Magic is a concept as comprehensive as, for example, medicine. This includes...
The Venera 8 spacecraft can be seen in the background. I will have two separate posts on it and on Luna-9. The path to landing on these celestial bodies was very interesting.
But I cannot help but quote Vladimir Ermolaev, who in his book “The Lay of the Buranov Regiment...” gave a more visual description of the lunar expedition. I will quote a few fragments. In general, I highly recommend reading his book. The N-1 was a very large rocket. "Heavy." To explore the Moon. Or rather, “to catch up with the Americans” in terms of the “first steps” on the Moon. That is, the N-1 was supposed to deliver the so-called “Lunnik” to the Moon. With our cosmonauts. And here begins the very “Circus” that was described by Lenin... Due to savings, it is not clear what, or due to multiple redundancy of systems, or due to the lack of traction characteristics of the carrier, or for other reasons - it’s hard to say, but... But! The crew of the lunar expedition of the Soviet Union consisted of TWO people... And when entering lunar orbit, one remained in the main ship and circled the Moon, and the second - “in one!” in the descent module was supposed to “land” on the surface of this very Moon... “Lunnik” is a device designed for landing on the surface of the Moon. It consists of a capsule with an astronaut, which stands on a platform, and this platform is on its paws. Well, like a flying saucer in science fiction films and pictures. In total, the height of the capsule on its feet is about 4 meters from the surface level. Lunar. The capsule - the astronaut's compartment - is an egg. Inside this egg sits an astronaut in a bent, crumpled form. Although “sits” is too much. Let's just say - “is”... Can you imagine a child inside your pregnant mother? Something like this. Or rather, exactly like that. However, the child does not yet think about where and how to shit or piss. He doesn’t think about it, he still doesn’t know what “thinking” is... and what “fear” is, aka “bzda”, aka “fear of enclosed spaces”, aka... “Lunnik” softly (hopefully) lands on the surface of the Moon. The “egg naut’s” task is to turn the locking device on his side, after which the hatch of this “egg” will be thrown back. In the hatch there will be a lunar steppe. And there, in the distance, is a small Earth. There is your home... And there is a holy place there - a toilet. With the latest issue of Krasnaya Zvezda. There is no better material for wiping than Red Star. There is specially soft newsprint. Both for the purpose of rolling up cigarettes in the Soviet Army, and for wiping. Such a good newspaper. Then - oh my God... Then you need to pull out from under you... the ROPE LADDER!!! And throw it into the Moon... Then try to get out of the hatch with your ass first, feel for this rope ladder and go down along it to the surface of the Moon. ..What to immediately report to Earth in the prescribed form. Like - “the task of the party and government has been completed.” Then try to photograph yourself against the backdrop of a lunar landscape. Otherwise, everyone out there won’t believe it... Scoop up lunar soil, put up a pennant with a portrait of Lenin... Well, who else? Then inspect the “Lunnik” for technical condition. Oil level, spark plugs and other shock absorbers... If necessary, replace... A couple more phrases to the Earth about “well-being”, “the great achievement of Soviet science”, the advantages of socialism... And that’s all - there is nothing more to do, the life support reserve of the spacesuit is at the end, it's time to go home. The entire lunar excursion is an hour, well, two at most. What else is there to do? ALONE? Then - the reverse procedure of climbing into the “egg” using a rope ladder... Unfasten the ladder and throw it the hell away. To the moon. Shrink into four deaths. Batten down the hatch. Ready for launch... Start the engine, lift off from the Moon, enter lunar orbit, dock with the main ship, go to the commander's compartment and go home.[...]The Soviet Lunar Expedition could only be carried out by a biorobot. Which is what everyone from the first cosmonaut corps was. Well, or almost everything... At that time, at the stage of space exploration, they had one flight mission. Namely, don’t touch anything in the spacecraft. Sit down and don't talk... You will receive an order. And the next (or one after another) military rank. And a supercar of the Volga system. The first step on another planet, taken “IN ONE” - a catastrophic shock, a tsunami on the emotional level, a psychophysical earthquake... Don’t you think so? Do you have children? Would you like to send your child ALONE to the moon? Don’t be afraid, they will prepare him, give him diapers and even a spacesuit... Well, what’s there... Well, so how?[...]It’s a complicated thing - “Soviet space.”[...] - Well, okay, dad, about I told you about the war, now tell me something about the N-1... - So, what can I tell you... Well, this... My telemetry worked fine. The engines were not the same... All four launches were over the hill... - Only the engines? - Well, yes... - Well, if it had flown, would we have been great? I mean - the country, the Moon, space, hurray? - Fuck knows... - How is that? - Come on, her on HUJ... This N-1...
