boyars, thanks to the spread of rumors, did not believe him. Thanks to the investigation of Pyotr Basmanov, the conspiracy was discovered and on June 23, 1605, Vasily Shuisky received a death sentence, but was pardoned at the scaffold itself. On the night of May 17, 1606, the impostor False Dmitry I was killed by the boyar opposition as a result of an uprising against representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who came to Moscow.

For a while, boyar Vasily Shuisky came to power. But in the south of the country in 1606-1608. A peasant uprising took place under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov, which gave impetus to the “thieves” movement.

After getting rid of the Polish impostor False Dmitry 2nd, rumors did not subside that the Tsar’s son Dmitry was still alive. And another adventurer took advantage of this, whom his contemporaries nicknamed "(because False Dmitry set up his camp in Tushino, from where he attacked Moscow in the period 1607-1610). His troops mercilessly devastated cities that freely accepted the dominance of the impostor. The Poles introduced a tax on trade, a tax on land, and adopted the so-called “feeding” in controlled cities. As a result, by the end of 1608 the people launched a national liberation movement. During numerous strikes, the Russian people managed to recapture most of the northwestern regions. The number of troops kept growing and on June 17, the Russian-Swedish army of Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardi of 20 thousand soldiers near Torzhok forced the Polish-Lithuanian troops of Zborovsky to retreat. On July 11-13 they managed to defeat the Polish army near Tver. After this, Swedish soldiers did not take part in hostilities.

Seven Boyars

After the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky from the throne in 1610 and the establishment of a new government of the “Seven Boyars,” an anti-people agreement was concluded on the recognition of Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund, as the Russian monarch. This automatically opened the way to the Kremlin for Polish troops. On August 27, 1610, Russia practically lost its independence, because Moscow boyars swore allegiance to Vladislav.

First Home Guard

In 1611, Prince Lyapunov, Trubetskoy and Zarutsky approached Moscow and liberated Kitay-Gorod and the White City. A new government was approved, which aimed to eliminate divisions in the society of the nobility and collect taxes. But in the end, during internal strife, Lyapunov was killed, and the remaining troops besieged the Kremlin until the appearance of the 2nd Militia. As a result of the decentralization of power, the Ryazan region was devastated by the Crimean Tatars, Smolensk by the Poles, and northern cities by the Swedes (former allies).

Second Home Guard

In 1612 it was convened under the leadership of princes Minin and Pozharsky: active opponents of the Polish intervention. They managed to liberate the strategically important Yaroslavl, where the militia held out for 4 months. At this time, there was a conflict between the princes regarding the collection of taxes, the convening of the Zemstvo Council, which never took place, as well as the opportunity to fight together with the Cossacks. But thanks to the wisdom of Archimandrite Dionysius and Abraham Palitsyn, the princes were reconciled. The date of signing the agreement was September 22. It laid the foundation for a new government consisting of Orders and Discharges. The troops of Hetman Khodkevich were defeated and the siege was lifted from the Moscow Kremlin.

Open Polish intervention

During military operations against False Dmitry II in 1609, Vasily Shuisky signed a peace treaty with the Swedes, according to which the Swedes supplied their troops to help fight the impostor, and in return received control over the Baltic coast. At that time, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at war with Sweden and was forced to declare war on Russia.

In the fall of 1609, a joint 12,000-strong army of King Sigismund 3rd and a 10,000-strong Cossack army (Polish subjects) began a war that lasted 20 months. Smolensk was the most powerful fortress at that time thanks to its rebuilt towers, installed 170 cannons and walls 6.5 km long, 5-6 m thick and 13-19 m high. On September 24, the Poles tried a night assault. Then, at the beginning of 1610, they tried to make mines, which also neutralized the city miners in time. After such an open intervention in False Dmitry II there was no longer a need. The army of the “Tushino thief” was ordered to retreat to Smolensk. The Polish government intended to place Vladislav, the king's son, on the Moscow throne. After the death of Vasily Shuisky in April 1610, the Polish army was sent to Moscow. The Poles defeated the combined army of Dmitry Shuisky and Swedish mercenaries near the village of Klushino in June 1610, which completely opened the road to Moscow. At the same time, Swedish troops plundered the northwestern regions. After an almost 2-year siege in the city, only every tenth of the 80 thousand remained alive. In the end, on June 3, 1611, after the fifth decisive assault, Smolensk was taken.

Defense of Volokolamsk

In December 1612, Sigismund with a 5,000-strong army went to Moscow. On the way, the Polish army besieged Volokolamsk with a Russian garrison under the command of Karamyshev and Chemesov. The defenders of the city did not agree to surrender, successfully repelled 3 attempts to storm the city and inflicted significant damage on Sigismund. At the same time, one detachment of Sigismund went on reconnaissance to Moscow, but was discovered and completely defeated. As a result of these two defeats, the Polish king was forced to abandon his plans for Moscow and return home.