15.
29. And regular classes were going on in the room.
It was very interesting. Such a living touch to the iron that was made for space flights. Yes, there is still a lot of interesting things left behind the scenes, but alas. To see this, you need to become a student of this department. :)
Created in 1930.
The department was headed by academician. P.P.Lazarev (1930), professors I.I.Vasiliev (1930-1941), K.A.Putilov (1941-1949), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, prof. M.F. Shirokov (1949-1971), associate professor. I.I. Semenov (1971-1973), prof. B.V. Alekseev (1973-1981), associate professor. V.M. Anisimov (1981-1982), laureate of the USSR State Prize, prof. F.A. Nikolaev (1982-1990). Since 1991, the department has been headed by prof. G.G. Spirin.
Currently, the department has 125 employees, including 71 teachers, of which 5 are professors, doctors of science and 30 associate professors, candidates of science.
Every year the department graduates up to 15 specialists.
The main training course for students of full-time and evening departments of MAI and its branches is the general course of physics. By specialty" Applied Mathematics"The department has organized more than 10 courses and seminars on the use of mathematical methods and computers in the study of special problems of theoretical and applied physics.
Leading lecturers: professors N.B.Vargaftik, V.F.Kozhevnikov, V.A.Kotelnikov, G.G.Spirin, V.S.Yargin, associate professors V.M.Anisimov, V.I.Babetsky, B.S.Belikov , N.A. Vanicheva, E.P. Vaulin, V.S. Vinogradov, N.F. Guslyakova, S.D. Landau, V.M. Razorenov, L.I. Rudakova, I.I. Semenov, E L. Studnikov, K. B. Yurkevich.
The department has a display classroom for laboratory work and a modern laboratory workshop. The department, together with VSNPO "Soyuzuchpribor", has developed standard laboratory workshops: " Wave processes", "Electricity and magnetism", "Molecular physics and thermodynamics", "Quantum physics"(Head: Professor F.A. Nikolaev).
Textbook K.A. Putilova " Physics course"(in three volumes, M.: Fizmatgiz, 1963) went through 7 reprints.
Main directions of scientific research :
- theoretical and experimental foundations of plasma physics, including studies of electrical probes and mathematical modeling in problems of electrodynamics (supervisor Prof. V.A. Kotelnikov);
- research of hollow cathodes, spectroscopic diagnostics of gases and low-temperature plasma, spectral analysis, mathematical modeling of plasma (headed by associate professor E.P. Vaulin);
- thermophysical properties of substances, including: study of heat capacity, viscosity, thermodynamic properties, equation of state, thermal insulation, thermophysical properties of solutions of liquid alkali metals (headed by professors N.B. Vargaftik, V.S. Yargin, G.G. Spirin, associate professor . V.M. Anisimov); "Calculation program
transport and thermodynamic properties of vapors of binary solutions
alkali metals. Sidorov N.I., associate professor 801" - theoretical and experimental foundations of the general theory of relativity, in particular measuring the anisotropy of the speed of light in a gravitational field using a laser interferometer (supervisor Prof. F.A. Nikolaev (until 1990), senior researcher G.N. Izmailov);
- passage of charged particles through various substances and channeling (headed by associate professor V.S. Vinogradov).
The results of the department’s scientific work are reflected in monographs:
- Alekseev B.V. Mathematical cybernetics of reacting gases. M.: Nauka, 1982;
- Alekseev B.V., Kotelnikov V.A. Probe methods for plasma diagnostics. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1988;
- Vargaftik N.B. Handbook on the thermophysical properties of gases and liquids. M.: Nauka, 1963, 1972;
- Handbook of thermal and physical properties of substances / Ed. N.B.Vargaftika. M.: Energoizdat, 1955;
- Vargaftik N.B. Thermal conductivity of gases and liquids. M.: Standards Publishing House, 1970;
- Thermal conductivity of gases and liquids / N.B. Vargaftik, L.P. Filippov, A.A. Tarzimanov, R.P. Yurchakov. M.: Standards Publishing House, 1970;
- Striganov A.R., Odintsova G.A. Tables of spectral lines of atoms and ions. M.: Energy, 1982; Shirokov M.F.
- Physical foundations of gas dynamics and its application to heat transfer and friction processes. M.: Fizmatgiz, 1958;
- Vargatik N.B. and Yargin V.S. Thrmal conductivity and viscosity of the Gaseons Phase. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals. Blakwell Scientific Publications, 1985.
The department has trained more than 50 candidates and 6 doctors of science. Doctors of Science: L.D.Volyak (1972), V.A.Kotelnikov (1984), V.S.Yargin (1984), G.G.Spirin (1988), V.F.Kozhevnikov (1990), Yu. K. Vinogradov (1991).
For the study of the thermophysical properties of water vapor and alkali metals at parameters close to critical, Prof. N.B. Vargaftik was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1950 and the Council of Ministers Prize in 1987.
The frequency-stabilized helium-neon laser created at the department was awarded the silver medal of the USSR Exhibition of Achievements of Economic Achievements in 1986 (head of senior research fellow G.N. Izmailov).
Laboratory workshop " Electricity and magnetism", developed at the department under the scientific and methodological guidance of Prof. F.A. Nikolaev together with VSNPO "Soyuzuchpribor", was awarded silver medal from VDNKh USSR in 1988.
Department of Physical Electronics
Research and Development Areas
Semiconductor microphotoelectronics, thermal imaging devices.
Night vision devices and devices based on them.
Basic organizations and laboratories
Open Joint Stock Company "NPO "Orion", State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation.
General information
The Department of Physical Electronics, as a base department of MIPT at NII 801 (Research Institute of Applied Physics, NII PF), was created in furtherance of the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated August 1, 1961 (No. 694-291) and the order of the Chairman of the State Defense Committee technology of the USSR from 12.08. 1961 No. 392 with the aim of training highly qualified specialists for the fast-growing industries of quantum electronics and photoelectronics.
Currently, the State Scientific Center "Research and Production Association "Orion" is the only State Scientific Center for Photoelectronics in Russia. Among the scientists of the Center are Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctors and candidates of science, laureates of State Prizes, Honored Scientists of the Russian Federation, Honored Designers of the Russian Federation, Honored Chemists of the Russian Federation. The State Scientific Center has postgraduate studies and a doctoral dissertation council. More than 300 types of devices with world-class parameters have been developed and put into mass production. These devices are intended for use in fiber-optic information transmission systems, thermal imaging, ranging, pattern recognition systems, electro-optical instrumentation, laser ranging systems, photometry, spectroscopy for use in science, space, industry, medicine, geology, military affairs and etc.
Main specialization of the department - semiconductor microphotoelectronics, thermal imaging devices, night vision devices and devices based on them. The department's employees are also the heads of the Center and its divisions, which ensures flexibility and relevance of the department's topics.
The development of science and technology leads to the need to create fundamentally new photoelectronic devices, distinguished not only by new design solutions but also by the physical phenomena that are used in them. The main task in this area is the search and development of ways to master the entire optical range of the spectrum and achieve device parameters approaching ideal ones, i.e., limited by fundamental physical reasons.
In recent years, photodetector devices of the line and matrix type with a large number of elements have acquired particular importance for recording and transmitting images. Solving such a problem using traditional methods is associated with enormous technical difficulties. Now fundamentally new devices are increasingly used for these purposes, for example, based on charge transfer, etc. A complete solution to this problem will make it possible to realize “vision” in any part of the optical range, in particular in the infrared region 8-14 microns, in which the maximum lies thermal radiation of bodies with a temperature close to room temperature.
Training courses of the department
4th year
1. Methods of applied physical analysis
2. Optical radiation receivers
3. Physical basis of the image signal generator
5th year
1. Technology of optoelectronic devices
2. Image signal generation
3. Special chapters of physical electronics
6th year
1. Economics of research and development work
2. Seminar on physical electronics
Contacts for quick communication
Deputy Head of the Department
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Dirochka Alexander Ivanovich