Lisovsky's raid

In the summer of 1614, a Polish-Lithuanian cavalry detachment under the leadership of Colonel Lisovsky (3 thousand people) carried out a deep raid across Russian lands. As a result of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention near Orel, Vyazma, Mozhaisk, Kaluga and other cities of the Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Murom and Kaluga regions, the Poles managed to inflict great damage on the vanguard of the Russian troops and devastate the surroundings of large cities. None of the detachments sent on the counteroffensive were able to cause significant harm to Lisovsky’s detachment, which showed the crisis state of the army. Immediately after the raid, Lisovsky and his detachment returned home.

Astrakhan campaign

As a result of the failures, detachments of Cossacks circulated throughout the country and did not recognize the power of the new king. Among these Cossacks, the strongest was Ataman Ivan Zarutsky, whom he and his son supported. Since 1612 he tried to kill Pozharsky. He managed to capture Astrakhan. In this city, Zarutsky dreamed of creating his own state under the leadership of the Iranian Shah. But the Yaik Cossacks betrayed him, handing him over to the government. Zarutsky was hanged and sent into exile in Kolomna, where she quickly died. The end of the war and the liberation of Astrakhan destroyed the last serious source of internal unrest.

Moscow campaign of Vladislav

In the fall of 1618, the last military campaign against Moscow of the Polish prince Vladislav was carried out. His army included 20 thousand Ukrainian Cossacks and 10 thousand Polish soldiers. Again, in the famous Tushino, the Polish army set up camp on September 20. In the night events of October 1, an assault on Moscow was launched, which was repulsed. The decisive battles took place at the Arbat Gate, which was defended by a detachment of archers (487 people) of Nikita Godunov. The Poles were forced to finally retreat.

Stolbovo Truce

After several skirmishes with the Swedes, in 1617 the Russians and Swedes concluded the Treaty of Stolbovo, according to which the Novgorod region was returned to Russia, and Sweden retained control of the Baltic coast and accepted monetary compensation from the Moscow government. Thus ended the Swedish intervention.

Truce of Deulino

After the unsuccessful campaign against Moscow of the Polish prince Vladislav, and also due to the impossibility of the Poles to wage a simultaneous war with Turkey, Sweden and Russia, in 1618 in the village of Deulino, the Russians and Poles concluded the Deulino truce for 14.5 years, according to which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth left for the Smolensk and Chernigov lands, an exchange of prisoners was carried out.

Results of Polish and Swedish intervention

• After the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, the stabilization of the political situation, the cohesion of the army, which liberated Moscow from the Polish interventionists, the territorial integrity of Russia was restored.
• Although some of the Russian regions were under the rule of Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the role of foreign states remained, the struggle against external expansion was over.
• Significant changes took place in the domestic political sphere after foreign intervention:
• the role of the nobility and political elite of Posad increased;
• paths for the development of the state were outlined, autocracy was recognized as the optimal form of government;
• Centrifugal sentiments were in the air in society, the people wanted to unite under the rule of the Russian Tsar;
• individualistic aspirations were replaced by the idea of ​​the “common good”;

Serfdom was declared the basis of the economy, Orthodoxy was declared the basis of ideology; social structure - class system.

Opponents Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian kingdom
Swedish Empire (1609-1610) Commanders Stanislav Zholkiewski
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Pyotr Konashevich Sagaidachny Vasily Shuisky
Dmitry Shuisky

Russian-Polish War- an armed conflict between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, during which Polish-Lithuanian troops occupied the Moscow Kremlin for two years (from 1610 to 1612). In Russian-language literature it is often called Polish-Lithuanian intervention. One of the main events of the Time of Troubles.

Polish magnates invaded Russia, initially under the pretext of providing assistance to False Dmitry (in 1605), and then with the express purpose of conquering the Muscovite state. Officially, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, represented by King Sigismund III, entered the war after Tsar Vasily Shuisky concluded an alliance with the Kingdom of Sweden, hostile to the Poles (see Vyborg Treaty of 1609). The tsarist army was defeated in the Battle of Klushinsky, the Polish-Lithuanian army captured Moscow, captured Shuisky and tried to put Prince Vladislav in his place.

Background (Dmitriad)

Collapse of Russian statehood

Vladislav's campaign

At the beginning of June, the Polish army of Prince Vladislav (11 thousand people) moved from Vyazma and stood in Yurkaevo on the road between Mozhaisk and Kaluga. In July, the Poles unsuccessfully tried to capture Mozhaisk, after which they moved to Moscow, where they were joined by a 20,000-strong Zaporozhye army, under the command of Hetman Sagaidachny. On September 17, Vladislav was already in Zvenigorod, and on September 20 in Tushino. On October 1, an attack was made on Moscow, which was repulsed; after an equally unsuccessful attack on the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (where the leader of the Lisovchiks died), Vladislav entered into negotiations with the Russians, which led to the conclusion of the Deulin Truce, for 14.5 years; The Smolensk, Chernigov and Seversk regions were ceded to the Poles, but Vladislav did not give up his claims to the Moscow throne.

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